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Buddhist Approach to Global Education in Social Harmony: As Depicted in Tittira Jataka

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Buddhist Approach to Global Education in Social Harmony: As Depicted in Tittira Jataka 79 BUDDHIST APPROACH TO GLOBAL EDUCATION IN SOCIAL HARMONY: AS DEPICTED IN TITTIRA JATAKA by Prerna Bhardwaj* ABSTRACT As the scholar Patrick Olivelle writes, “It is clear that the Buddhists did not invent the stories. It is quite uncertain whether the author of the Panchatantra borrowed his stories from the Jataka or the Mahabharata, or whether he was tapping into a common treasury of tales, both oral and literary, of ancient India.”1 This paper is all about the Importance of Social Harmony2 in our Society and Teachings of The Shakyamuni Buddha3 regarding the same as applicable to his Sangha as well. I am delighted to find a reasonable answer about the tradition to pay respect by an old bikkhuni4 to a young bhikku5. As per my understanding and with the evidences available in the Jataka6. It seems that this *. M.Phil., Lecturer, Department Of Buddhist Studies, University of Delhi, India. 1. Olivelle, Patrick (2006), The Five Discourses on Worldly Wisdom, Clay Sanskrit Library. (vide wikipedia). 2. Social harmony means peaceful interaction of human dynamics among members of a social group or groups. 3. Buddha, also known as, Shakyamuni, the sage who belong to shakyaclanis considered as The Buddha of present age on who’s teachings The Buddhism is founded. 4. A Bhikkhunī (Pali) or bhikṣuṇī (Sanskrit) is a fully ordained nun who observes 311 monastic rules. 5. A Bhikkhu (Pali, Sanskrit: bhikṣu) is a fully ordained monk who observes 253 monastic rules. 6.The Jātaka tales are a voluminous body of narrative literature concerning the previous births of The Shakyamuni Buddha. 80 BUDDHIST ETHICAL EDUCATION Tittira Jataka7 has also guided the teachings of the Buddha. As this Jataka underlines that it is Because of the reason that Bhikku Sangh is older than bhikkuni sangh; so being a member of senior organization a young bhikku is entitled for all due respect by an old Bhikkuni she being a member of Junior order therefore it is nothing to do about the unequal position of female in our society. During the life of the Buddha whatever problem arose related to the social conduct; he gave instructions how to sort out that particular problem and gave an example of his past lives. All Jataka are the combination of all these teachings. This Tittira Jataka is 37th story of the collection of 547 Jataka stories. *** “For they who honour ages, in Truth are versed (wise); Praise now, and bliss hereafter, is their meed (reward).” 8 “The Panchatantra shares many stories in common with the Buddhist Jataka tale, purportedly told by the historical Buddha before his death around 400 BCE. As the scholar Patrick Olivelle writes, “It is clear that the Buddhists did not invent the stories. It is quite uncertain whether the author of [the Panchatantra] borrowed his stories from the Jataka or the Mahabharata, or whether he was tapping into a common treasury of tales, both oral and literary, of ancient India.”9 During the Life of the Buddha whatever problem arose related to the social conduct; he gave instructions how to sort out that particular problem and gave an example of his Past Lives. All Jataka are the combination of all these teachings. This Tittira Jataka is 37th story of the collection of 547 Jataka stories. The prelude of this Tittira Jataka goes as under: Once when Anātha-piṇḍika10 had built his monastery 7. The Tittirajatak is th37 story of the collection of 547 Jataka stories. The same kind of narrative story is also find place in the Chullavagga,(VI,6,3) and the AvadanKalplata;as The Kapinjalaavdana.(kapinjalo aham eva aso; Shariputrah shasho abhvat.kapinch mudagraptya;Aananado gaj yoothpah /22/p.492 8. The Jataka. p. 94. 9. Olivelle, Patrick (2006), The Five Discourses on Worldly Wisdom, Clay Sanskrit Library. (vide wikipedia). 10. Anathapindika was the richest lay follower of the Shakyamuni Buddha who also known as Sudatta.He has bought Jetavana :the pleasure garden of prince Jeta by placing each inch of land with gold coin for the sake of building monastery for the Buddha and his Sangha. BUDDHIST APPROACH TO GLOBAL EDUCATION IN SOCIAL HARMONY: AS DEPICTED IN TITTIRA JATAKA 81 and sent an invitation to The Buddha to visit the place. After the invitation The Buddha Shakyamuni left the Rājagaha and reached Vesālī. When this story was told by the Master he was on his way to Sāvatthi, where the Elder Sariputta11 was kept out of a night’s lodging. There were ‘Disciples of the Six’ hurriedly gone ahead and occupied the whole of the available lodgings before they quarters could be taken for other Elders, and offered those accommodations to their superiors, their teachers, and themselves. When the other Elders came up later, they could not find any quarters at all for their stay. Even the most senior disciple Sariputta could not get any lodgings for him.So without lodging, He passed the whole night at the foot of a tree near the Master’s quarter. At early dawn as usual the Buddha coughed when he came out of his lodging. The Sariputta coughed too then the Buddha asked to Sariputta about his presence at that early time. Then the Sariputta told him about what ever had happened lastnight,After hearing entire story The Buddha thought that, if now, in front of him the disciples were lacking courtesy then what will happen after he is gone. And this thought made him very uncomfortable he was full of anxiety for this Truth.The Buddhasoon addressed the assembly and narrated them, about the hadhappened last night.And asked,”Is it true, as I heard, that the ‘adherents of the Six’ went ahead and occupied allthe Lodgings and the senior most brother the Sariputta kept out of lodgings for the night?” After getting the positive reply The Buddha understood that the main problem is in their understanding of seniority So, to give them all the clarity upon this issue and as a lesson to all, he asked them all that as per their understanding who deserves the best lodging, the best water, and the best food? In that assembly The Buddha received much kind of answers. Some of them answered a nobleman before he became a Brother (monk). Others said a Brahmin, or a man of means. Other said, the man who can expound the Law; an Arahat12; one who knows the Three Great Truths; one who has the Six Higher Knowledges. 11. Sāriputta or Sanskrit Śāriputra was one of two chief male disciples of TheShakyamuni Buddha. 12. A person who has successfully destroyed the all kalesas or defilement factors. 82 BUDDHIST ETHICAL EDUCATION After listen all thoughts of them The Buddha answered “In the religion which I teach, the standard by which precedence in the matter of lodging and the like is to be settled, is not noble birth, or having been a Brahmin, or having been wealthy before entry into the Order; the standard is not familiarity with the Rules of the Order, with the Sutras, or with the Metaphysical Books; nor is it either the attainment of any of the four stages of mystic ecstasy, or the walking in any of the Four Paths of salvation.”(p.93) Then The Buddha explained that as per the Nobel Religion called Buddhism it is seniority which claims all due respect and all due service; it is seniors who should enjoy the best lodging, the best water, and the best food. This is the true standard, and therefore the senior Brother ought to have these things. Then the Buddha turned to Sāriputta, and starts to explain about the position of him who has set rolling the Wheel of Minor Truth, and who deserves to have best lodging next after the Master. But on opposite he has spent the whole night without lodging at the foot of a tree. To explain the importance of the harmony in the society The Buddha gave a reference of past that even animals came to the conclusion that it was not proper for them to live without respect, or without the ordering of their common life; even these animals decided to find out which among them was the senior. So they looked into the matter, and having found out which of them was the senior, they showed him all forms of reverence, whereby they passed away their lives in perfect harmony and in heavenly pleasure and story goes under: Once on a time, it is said that there was a great banyan-tree on the slopes of the Himalayas, there dwelt BUDDHIST APPROACH TO GLOBAL EDUCATION IN SOCIAL HARMONY: AS DEPICTED IN TITTIRA JATAKA 83 three friends,--a partridge13, a monkey, and an elephant. They lost the vision of mutual respect as subordinate to one an another, in their present lives. And the thought came to them that it was not seemly for them to live in this way, and that they ought to find out which of their number was the senior and to honour him. As they were engaged thinking which the oldest, one day an idea was struck them. All three decided to talk with mutual sittings, so with this idea under the banyan tree their meeting held and asked about the tree length and size of banyan tree when elephant noticed it first time in his childhood. Elephant replied and gave information that it was just a bush, and was able to walk over it and its top most branch reached till elephant’s belly only. Next the monkey was asked the same question by the other two; and he replied, that was the time this tree was too short, in fact that much baby monkey was able to eat the sprouts of this banyan with just effort to stretch his neck towards it.
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