Renal Pelvis and Ureter Cases
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Corpora Amylacea Act As Containers That Remove Waste Products from the Brain
Corpora amylacea act as containers that remove waste products from the brain Marta Ribaa,b,c,1, Elisabet Augéa,b,c,1, Joan Campo-Sabariza,d, David Moral-Antera,d, Laura Molina-Porcele, Teresa Ximelise, Ruth Ferrera,d, Raquel Martín-Venegasa,d, Carme Pelegría,b,c,2, and Jordi Vilaplanaa,b,c,2 aSecció de Fisiologia, Departament de Bioquímica i Fisiologia, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; bInstitut de Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain; cCentros de Biomedicina en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 28031 Madrid, Spain; dInstitut de Recerca en Nutrició i Seguretat Alimentàries (INSA-UB), Universitat de Barcelona, 08291 Barcelona, Spain; and eNeurological Tissue Bank of the Biobanc- Hospital Clinic-Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), 08036 Barcelona, Spain Edited by Lawrence Steinman, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, and approved November 5, 2019 (received for review August 8, 2019) Corpora amylacea (CA) in the human brain are granular bodies 6). Nonetheless, we observed that CA contain glycogen synthase formed by polyglucosan aggregates that amass waste products of (GS), an indispensable enzyme for polyglucosan formation, and different origins. They are generated by astrocytes, mainly during also ubiquitin and protein p62, both associated with processes of aging and neurodegenerative conditions, and are located predom- elimination of waste substances (5). The relationship between CA inantly in periventricular and subpial regions. This study shows that and waste substances is recurrent in the literature. Already in 1999, CA are released from these regions to the cerebrospinal fluid and after a detailed and complete review, Cavanagh indicated that “CA are present in the cervical lymph nodes, into which cerebrospinal functions seem to be directed towards trapping and sequestration fluid drains through the meningeal lymphatic system. -
Adaptive Immune Systems
Immunology 101 (for the Non-Immunologist) Abhinav Deol, MD Assistant Professor of Oncology Wayne State University/ Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit MI Presentation originally prepared and presented by Stephen Shiao MD, PhD Department of Radiation Oncology Cedars-Sinai Medical Center Disclosures Bristol-Myers Squibb – Contracted Research What is the immune system? A network of proteins, cells, tissues and organs all coordinated for one purpose: to defend one organism from another It is an infinitely adaptable system to combat the complex and endless variety of pathogens it must address Outline Structure of the immune system Anatomy of an immune response Role of the immune system in disease: infection, cancer and autoimmunity Organs of the Immune System Major organs of the immune system 1. Bone marrow – production of immune cells 2. Thymus – education of immune cells 3. Lymph Nodes – where an immune response is produced 4. Spleen – dual role for immune responses (especially antibody production) and cell recycling Origins of the Immune System B-Cell B-Cell Self-Renewing Common Progenitor Natural Killer Lymphoid Cell Progenitor Thymic T-Cell Selection Hematopoetic T-Cell Stem Cell Progenitor Dendritic Cell Myeloid Progenitor Granulocyte/M Macrophage onocyte Progenitor The Immune Response: The Art of War “Know your enemy and know yourself and you can fight a hundred battles without disaster.” -Sun Tzu, The Art of War Immunity: Two Systems and Their Key Players Adaptive Immunity Innate Immunity Dendritic cells (DC) B cells Phagocytes (Macrophages, Neutrophils) Natural Killer (NK) Cells T cells Dendritic Cells: “Commanders-in-Chief” • Function: Serve as the gateway between the innate and adaptive immune systems. -
Study Guide Medical Terminology by Thea Liza Batan About the Author
Study Guide Medical Terminology By Thea Liza Batan About the Author Thea Liza Batan earned a Master of Science in Nursing Administration in 2007 from Xavier University in Cincinnati, Ohio. She has worked as a staff nurse, nurse instructor, and level department head. She currently works as a simulation coordinator and a free- lance writer specializing in nursing and healthcare. All terms mentioned in this text that are known to be trademarks or service marks have been appropriately capitalized. Use of a term in this text shouldn’t be regarded as affecting the validity of any trademark or service mark. Copyright © 2017 by Penn Foster, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of the material protected by this copyright may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the copyright owner. Requests for permission to make copies of any part of the work should be mailed to Copyright Permissions, Penn Foster, 925 Oak Street, Scranton, Pennsylvania 18515. Printed in the United States of America CONTENTS INSTRUCTIONS 1 READING ASSIGNMENTS 3 LESSON 1: THE FUNDAMENTALS OF MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY 5 LESSON 2: DIAGNOSIS, INTERVENTION, AND HUMAN BODY TERMS 28 LESSON 3: MUSCULOSKELETAL, CIRCULATORY, AND RESPIRATORY SYSTEM TERMS 44 LESSON 4: DIGESTIVE, URINARY, AND REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM TERMS 69 LESSON 5: INTEGUMENTARY, NERVOUS, AND ENDOCRINE S YSTEM TERMS 96 SELF-CHECK ANSWERS 134 © PENN FOSTER, INC. 2017 MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY PAGE III Contents INSTRUCTIONS INTRODUCTION Welcome to your course on medical terminology. You’re taking this course because you’re most likely interested in pursuing a health and science career, which entails proficiencyincommunicatingwithhealthcareprofessionalssuchasphysicians,nurses, or dentists. -
Human Anatomy As Related to Tumor Formation Book Four
SEER Program Self Instructional Manual for Cancer Registrars Human Anatomy as Related to Tumor Formation Book Four Second Edition U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES Public Health Service National Institutesof Health SEER PROGRAM SELF-INSTRUCTIONAL MANUAL FOR CANCER REGISTRARS Book 4 - Human Anatomy as Related to Tumor Formation Second Edition Prepared by: SEER Program Cancer Statistics Branch National Cancer Institute Editor in Chief: Evelyn M. Shambaugh, M.A., CTR Cancer Statistics Branch National Cancer Institute Assisted by Self-Instructional Manual Committee: Dr. Robert F. Ryan, Emeritus Professor of Surgery Tulane University School of Medicine New Orleans, Louisiana Mildred A. Weiss Los Angeles, California Mary A. Kruse Bethesda, Maryland Jean Cicero, ART, CTR Health Data Systems Professional Services Riverdale, Maryland Pat Kenny Medical Illustrator for Division of Research Services National Institutes of Health CONTENTS BOOK 4: HUMAN ANATOMY AS RELATED TO TUMOR FORMATION Page Section A--Objectives and Content of Book 4 ............................... 1 Section B--Terms Used to Indicate Body Location and Position .................. 5 Section C--The Integumentary System ..................................... 19 Section D--The Lymphatic System ....................................... 51 Section E--The Cardiovascular System ..................................... 97 Section F--The Respiratory System ....................................... 129 Section G--The Digestive System ......................................... 163 Section -
Oncology 101 Dictionary
ONCOLOGY 101 DICTIONARY ACUTE: Symptoms or signs that begin and worsen quickly; not chronic. Example: James experienced acute vomiting after receiving his cancer treatments. ADENOCARCINOMA: Cancer that begins in glandular (secretory) cells. Glandular cells are found in tissue that lines certain internal organs and makes and releases substances in the body, such as mucus, digestive juices, or other fluids. Most cancers of the breast, pancreas, lung, prostate, and colon are adenocarcinomas. Example: The vast majority of rectal cancers are adenocarcinomas. ADENOMA: A tumor that is not cancer. It starts in gland-like cells of the epithelial tissue (thin layer of tissue that covers organs, glands, and other structures within the body). Example: Liver adenomas are rare but can be a cause of abdominal pain. ADJUVANT: Additional cancer treatment given after the primary treatment to lower the risk that the cancer will come back. Adjuvant therapy may include chemotherapy, radiation therapy, hormone therapy, targeted therapy, or biological therapy. Example: The decision to use adjuvant therapy often depends on cancer staging at diagnosis and risk factors of recurrence. BENIGN: Not cancerous. Benign tumors may grow larger but do not spread to other parts of the body. Also called nonmalignant. Example: Mary was relieved when her doctor said the mole on her skin was benign and did not require any further intervention. BIOMARKER TESTING: A group of tests that may be ordered to look for genetic alterations for which there are specific therapies available. The test results may identify certain cancer cells that can be treated with targeted therapies. May also be referred to as genetic testing, molecular testing, molecular profiling, or mutation testing. -
Inspection Examination of the Ureter and Biopsy Procedure Specific
PATIENT INFORMATION Inspection/examination of the ureter & biopsy : procedure-specific information What is the evidence base for this information? This leaflet includes advice from consensus panels, the British Association of Urological Surgeons, the Department of Health and evidence-based sources; it is, therefore, a reflection of best practice in the UK. It is intended to supplement any advice you may already have been given by your GP or other healthcare professionals. Alternative treatments are outlined below and can be discussed in more detail with your Urologist or Specialist Nurse. What does the procedure involve? Examination of the ureter and kidney ± biopsy, with possible placement of a plastic tube or stent. This procedure usually includes cystoscopy and x-ray screening What are the alternatives to this procedure? Open surgery, other X-ray investigations or further observation Source: Urology Reference No: 5611-1 Issue date: 27.06.2014 Review date: 27.06.2016 Page 1 of 5 What should I expect before the procedure? You will usually be admitted on the same day as your surgery. You will normally receive an appointment for pre-assessment, approximately 14 days before your admission, to assess your general fitness, to screen for the carriage of MRSA and to perform some baseline investigations. After admission, you will be seen by members of the medical team which may include the Consultant, Specialist Registrar, House Officer and your named nurse. You will be asked not to eat or drink for 6 hours before surgery and, immediately before the operation, you may be given a pre-medication by the anaesthetist which will make you dry- mouthed and pleasantly sleepy. -
Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)
Guidelines for Clinical Care Quality Department Ambulatory GERD Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) Guideline Team Team Leader Patient population: Adults Joel J Heidelbaugh, MD Objective: To implement a cost-effective and evidence-based strategy for the diagnosis and Family Medicine treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). Team Members Key Points: R Van Harrison, PhD Diagnosis Learning Health Sciences Mark A McQuillan, MD History. If classic symptoms of heartburn and acid regurgitation dominate a patient’s history, then General Medicine they can help establish the diagnosis of GERD with sufficiently high specificity, although sensitivity Timothy T Nostrant, MD remains low compared to 24-hour pH monitoring. The presence of atypical symptoms (Table 1), Gastroenterology although common, cannot sufficiently support the clinical diagnosis of GERD [B*]. Testing. No gold standard exists for the diagnosis of GERD [A*]. Although 24-hour pH monitoring Initial Release is accepted as the standard with a sensitivity of 85% and specificity of 95%, false positives and false March 2002 negatives still exist [II B*]. Endoscopy lacks sensitivity in determining pathologic reflux but can Most Recent Major Update identify complications (eg, strictures, erosive esophagitis, Barrett’s esophagus) [I A]. Barium May 2012 radiography has limited usefulness in the diagnosis of GERD and is not recommended [III B*]. Content Reviewed Therapeutic trial. An empiric trial of anti-secretory therapy can identify patients with GERD who March 2018 lack alarm or warning symptoms (Table 2) [I A*] and may be helpful in the evaluation of those with atypical manifestations of GERD, specifically non-cardiac chest pain [II B*]. Treatment Ambulatory Clinical Lifestyle modifications. -
The Size of Lymph Nodes in the Neck on Sonograms As a Radiologic Criterion for Metastasis: How Reliable Is It?
AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 19:695–700, April 1998 The Size of Lymph Nodes in the Neck on Sonograms as a Radiologic Criterion for Metastasis: How Reliable Is It? Michiel W. M. van den Brekel, Jonas A. Castelijns, and Gordon B. Snow PURPOSE: A definition of cut-off points for nodal size is essential to determine whether cervical lymph nodes are metastatic or not. Because the currently used size criteria are defined for random populations of patients with head and neck cancer, we set out to study whether these criteria are optimal for patients without palpable metastases in different levels of the neck. We defined optimal size criteria for sonography by calculating the sensitivity and specificity of different size cut-off points. METHODS: We compared the sensitivity and specificity of different size cut-off points as measured on sonograms for various levels in the neck in a series of 117 patients with and 131 patients without palpable neck metastases. RESULTS: A minimum axial diameter of 7 mm for level II and 6 mm for the rest of the neck revealed the optimal compromise between sensitivity and specificity in necks without palpable metastases. For all necks together (with and without palpable metastases), the criteria were 1 to 2 mm larger. CONCLUSION: Our findings indicate that the current sonographic size criteria used for random patient populations are not optimal for necks without palpable metastases, nor can the same cut-off points be used for all levels in the neck. The management of lymph node metastases in the cious lymph nodes may convert both selective neck neck in patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the treatment and a wait-and-see policy to more secure upper air and food passages is a continuing source of comprehensive treatment of all levels of the neck (6). -
Biopsy and Cytology
BIOPSY AND CYTOLOGY Biopsy • Definition • Biopsy is the removal of a sample of living tissue for laboratory examination. • Rationale • It is a dentist’s obligation to make a diagnosis, or see that a diagnosis is made, of any pathological lesion in the mouth. • Some lesions can be diagnosed clinically, and biopsy is not required e.g. recurrent aphthous ulceration, Herpes simplex lesions. • Many lesions cannot be positively diagnosed clinically and should be biopsied – or in some cases smeared for cytopathologic examination. • Pitfalls of relying on a strictly clinical diagnosis are numerous: • A loose tooth may be due to a malignancy, not to advance periodontal disease. • What appears to be a dentigerous cyst clinically e.g. may be an odontogenic tumor. • Harmless looking white patches may be malignant or premalignant. Red patches are even more important. • It has been said that “any tissue which has been removed surgically is worth examining microscopically” • Yet dentists in general do not follow this rule. • However, there are some tissues e.g. gingivectomies, where every specimen need not be submitted. • While cancer is one disease in which biopsy is important, there are many other lesions in which this procedure is useful. • It is a sensitive diagnostic tool. CDE (Oral Pathology and Oral Medicine) 1 BIOPSY AND CYTOLOGY • Methods of Biopsy • Excisional – entire lesion is removed, along with a margin of normal tissue. • Incisional – representative portion of the lesion is removed, along with a margin of normal tissue. • Electrocautery – tends to damage tissue and make interpretation difficult. • Punch • Needle and aspiration • Curettage – intraosseous • Exfoliative cytology. • The Oral Biopsy – Avoidable Pitfalls. -
Brain-To-Cervical Lymph Node Signaling After Stroke
ARTICLE https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-13324-w OPEN Brain-to-cervical lymph node signaling after stroke Elga Esposito1, Bum Ju Ahn1, Jingfei Shi1,2, Yoshihiko Nakamura 1,3, Ji Hyun Park1, Emiri T. Mandeville 1, Zhanyang Yu1, Su Jing Chan 1,4, Rakhi Desai1, Ayumi Hayakawa1, Xunming Ji2, Eng H. Lo1,5*& Kazuhide Hayakawa1,5* After stroke, peripheral immune cells are activated and these systemic responses may amplify brain damage, but how the injured brain sends out signals to trigger systemic inflammation remains unclear. Here we show that a brain-to-cervical lymph node (CLN) 1234567890():,; pathway is involved. In rats subjected to focal cerebral ischemia, lymphatic endothelial cells proliferate and macrophages are rapidly activated in CLNs within 24 h, in part via VEGF-C/ VEGFR3 signalling. Microarray analyses of isolated lymphatic endothelium from CLNs of ischemic mice confirm the activation of transmembrane tyrosine kinase pathways. Blockade of VEGFR3 reduces lymphatic endothelial activation, decreases pro-inflammatory macro- phages, and reduces brain infarction. In vitro, VEGF-C/VEGFR3 signalling in lymphatic endothelial cells enhances inflammatory responses in co-cultured macrophages. Lastly, surgical removal of CLNs in mice significantly reduces infarction after focal cerebral ischemia. These findings suggest that modulating the brain-to-CLN pathway may offer therapeutic opportunities to ameliorate systemic inflammation and brain injury after stroke. 1 Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Departments of Radiology and Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA. 2 China-America Institute of Neuroscience, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China. 3 Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Fukuoka University Hospital, Jonan, Fukuoka, Japan. -
Biopsy Features in Inflammatory Bowel Disease Gut: First Published As 10.1136/Gut.35.7.961 on 1 July 1994
Gut 1994; 35: 961-968 961 Observer variation and discriminatory value of biopsy features in inflammatory bowel disease Gut: first published as 10.1136/gut.35.7.961 on 1 July 1994. Downloaded from A Theodossi, D J Spiegelhalter, J Jass, J Firth, M Dixon, M Leader, D A Levison, R Lindley, I Filipe, A Price, N A Shepherd, S Thomas, H Thompson Abstract macroscopic and biopsy material taken from If skilled histopathologists disagree over patients with inflammatory bowel disease. the same biopsy specimen, at least one They reported the percentage agreement, but must have an incorrect interpretation. did not take into account the proportion of Thus, disagreement is associated with, observed agreement due to chance alone. although not the cause of, diagnostic Surawicz and Belic6 and Allison et al 7 con- error. The present study aimed to sidered the value of features in discriminating determine the magnitude of variation acute self limited colitis from idiopathic among 10 observers with a special interest inflammatory bowel disease, and reported both in gastrointestinal histopathology. They definitions and simple percentage agreement independently interpreted the same on selected features. biopsy specimens for morphological We believe that histopathology provides an features which may discriminate between important contribution to the diagnosis of patients with Crohn's disease and ulcera- inflammatory bowel disease. The aim of the tive colitis and normal subjects. Thirty of present study therefore was to determine the 41 features had agreement measures reliability of the information obtained from significantly better than expected by colorectal mucosal biopsy specimens by chance (p<005). The range of agreement assessing the magnitude of variation among 10 in the 45 observer pairs over the final histopathologists with a special interest in diagnosis was 65-76%. -
AASLD Position Paper : Liver Biopsy
AASLD POSITION PAPER Liver Biopsy Don C. Rockey,1 Stephen H. Caldwell,2 Zachary D. Goodman,3 Rendon C. Nelson,4 and Alastair D. Smith5 This position paper has been approved by the AASLD and College of Cardiology and the American Heart Associa- represents the position of the association. tion Practice Guidelines3).4 Introduction Preamble Histological assessment of the liver, and thus, liver bi- These recommendations provide a data-supported ap- opsy, is a cornerstone in the evaluation and management proach. They are based on the following: (1) formal re- of patients with liver disease and has long been considered view and analysis of the recently published world to be an integral component of the clinician’s diagnostic literature on the topic; (2) American College of Physi- armamentarium. Although sensitive and relatively accu- cians Manual for Assessing Health Practices and De- rate blood tests used to detect and diagnose liver disease signing Practice Guidelines1; (3) guideline policies, have now become widely available, it is likely that liver including the AASLD Policy on the Development and biopsy will remain a valuable diagnostic tool. Although Use of Practice Guidelines and the American Gastro- histological evaluation of the liver has become important enterological Association Policy Statement on Guide- in assessing prognosis and in tailoring treatment, nonin- lines2; and (4) the experience of the authors in the vasive techniques (i.e., imaging, blood tests) may replace specified topic. use of liver histology in this setting, particularly with re- Intended for use by physicians, these recommenda- gard to assessment of the severity of liver fibrosis.5,6 Sev- tions suggest preferred approaches to the diagnostic, ther- eral techniques may be used to obtain liver tissue; a table apeutic, and preventive aspects of care.