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Botanical Insecticides from Readily Available Ghanaian Plants: a Novel Approach for Sustainable Management of Cabbage Pests

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Botanical Insecticides from Readily Available Ghanaian Plants: a Novel Approach for Sustainable Management of Cabbage Pests Botanical insecticides from readily available Ghanaian plants: A novel approach for sustainable management of cabbage pests Blankson Wadie Amoabeng B Sc. (Hons) Agric A thesis submitted for the fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Philosophy Faculty of Science School of Agricultural and Wine Sciences August 2013 Table of contents Page Table of contents ii List of tables v List of figures vi Abbreviations used in this thesis viii Publications produced from this thesis ix Certificate of Authorship x Acknowledgements xi Dedication xiii Abstract xiv Chapter One 1 1.1 General introduction 1 1.2 General overview of pest management in Ghana 8 1.3 The status of the use of botanical insecticides in Ghana 10 1.4 Prospect for wider use of botanical insecticides in Ghana 12 1.5 General overview of cabbage production in Ghana 14 1.6 Conclusion 18 1.7 Thesis aim and objectives 19 Chapter two 21 2.1 Literature review 21 2.2 The need for safer pest management options 21 2.3 Botanical insecticides 22 2.4 A brief history about botanical insecticides 22 2.5 Active compounds in botanical insecticides 23 2.6 Modes of action of botanical insecticides 24 2.7 Advantages and disadvantages of botanical insecticides 27 2.8 Extraction and purification of plants’ secondary metabolites 31 ii 2.9 Parts of plants used as botanical insecticides 33 2.10 Management of cabbage pest with botanicals 34 2.11 Insecticidal plants used in this study 34 2.11.1 Ageratum conyzoides (Asterales: Asteraceae) goat weed 34 2.11.2 Chromolaena odorata (Asterales: Asteraceae) Siam weed 37 2.11.3 Synedrella nodiflora (Asterales: Asteraceae) Cinderella weed 40 2.11.4 Ocimum gratissimum (Lamiales: Lamiaceae) basils 42 2.11.5 Nicotiana tabacum (Solanales: Solanaceae) tobacco 44 2.11.6 Cassia sophera (Fabales: Fabaceae) sophera senna 47 2.11.7 Ricinus communis (Malpighiales: Euphorbiaceae) castor oil plant 47 2.11.8 Jatropha curcas (Malpighiales: Euphorbiaceae) physic nut 49 2.12 Conclusion 57 Chapter three 60 Tri-trophic insecticidal effects of African plants against cabbage pests 60 3.1 Introduction 60 3.2 Materials and methods 63 3.2.1 Study site 63 3.2.2 Experimental design and treatment preparation 64 3.2.3 Field cage experiments 64 3.2.4 Data collection 68 3.2.5 Open field experiments 68 3.2.6 Data collection 69 3.2.7 Statistical analysis 70 3.3 Results 71 3.3.1 First trophic level: plant yield and damage 71 3.3.2 Second trophic level: herbivore dynamics 73 3.3.3 Third trophic level: natural enemy dynamics 75 iii 3.4 Discussion 76 Chapter four 93 Cost: benefit analysis of botanical insecticide use in cabbage: implications for smallholder farmers in developing countries 93 4.1 Introduction 93 4.2 Materials and methods 97 4.2.1 Costs 98 4.2.2 Economic analysis 99 4.3 Results 100 4.3.1 Yield and income 103 4.3.2 Cost: benefit 104 4.4 Discussion 105 4.4.1 Labour cost 105 4.4.2 Cost: benefit ratio 106 4.5 Conclusion 109 Chapter five 111 General discussion and conclusion 111 5.1 Introduction 111 5.2 Field cage t bioassays on P. xylostella and B. brassicae 113 5.3 Effects of the botanicals against cabbage pests in the field 115 5.4 Effects of the botanicals on natural enemies 118 5.5 Effects of botanicals on cabbage yield and quality 119 5.6 Economic implications of botanical insecticides for the smallholding farmer 119 5.7 Recommendations for future research 121 5.8 Conclusions 122 References 125 iv List of tables Table 1.1 Summary of major insect pests of cabbage in Ghana 16 Table 2.1 Some available insecticidal plants in Ghana 52 Table 3.1 Effect of plant extracts and synthetic insecticides on mean (±SE) yield and heads with borer holes per plot in field experiments during the major rainy season, 2012 at Kumasi, Ghana. 82 Table 3.2 Effect of plant extracts and synthetic insecticides on mean (±SE) percentage reduction of Plutella xylostella numbers and Brevicoryne brassicae infestation score in field cage experiments at Kumasi, Ghana. 83 Table 3.3 Effect of plant extracts and synthetic insecticides on mean (±SE) yield and heads with borer holes per plot in field experiments during the minor rainy season, 2012 at Kumasi, Ghana 84 Table 4.1 Cost and benefit analysis of managing pest of cabbage with botanical insecticides and synthetic insecticide (Attack®) on one hectare farm during the major rainy season of 2012 in Kumasi, Ghana. 101 Table 4.2 Cost and benefit analysis of managing pest of cabbage with botanical insecticides and synthetic insecticide (Attack®) on one hectare farm during the minor rainy season of 2012 in Kumasi, Ghana. 102 v List of figures Figure 3.1 Cages for rearing of Plutella xylostella and Brevicoryne brassicae in cages to obtain cohorts for cage experiment. 66 Figure 3.2 Nursery of cabbage seedling in inset-proof netting for experiments 67 Figure 3.3 Cage experiments set up 67 Figure 3.4 Treatment applications through a side zipper in cage Experiments 68 Figure 3.5 Section of the major rainy season field experiments showing 2m wide alley on the left 70 Figure 3.6 Cabbage heads from plots sprayed with an extract of Ageratum conyzoides 72 Figure 3.7 Cabbage heads from plots sprayed with Attack® 73 Figure 3.8 Cabbage plant from control (sprayed with tap water) plots showing severe Plutella xylostella damage in minor rainy season field experiment. 75 Figure 3.9 Effects of plant extracts and synthetic insecticide on mean (±SE) P. xylostella count in a field experiments during the major rainy season, 2012 at Kumasi, Ghana. 85 Figure 3.10 Effects of plant extracts and synthetic insecticide on mean (±SE) score of B. brassicae score in a field experiments during the minor rainy season, 2012 at Kumasi, Ghana. 86 Figure 3.11 Effects of plant extracts and synthetic insecticide on mean (±SE) B. brassicae score in a field experiments during the major rainy season, 2012 at Kumasi, Ghana 87 Figure 3.12 Effects of plant extracts and synthetic insecticide on mean (±SE) score of B. brassicae score in a field experiments during the minor rainy season, 2012 at Kumasi, Ghana. 88 Figure 3.13 Effects of plant extracts and synthetic insecticide on mean (±SE) count of Coccinellidae in a field experiments during the major rainy season, 2012 at Kumasi, Ghana. 89 Figure 3.14 Effects of plant extracts and synthetic insecticide on mean (±SE) weekly count of Coccinellidae in a field experiments during the minor rainy season, 2012 at Kumasi, Ghana 90 vi Figure 3.15 Effects of plant extracts and synthetic insecticide on mean (±SE) Syrphidae count in a field experiments during the major rainy season, 2012 at Kumasi, Ghana. 91 Figure 3.16 Effects of plant extracts and synthetic insecticide on mean (±SE) Syrphidae count in a field experiments during the minor rainy season, 2012 at Kumasi, Ghana. 92 vii Abbreviations used in this thesis BC Before Christ Bt Bacillus thuringiensis CRI Crops Research Institute CSIR Council for Scientific and Industrial Research DBM Diamondback moth DDT Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane EC Emulsifiable concentrate EPA Environmental Protection Agency FAO Food and Agriculture Organisation FFS Farmer Field School GLM Generalized linear module IPM Integrated pest management KJ Kilo Joule L Litre LC Lethal concentration L D Lethal dose MAE Microwave-assisted extraction MoFA Ministry of Food and Agriculture MRL Maximum residue limit NPAS Northern Presbyterian Agricultural Services SAS Statistical Analysis System viii Publications produced from this thesis Chapter three and four of this thesis are based on papers prepared for refereed journals. The majority of work in these papers is my own work with authors included for their contribution is experimental design, data analysis and manuscripts preparation. In this thesis, minor changes have been made to the referencing style, table and figure numbers, addition of photos and some text to maintain consistency in format and style throughout the thesis. Chapter three Amoabeng BW, Gurr GM, Gitau CW, Nicol HI, Munyakazi L, & Stevenson PC. (2013) Tri-Trophic Insecticidal Effects of African Plants against Cabbage Pests. PLoS ONE 8(10): e78651. Chapter four Amoabeng, B.W., Gurr, G.M., Gitau, C.W. and Stevenson, P.C., (2014). Cost: benefit analysis of botanical insecticide use in cabbage: Implications for smallholder farmers in developing countries. Crop Protection, 57(0): 71- 76. ix Certificate of Authorship I, Blankson Wadie Amoabeng, hereby declare that this submission is my own work and that, to the best of my knowledge and belief, it contains no material previously published or written by another or material which to a substantial extent has been accepted for the award of any other degree or diploma at Charles Sturt University or any other educational institution except where due acknowledgement is made in this thesis. Any contribution made to this research by any individual at Charles Sturt University or elsewhere during my candidature is fully acknowledged. I agree that this thesis be accessible for the purpose of study and research in accordance with the normal conditions established by the Executive Director, Library Services or nominee, for the care, loan and reproduction of theses. …………………………. …………………….. Blankson Wadie Amoabeng Professor Geoff Gurr (Candidate) (Principal Supervisor) x Acknowledgements I am very grateful to the Almighty God for His kindness towards me throughout the period of my candidature. This M. Phil. research was possible with the scholarship provided by the Australian Government Overseas Aid Programme (AusAID). Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR)-Crops Research Institute (CRI) Ghana, generously offered me full study leave to pursue this training.
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