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Revista Alfa 37 Revista de seguridad nuclear y protección radiológica Consejo de Seguridad Nuclear Número 37 / 2018 Encomienda de Funciones Control y supervisión del CSN en las comunidades autónomas La radiación de Hawking Telescopio y las fluctuaciones Espacial cuánticas del vacío ‘James Webb’: El buscador Ciberseguridad de estrellas en el ámbito público Grafeno: el material que revolucionará el siglo XXI PRESENTACIÓN Inspectores de encomienda de funciones ste número 37 de ALFA recoge en MAVRIC en la evaluación del cálculo de En cuanto a los artículos de divulga - portada la sección ‘CSN por den - blindajes en sistemas e instalaciones nucle - ción, destaca En el universo profundo de E tro’ que va dedicada a los inspec - ares y radioactivas . Por su parte, la radio - los agujeros negros sobre la radiación de tores con encomienda de funciones, que grafía en este número aborda los Recom - Hawking y las fluctuaciones cuánticas del desde las distintas comunidades autóno - binadores autocatalíticos pasivos para la vacío y todos los interrogantes que planea mas con las que el CSN tiene firmados es - eliminación de gases combustibles en acci - la existencia de este tipo de radiación, có - tos acuerdos, contribuyen a la super - dentes severos , que las centrales nucleares mo por ejemplo, “si al final un agujero visión y control, sobre todo de las españolas, a excepción de Trillo que los negro desaparece, ¿a dónde va todo lo instalaciones radiológicas, siempre al ser - instaló en 2002, han instalado reciente - que se ha tragado”. vicio del organismo regulador. También se incluye un reportaje sobre Su trabajo es desde inspeccionar los el nuevo telescopio espacial, el James aparatos que utilizan rayos X para el diag - Webb, que se prepara para sustituir al nóstico médico, los que permiten realizar Desde la inspección de los Hubble, y que captará la luz de las prime - algo tan común como una placa dental o rayos X para el diagnóstico ras galaxias y estrellas del Universo. una mamografía, hasta supervisar el con - médico al control del Asimismo, se analiza el grafeno, mate - trol del transporte del material radiactivo transporte de mat“ eriales rial sobre el que se prevé que revolucio - que transcurre por las carreteras españo - radiactiv“os por carretera... nará el siglo XXI, convirtiendo en rápi - las, entre otras muchas competencias. La - Todas estas labores forman das, baratas y eficientes las tecnologías bores del día a día de estos inspectores de parte del día a día de los más vanguardistas. encomienda de funciones con los que he - inspectores de encomiendas Nuestra habitual sección Ciencia con mos hablado para la realización del citado de funciones nombre propio está dedicada al físico reportaje. español Blas Cabrera, director del Labo - Como artículos técnicos, tratamos la ratorio de Investigaciones Físicas entre Ciberseguridad en el ámbito público , para mente en sus contenciones. 1910 y 1937 y rector de la Universidad reflexionar desde la posición del CSN so - La colombiana Adriana Ocampo, que Central de Madrid (1931). Cabrera, que bre el cambio trascendental de nuestra ocupa el cargo de directora del programa acompañó a Einstein en su visita a Espa - sociedad desde la cultura del papel a la Nuevas Fronteras de la NASA, es la pro - ña en 1923, también participó en la cre - cultura virtual, que conlleva una modifi - tagonista de la entrevista en esta ocasión. ación de la Universidad Internacional cación en nuestra forma de entender las Ocampo asegura que “para explorar mu - Menéndez Pelayo de Santander, de la comunicaciones profesionales y, por su - chas regiones del sistema solar se requie - que fue rector y su carrera como investi - puesto, en sobre cómo podemos garanti - re tecnología nuclear” y añade que “el es - gador discurre paralela a su impulso in - zar la seguridad de las comunicaciones tudio de Venus y sus similitudes con la cansable en la modernización radical electrónicas. Y otro artículo técnico que Tierra nos permitió descubrir el efecto que España necesitaba para sacudirse su trata sobre la Experiencia en el uso de invernadero y el calentamiento global”. atraso científico. Comité Editorial Coordinación editorial Fotografías de portada Fernando Marti Scharfhausen Manuel Aparicio Peña Estugraf Impresores S. L. Agencias Antonio Munuera Bassols Ana Gozalo Hernando Pol. Ind. Los Huertecillos, Nave 13 Fernanda Sánchez Ojanguren Felipe Teruel Moya 28350 Ciempozuelos (Madrid) Depósito legal: M-24946-2012 Enrique García Fresneda ISSN-1888-8925 Revista de seguridad nuclear Fotografías Ángel Laso D’Lom y protección radiológica Edición y distribución CSN, Estugraf, Miguel G. Rodríguez, © Consejo de Seguridad Nuclear Felipe Teruel Moya Editada por el CSN Consejo de Seguridad Nuclear Agencias (ThinkstockPhotos, Getty) Número 37 / Año 2018 Pedro Justo Dorado Dellmans, 11 Las opiniones recogidas en esta 28040 Madrid Impresión publicación son responsabilidad Comité de Redacción Fax 91 346 05 58 Estugraf Impresores S. L. exclusiva de sus autores, sin que Ángel Laso D’Lom [email protected] Pol. Ind. Los Huertecillos, Nave 13 la revista ‘Alfa’ las comparta Natalia Muñoz Martínez www.csn.es 28350 Ciempozuelos (Madrid) necesariamente. 37 aLFa 3 REPORTAJES 06 La radiación de Hawking: el universo de los agujeros negros En 1974 el físico Stephen Hawking predecía que los agujeros negros emitían energía de forma continua: es la llamada radiación de Hawking. Pero, lo que no podía imaginarse el físico inglés es que, décadas más tarde, la existencia de esa radiación iba a poner en jaque a toda la física, al tener que responder cómo funcio - nan realmente los agujeros negros. 28 Grafeno: el material que revoluciona el siglo XXI El grafeno era, hasta hace poco, una quimera, un modelo teórico usado por los físi - cos que nunca se había sintetizado. Pero, hoy se ha convertido en el santo grial de los llamados nuevos materiales. Su futuro es tan prometedor que muchos investi - gadores opinan que revolucionará las tecnologías y sectores más insospechados. Sus maravillas y promesas provienen de su composición. Con el grosor de un átomo, se trata del material más delgado del que se dispone. 44 Blas Cabrera: El embajador de la ciencia Blas Cabrera y Felipe (1878-1945) es una de las figuras científicas españolas más eminentes y uno de los físicos más prestigiosos en todo el mundo gracias, sobre todo, a su investigación en física teórica y experimental. Fue catedrático de electricidad y magnetismo en la Universidad de Madrid y director del Laboratorio de Investigaciones Físicas perteneciente al Instituto de Ciencias Físico-Naturales. Reconocido como uno de los mayores expertos en electromagnetismo, sus experimentos fueron fundamen - tales para el desarrollo de la mecánica cuántica y, gracias a su trabajo, hoy existe un aparato con el que podemos hacernos resonancias magnéticas. 52 El ‘James Webb’ prepara su viaje para suceder al ‘Hubble’ El observatorio James Webb, tras varios retrasos y un sobrecoste descomunal, entra en la recta final de pruebas para ser lanzado en marzo de 2021. El objetivo prioritario de la nueva maquina científica que prepara la Agencia Espacial de los Estados Unidos (NASA) es captar la luz de las primeras galaxias y estrellas que se formaron en el Universo y recoger el testigo del ya veterano telescopio espacial ‘Hubble’. 50 RADIOGRAFÍA Recombinadores autocatalíticos pasivos para la eliminación de gases combustibles en accidentes severos. 4 aLFa 37 SUMARIO EL CSN POR DENTRO 20 Encomienda de Funciones, control y supervisión del CSN en las comunidades autónomas Inspeccionar los aparatos que utilizan rayos X para el diagnóstico médico, aquellos que permiten realizar algo tan común como una placa dental o una mamografía, o supervisar el control del transporte del material radiactivo que transcurre por carreteras españolas son, entre otras muchas competencias, las labores del día a día de los inspectores de encomienda de funciones. ENTREVISTA 14 Adriana Ocampo, directora del programa Nuevas Fronteras de la NASA “Un asteroide como el que causó la extinción masiva podría producirse de nuevo” ARTÍCULOS TÉCNICOS 34 Ciberseguridad en el ámbito público El transcendental cambio que estamos viviendo en nuestra sociedad, que camina desde la ‘cultura de papel’ a la ‘cultura virtual’ exige un cambio en nuestra cultura laboral, en nuestra forma de entender las comunicaciones profesionales y en nues - tra forma de garantizar la seguridad de las comunicaciones electrónicas. Casi po - dríamos dar por acabados los viejos sistemas de comunicación corporativa. La sede electrónica, los servicios web, las notificaciones electrónicas, el e-mail o el mensaje electrónico y las redes sociales corporativas están sustituyendo las formas habituales de comunicación entre profesionales, entre ciudadanos y viceversa. 39 Experiencia en el uso de MAVRIC en la evaluación del cálculo de blindajes en sistemas e instalaciones nucleares y radiactivas La instrucción de seguridad IS-26 emitida por el CSN establece que el titular de una instalación nuclear debe analizarla desde el punto de vista de la seguridad nuclear y la protección radiactiva, para prevenir los accidentes y mitigar sus conse - cuencias. Uno de los temas que debe incluir el Estudio de Seguridad es la evaluación del blindaje. El CSN ha optado por el uso del código MAVRIC como herramienta principal para la realización de las evaluaciones de los temas relacionados con la protección radiológica operacional contenidos en los Estudios de Seguridad. 60 Reacción en cadena 64 Panorama 68 Acuerdos de Pleno 69 csn.es 70 Publicaciones
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