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DIGITAL TYPOGRAPHY USING LATEX Springer New York Berlin Heidelberg Hong Kong London Milan Paris Tokyo Apostolos Syropoulos Antonis Tsolomitis Nick Sofroniou
DIGITAL TYPOGRAPHY USING LATEX Springer New York Berlin Heidelberg Hong Kong London Milan Paris Tokyo Apostolos Syropoulos Antonis Tsolomitis Nick Sofroniou DIGITAL TYPOGRAPHY USING LATEX With 68 Illustrations Apostolos Syropoulos Antonis Tsolomitis 366, 28th October St. Dept. of Mathematics GR-671 00 Xanthi University of the Aegean GREECE GR-832 00 Karlobasi, Samos [email protected] GREECE [email protected] Nick Sofroniou Educational Research Centre St. Patrick’s College Drumcondra, Dublin 9 IRELAND [email protected] Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Syropoulos, Apostolos. Digital typography using LaTeX / Apostolos Syropoulos, Antonis Tsolomitis, Nick Sofroniou. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and indexes. ISBN 0-387-95217-9 (acid-free paper) 1. LaTeX (Computer file) 2. Computerized typesetting. I. Tsolomitis, Antonis. II. Sofroniou, Nick. III. Title. Z253.4.L38 S97 2002 686.2´2544—dc21 2002070557 ACM Computing Classification (1998): H.5.2, I.7.2, I.7.4, K.8.1 ISBN 0-387-95217-9 (alk. paper) Printed on acid-free paper. Printed on acid-free paper. © 2003 Springer-Verlag New York, Inc. All rights reserved. This work may not be translated or copied in whole or in part without the written permission of the publisher (Springer-Verlag New York, Inc., 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10010, USA), except for brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis. Use in connection with any form of information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed is forbidden. The use in this publication of trade names, trademarks, service marks, and similar terms, even if they are not identified as such, is not to be taken as an expression of opinion as to whether they are subject to proprietary rights. -
Arabic Alphabet - Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia Arabic Alphabet from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia
2/14/13 Arabic alphabet - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Arabic alphabet From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia َأﺑْ َﺠ ِﺪﯾﱠﺔ َﻋ َﺮﺑِﯿﱠﺔ :The Arabic alphabet (Arabic ’abjadiyyah ‘arabiyyah) or Arabic abjad is Arabic abjad the Arabic script as it is codified for writing the Arabic language. It is written from right to left, in a cursive style, and includes 28 letters. Because letters usually[1] stand for consonants, it is classified as an abjad. Type Abjad Languages Arabic Time 400 to the present period Parent Proto-Sinaitic systems Phoenician Aramaic Syriac Nabataean Arabic abjad Child N'Ko alphabet systems ISO 15924 Arab, 160 Direction Right-to-left Unicode Arabic alias Unicode U+0600 to U+06FF range (http://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0600.pdf) U+0750 to U+077F (http://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0750.pdf) U+08A0 to U+08FF (http://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U08A0.pdf) U+FB50 to U+FDFF (http://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/UFB50.pdf) U+FE70 to U+FEFF (http://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/UFE70.pdf) U+1EE00 to U+1EEFF (http://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U1EE00.pdf) Note: This page may contain IPA phonetic symbols. Arabic alphabet ا ب ت ث ج ح خ د ذ ر ز س ش ص ض ط ظ ع en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_alphabet 1/20 2/14/13 Arabic alphabet - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia غ ف ق ك ل م ن ه و ي History · Transliteration ء Diacritics · Hamza Numerals · Numeration V · T · E (//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Arabic_alphabet&action=edit) Contents 1 Consonants 1.1 Alphabetical order 1.2 Letter forms 1.2.1 Table of basic letters 1.2.2 Further notes -
History of Writing
History of Writing On present archaeological evidence, full writing appeared in Mesopotamia and Egypt around the same time, in the century or so before 3000 BC. It is probable that it started slightly earlier in Mesopotamia, given the date of the earliest proto-writing on clay tablets from Uruk, circa 3300 BC, and the much longer history of urban development in Mesopotamia compared to the Nile Valley of Egypt. However we cannot be sure about the date of the earliest known Egyptian historical inscription, a monumental slate palette of King Narmer, on which his name is written in two hieroglyphs showing a fish and a chisel. Narmer’s date is insecure, but probably falls in the period 3150 to 3050 BC. In China, full writing first appears on the so-called ‘oracle bones’ of the Shang civilization, found about a century ago at Anyang in north China, dated to 1200 BC. Many of their signs bear an undoubted resemblance to modern Chinese characters, and it is a fairly straightforward task for scholars to read them. However, there are much older signs on the pottery of the Yangshao culture, dating from 5000 to 4000 BC, which may conceivably be precursors of an older form of full Chinese writing, still to be discovered; many areas of China have yet to be archaeologically excavated. In Europe, the oldest full writing is the Linear A script found in Crete in 1900. Linear A dates from about 1750 BC. Although it is undeciphered, its signs closely resemble the somewhat younger, deciphered Linear B script, which is known to be full writing; Linear B was used to write an archaic form of the Greek language. -
A Sociolinguistic Analysis of the Use of Arabizi in Social Media Among Saudi Arabians
International Journal of English Linguistics; Vol. 9, No. 6; 2019 ISSN 1923-869X E-ISSN 1923-8703 Published by Canadian Center of Science and Education A Sociolinguistic Analysis of the Use of Arabizi in Social Media Among Saudi Arabians Ashwaq Alsulami1 1 School of Languages, Literatures, and Linguistics, Bangor University, Wales, United Kingdom Correspondence: Ashwaq Alsulami, School of Languages, Literatures, and Linguistics, Bangor University, Wales, United Kingdom. E-mail: [email protected] Received: August 27, 2019 Accepted: September 20, 2019 Online Published: October 28, 2019 doi:10.5539/ijel.v9n6p257 URL: https://doi.org/10.5539/ijel.v9n6p257 Abstract The aim of this sociolinguistically-oriented study is to explore the Arabizi phenomenon which is characterized by spelling Arabic words using the Latin script. It is prevalent in the text-based computer-mediated communications among Saudi Arabians. The study focuses on why Arabizi is used, how, particularly in respect to with whom and in which topics, it is used, the attitudes of its users toward its use and the perceived advantages and disadvantages of its use. Using an online survey, data were collected from 241 participants, 72 of which were users of Arabizi. The findings revealed that the primary reasons for using Arabizi were its being a communication code among youths and a compensation for the lack of Arabic keyboard from technological devices as well as being more expressive than Arabic language. It was also found that Arabizi was primarily used to communicate with friends and individuals of the same age, but not with parents and older people or in formal relationships. -
Communicator Summer 2015 47
Learn more about Microsoft Word Start to delve into VBA and create your own macros CommunicatorThe Institute of Scientific and Technical Communicators Summer 2015 What’s a technical metaphor? Find out more. Create and implement personalised learning Re-think your accessibility requirements with SVG Discover how a security technology team engaged with customers 46 Global brand success Success with desktop publishing Kavita Kovvali from translate plus takes a look into the role that DTP plays to help organisations maximise their international reach. them, with negative implications for a brand if it’s not. Common Sense Advisory’s survey across three continents about online buying behaviour states that 52% of participants only make online purchases if a website presents information in their language, with many considering this more important than the price of the product.2 Supporting this is an analytical report carried out by the European Commission across 27 EU member states regarding purchasing behaviour. Their survey shows that of their respondents, 9 out of 10 internet users3 said that when given a choice of languages, they always visited a website in their own language, with only a small majority (53%) stating that they would accept using an English language site if their own language wasn’t available. This shows the overwhelming need to communicate to audiences in their local languages. As you can see in this chart4 compiled by Statista, although English has the highest number of total speakers due to its widespread learning across the word, other languages such as Chinese and Hindi have a higher number of native speakers. -
An Improved Arabic Keyboard Layout
Sci.Int.(Lahore),33(1),5-15,2021 ISSN 1013-5316; CODEN: SINTE 8 5 AN IMPROVED ARABIC KEYBOARD LAYOUT 1Amjad Qtaish, 2Jalawi Alshudukhi, 3Badiea Alshaibani, 4Yosef Saleh, 5Salam Bazrawi College of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Ha'il, Ha'il, Saudi Arabia. [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] ABSTRACT: One of the most important human–machine interaction (HMI) systems is the computer keyboard. The keyboard layout (KL) dictates how a person interacts with a physical keyboard through the way in which the letters, numbers, punctuation marks, and symbols are mapped and arranged on the keyboard. Mapping letters onto the keys of a keyboard is complex because many issues need to be taken into considerations, such as the nature of the language, finger fatigue, hand balance, typing speed, and distance traveled by fingers during typing and finger movements. There are two main kinds of KL: English and Arabic. Although numerous research studies have proposed different layouts for the English keyboard, there is a lack of research studies that focus on the Arabic KL. To address this lack, this study analyzed and clarified the limitations of the standard legacy Arabic KL. Then an efficient Arabic KL was proposed to overcome the limitations of the current KL. The frequency of Arabic letters and bi-gram probabilities were measured on a large Arabic corpus in order to assess the current KL and to design the improved Arabic KL. The improved Arabic KL was then evaluated and compared against the current KL in terms of letter frequency, finger-travel distance, hand and finger balance, bi-gram frequency, row distribution, and most frequent words. -
Arabizi – Help Or Harm?
ARABIZI – HELP OR HARM? ANALYSIS OF THE IMPACTS OF ARABIZI -THREAT OR BENEFIT TO THE WRITTEN ARABIC LANGUAGE? Thesis Submitted to The College of Arts and Sciences of the UNIVERSITY OF DAYTON In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for The Degree of Master of Arts in English By Abdurazag Ahmed Saide M.S. Dayton, Ohio December 2019 ARABIZI – HELP OR HARM? AN ANALYSIS OF THE IMPACTS OF ARABIZI - THREAT OR BENEFIT TO THE WRITTEN ARABIC LANGUAGE? Name: Saide, Abdurazag Ahmed APPROVED BY: ____________________________________ Bryan Bardine, Ph.D. Faculty Advisor. ____________________________________ Thomas Wendorf, Ph.D. Faculty Advisor ____________________________________ Kirsten Mendoza, Ph.D. Faculty Advisor ii © Copyright by Abdurazag Saide All rights reserved 2019 iii ABSTRACT ARABIZI – HELP OR HARM? AN ANALYSIS OF THE IMPACTS OF ARABIZI - THREAT OR BENEFIT TO THE WRITTEN ARABIC LANGUAGE? Name: Saide, Abdurazag Ahmed University of Dayton Advisor: Dr. Bryan Bardine In the 21st century, the Arab world has undergone significant change, which has had profound impacts in the lives of Arab people throughout many occupations, fields, and locations. New technological advancements, communication innovations, and globalization efforts have been the core drivers to open the Arab world to Western civilization. The Arab world is characterized by unique cultural traditions, moral principles, and religious beliefs that differ greatly from those of the West. However, the globalization movement has had multiple impacts on Arab culture and the Arabic language. When comparing the Arabic language with the languages of Latin origin, it becomes clear that there exists multiple distinctions, especially in their writings and language. These distinctions did not play such a serious role several centuries ago, but with the increased cooperation between Arab nations and the Western world, these language dissimilarities have become well-recognized. -
Arabic Alphabet 1 Arabic Alphabet
Arabic alphabet 1 Arabic alphabet Arabic abjad Type Abjad Languages Arabic Time period 400 to the present Parent systems Proto-Sinaitic • Phoenician • Aramaic • Syriac • Nabataean • Arabic abjad Child systems N'Ko alphabet ISO 15924 Arab, 160 Direction Right-to-left Unicode alias Arabic Unicode range [1] U+0600 to U+06FF [2] U+0750 to U+077F [3] U+08A0 to U+08FF [4] U+FB50 to U+FDFF [5] U+FE70 to U+FEFF [6] U+1EE00 to U+1EEFF the Arabic alphabet of the Arabic script ﻍ ﻉ ﻅ ﻁ ﺽ ﺹ ﺵ ﺱ ﺯ ﺭ ﺫ ﺩ ﺥ ﺡ ﺝ ﺙ ﺕ ﺏ ﺍ ﻱ ﻭ ﻩ ﻥ ﻡ ﻝ ﻙ ﻕ ﻑ • history • diacritics • hamza • numerals • numeration abjadiyyah ‘arabiyyah) or Arabic abjad is the Arabic script as it is’ ﺃَﺑْﺠَﺪِﻳَّﺔ ﻋَﺮَﺑِﻴَّﺔ :The Arabic alphabet (Arabic codified for writing the Arabic language. It is written from right to left, in a cursive style, and includes 28 letters. Because letters usually[7] stand for consonants, it is classified as an abjad. Arabic alphabet 2 Consonants The basic Arabic alphabet contains 28 letters. Adaptations of the Arabic script for other languages added and removed some letters, such as Persian, Ottoman, Sindhi, Urdu, Malay, Pashto, and Arabi Malayalam have additional letters, shown below. There are no distinct upper and lower case letter forms. Many letters look similar but are distinguished from one another by dots (’i‘jām) above or below their central part, called rasm. These dots are an integral part of a letter, since they distinguish between letters that represent different sounds. -
Neo-Aramaic Garshuni: Observations Based on Manuscripts
Hugoye: Journal of Syriac Studies, Vol. 17.1, 17-31 © 2014 by Beth Mardutho: The Syriac Institute and Gorgias Press NEO-ARAMAIC GARSHUNI: OBSERVATIONS BASED ON MANUSCRIPTS EMANUELA BRAIDA UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO* ABSTRACT The present paper is a preliminary study of key spelling features detected in the rendering of foreign words in some Neo-Aramaic Christian texts belonging to the late literary production from the region of Alqosh in Northern Iraq. This Neo-Syriac literature laid the groundwork for its written form as early as the end of the 16th century, when scribes of the so-called ‘school of Alqosh’ wrote down texts for the local population. From a linguistic point of view, scribes and authors developed a Neo-Syriac literary koine based on the vernacular languages of the region of Alqosh. Despite the sporadic presence of certain orthographical conventions, largely influenced by Classical Syriac, these texts lacked a standard orthography and strict conventions in spelling. Since a large number of vernacular terms have strayed over time from the classical language or, in many cases, they have been borrowed from other languages, the rendering of the terms was usually characterized by a mostly phonetic rendition, especially in the case of foreign words that cannot be written according to an original or a standard form. In these cases, scribes and authors had to adapt the Syriac alphabet to * A Post Doctoral Research Fellowship granted by Foreign Affairs and International Trade Canada. I would like to thank my supervisor, Prof. Amir Harrak, for the guidance, encouragement and advice he has provided throughout my time as Post-doctoral fellow. -
The Unicode Standard, Version 3.0, Issued by the Unicode Consor- Tium and Published by Addison-Wesley
The Unicode Standard Version 3.0 The Unicode Consortium ADDISON–WESLEY An Imprint of Addison Wesley Longman, Inc. Reading, Massachusetts · Harlow, England · Menlo Park, California Berkeley, California · Don Mills, Ontario · Sydney Bonn · Amsterdam · Tokyo · Mexico City Many of the designations used by manufacturers and sellers to distinguish their products are claimed as trademarks. Where those designations appear in this book, and Addison-Wesley was aware of a trademark claim, the designations have been printed in initial capital letters. However, not all words in initial capital letters are trademark designations. The authors and publisher have taken care in preparation of this book, but make no expressed or implied warranty of any kind and assume no responsibility for errors or omissions. No liability is assumed for incidental or consequential damages in connection with or arising out of the use of the information or programs contained herein. The Unicode Character Database and other files are provided as-is by Unicode®, Inc. No claims are made as to fitness for any particular purpose. No warranties of any kind are expressed or implied. The recipient agrees to determine applicability of information provided. If these files have been purchased on computer-readable media, the sole remedy for any claim will be exchange of defective media within ninety days of receipt. Dai Kan-Wa Jiten used as the source of reference Kanji codes was written by Tetsuji Morohashi and published by Taishukan Shoten. ISBN 0-201-61633-5 Copyright © 1991-2000 by Unicode, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or other- wise, without the prior written permission of the publisher or Unicode, Inc. -
A Note on the Phonetic and Graphic Representation of Greek Vowels and of the Spiritus Asper in the Aramaic Transcription of Greek Loanwords Abraham Wasserstein
A Note on the Phonetic and Graphic Representation of Greek Vowels and of the Spiritus Asper in the Aramaic Transcription of Greek Loanwords Abraham Wasserstein Raanana Meridor has probably taught Greek to more men and women in Israel than any other person. Her learning, constantly enriched by intellectual curiosity, enthusiasm and conscientiousness, has for many years been a source of encour- agement to her students and a model to be emulated by her colleagues. It is an honour to be allowed to participate in the tribute offered to her on her retirement by those who are linked to her by friendship, affection and admiration. Ancient transcriptions of Greek (and other) names and loanwords into Semitic alphabets are a notorious source of mistakes and ambiguities. Since these alpha- bets normally use only consonantal signs the vowels of the words in the source language are often liable to be corrupted. This happens routinely in Greek loan- words in Syriac and in rabbinic Hebrew and Aramaic. Thus, though no educated in rabbinic Hebrew being סנהדרין modern Hebrew-speaker has any doubt about derived from the Greek συνέδριον, there cannot have been many occasions since late antiquity on which any non-hellenized Jew has pronounced the first vowel of that word in any way other than if it had been an alpha; indeed I know of no modern western language in which that word, when applied to the Pales- tinian institution of that name is not, normally, = Sanhedrin.1 Though, in principle, it can be stated that practically all vowel sounds can remain unrepresented in Syriac and Jewish Aramaic transcription2 it is true that it is possible to indicate Greek vowels or diphthongs by approximate representa- See below for the internal aspiration in this word. -
Arabic Diacritics 1 Arabic Diacritics
Arabic diacritics 1 Arabic diacritics Arabic alphabet ﻱ ﻭ ﻩ ﻥ ﻡ ﻝ ﻙ ﻕ ﻑ ﻍ ﻉ ﻅ ﻁ ﺽ ﺹ ﺵ ﺱ ﺯ ﺭ ﺫ ﺩ ﺥ ﺡ ﺝ ﺙ ﺕ ﺏ ﺍ Arabic script • History • Transliteration • Diacritics • Hamza • Numerals • Numeration • v • t [1] • e 〈ﺗَﺸْﻜِﻴﻞ〉 i‘jām, consonant pointing), and tashkil) 〈ﺇِﻋْﺠَﺎﻡ〉 The Arabic script has numerous diacritics, including i'jam .(〈ﺣَﺮَﻛَﺔ〉 vowel marks; singular: ḥarakah) 〈ﺣَﺮَﻛَﺎﺕ〉 tashkīl, supplementary diacritics). The latter include the ḥarakāt) The Arabic script is an impure abjad, where short consonants and long vowels are represented by letters but short vowels and consonant length are not generally indicated in writing. Tashkīl is optional to represent missing vowels and consonant length. Modern Arabic is nearly always written with consonant pointing, but occasionally unpointed texts are still seen. Early texts such as the Qur'an were initially written without pointing, and pointing was added later to determine the expected readings and interpretations. Tashkil (marks used as phonetic guides) The literal meaning of tashkīl is 'forming'. As the normal Arabic text does not provide enough information about the correct pronunciation, the main purpose of tashkīl (and ḥarakāt) is to provide a phonetic guide or a phonetic aid; i.e. show the correct pronunciation. It serves the same purpose as furigana (also called "ruby") in Japanese or pinyin or zhuyin in Mandarin Chinese for children who are learning to read or foreign learners. The bulk of Arabic script is written without ḥarakāt (or short vowels). However, they are commonly used in some al-Qur’ān). It is not) 〈ﺍﻟْﻘُﺮْﺁﻥ〉 religious texts that demand strict adherence to pronunciation rules such as Qur'an al-ḥadīth; plural: aḥādīth) as well.