Terakreditasi (A) Based on Keputusan Direktur Jenderal Penguatan Riset dan Pengembangan Kementerian Riset, Teknologi, dan Pendidikan Tinggi Republik Indonesia Nomor: 36a/E/KPT/2016 issued on 23 Mei 2016

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DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY, FACULTY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES UNIVERSITAS NEGERI

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TEACHING HISTORICAL EMPATHY TROUGH REFLECTIVE LEARNING

Indah Wahyu Puji Utami ...... 1-9 Paramita has accredited (A) based on Keputusan

Direktur Jenderal Penguatan Riset dan THE CORRELATION BETWEEN: AWARENESS OF Pengembangan Kementerian Riset, Teknologi, HISTORY, RELIGIOUS VALUES AND dan Pendidikan Tinggi Republik Indonesia MULTIETHNIC UNDERSTANDING WITH No: 36a/E/KPT/2016, TOLERANCE ATTITUDE issued on 23 Mei 2016 Nurasiah, Abdul Azi, Widia Munira ...... 10-17

The range of carried studies in the publication NARRATION AND DISCOURSE OF BHINNEKA (1) historiography, (2) philosophy of history, (3) TUNGGAL IKA IN INDONESIAN REVISED history of education, and (4) history education. HISTORY TEXTBOOK: A HISTORY DIDACTICS

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AGRARIAN REFORM AS A NATIONALISM ISSUE SIT: No. 100/ PT 36 H.FIS/ 1990 FROM COLONIAL TO REFORMASI ERA ISSN: 0854-0039 Retor AW Kaligis ...... 28-42 E ISSN: 2407-5825

BOEKHANDEL TAN KHOEN SWIE KEDIRI: THE Published by AGENT OF Jurusan Sejarah, Fakultas Ilmu Sosial, Wisnu ...... 43-57 Universitas Negeri Semarang in collaboration

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Administration TRADITIONAL INDUSTRIES IN THE COLONIAL Tsabit Azinar Ahmad PERIOD: THE ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES OF THE

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Paramita:Paramita: Historical Historical Studies Studies Journal, Journal, 29(1), 29(1), 2019: 2019 43-57 ISSN: 0854-0039, E-ISSN: 2407-5825 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15294/paramita.v29i1.14523

BOEKHANDEL TAN KHOEN SWIE KEDIRI: THE AGENT OF JAVANESE CULTURE

Wisnu Department of History Education, Faculty of Social Sciences and Law, Universitas Negeri Surabaya

ABSTRACT ABSTRAK

This paper reveals the way Boekhandel Tan Makalah ini mengungkap cara Boekhandel Tan Khoen Swie Kediri, as an agent of Javanese Khoen Swie Kediri, sebagai agen budaya Ja- culture, run his publishing house during wa, yang mengelola rumah penerbitannya di amidst both the colonial government and In- tengah-tengah pemerintah kolonial dan donesian government, spreading Javanese cul- pemerintah Indonesia, menyebarkan budaya ture to the society in and throughout In- Jawa kepada masyarakat di Jawa dan di se- donesia. The history of this publishing house is luruh Indonesia. Sejarah penerbit ini menarik interesting in which it is interrelated with three karena terkait dengan tiga kebijakan berbeda different policies from three different types of dari tiga jenis ideologi pemerintah. Penelitian government ideology. This research which ini yang berarti mencari, mengkritik, menafsir- means searching, criticizing, interpreting, and kan, dan mengatur sumber-sumber dalam ben- arranging the sources in the form of historical tuk penulisan sejarah. Penelitian ini juga men- writing. This research also applied Gidden’s erapkan teori strukturasi Gidden untuk mem- theory of structuration to clarify the position of perjelas posisi Tan Khoen sebagai agen pen- Tan Khoen as a publishing agent. The discus- erbitan. Diskusi tentang struktur masyarakat sion on the structure of the literary society, sastra, yang terdiri dari perwakilan dari which consisted of the representatives from the pemerintah, penulis, penerbit, dan pembaca government, authors, publishers, and readers menjadi bagian integral dari penelitian ini. becomes an integral part of the study. This Studi ini menyimpulkan bahwa pemerintah study concludes both the government and pri- dan penerbit swasta memiliki niat untuk men- vate publishers had an intention to educate didik orang-orang meskipun Tan Khoen Swie people although Tan Khoen Swie did not tied tidak mengikat temanya pada sistem yang ada. its theme on the existing system. However Namun secara struktural, keberadaan Boek- structurally, the existence Boekhandel Tan handel Tan Khoen Swie dibatasi oleh penulis, Khoen Swie were bounded by the authors, penerbit lain, dan pembaca. Musim untuk other publishers, and readers. The seasons for menerbitkan buku-buku budaya Jawa karena publishing Javanese culture books because the buku-buku itu berisi budaya mulia, yang perlu books contained noble culture, which needs to disebarluaskan, legitimasi penulis Jawa, dan be disseminated, the legitimation of Javanese prospek pasar yang menjanjikan. Keberhasilan writers, and promising market prospect. The bisnis Tan Khoen Swie terletak pada kemam- success of Tan Khoen Swie business lies in its puannya membangun jejaring di antara penu- ability to build networking among authors, lis, penerbit, dan pembaca atau toko buku. publishers, and readers or bookstores. The Buku-buku yang diterbitkan dalam bisnisnya books published in his business spread across tersebar di seluruh Indonesia. Ia melayani baik Indonesia. He served both as a cultural broker sebagai perantara budaya dan sebagai agen and as an agent of Javanese culture. budaya Jawa.

Keywords: Tan Khoen Swie, Javanese culture, Kata kunci: Tan Khoen Swie, budaya Jawa, Boekhandel, colonial period. Boekhandel, masa kolonial.

Author correspondence Email: [email protected] 43 Available online at http://journal.unnes.ac.id/nju/index.php/paramita Paramita: Historical Studies Journal, 29(1), 2019

INTRODUCTION as well as the literary historical review. In The Publishing business history in Kediri addition, the findings of the study might was marked with the publication of the also be benefitted as the materials for Javanese books by Boekhandel Tan Khoen completing the writing of the local Swie in the 1915's, located in the shopping histories and might even be benefitted as a complex on Jalan Dhoho Kediri. Some matter of reference for the regional Javanese manuscripts were successfully governments that want to rewrite the printed back, either the original manu- publication history in their respective script or a copy which was directly ob- region. tained from the poets and some spoken The literature that discusses Tan manuscripts of sayings from teachers. The Khoen Swie and his business activities efforts of Boekhandel Tan Khoen Swie to such as M.C. Ricklefs (2007) explained explore the texts that had been stored in that the Boekhandel Tan Khowen Swie Ke- the memory of the community and pre- diri (1882- 1953) played an important role sented back in the form of books that were in supporting the Javanese literature. An freely readable by all levels of society, are article by Sri Widati et al. (2001) regarding an interesting thing to study. There were the development of modern Javanese liter- no more secrets of mysticism in the world ature during the pre-independence period of teachers and formal life in the Kraton or is very helpful in understanding the histor- Palace. This was revealed by Boekhandel ical aspect of the business. Then, a disser- Tan Khoen Swie by writing freer to be tation by Zubaidah Isa (1972) explained generally known. that the establishment of Volkslectuur in The study is to uncover how the 1910 had been a significantly progressive Boekhandel Tan Khoen Swie Kediri had step in the domain of governmental publi- been running the publication business in cation, education and library in the Dutch 1915-1963 in the middle of book and pub- Indies. In addition, a dissertation by Sub- lication policy issued by the colonial gov- ardi (2012) emphasizes more on the re- ernment and by the Indonesians or the view of linguistic aspect within the three post-colonial government as well as in the books published by the Boekhandel Tan middle of author agents, private publica- Khoen Swie. A study by S. Margana tion agents and Javanese literature read- (2004) regarding the reasoning tradition of ers? Then, the study is also to uncover the traditional Javanese intellectuals regarding reason behind the distribution of Javanese the literature and the history is very im- culture books and how Tan Khoen Swie portant to understand the psychological, established the network of author, publica- social, cultural and political problems dur- th th tion and book trading agents. ing the 18 and the 19 century in The findings of the study are ex- . Furthermore, an article by pected to open and to expand the people’s Mikihiro Moriyama explained that the knowledge regarding the publication de- tradition of reading scripts will not be velopment of Javanese culture books in instantly eliminated after the appearance Kediri that had occurred since the begin- of the mechanical printed books. Hilmar ning of the 20th century. The findings of Farid (1991) in his article stated that the the study are also expected to develop the works that were published in the period of historical awareness among the people capitalism development might be that the recent process of book publishing massively published and might encompass has not been apart from the previous the huge amount of readers. Last but not publishing process. The review will enrich the least, conceptually a book by the understanding toward the Frederick Engels (2007) explained that in development of publication history in the community’s wealth, the capitalist Indonesia that has been in existence since production applies, and the capitalist the colonial period and the substance of production includes the trading items. Social Science and Cultural Anthropology The researcher implements the theo-

44 Paramita: Historical Studies Journal, 29(1), 2019 ry of structurization by Anthony Giddens chives of Boekhandel Tan Khoen Swie in (1984) in order to provide clear explana- Kediri in the form of Buku Kiriman dan tion. The theory of structurization focuses Penerimaan 1958, Buku Pesanan dan Pem- on the social practice that involves the re- bayaran 1958, Buku Pesanan dan Pengiriman lationship between the agent and the 1958, Buku Register Tahun 1959, Daftar structure. The social practice is defined as Toko Tan Khoen Swie Kediri Tahun 1957, a practice in the real life and the actual Daftar Buku/Barang per 31 Desember 1958, daily activities of the human beings. With- Daftar Kitab-Kitab Kawedalaken Saha in a social practice, Giddens views that Kasade Dening: Toko Buku Tan Khoen Swie there has been an interaction between 1941 dan 1953, Daftar Persekot Penerbit Tan the agent and the structure, which subse- Khoen Swie Kediri and the documents of quently becomes a habit within the rou- family pictures. Then, the second source tines that will be reproduced within the was attained from the archives of Yuriah social life. The core of the theory by Gid- Tanzil in Jakarta in the form of readers’ dens is the repetitive social practice. Such letters and script offers from the communi- repetitive social practice is regarded as the ty, the submission letters of the authors’ basis of the existence for the agent and the rights and several documents of family community (Beilharz, 2003:193). pictures. The information about Tan An agent as the actor of social prac- Khoen Swie might also be retrieved from tice might be viewed in terms of individual several newspapers namely: De Indische and group. In the study, Tan Khoen Swie courant, Soerabaijasch handelsblad, Niews en and the authors who supported the scripts advertentieblad, Staat en letterkundig nieu- that he composed will be regarded as the wsblad, Bataviaasch nieuwsblad and De Su- agents. An agent has objectives that are matra Post. not supported by the logical reasons but also by the discursive elaboration. The THE AUTHORS OF JAVANESE LIT- structure of social life is identified into two ERARY WORKS IN THE 19 th aspects namely as regulations and sources. CENTURY AND THE 20th CENTURY As regulations, a structure refers to the During the 19th and the 20th century, the procedures that serve as the agent’s guid- activities of composing literary works had ance in performing their social life. Some- not been under the monopoly of the royal times, the interpretation toward regula- palace and the culture had experienced an tions is written into the form of law and outward transformation; at that time, the bureaucratic regulations. Similarly, the authors came from multiple employment structural regulations might be reproduced background. The hobbies of composing by the agent of a community. On the other literary works that appeared inside and hand, as sources, a structure refers to the outside the royal palace had been the allocative structures and the authoritative impact of Javanese literary renaissance structures. Within the relationship of the movement in the 18th and the 19th century dualism structure, an agent which is al- in the Royal Palace of Surakarta, as ready possessed coverage of knowledge having been proposed in the theory of might benefit the structure as a matter of Pigeaud (1967:7). After Ranggawarsita reference in acting, in changing and in passed away in 1873, Ki Padmosusastra reproducing the structure through the so- appeared in the upcoming period and he cial practice. The agent and the structure gave birth to the literary works that have mutually influencing interaction signified the activities of gagrag anyar from one to another (Giddens, 1984). Javanese literary. The period from the old The sources of the study come from literature to the new literature had been the written sources, both the primary and called as the transitional period the secondary ones. The most important (Sedyawati et al., 2001:171). sources were attained from two locations. The transitional period from the 19 The first source was attained from the ar- th century to the 20 th century had been the

45 Paramita: Historical Studies Journal, 29(1), 2019 learning period and the period that gave publishing enterprises that belonged to the birth to the new authors. Padmosusastro Tionghoan and the Dutch people. The explicitly declared himself as the wong policy had been implemented since the mardika (the free man) who had been colonial government took the power of liberated from the system of royal printing machines (1856). In 1906, the patronage. At the end of 19 th century, colonial government issued the Koninklijk there came the authors who arranged their Besluit Number 270 which asserted that composition outside then tradition of each author should be responsible directly classical literature in the form of toward his composition; if the author’s biography and autobiography such as name had been anonymous, then the re- Ranggawarsita (the biography of sponsibility would have been directly Ranggawarsita), Soeradipoera, and Raden transferred to the publisher, the trader or Sasrakoeseoma (Serat Raga Pasafa), the distributor. containing the notes of autobiography In 1931, the colonial government is- (Widati et al., 2001:25). At the beginning sued a new regulation, namely Persbreidel of the 20th, other authors who composed Ordomantie, that gave the rights to the the literary works in the form of proses General Governor in terms of prohibiting appeared. The appearance of these the publication that had been considered authors with their literary works came disturbing the order. Based on the new altogether with developing Western regulation, the colonial government would education in Java. The proses (which had ban the printing activities for 8 days or the Western genre) were mostly composed more if the related publishing enteprises by the teachers and the readers were had still been considered defying the regu- mostly the students of the schools that had lation. With the issuance of the new regu- been established according to the Western lation, there came the so-called “uniform” style. literary works from 1917 until 1942; these The Javanese authors whose literary literary works did not discuss the political works had been published by Balai Pustaka matters and the colonial government and should comply to the notes of Rinkes did not go against the law. (1911) that was not contrary to the politi- During the period of Japanese mili- cal policy of the colonial government. The tary government (1942-1945), there was a intended literary works were only for the stagnancy that had been caused the stilled students of public schools and would be elements within the overall literary sys- disseminated to the libraries in the public tem, both the micro system and the macro schools. These Javanese authors were system, due to the very strict Japanese mostly from the environment or the pro- governmental system. All of the literary fession of teachers or civil servants who activities were only directed toward a sin- worked for the Dutch government. The gle direction namely the propaganda and assumption has been strengthened by the the anti-Dutch provocation. Such situa- fact that it is only through them the com- tion caused a stagnancy in the literary life, positions (including the literary works) including the Javanese literature, and might be born because in general these there were two factors that caused the people attain their writing capacity stagnancy. First, the stagnancy of author’s through the habitual process in their asso- creativity had mainly been caused by the ciation with the Western culture and tradi- fact that not all authors had been ready tion. with the required new writing mechanics The colonial government issued spe- (propaganda literature). Second, the stag- cial regulation as an effort of controlling nancy of author’s creativity had been the grassroots’ reading materials in order caused as well by the strict sensory depart- to situate the authors ideologically. The ment of Japanese government (Widati et policy was made because in addition to al., 2001:10). Balai Pustaka there came other private Within the pre-independence period,

46 Paramita: Historical Studies Journal, 29(1), 2019 there came new authors such as Soebagio private publication were quite developing. I.N. and Poerwadhie Atmodihardjo who The situation was closely related to the had the background of journalism. The increasing number of reading interest due new coming authors offered new ideas to the opening of the schools for the in- for literature in the future. There was a landers, so that the number of literate peo- development of new variables in the liter- ple increased (Ras, 1985:1). The situation ature, both in terms of form and in terms was also related to the educational policy of theme; as a result, it was possible that of the Dutch Indies government as a part each of the new type would have its own of the ethical politics implementation in readers (Ras, 1985:20). In terms of the ti- 1901. The policy in the domain of educa- tles that had been composed and been tion urged the provision of reading books published, actually most of the Javanese for the school children’s lessons. The pri- authors were very professional and their vate publications, such as the Boekhandel professionalism, directly or indirectly, Tan Khoen Swie Kediri, massively pub- would should influence the establishment lished the -lesson of the social and economic status. Howev- books, Kitab A.B.C. dan batja’an oentoek er, why did the facts at that time showed anak-anak, jang hendak beladjar membatja the contrary situation? The reason was dan menoelis bahasa Melajoe hoeroef Olanda that the only Maecenas or the “market” and Groningen Jakarta, Sinau Basa, in or- protective institution had not been able to der to meet the students’ needs. provide sufficient guarantee for the au- The people’s reading interest was thors. The inability of the “market” in also supported by the publication of Java- providing the appropriate guarantee was nese language-newspaper such as Bramar- not a coincidence because all of the Indo- tani, Jurumartani, Jawi Kandha, Retno Du- nesian socio-cultural, political and eco- milah and Darma Kandha. The story books nomic elements in the era of Old Order, that had been issued by the private publi- especially during the period of parliamen- cation enterprises also took part in sup- tarian democracy (1950-1959) and the pe- porting and in becoming the favorite read- riod of controlled democracy (1959- ing materials. These books were read by 1965), had been at the edge of destruction all layers of society (Widati et al., (Ricklefs, 1994). 2001:162). As a result, the Javanese authors also Entering the era of Japanese govern- experienced the impact both directly and ment, all of the Javanese language- pub- indirectly; their works were less appreciat- lishing activities were banned including ed and did not have any economic values. the ones performed by Penyebar Semangat The price of a short story that had been and Kedjawen. Even the Japanese govern- published in Jawa Magazine was only Rp ment did not give permission for the estab- 25,- and Rp 40,-; the price of a serial story lishment of other newspapers and media. for 12 numbers was only Rp 300,-; and the All of the newspapers had been supervised royalty of a novel that had been printed by a sensory department, Jawa Shinbunkai; for 3,000 copies were only Rp 200,- the task of Jawa Shinbunkai was to super- whereas the price of 1 liter rice was Rp vise the newspapers that had been issued 7.50. In fact, there were scripts that had and been circulated in Java. As a part of not been valued at all (Mardianto et al., Japanese propaganda efforts, the Japanese 2001:54). Such condition finally forced government established several newspa- most of the Javanese authors to perform pers in April 1942, such as Asia Raya, Ja- double job; in addition to earning income wa Shinbun and Kung Yung Pao (Widati et as authors, they worked as teachers, jour- al., 2001:212-213). nalists, private employees, civil servants, Meanwhile, the newspapers that be- businessmen and alike. Even many of longed to the Indonesian, the Dutch and them switched jobs as well. the Tionghoan people had been closed. On the contrary, the activities of the All of the literary works had been directed

47 Paramita: Historical Studies Journal, 29(1), 2019 to the political propaganda. The situation ern Javanese literature. The mass media was apparent after the Japanese govern- that had important role in introducing and ment established Keimin Bunka Shidosho in in disseminating the modern Javanese lit- April 1st, 1943; the function of the Keimin erature were Panyebar Semangat, Swara Bunka Shidosho was to supervise any writ- Tama and Pusaka Surakarta. These maga- ings that did not support the Japanese pol- zines contributed to the dissemination of itics. An interesting matter from the situa- Javanese short stories, serial stories and tion was that there had been one Indone- geguritan. Therefore, the history of modern sian publication enterprise that the Japa- Javanese literature might not be separated nese government did not close, namely from the role and the existence of private Penerbit Indonesia in Yogyakarta. The pub- publication enterprises especially in the lication enterprise was the only existing mass media publication. private publication enterprise. In 1942, How was the condition of the Java- Penerbit Indonesia published a novel enti- nese literary work readers? The readers of tled Trimurti utawa Lelakone Sedulur Tetelu modern Javanese literary works within by Ki Loemboeng (Widati et al., 1917-1942 were a group of Javanese peo- 2001:224). ple who had the intelligence in reading The awful social, economic and po- and in speaking the Javanese. The Java- litical situation and condition in Indonesia nese that had been used as the medium of at that time since the period of Japanese Javanese literary expression was the re- military government, along with the infla- gional language namely Javanese. tion and the economic crisis until 1952 In two decades, there had been a due to the independence war, caused the shift. In the decade of 1920s, the influence publication enterprises’ inability to pro- of old tradition was still very strong name- duce books. Balai Pustaka as the state ly the tradition of using the Javanese al- publication enterprise at that also suffered phabet and language; as a result, most of from the same situation although it was the compositions created by the authors still in operation. still implemented the Javanese alphabet The private publication, both the and language. However, the situation book publication and the press publica- changed in the decade of 1930s. tion, in 1953-1960 seemed to be more The above shifts were closely related promising. In the middle of Balai to the shift on the group of Javanese liter- Pustaka’s inability to publish the modern ary work readers. Since the beginning the Javanese literary works, several private authors realized that the candidates of lit- publication enterprises turned out to com- erary work reader in the decade of 1930s pete in printing and in publishing the had been different than those in the dec- modern Javanese literary works. Exam- ade of 1930s. The awareness came to sur- ples of the literary works were namely face because the number of the people that Jaker, Kedaulatan Rakyat, PT. Lawu, had been educated under the Western Keluarga Subarno, F.a. Nasional Dua-A, Tri- style in the decade of 1930s was higher yasa, Kondang, Kancil Mas, Sasongko, Kuda than the one in the previous decade. Mas, Sinta Riskan, Puspa Rahayu, Djaja Therefore, intendedly in the decade of Dharma, Keng and Dawud. Due to the 1930s, the authors followed the readers’ competition among the private publication movement, so that they did not compose enterprises, around 1960s there was an the literary works with the Javanese alpha- explosion of a novel entitled Penglipoer bet and language like in the decade of Lara (Widati et al., 2001:100-101). 1920s; instead, the used the Javanese lan- The existence of private publication guage with the Latin alphabet. These read- enterprises, both the book publication and ers were the readers that had been imag- the newspaper publication, had been able ined by the authors, the readers that had to give meaning toward the development been interpreted based on the review of an of Javanese literature especially the mod- author with the empirical and the textual

48 Paramita: Historical Studies Journal, 29(1), 2019 approach (Luxemburg, 1989:19). same time was based on the Adressenlijst van uitgevers andlist van Boekhandelaren in BETWEEN BOOKSTORE AND PUB- Indonesiein Maanblad voor de Boekhandel in LISHING Indonesiein 1950. It was mentioned in the Many people in the media, as well as ex- list that besides as a bookseller, Tan perts in writing books, often talked about Khoen Swie also referred to as a publisher. BoekhandelTan Khoen Swie. The name of How Tan Khoen Swie started a pub- Tan Khoen Swie as the owner of publishing lishing business, was an interesting thing company (boekhandel)was never men- to analyze. Tan Khoen Swie’s choice to tioned in the historiography of Indonesia. have this business was not so easy. The His struggling rarely got the attention, but decision to be a publisher was not as easy he had a very important contribution to as to become a bookseller in general. Tan the intellectual development of Java. He Khoen Swie had to provide capital, au- was born in Mount Legong, Duren Siwo, thors, and manuscripts. After having pro- Wonogiri in 1884(Hoen Boen Tan,1935: vided everything needed, the next step 89), and died in 1953 Kediri (Jawa Pos, was how to set up a business, managed to May 5, 1953). generate profit or gain. Almost all those Tan Khoen Swie started his own activities were handled by Tan himself. business by opening a bookstore in Kediri Especially, those related to which manu- in 1905 (Basis, September 1983: 349-357). scripts would be chosen to be released and The bookstore was initially small, but marketed. In his efforts, Tan Khoen Swie gradually it grew into a big bookstore. At did not provide printing machine, there first, the books which were sold were from were partners in printing, such as publishers like Uitgevers Mij NV.“Papyrus”, Stoomdrukkerij Liem Liang Djan Blitar, Eertijds HM van Dorp & Co., Batavia.Tan Electrische Drukkerij “De Matador” Kerto- Khoen Swie opened a bookstore in a great sono, N.V. Kedirische Snelpersdrukkerij- risk, because this business field was filled Kediri, and Stabelan Solo. with a variety of intricate work. There was no data that explained In 1915, the bookstore named "Tan about the cost of the initial capital needed Khoen Swie Sedia Boekoe Java Melajoe dan for establishing Tan Khoen Swie’s pub- Ollanda", changed into "Boekhandel en lishing company. Based on the explana- Schryf Behoeften."The change of this name tion from Jojo Soetjahjo Gani, in Damar had relation to the opening of the publish- Jati, he said: ing business by Tan Khoen Swie. Since At that time, the intention and determi- 1915, Tan Khoen Swie not only had man- nation of Tan Koen Swie were indeed aged the bookstore, but he also had oper- admirable. Only by private capital, and he was not a Javanese, too, he dared to ated a publishing company. It can be seen set aside money to publish books in Java- that the intellectual of Tan Khoen Swie nese. Though at that time, the communi- grew from a trader to a publisher. ty had been accustomed to living in an Boekhandel can be interpreted as a atmosphere of oral literature to preserve bookstore, it was also called bookseller the cultural heritage of the ancestors. (refer to the person). It means that he had (Damar Jati, Th. I, No.4, 8 September a bookstore and a publishing company 2005: 6). (Setiono, 2002:432). However, Tan Khoen Swie’s publishing company was The explanation indicated that something not mentioned in his business identity. Tan Khoen Swie had to open his publish- The activities between publishing compa- ing company was a courage, started with ny and bookstore trading were blended saving money which was prepared to open into one. Tan Khoen Swie’s bookstore his business. Further information given by was one the means of selling his works. Jojo Soetjahjo Gani was the effort to open The explanation of Tan Khoen Swie Tan Khoen Swie’s publishing company as a bookseller as well as a publisher at the which was initiated through the efforts,

49 Paramita: Historical Studies Journal, 29(1), 2019 bookstore, auto parts trading business, how the authors could accept the presence Surabaya shop, and gasoline sales. It was of Tan Khoen Swie as a new publisher in possibly that the initial efforts of Tan Kediri. Khoen Swie’s publishing company came However, Tan Khoen Swie kept do- from those four efforts mentioned above. ing the selection and found something in- The business of the publishing company of teresting that could be sold. Often, the ba- Tan Khoen Swie was a part of his busi- sis for determining the manuscript pub- ness development. The opening of the lished was a script that had the prospect publishing unit was the ambition of Tan and it had been on demand in the market. Khoen Swie to develop the strength of his In this context, it can be seen that Tan intellect through the books. Therefore, the Khoen Swie had more economic goal publishing company was Tan Khoen (Mankiw, 2006). Swie’s top priority in the choice of busi- ness. SCRIPT PAYMENT SYSTEM At first, there was no clear agreement, THE EFFORTS TO BRING AUTHORS some sources explained the process of One more crucial element for Tan Khoen payment was never written down perma- Swie’s publishing company that there nently by Tan Khoen Swie. It was hard to were some authors willing to give their say whether Tan Khoen Swie just wanted writing manuscripts to be printed and pub- to publish a book whose cost would be lished. Several steps were taken by Tan paid by the author himself. It was not Khoen Swie in looking for an author who known whether the money would be re- was ready to help and to cooperate. The funded after the sale of the book. If the relationships were to be built on the basis system was practiced, it can be said that of mutual benefit. Trusting relationships the rules that was applied used a percent- fostered to appease the authors when they age of system sales results book. Like the must send manuscripts to Tan Khoen script system payment, it was not found Swie. the information about the payment system At the beginning of Tan Khoen for the translators of ancient Javanese Swie’s publishing business, some of the script. Meanwhile, Jojo Soetjahjo Gani’s authors who helped him regarded as fig- description, written in Java Magazine Da- ures or literary writers who already had mar Jati,was quite a concern. According to big names. Among those name were the case. M.Ng Mangoenwidjaja, Padmosusastro, Those authors prepared their books and R. Tanojo (Supardi, 1961: 73-77). The on jl.Doho Road No. 165, where the selection of the three figures as the authors house is still there. Those noblemen espe- who were believed by Tan Khoen Swie cially from Solo would stay for a couple of based on the reason that those authors had months. The original manuscript was not the undeniable quality of the manuscripts. typed using the type writer, but it was Those three names were already famous, written by hand in the manuscript book in and they were interested in being offered blue cover. The rewards (income) received as early promotional efforts to the busi- by the authors were not always in the ness publication. The books written by form of money, but in the book form these authors had become the most public which had finished printing, there were reading, especially books containing about equal to 200 books (Damar Jati, Th. 1, 4, Javanese culture that came from the Kra- 8 September 2005: 6). ton. From the statement above, it can be Tan Khoen Swie did not give lines concluded that the system of payment to and rules in the process of publishing the the author at the time of Tan Khoen Swie manuscripts of the author's works. The was not be done with money, but in the situation flowed away, without any bind- book form with the number of 200 copies. ing rules, it was expected to seek appeal Jojo Soetjahjo Gani could not give more

50 Paramita: Historical Studies Journal, 29(1), 2019 explanation when the system was started. BOOKS ON JAVA THOUGHT, The next analysis was based only on an CHARACTER AND SHAPE COVER estimation. The usage of this system ad- Books published by Boekhandel Tan Khoen ministration was predicted from the begin- Swie Kediri generally contained the con- ning of the Boekhandel Tan Khoen Swie cepts of Javanese thoughts. The books published the books around 1915's- 1930's. were classified into 12 categories, (1) the It could be up to a period prior to Tan books that contain about science;(2) books Khoen Swie died in 1953. The very com- about petong (forecast);(3) books on the plete information about the new payment rules of law (Wet);(4) books which contain system manuscript was discovered in poems;(5) The chronicle books ;(6) books 1954, one year after the death of Tan on the subject; (7) books about religion;(8) Khoen Swie. the books of holy scripture; (9) books con- The bargaining process of the manu- tain knowledge; (10) the story books; script that would be published ended with (11) the books containing the teachings of the approval statement that was confirmed theosophy; (12) books of advice. in an agreement between the publisher Based on the catalog published in and the author. This approval was always 1941, those 159 titles of books were in Ja- made on the basis of mutual trust. There vanese and Javanese script, 62 titles were are some points which were often empha- about the teachings of theosophy sized in the agreement including: the (39%).While 57 titles contained name of the author and the publisher must knowledge (practical and theoretical) be clear, the title of the article, the amount (35.8%), 10 titles were about fortune teller of text to be printed, deadline printing or horoscope (6,3 %), 11 books were timed, it is also emphasized on freedom of about moral teaching and education (7 %), rejecting the manuscript by the publisher if 18 books talked about chronicle or tradi- the manuscript does not meet the require- tional history (11,3 %), and 1 book was a ments, especially related to the content literary book (0,6 %) (Catalogus, 1941). and shape, the length of time of examin- The characteristic of books released ing the result of the manuscripts before by Tan Khoen Swie, according to Sri they are sold, the cost of correction and Widati’s point of view, was categorized as revision, and the honorarium. a Javanese literary (non Balai Pustaka). It Boekhandel Tan Khoen Swie gave tended to be more in favor of the culture honorarium to the author's manuscript, of the indigenous, practical, easy to under- including the translation ones, especially stand by the general readers, although in the ancient texts, classical prose and those books were translated from classic poetry, in the form of a sum of money. works (Widati dkk, 2001:162). The lan- The payment was made after the manu- guage used in his works is modern Java- script submitted to a publisher that was nese (Zoetmulder, 1983:34), which was characterized by a statement of transfer of efficient and effective. The language had rights from the author. The sign convey- no many repetitions, solid, and no wasted ance of these authors was written clearly: words. the name and address of the authors, the There were 176 books published by months of submission, the title of the Boekhandel Tan Khoen Swie in 1953. It manuscript, the submission statement of consisted of 81 books which were catego- the manuscript to the publisher Boekhandel rized into thin book with 8 - 42 pages. Tan Khoen Swie Kediri as well as the There were 71 Medium books with 43 - 99 amount of payment received and the de- pages, and there were only 24 books livery was marked by patent signed by the which were categorized into thin book author and a witness. with 100 pages or more. Some books were so thin with only 8 pages, namely Djoko Lodang, Koloti- do,and Pepali Nabi Khong Hu Tju. Some

51 Paramita: Historical Studies Journal, 29(1), 2019 other books with some more pages (more when reading and the book, so it would be than 8 pages) were Iladoeni (15), Kawruh easy to carry anywhere. Sasadji (19), Kidungan (32), Krida Sastra There were books in Javanese pub- (15), Mardi Sastra Latyn (12), Ngelmi Tjak lished by Boekhandel Tan Khoen Swie, the Sedjati (15), Ngelmi Pirasating Soedjanma books were distinguished in the form of (31), Primbon Djajabaja (32). While the tembang (Endraswara, 2006: 87), gancaran thickest book was Tiong Jong book with 396 (Widati, et al., 2001: 8), and a mixture of pages. The Chinese community were so tembang or gancaran. Based on the list of fond of this book. the Books of Knowledge Born Inner is- The paper was made of rice paper, sued in1941, the books were published in or paper with raw materials processed the form of tembang as many as 81 books, from rice straw or dry stalk which was 130 books were prose, prose and song (mix) discharged after being harvested or older. 12 books (Catalogus, 1941). On the record The color of the paper used at first was list, the books issued by Tan Khoen Swie’s white, through the passage of time, the store in 1953 consisting of 31 books which paper of the book becomes yellowish or were tembang, 76 books were gancaran and even light brown. This kind of paper con- 8 books were gancaran and tembang dition was found in almost all the books (mixed) (Catalogus, 1953). printed by Tan Khoen Swie (Buku Register Two of the catalog records showed Boekhandel Tan Khoen Swie Kediri, 1959). that the Javanese books published by Boek- The printed book size of Boekhandel handel Tan Khoen Swie were more printed publications Tan Khoen Swie, generally in the form of gancaran.There were several between 11x16 cm and 16x23 cm. There reasons, the first possible reason that were several books printed in small size could be raised was the shift in Javanese (11x16 cm) such as Tjiptaan Tiap-Tiap tended to be less used. This tendency in- Pagi, Katuranggan, Babad Theosofie, Koentji fluenced to the decrease in consuming the Poesakaningbatin (12x15 cm), and Wisa books published by Boekhandel Tan Khoen Djiwa (10x17 cm). Serat Bahasa Jawi, writ- Swie. Second, Javanese followed the ad- ten in Latin language, were printed in size aptation of the era. During the Japanese 16x23 cm. A few books Wisa Djiwa and occupation and the post-independence, Walisanga had smaller size in which each the political situation which required the of them had the size of 10x17 cm and use of Indonesian had shifted the use 15x23 cm. There were also some other of the javanese language. Having seen books with special size, among those this reality, it was obviously influenced books were Dajaning Tjipta 14x21 cm, Kid- the books published by Tan Khoen Swie. oengan Kawedar 14x21,5 cm, Kamoelan Pi- The list price in the catalog of books toe Bade Doemadosing Manoengsa 13x21 cm, by Tan Khoen Swie was in the range be- Mahabarata (Anie Besant) 14x21 cm, Ra- tween f f 0:10 until 3:50. Most of the mayana (Anie Besant) 14x21 cm, Sasangge- books by Tan Khoen Swie sold at a price man 14x21 cm, Saddarcana 14x21 cm, below f 1.0. Books with the lowest price Tjandrarini 16x22 cm, Weda Satmaka were Djaka Lodang, (f 0:10), Kalatida (f 15x21 cm (Catalogus, 1941). 0.20), and the most expensive book was Determining the size of a book usu- Pati Tjentini, it was sold at f 3.50 in 1922. ally depended on the content and level of Then, there were some other charac- order requirements. If the book was really ters of the books published by Boekhandel on demand and needed by a lot of people, Tan Khoen Swie, such as the shape of the especially about practical knowledge to cover, which was in the catalog, both is- everyday life and the book was on de- sued in 1941 and 1953, as well as on the mand by the community, the book was list of books supplements were often men- printed in a small size. The purpose of the tioned: thick cover and regular cover (the determination of this book size was associ- thin ones). Almost all Tan Khoen Swie’s ated with the convenience of the reader books printed using regular or thin cover.

52 Paramita: Historical Studies Journal, 29(1), 2019

Only a few books were covered with thick were, what status they are, and their back- covers, such as Babad Muchamad, Primbon ground livelihood. Djampi Djawi, Ilmu Sepiritisme, Maduroso, Books expedition in 1959, also in- Pati Tjentini, Primbon Ngadoe Djago, Pra- formed about the number of readers by bangkara, Sangoe Gesang, Weda Hagama, profession. Based on the data seen on ex- Wedosatmoko, dan Widiokirono, or two pedition book, readers of books by Boek- forms, regular cover or thick cover, like handel Tan Khoen Swie consists of: 204 Sanggar Djita. employees, 6 students, 20 traders, 6 farm- The books published by Boekhandel ers, one mechanic, one tailor, and one pa- Tan Khoen Swie from 1918 to 1953 al- tient, and 157 common people (Buku Reg- ways showed a figure or Tan Khoen Swie ister Boekhandel Tan Khoen Swie Kediri , photograph and his signature. These phe- 1959). nomena are interesting to examine why There are 204 readers who are gov- Tan Khoen Swie puts his picture and sig- ernment employees consisting of the post- nature on the book cover. Some argu- al clerks, employees of the factory build- ments that can be brought up here are, ing, employees of the cooperative, tax offi- firstly, Tan Khoen Swie has the intent to cials, the military officers, teachers, em- patent any of his products to be different ployees of research institutions, employees reading publications from other products of Railway Bureau, Prison officer , the publications. Secondly, Tan Khoen Swie Public Works Department, government feels that by posing himself on the book officials, sanatorium employees, depart- cover, he intends to be familiar with the ment of irrigation officers, police officers, readers. Furthermore, also the readers will Mobile Brigade Corps officials, employees notice that it was tan Khoen Swei’s book. of pawnshops, court employees, village Thirdly, this step was considered as an administrators, prosecutor's office employ- effort to label himself showing a higher ee, hospital employees, information office quality than other publishers. employee, clerks and inspection finance Meanwhile, Tan Khoen Swie's officers, office clerk land, district head- books which were republished by Michael man, employees of religious affairs office, Tanzil had no longer used the style above. employees of sugar factories, the village Especially, books that used the publisher's headman, telecommunication office em- name Interstar. It was not known whether ployees, Police Headquarters Community this step was an attempt to eliminate the Environment, records office employee, shadow of the glory of his father. It could trade office employee, office employees of be interpreted that this step would make public education, health aide employee, Michael Tanzil popular without the popu- forestry officers, traffic officers, and bank larity of his father. employees. Based on the profession, there are READERS OF TAN KHOEN SWIE’S some important position of job occupation BOOKS as the headman such as; the head of mili- It is hard to determine who the readers of tary infantry, the head of prison, the head- books produced by Boekhandel Tan Khoen master, the head of pawn shop, the head Swie Kediri, because we cannot possibly of administrative office, the head of tele- meet one by one of his readers. However, communication office, the Chief Police it can be seen from the data taken from Brigadier. Based on the employee pro- Expedition Book Delivery to the buyers of fession, the status of the readers was most- books released by Boekhandel Tan Khoen ly teachers, it was about 27 teachers. A Swie Kediri in the years from 1958 to teacher cannot be separated from text- 1959. From the book of the expedition, it book. It is obvious whether the textbook is can be found data of the buyers who or- for teaching and learning or as a source of dered Tan Khoen Swie’s books. Based on other reading material. Teachers who the same data, it can be known who they have intellectual culture really has a

53 Paramita: Historical Studies Journal, 29(1), 2019 chance to do a reading activity compared BOOK DISTRIBUTION OF BOEK- to other professions. HANDEL TAN KHOEN SWIE UNTIL 1963 DEVELOPMENT OF BOOKS OF Tan Khoen Swie offered his books door to BOEKHANDEL TAN KHOEN SWIE door, it would mean that at the beginning, The development of publishing Javanese books of Boekhandel Tan Khoen Swie cir- manuscripts begun in 1916. Some of the culated around the town of Kediri. This manuscripts published were Kawruh Opinion could be acceptable, but it should Kasukman and Serat Babad Surakarta in the be examined whether books of Khoen Tan form sekar macapat . In 1917, there were no Swie were only circulated in Kediri. It new books published unless reprints for seemed not like that one it was thought, Serat Babad Surakarta. Serat Madoe Wasito because Tan Khoen Swie had a publishing which was completed by Padmosusastro business in Solo (Wedodjatmoko, 1922). in 1916 recently published by Boekhandel In addition, the role of authors who had Tan Khoen Swie in 1918. The following been cooperating with Tan Khoen Swie development showed that the books hav- also could not be ignored. In other words, ing been released since 1919 by Boekhandel it can be said that at the same time TanK- Tan Khoen growing. Ten books were pub- hoen Swie’s books were circulating in var- lished in 1919, such as Serat Hasmorolojo, ious regions in and Central Ja- Kridosastro, Kridohatmoko and others. In va. 1920, the books which had been already in The Spreading of Boekhandel Tan circulation, can be read through a list of Khoen Swie’s books in East Java can be books on supplements Book of Tay Hak , shown from the data of letters from the there were 7 titles of Javanese books in readers, especially the readers of Chinese circulation. books. Correspondence was often carried The development of the book in out between the reader and the author. 1921, increasing to 47 the title of the book, They kept each other informed about their both Java and Latin alphabet letters. Con- interest in the content, the price, and how tinued in 1926 to 131 titles. The rapid de- to get the books in some other places. velopment of the publication of these There was also a question asking about books, because Boekhandel Tan Khoen when the titles of books that were on de- Swie was already known and trusted as a mand would be released, or some of them community of readers. Subsequently in (readers) proposed interesting manuscripts 1931, 146 titles, and the peak in 1936, 167 for publication. It can be seen from ten titles. In 1941, based on a list of books in incoming letters to the editorial Boekhandel the catalog published in 1941, there are Tan Khoen Swie in the year, from 1920 to 309 titles of books, and until 1953, the 1926 which is attached to the Book Sioe number declined to 157 titles. In the next Lian Ke II (Ien Sie Thoe, 1926). period information on the development of Letters of readers came from vari- titles not found, except for data on the ous regions in East Java, such as the letter number of books for 1956 and beyond. In from Ik Tie Tjoefrom Banyuwangi, Ik 1956, there are 96 284 known books, in Tjong Tjoe from Jember, Ik Kan Tjoe from 1957, 21 899 books, and in 1958 there Probolinggo, Boen Sim Tjoe from Pasuru- were 93 891 books (Daftar Buku Toko Tan an, Soe Pin Kie Soe from Surabaya, Tjing Khoen Swie Kediri Tahun 1957; Daftar Tjaij Tjoe Djien from Kertosono, Siauw Buku/Barang dari Penerbit Tan Khoen Swie Jauw Loo Djien from Kediri, Boen Iet Ong Kediri, per 31 Desember 1958). from Tulungagung, Kwan Liam Tjoe from . Blitar, Boe Bing Tjoe from Malang. The let- ters contain a variety of questions, ranging from feeling pleased with the publication of the book to how to behave in doing sa- madhi (Ien Sie Thoe, 1926: 7-45).

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In the 1920’s -1930's, the books of was still alive. Tan Khoen Swie had spread in various The data of distribution of the Boek- regions in East Java and . handel Tan Khoen Swie at Michael Tan- The distribution of the data can be seen zil’s era in the year 1958-1959, obtained from the list supplement the books of oth- from Books Orders and Payments 1958, Books er publishers, such Boekhandel Siti Sjamsi- Shipping and Receiving Post Wesel in 1958, jah Solo. Based on the article from Suri- and Expedition Book Delivery in 1959. Based pan Sadi Hutomo, Boekhandel Siti Sjamsi- on the three books above, it can be seen jah Solo also contributed to the mar- the area of spreading of Boekhandel Tan ket, the Javanese books published by Khoen Swie’s Kediri books. Distribution Boekhandel Tan Khoen Swie Kediri of Tan Khoen Swie’s books not only in (Jayabaya, 1982). Tjahaja Timoer, a news- Java, but reaching out to the islands out- paper, No. 121, 17 November 1941 also side Java. Such as Sumatra, Kalimantan, deployed books of Tan Khoen Swie i n Sulawesi, Maluku, Bali, and West Nusa Solo and its surroundings. This promo- Tenggara and East. The extent of the tion was done byTjahaja Timoer based on spread of books Boekhandel Tan Khoen the interest in the manuscript on Kidungan Swie Kediri indicates that the publication Kawedar. Often the readers after reading was not a small business that serves only the manuscripts that they think it was in- local people but rather seen as a business teresting, it arises a sense of desire to that has achieved very broad access. In spread the books. marketing the product, issue Boekhandel In the same year (1941), the books Tan Khoen Swie network utilizing the of Tan Khoen Swie had spread to Dolok authors, publishers and bookstores. Sym- Merangir-District Serbelawan, Medan, bioses relationship with the author, is very North Sumatra. The evidence was shown interesting, because it turns out that rela- of the letter from a reader posted on Cata- tionship gave rise to the new writers. Tan logus 1941 (Catalogus, 1941: 76). No oth- Khoen Swie also provide an incentive for er data can be found, unfortunately Tan publishers and bookstores. Welcome quite Khoen Swie did not save some of the excited to collaborate are bookstores not more complete data. But it may be possi- only in Java, but spread almost all over ble that the books circulating in other vari- the islands outside Java. The development ous regions more than the data found. process culminated when Boekhandel Tan Jojo Soetjahjo Gani, always said Khoen Swie was held by Michael Tanzil that his great-grandfather did not store 1957-1960. The interests of authors, pub- data for distributing the book. The data lishers and bookstores were used to estab- was only made at the time of Michael lish business relations, especially after Tanzil. Meanwhile, we need to remember knowing the development of the publish- that the data made by Michael Tanzil was ing Tan Khoen Swie. In addition, the ap- not suddenly there and just appeared like peal of its early age was very popular and that. Surely, there was some process that attracted many readers. had already existed. The buyers of books and those readers who got their books CONCLUSION from Tan Khoen Swie by order and this There are undeniable facts regarding the situation had continued since Tan Khoen history of Javanese modern literature and Swie’s period until Michael Tanzil’s era one of these undeniable facts is the fact controlling the publishing business. There- that the Dutch colonial government with fore, the development of the distribution their Balai Pustaka had limited each read- of the books in the past by Tan Khoen ing product; at least, the reading materials Swie in Michael Tanzil’s era was recorded at that time did not strive to develop the from 1958 to 1959, can be regarded as the sense of nationalism. The colonial and the continuation of past Boekhandel Tan post- colonial government serve as the reg- Khoen Swie’s time when Tan Khoen Swie ulator. The policy implementation was

55 Paramita: Historical Studies Journal, 29(1), 2019 more of pressure and constraint. In per- network had been regarded as an econom- forming the publishing business, Tan ic guarantee in his life. Khoen Swie did not do such situation as a pressure. The governmental regulations ACKNOWLEDGEMENT that have been considered as constraints This paper is a revised summary of the had been performed as enabling govern- dissertation that was maintained in an mental regulations by Tan Khoen Swie. open examination on July 27, 2016 orga- Such physical condition triggered the free- nized by the Graduate Department of His- dom in action. tory, Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakar- The unity among the authors, the ta. I would like to thank all members of publishers and the readers has formed a the tester for their valuable feedback and community of symbiotic relationship. The critical comments. existence of these social communities has been very decisive; without their exist- REFERENCES ence, the business of Tan Khoen Swie Beilharz, P. (Ed.). (2003). Teori-teori Sosial: might not be performed. These groups Observasi Kritis Terhadap Para Filosof were the interrelated economic powers. As Terkemuka, (Terj. Sigit Jatmiko). Yogya- an actor, Tan Khoen Swie has influenced karta: Pustaka Pekerja. and has invited actions in accordance with Buku Penerimaan Boekhandel Tan Khoen Swie 1958 his will. Buku Register Boekhandel Tan Khoen Swie Kediri Several factors related to the reason Tahun 1959. why Tan Khoen Swie disseminated the Catalogus Boekhandel Tan Khoen Swie Kediri, Javanese books were as follows. The first 1941. factor was the economic factor. Tan Catalogus Boekhandel Tan Khoen Swie Kediri, Khoen Swie saw that the market oppor- 1953. tunity for the Javanese book readers had Daftar Buku Toko Tan Khoen Swie Kediri been very dominant. The reason was that Tahun 1957. in the previous periods (before the 20th Daftar Buku/Barang dari Penerbit Tan Khoen century), there has been less satisfying Swie Kediri, per 31 Desember 1958. condition especially in the development of Damar Jati, Tahun Ka-1, 8 September- Kemis Pahing 22 September 2005. reading culture and of disseminating read- Endraswara, S. (2006). Falsafah Hidup Jawa. ing books. At the beginning of the 20th Yogyakarta: Cakrawala. century, a new age had just been started Engels, F. (2007). Tentang Das Kapital Marx. and there had been massive development nd: Geys, Renaissance. in all aspects. The second factor was the Giddens, A. (1984). The Constitution of Society : cultural factor. The Javanese scripts had Teori Strukturasi Untuk Analisis Sosial. been selected by Tan Khoen Swie for his Pasuruan : Pedati. publishing business. Although previously Ien Sie Thoe. (1926). Kitab Sioe Lian (Samadhi) for most of the time he published the Ke II. Translated by Tie Tjiong Tjoe. Tionghoan scripts, Tan Khoen Swie's as- Kediri: Boekhandel Tan Khoen Swie. sociation with the figures of Javanese liter- Isa, Z. (1972). Printing and Publishing in In- ature became the main trigger why he de- donesia, 1902- 1970. Ph.D Tesis, Indiana cided to publish the Javanese scripts. University. Jawa Pos, 5 Mei 1953. The cooperation with the publica- Jaya Baya, 28 Nopember 1982. tion network was established under the Kitab A. B. C. dan batja’an oentoek anak-anak, mutually understanding basis. Then, the jang hendak beladjar membatja dan meno- network with the book traders was estab- elis bahasa Melajoe hoeroef Olanda. lished under the flexibility basis. Based on (1929). Kediri: Boekhandel Tan Khoen what he had done, the researcher would Swie. like to conclude that Tan Khoen Swie did Kitab Tay Hak. (1920). Kediri: Boekhandel Tan not have any selfishness within the net- Khoen Swie. work system because the existence of the Luxemburg, J. van, M. Bal, & W.G. Westtei-

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jin. (1989). Tentang Sastra. Jakatrta: In- Rinkes, D.A. (1911). Nota over de Volkslectuur. termasa. Batavia. Majalah Basis, XXIII (9), Yogyakarta, Septem- Sedyawati, Edi dkk., (Eds). (2001). Sastra Jawa ber 1983. Suatu Tinjauan Umum. Jakarta: Balai Majallah Perdagangan Buku di Indonesia, Pustaka. Tahun Ke-3, No. 12, 30 Djuni 1951. Serat Wedha Agama. (1938) Kediri: Boekhandel Mankiw, N. G. (2006). Ten Principles of Eco- Tan Khoen Swie. nomics. Chapter 2. Bandung : Lab. Setiono, B.G. (2002). Tionghoa Dalam Pusaran Ekop. Inc. Politik Jakarta: Elkasa. Margana, S. (2004). Pujangga Jawa dan Bayang- Subardi. (2012). Transformasi Teks Macapat Bayang Kolonial. Yogyakarta: Pustaka Terbitan Boekhandel Tan Khoen Swie. Pelajar. Ph.D. Thesis. Universitas Negeri Ma- Moriyama, M. (nd). Ketika Sastra dicetak: lang. perbandingan tradisi tulisan tangan dan Supardi, I. (1961). Ki Padmosusastro. Surabaya: cetakan dalam bahasa Sunda pada pa- Penyebar Semangat. ruh kedua abad ke- 19. Workpaper, Tan Hoen Boen. (1935). Orang-orang Tionghoa Translated by Dr. Mikihiro Moriyama yang Terkemoeka di Jawa. Solo: The Bio- Faculty of Foreign Studies Nanzan Uni- graphical Publishing Center. versity. Tjahaja Timoer, No. 121, 17 November Pigeaud, Th. (1967). The Literature of Java, 1941, Tahoen ka-33. Vol.I. The Hague : M.Nijhoff. Wedodjatmoko. (1922). Kediri: Boekhandel Tan Ras, J.J. (1985). Bunga Rampai sastra Jawa Mu- Khoen Swie. takhir. Jakarta: Grafiti Pers. Widati, Sri et.al. (2001). Ikhtisar Perkembangan Ricklefs, M.C. (1994). Sejarah Indonesia Mod- sastra Jawa Modern Periode Prake- ern. Yogyakarta: Gajah Mada Universi- merdekaan. Yogyakarta: Gajah Mada ty Pers. University Press. Ricklefs, M.C. (2007). Polarising Javanese Socie- Zoetmulder, P.J. (1983). Kalangwan : Sastra ty Islamic and Other Visions. Singapore: Jawa Kuno Selayang pandang, Jakarta: NUS Press. Djambatan.

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