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Background Paper 1 of 3 the Ecology of Wild Horses and Their The Ecology of Wild Horses and their Environmental Impact in the Victorian Alps May 2013 Background Paper 1 of 3 The Ecology of Wild Horses and their Environmental Impact in the Victorian Alps Wild horse exclusion plot, Native Cat Flat 2004 (source: Parks Victoria). Parks Victoria May 2013 This paper was written by: Joanna Axford 1, Michelle Dawson 2 and Daniel Brown 3 1 Formerly Parks Victoria, Bright 2 Eco Logical Australia 3 Parks Victoria, Bright Acknowledgements : Arn Tolsma and Nick Clemann (Arthur Rylah Institute for Environmental Research, DEPI) provided content and reviewed this paper. Charlie Pascoe, Dave Foster and Mike Dower (Parks Victoria) provided information on wild horse impacts in the Alpine National Park, and Malcolm Kennedy (formerly Parks Victoria) reviewed this paper. Joanne Lenehan, PhD candidate (University of New England), provided unpublished results of her study into wild horse impacts in Guy Fawkes River National Park. Alison Matthews (Charles Sturt University), Associate Professor J. Gilkerson (Equine Infectious Disease Laboratory, University of Melbourne) and H. Crabb (Principal Veterinary Officer-Intensive Farming Systems, DEPI Victoria) were consulted on various sections of this paper. The Ecology of Wild Horses and their Environmental Impact in the Victorian Alps May 2013 Acronym List ABA: Australian Brumby Alliance ABMA: Alpine Brumby Management Association AALC: Australian Alps Liaison Committee AANPs: Australian Alps National Parks ANP: Alpine National Park BAW: Bureau of Animal Welfare COP: Code of Practice DEPI: Department of Environment and Primary Industries EPBC: Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 FFG: Flora and Fauna Guarantee Act 1988 KNP: Kosciuszko National Park RSPCA: Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals SOP: Standard Operating Procedure VBA: Victorian Brumby Association The Ecology of Wild Horses and their Environmental Impact in the Victorian Alps May 2013 Table of Contents Introduction to Wild Horse Background Papers ..................................................................................... 1 1. Introduction .................................................................................................................................... 2 2. Wild horse ecology in the Victorian Alps ........................................................................................ 2 3.1 Wild horse distribution ........................................................................................................... 2 3.2 Wild horse population trends ................................................................................................. 3 3.3 Wild horse demography .......................................................................................................... 6 3.4 Wild horse social organisation and movement ...................................................................... 6 3.5 Wild horse habitat and diet preferences ................................................................................ 7 3.6 Wild horse mortality factors ................................................................................................... 8 3. Wild horse environmental impacts ................................................................................................. 9 3.1 Environmental impacts of wild horses .................................................................................... 9 3.2 Impacts on soil and substrate ............................................................................................... 11 3.3 Impacts on vegetation .......................................................................................................... 14 3.4 Impacts on peatlands ............................................................................................................ 18 3.5 Impacts on waterways (streams and stream-banks) ............................................................ 20 3.6 Impacts on fauna .................................................................................................................. 22 4. Wild horse biosecurity issues ........................................................................................................ 25 5. Gaps in knowledge ........................................................................................................................ 26 References ............................................................................................................................................ 27 Appendix 1: Officially listed plant ecological communities at risk of severe damage from wild horse activity ................................................................................................................................................... 36 Appendix 2: FFG-listed and EPBC-listed plant species potentially at risk from wild horse activity in the eastern Victorian Alps ........................................................................................................................... 37 Appendix 3: Officially listed or threatened fauna species potentially at risk from feral horse activity in the eastern Victorian Alps ..................................................................................................................... 39 The Ecology of Wild Horses and their Environmental Impact in the Victorian Alps May 2013 Introduction to Wild Horse Background Papers Horses (Equus caballus ) living in unmanaged, wild populations in Australia are generally known by three terms; feral horses, wild horses and brumbies. Any introduced domestic animal that lives in unmanaged, self sustaining, wild populations is by definition a feral animal. However, some people are uncomfortable with the term ‘feral’ being associated with horses and prefer the terms ‘wild horse’ or ‘brumby’. ‘Brumby’ is a colloquial term often used in Australian folklore; however some people believe the term elicits a romanticised view of horses and detracts from their environmental impacts. In this series of papers the term ‘wild horse’ will be used, as it is a generally accepted term and clearly refers to un-domesticated horses living in the wild. Horses were introduced to Australia by early European settlers and Australia now has the highest population of wild horses in the world, with more than 300 000 (Dobbie et al. 1993). Wild horses are a pest species in Australia, that is, an “animal that has, or has the potential to have, an adverse economic, environmental or social/cultural impact ” (Natural Resource Management Ministerial Council 2007). Wild horses occur across the Australian Alps and have been identified as a high priority threat to natural values of the region (Coyne 2001). The “degradation and loss of habitat caused by feral horses” is listed as a potentially threatening process under Victoria’s Flora and Fauna Guarantee Act (1988). In Victoria, wild horses occur within the Victorian Alps, with a smaller population present in the Barmah Forest (Wright et al. 2006). This series of three Background Papers will focus on wild horses in the Victorian Alps (Alpine National Park (ANP) and surrounding State forests). The Background Papers investigate the ecology, environmental impacts, human dimensions and management and control of wild horses in the Victorian Alps. They are arranged in the following order: Background Paper 1: The Ecology of Wild Horses and their Environmental Impact in the Victorian Alps . The first section of this paper considers the ecological dimensions of wild horses in the Victorian Alps including their distribution, population trends, demography, habitat, diet and mortality factors. The environmental impacts of wild horses within the region are then considered including their impacts on: soil and substrate, vegetation, peatlands, waterways and fauna. Biosecurity issues are also discussed. Background Paper 2: The Human Dimensions of Wild Horse Management in the Victorian Alps . This paper provides the social context for wild horse management in the Victorian Alps. A brief history of wild horses in the region and the major stakeholder groups involved is outlined. The socio-economic and cultural heritage values of wild horses are then explored followed by a discussion on public perceptions about wild horses and their management in the Victorian Alps. Research from national and international investigations into perceptions towards wild horses is drawn upon to help unravel the complexity of this value-laden issue. Background Paper 3: Wild Horse Management and Control Methods . This paper considers the management of wild horses in the Victorian Alps and considers control methods for managing wild horses. An overview of how wild horses have been managed in the Victorian Alps and the legislation and policy framework for wild horse management is provided. The paper explores welfare issues and costs associated with wild horse control, levels of control and control options. This series of papers was prepared based on available literature and research, and, through consultation with experts where possible. The papers provide a foundation for discussion concerning the future management of wild horses within the Victorian Alps. 1 The Ecology of Wild Horses and their Environmental Impact in the Victorian Alps May 2013 1. Introduction In Victoria wild horses (Equus caballus ) occur in the Victorian Alps with a smaller population present in the Barmah Forest, on the Murray River (Menkhorst 1995; Wright et al. 2006). Wild horses are considered
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