Glencoe Science

Photo Credits 1 Bob Hitchcock; 12 Joe Matunis/El Puente Academy for Peace and Justice; 25 NASA; 27 Courtesy Dawn Wright/Dept. of Geosciences/Oregon State University; 31 NASA; 49 Courtesy Philip Emeagwali/emeagwali.com; 55 AIP Emilio Segrè Visual Archives/Physics Today Collection; 69 Courtesy Joe Pineiro/Columbia University.

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ISBN-13: 978-0-07-875741-9 ISBN-10: 0-07-875741-X Printed in the United States of America 1 2 3 4 5 045 09 08 07 06 05 Table of Contents

To the Teacher ...... iv Activities 1 Lewis Mehl-Madrona—Pioneering Doctor ...... 1 2 Japanese Cultured Pearls—Endangered Future ...... 3 3 Buffalo Jerky and Freeze-Dried Fish ...... 5 4 Coral Reefs at Risk ...... 7 5 Whales—To Hunt or To Protect? ...... 9 6 El Puente—Bridge to Environmental Justice...... 11 7 Unraveling a Prehistoric Food Web ...... 13 8 Acupuncture—Modern Uses for Traditional Medicine. . . . 15 9 The Reawakening of Sleeping Sickness ...... 17 10 Biodiversity—Planting the Seeds for a Healthy Planet . . . . 19 11 The Fight Against Killer Caterpillars ...... 21 12 Cancer—Uncovering the Culture Connection ...... 23 13 Ellen Ochoa—Space Delivery...... 25 14 Dawn Wright—Deep-Sea Explorer ...... 27 15 The Maya—Keepers of Time ...... 29 16 Adriana Ocampo—Making an Impact ...... 31 17 The Ancient, Rising Nile...... 33 18 The Ancient African Art of Metalworking...... 35 19 Like Salt in the Bank...... 37 20 Jade—Gemstone of Kings ...... 39 21 Harnessing Sunshine ...... 41 22 Pioneers of the Surf ...... 43 23 Oil—Mexico’s Primary Export...... 45 24 A Day of Destruction ...... 47 25 Philip Emeagwali—Breaking All the Records ...... 49 26 ALMA—World’s Strongest Telescope Array ...... 51 27 Biomass—Renewable Energy from Everyday Things . . . . . 53 28 Luis W. Alvarez—Idea Man ...... 55 29 The Camera—A Snapshot of Its History...... 57 30 Lise Meitner—The Test of Time ...... 59 31 A Universal Language ...... 61 32 Rocketry Starts with a Bang ...... 63 33 Desalination—Solving a Middle Eastern Shortage ...... 65 34 Aslihan Yener—Archaeological Detective ...... 67 35 Dr. Chien-Shiung Wu—Changing the World of Physics ...... 69 36 Watching Moon Cycles—Tradition and Science ...... 71 Answers ...... 73

iii To the Teacher

The Culturally Responsive Teaching lessons are included to help you encourage students to understand and appreciate the cultural diversity within California, the United States, and throughout the world. American classrooms reflect this rich and diverse cultural heritage. Students come from dif- ferent ethnic backgrounds with a wide variety of cultural experiences into a classroom where all must work and learn together. Responding to Cultural Relevance Responding to the needs of our culturally diverse classrooms and incorporating diversity into the science curriculum is challenging for any teacher. Science empha- sizes understanding. This emphasis can be used to address the issues of diversity and global awareness. The Culturally Responsive component is designed to promote understand- ing of how people from different cultures approach and solve problems basic to all humans. The Issue of Cultural Relevance The Culturally Responsive activities address the issue of diversity by providing information about people and groups who traditionally have been misrepresented or omitted. Some of the lessons may include hands-on activities that give students a broader and more personal understanding of the people and achievement discussed in the lesson material. The information in Culturally Responsive Teaching also shows the continuous change and interaction of cultural groups, both in history and in the students’ worlds today. Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill,Copyright Companies, a division of the McGraw-Hill Inc.

iv Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. he learned during hisuniversity during years.he learned alternative approaches the with Western medicine Native healingandother American resources of Mehl-Madrona combined the many doctors, Unlike to administer more effective patientcare. could be combined ticed by conventional doctors, prac- as approaches, and“modern” grandmother, hisgreat- like thoseof approaches to healing, oa andguided imagery. yoga, acupuncture, Madrona usesinclude massage, thealternative methodsMehl- Some of inmedicalschools acrosstaught thecountry. medicinebeing “official” considered outside of physician. hiseducationandbecameaboard-certified of years later before hecompleted thelastpart It would bemany tional medicalpractices. becausehebeganto questionconven-training Mehl-Madrona leftresidency However, liant.” andsomecalledhim “bril- nized histalent, His professors recog- at Stanford University. heentered medicalschool At 18, ana University. school anddecidedto pursuemedicineatIndi- from hegraduated high At 15, medical career. his conventional medicineto shapethepathof andcombined itwith his great-grandmother her patients. listening wasthetimeshespent to grandson, itseemedto hergreat- her mostpowerful tools, Oneof ceremonies to easepeople’s suffering. Nativecines andrelied ontraditional American to make plantsandherbs medi- knowledge of Sheusedher Kentucky. lived Berea, inrural ShewasaNative healerwho American mother. hisgreat-grand- fascinated by thework of Name Date Class Pioneering Doctor Lewis MehlMadrona— Alternative Medicine Blending OldandNew Alternative medicineisany that’s treatment Mehl-Madrona believed thattraditional Mehl-Madrona took from whathelearned Mehl-Madrona Lewis was As ayoung person, and heart rate. and heart control involuntary such functions asbreathing positive imagesintheirmindsanattempt to People create guidedimagery practice who assumes thatthemindcaninfluence the body. isatechnique Guided that imagery flexible. poses orpostures to make thebody strong and Yoga of usesa series and improve overall health. treat disease, places onthebody to relieve pain, healing thatinvolves placingtiny needlesinkey those thatotherdoctors have referred to him become accepted. more widely like thosepracticed by Mehl-Madrona have alternative treatments Today, hisapproach. with hisphysician colleagues didnotagree many of atthetime, However, sorts. of medical pioneer, hispractice madeMehl-Madrona a years of Gaining Acceptance Dr. LewisMehl-Madrona oeie,Mehl-Madrona’s patientsare Sometimes, Using theseandothertechniques intheearly Acupuncture isanancientChinesemethodof Activity 1 1 Name Date Class

Activity 1 (continued) after conventional treatments have not worked. there’s still controversy among doctors about And, unlike when Mehl-Madrona was a med- alternative medicine. While physicians continue ical student, medical schools now offer some to debate the pros and cons of it, and Congress courses in alternative medicine. studies the effectiveness of it, Mehl-Madrona Statistics show that in 1997, four out of ten will continue using it. Americans used alternative therapies. Yet in spite of all the changes in the last few decades,

Active Reading 1. Is there something that helps you feel better, such as holding onto a stuffed toy, having a back rub, or eating a certain food that has no accepted medical value? Why do you think it helps you feel better? 2. All patients bring not only their illness but also their culture with them to doctor’s offices and hospitals. Some cultures, like Dr. Mehl-Madrona’s believe that the entire family must be involved in helping the patient recover. Others don’t. Some people believe only disposable items and items wrapped in plastic are really clean. Other cultures have dietary restrictions. How much should medical personnel and hospitals do to accommodate the cultural concerns of patients? Explain your reasons. 3. Why do you think that Dr. Mehl-Madrona’s integrated medicine has been so controversial?

Alternate Assessment Make a table with three columns. Using research, list four ailments and then conventional and alternative methods that might be used to treat each. Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill,Copyright Companies, a division of the McGraw-Hill Inc.

2 Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. jewelry andwovejewelry theminto clothing. usedthemfor They around theMississippi River. pearls inwaters alongthe Atlantic Coast and Native gatheredAmericans freshwater furniture. into andusedthemto their theirgowns adorn Wealthy Romans woveany pearls othergemstone. EarlyRomans valuedpearlsmore than China. statusinancient and were considered of asign earlyIndia of the literature andsacred writings Pearls are mentionedin tures throughout history. is thelustrous coating insideoyster shells. Mother-of-pearl motheroysters. tissueof ovary tiny mother-of-pearl beadsare implanted inthe To make acultured pearl, vated andharvested. thannatural. rather pearls, are mostpearls cultured However, popular. pearlsare still Today, in valueto real estate. pearlswere natural equal ered financialassets, Once consid- inmany desirable highly cultures. have madethem andtheirrarity trous colors, Name Date Class Endangered Future Japanese CulturedPearls— ters backtothesurfaceforcultivation. (traditionally, womendressedinwhite), whoalsobringtheoys- Mother oystersareplaceddeepon theoceanfloorbypearldivers The PearlCrop ieohrcos cultured pearlsare culti- Like othercrops, lus- theirsoft, pearls, The round shapeof Natural pearlshave beenpopularinmany cul- ieqaiy cultured pearls. fine-quality, there isstillademandfor Nonetheless, parts. nacre, help produce more pearls. waters warm andmildtemperatures in calm, Pearl oysters thrive more foreach pearlto form. It takes ayear or pearl. higher-quality larger, ing seaweed andotherattachments results ina Remov- Their shellsare amonth. cleanedtwice coastal seabeds. hung from inshallow, rafts plankton to thrive. helpthe andlow-salinenutrient content, high- Warm surface water temperatures, ton. plantlike cells calledphytoplank- microscopic, brought to thearea. wealth thepearlindustry thegreat was calledTreasure Island becauseof once located incentralJapan, Masaki, Masaki. thesmallislandof moved into Ago Bay off poisonousplankton ared tideof In 1992, risk. wasconsideredtured to pearlindustry beat pearl. natural a more lustrous pearlthatcloselyresembled a itresulted in took lesstime to cultivate apearl, Mikimoto’s methodnotonly mussel shells. ormetalinto freshwater bone, mud, pieces of tured pearlsusingtiny mother-of-pearl beads. cul- creating whole, developed themethodof He producing cultivated pearls. cial process of perfected thecommer- Japanese noodle maker, theworld’s supply. Japan two-thirds harvests of cultured pearls. world intheproduction of World Leader Pearls inPeril All cultivated pearlsha The oysters thenare placed netsand inwire Red tidesare causedby anoverabundance of Japan’s $400-million-a-year cul- In the1990s, small Previous methodsincludedinserting a thesonof Kokichi Mikimoto, In the1890s, Japan hasledthe For more than100years, that’s counter- thinnerthantheirnatural eacvrn,called ve acovering, Activity 2 3 Name Date Class

Activity 2 (continued) They produce toxins in large amounts that can kill fish and cause respiratory problems in Causes for Concern humans. Since 1992, the red tide has returned Scientists and pearl farmers are investigating to Masaki almost every year, killing the oysters both the red tides and the mysterious disease. and putting pearl farmers out of business. Some research suggests that a pesticide, known In 1996, a puzzling disease affected oysters in as formalin, might be contributing to the prob- an area called the Ehime prefecture in north- lem. Scientists also are investigating the El Niño western Japan. Pearl farmers here typically raise weather system, the overcrowding and overfarm- 70 percent of Japan’s mother oysters. The dis- ing of oysters, and parasites as possible causes. ease not only killed off many of the mother It may be that advances in cultivation tech- oysters, it also weakened the shells of other oys- niques have created a pearl that’s prone to dis- ters, making them too fragile to clean. As a ease. Unless a definite cause is identified and a result, the cultivated pearls were smaller and of solution is found, Japanese cultured pearls soon much lower quality. Only 20 percent of the could become as rare as natural pearls. pearls cultivated in this area are good enough to be used in jewelry. With healthy oysters, 80 percent of the pearls produced are usable.

Active Reading 1. Natural pearls are more expensive than cultured pearls, although they may be more irregular in shape. What makes a natural pearl more valuable than a cultured one? 2. What do you think will happen to the price of Japanese cultured pearls if the red tides and disease are not stopped? Why? 3. How might the weather affect production of cultured pearls?

Alternative Assessment Investigate the process of producing cultured pearls. Show the process in a colorful flow chart, using photographs or drawings to illustrate each step. Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill,Copyright Companies, a division of the McGraw-Hill Inc.

4 Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. ae njuny eas fitsconvenience. taken becauseof onjourneys It often was people whomove around to survive. agreat advantage to andeasierto carry, keep, to “cleaner” It alsoismuch inweight, lighter foodismuch adried lesslikely to spoil. survive, needwater bacteria Becauseharmful to wind. hung and itover inthesunlight polesto dry itand of sliced They longstrips buffalo meat. Native cultures byAmerican madejerky drying grow andspoilit. moisture istaken outsomicroorganisms cannot thefood’s mostof With drying, food. preserving theoldestmethod of perhaps, is, Drying tures. in many different ways by many different cul- canhelpprevent oxidation. vinegar, such aslemonjuice or An acidicliquid, brown. makes Oxidationiswhat acutappleturn ance. andappear- aroma, flavor, change the texture, itwill foodwon’t make you sick, dation of oxi- Although foodmolecules. ecules joinwith oxygen Thisoccurs extra when mol- oxidation. isms must notbeallowed to grow. microorgan- harmful preserve andstore food, To safely have spread through thefood. teria, such asbac- it’s becausemicroorganisms, smell, becomesan orange moldy orchicken to starts time. food to of preserve itforlongperiods their anddrying curing, niques such assalting, diditby They developing effectiveeration? tech- you supposepeoplepreserved foodbefore refrig- How do erator/freezers have notalways existed. But refrig- allyour foodwould spoil. it, without it’s therefrigerator/freezer because No doubt, and your familywould notdowithout? rather Name Date Class Freeze-Dried Fish Buffalo Jerkyand Sun-Dried andSafe Two EnemiesofFood ek a eoeapplrsakfo.Some Jerky hasbecome apopularsnackfood. wassolved foodpreservation The problem of Food alsocanspoilthrough aprocess called When Food spoilagetakes two mainforms. What isoneeveryday kitchen appliance you were unavailable. cold whenotherfoods cans during winters provided usefulfoodsforsomeNative Ameri- andpemmican grains, nuts, beans, dried fish, dried Jerky, time. stored of forlongperiods Pemmican could be vegetables. and dried berries, dried row fat(usuallyfrom abear), powder andcombined melted bonemar- with venison dried poundedinto a a mixture of food thatispreserved through fermentation. is a traditional madefrom taro root, poi, Islands, In thePacific andyogurt. cheese, rum, beer, andsauerkraut. buttermilk, resulting wine, alcohol The andtheacidpreserve the bage. acidinthemilkandcab- andlactic juice, and yeasts create ethyl alcohol inthegrape thebacteria Over time, orcabbage. milk, juice, become active inasubstance such asgrape yeasts andbacteria when certain “good” Fermentation occurs fermentation. also of but pickling, It istheproduct notonly of food. issimilarto sauerkraut. when pickled, And cabbage, become pickles. when pickled, Cucumbers, environment. bacteria-hostile sol orvinegar solutions, sugar foodisstored insaltsolutions, technique, With this method. another ancientpreservation spoilageisdelayed. Therefore, become inactive. microorganisms eitherdieor their cells, Without water in microorganisms. harmful potentially foods—and alsofrom thecells of which drew water from the salt, of plenty added They fishandmeat. nese alsodried andChi- Egyptians The when soaked inwater. weight theiroriginal but recovered much of shriveled Thefruits dried, asthey the sunlight. Salted andPickledPreserves Native alsodevelopedAmericans pemmican, emnaincetsmn ye fwine, Fermentation creates of many types anancient Chinese infact, is, Sauerkraut The ChineseandBabylonians usedpickling, in fruit andChinesedried Early Egyptians tos which create a utions, Activity 3 5 Name Date Class

Activity 3 (continued)

Saved by Fire and Ice Fire and ice are two more time-honored preservatives. The Chinese smoked pork, poul- try, tea leaves, and other edible plants over wood or charcoal fires. The heat from the fires dried the food. Then, the smoke either killed or inhibited the growth of bacteria. Wood smoke contains traces of formaldehyde, tars, alcohols, and creosote. All of these agents are preserva- tives, and they also lend a special flavor to ham, bacon, salmon, and other smoked foods. High in the snowy Andes mountains, the Inca freeze-dried meat, fish, potatoes, and yams. This method preserved foods indefinitely and, as with jerky, it made foods smaller and lighter for easy transport and storage. High Descendants of the Inca still make Chuño. temperatures during the day alternate with freezing nighttime temperatures. The extremes Sealed in Oil made it possible to freeze-dry foods without machines. To this day, descendants of the Inca Many ancient peoples, such as the Romans spread out potatoes on the high ground. The and the Maya, used olive oil to seal jars of fruit potatoes freeze at night and thaw during the preserves or jugs of wine. The oil created a film day, when excess moisture is pressed out by on the surface of the fruit or liquid, thereby walking on the potatoes. This process makes discouraging harmful organisms from entering chuño, a dried-potato product that can be the fruit or wine. Today, the oil seal has been stored for long periods of time. replaced by paraffin and corks.

Active Reading 1. How does drying food help preserve it? 2. What is meant by the term pickling? 3. Compare and contrast three different techniques of food preservation. 4. How did the way people lived affect their food preservation techniques?

Alternate Assessment Today, many foods and beverages are preserved by adding chemicals. Choose various pack- aged foods from your kitchen shelf and research the chemicals listed on the labels by typing each chemical's name into a Web search engine. After identifying a chemical used as a preser- vative, investigate how it reacts with the food to prevent or delay spoilage. Draw a cause-and- effect concept map to illustrate your findings. © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill,Copyright Companies, a division of the McGraw-Hill Inc.

6 Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. found here. They are short-spined seaurchins are They short-spined found here. sea urchins thethree speciesof smallest of over is over The seaurchin speciesthatappearsto betaking estimated thatithadgrown five timesinsize. scientistshad By the1990s, wasontherise. reef that theseaurchin populationintheKenyan hood fortheresidents. fishing inthelagoonprovides foodandaliveli- In addition, to tourists thearea. in bringing beachlagoon anditsnearby are important very This aquietlagoonnearshore. of formation Thereefs inKenya have causedthe to survive. once thrived lifeare andteemed struggling with thebeautifulcoral reefs that Indian Ocean, Kenya inthe But alongthecoast of erosion. alsoprotect They thecoastline from medicine. bothfoodand source asanimportant of serve Reefs many diverse species. ally isthehomeof Name Date Class Coral ReefsatRisk rock-boring urchins. The A GrowingMenace Kenyan Reefs trigi h 90,peoplebegannoticing inthe1970s, Starting isacomplex ecosytem andusu- A coral reef Echinometra mathaei Echinometra mathaei. Echinometra sea urchinsalsoareknownas These are the clues asto why theirpopulationhasexploded. population andexamining to specimens find Muthiga isestimatingtheseaurchin rapidly. and why theseaurchins are so multiplying ested infindingoutwhy thecorals are dying, She’s inter- Kenya biologist. isamarine who control. Theseaurchins are outof rebuild it. breaking faster down thanthecorals can is thereef sea urchins scouring thecorals, somany But with organisms. other tiny reef coral surface provide thehabitatforsome onto scrape the thatthey nooks andcrannies little The helpdiversifythey lifeonthereef. away.scrape feedingonalgaeandwhatever elsethey spines, thestony usuallyscrape They their coral with burrowthat normally around thecoral reef. to thepopulation. adding even more seaurchins later reproduce, which would develop into mature seaurchins, theseaurchin would eggs many of to eatthem, Without any predator atatime. eggs 20 million seaurchin Asingle canrelease amazing rate. the explosion intheseaurchin population. Thiscould account for sea urchin to dieout. the predatorfish specieshascausedanatural of some thewater overfishing coupled with of of Muthiga hypothesizes thatthepollution fish. of somespecies tice declineof hasledto thesharp Thisprac- andscare thefishinto theirnets. reef setdynamite somefishermen to blastthe zania, Tan- innearby In fact, thecoast. of fished parts themostheavily thearea isoneof Second, water pollution. amountof causes acertain atthebeach Theactivity near apopularbeach. thelagoonis First, seaurchins. population of to explain theover- thereefs, of observation Hypothesis: AMissingPredator Nyawira Muthiga isaKikuyu woman from seaurchins when thecoral, scrape Usually, Sea urchin populationscanincrease at an basedon Muthiga hasproposed ahypothesis, Activity 4 7 Name Date Class

Activity 4 (continued) temperatures have risen to 31°C in some places. Other Threats Because of this, the coral reefs—some of them Although sea urchins are a major concern for hundreds and hundreds of years old—are dying. the coral reefs, they’re not the only problem. In 1998, global warming and the calm condi- Global warming, pollution, poorly regulated tions caused by El Niño and La Niña triggered fishing, coral bleaching, and more, all threaten an outbreak of coral bleaching in Kenya and the coral reef with damage and destruction. around the world. Coral get their color and The overpopulation of another species has food from tiny algae called zooxanthellae. Coral damaged coral in some places in the Pacific. bleaching occurs when the zooxanthellae The crown-of-thorns starfish, Acanthaster decrease and the coral loses its color. When high planci, feed directly on the living coral. In water temperatures kill too many of these algae, places, their natural predators, triggerfish and they also kill the coral. About 27 percent of the emperor fish, are being overfished. In other world’s reefs had died by the end of 2000, most places, sediment from construction and fertiliz- due to coral bleaching. ers in farm runoff have caused surges in the starfish population. Sediments and chemicals such as nitrates and phosphates can cause algae What happens next? to grow faster than normal. Accumulated dead Research and preservation efforts continue algae eventually lower the oxygen levels in the around the world. However, human activities water, damaging or even killing the coral. and environmental changes endanger the com- Global warming causes increases in water plex relationships of species in and around the temperature that can harm the coral. Coral do reefs. Scientists need to better understand these best in seas with a temperature no higher than factors to help protect the oceans from pollu- 28°C. As Earth’s climate has warmed, sea tion and human activities.

Active Reading 1. Why is a sea urchin invasion a problem to the coral reef and lagoon? 2. Why do scientists want to protect the coral reef? 3. What do you think would happen to the sea urchin population if the coral reef were destroyed? 4. How can overpopulation of crown-of-thorns starfish and algae harm the coral?

Alternate Assessment Research a possible food chain in the coral reef. Include the sea urchin and describe what part of the food chain scientists such as Muthiga are looking for. Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill,Copyright Companies, a division of the McGraw-Hill Inc.

8 Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. ibridsr,andother Alaskan employers. timber industry, the fisheries, and work formining companies, their sodhomes. piat alsousedwhalebone astheframework for theInu- In timespast, for monthsinthearctic. thatlast cold nights thedark andto brighten by theInupiat to protect themfrom thebitter Whale oilhasbeenburned theInupiat. foods of bowhead whales. endangered such species as about preserving into conflict thosewhoare concerned with theInupiat are coming however, Today, rules. theseare governed by cultural of tributed—all thewhaleare dis- of how theparts butchered, how is thewhale Who joinsthehunt, tradition. Inupiat culture andare establishedby of part hunt surrounding thewhale arethe activities Allof andblubber. bone, oil, meat, the whale: of useallparts They years. of haps thousands, per- going backhundreds, whaling, of tradition Name Date Class To Protect? Whales—To Huntor whale hunt. Members ofanInupiatcommunityworktogetherduringa A ReturntothePast oa,many InupiatToday, live homes inframe themain Whale meathaslongbeenoneof Alaska have northern along The Inupiat of mouth to help it on its journey to the spirit world. tomouth to thespirit helpitonitsjourney acaptain’s pours freshwater wife into its caught, After awhaleis spirits. respect to thewhales’ thehunt by paying helpinthesuccessThey of aesaeo h e,hunting whales. lagers are onthesea, whalingseasonbecausesomanyduring vil- community businessoften must besetaside In fact, alsoareexpeditions community leaders. day)modern daring. canbeextraordinarily since whaling(even inthe geous people, beingacoura- theInupiat’sports of identity It alsosup- arethey andculturally. historically who of part isanimportant whaling families, these. is oneof Whaling finance subsistence hunting activities. But from money thesejobsoften isusedto needed by theentire crew. incomeenough to purchase theweapons Inupiat whale-hunting captainsmust have Modern weapons cost $300–$400 per crew. These and shouldergunsare expensive. Technological advances guns such asdart well. lagers follow themascarefully today. andnotallvil- have beenaffected over time, thesecustoms Someof rules. based oncultural thecrew alsowas Theselectionof and feasts. wasmarked by rituals traditionally religious itsmeat. cut uptheanimalanddistributed itacrossdragged theice to fellow who villagers thehunters Once awhalewasdead, whales. approach dangerously closeto theenormous thecrews intheboats hadto these weapons, To killtheanimalwith andlances. harpoons hunt on the half-frozen onlywith seaarmed theInupiat headedoutforthe Traditionally, Traditional Hunting olwn rdto,cpan fwhaling captainsof Following tradition, In additionto providing foodforInupiat It ismore difficultto beawhalingcaptainas event and The whalehunt isanimportant inthespring. whales begins The hunting of wives alsoare important. The whalecaptains’ Activity 5 9 Name Date Class

Activity 5 (continued) Whales Become Endangered Respect for Cultures Although many whales once thrived in the U.S. officials and the IWC recognize the signifi- world’s oceans, a number of whale species have cance of whale hunting for the Inupiat and per- been hunted to extinction or near extinction. In mit limited hunting. For example, native whalers North America, the real threat to whales began operating out of Barrow, Alaska, were permitted with large-scale hunting during the 1600s. to take 68 bowhead whales during the 1995 During that period, whale oil and whalebone spring migration and 65 whales during the 1998 became two of the chief products exported by the season. Scientists set this limit based on the num- American colonies to Spain and Portugal. By 1852, ber of whales that they judge can be harvested 220 whaling ships had headed north to Alaskan without threatening the survival of the species. and arctic regions. Eventually, the profits to be Native groups from other countries, such as made from whale products led fishing companies Russia, Canada, and Greenland, also would like to outfit factory ships that could catch and process to reinstate whale hunting. In spite of IWC an entire whale in one day. These fleets of ships controls, unsanctioned hunts are beginning to were aided by modern technology that included take place. Inuit groups around the world are helicopters and radar for spotting whales. placing an increased demand on the IWC to By 1946, scientists realized that large-scale allow traditional whale hunting. Some whale overhunting was threatening the world’s whale populations, however, are still at a critically low population. In Antarctic waters, the population number. In Canada, where the Inuit are allowed of blue whales, the largest animal ever to have to hunt outside of IWC regulations, the bow- lived on Earth, dropped from about 200,000 in head whale population remains at 450 (from the early days of whaling to only 2,000 in 1965. 11,000 at their peak). The number of bowhead whales in Alaskan Some scientists argue that it’s too soon for waters fell from about 20,000 in the 1850s to even small-scale hunting. Still, many arctic cul- between 6,900 and 9,200 in the 1990s. tures remain passionately committed to contin- In 1967, the International Whaling Commis- uing the hunts that define their culture. They sion (IWC) put many whale species on its also work actively to preserve the whales’ habi- protected list and asked nations not to hunt tat for future generations, monitoring pollution them. In 1970, the United States banned whale levels and managing the populations of various products. It also has outlawed all whaling arctic animals. within 322 km of its coasts.

Active Reading 1. What are some items that the Inupiat take from whales for survival? What purpose does each item serve? 2. What caused many species of whales to become extinct? When did the problem begin? 3. Are modern Inupiat hunts today the same as traditional hunts? 4. Should the Inupiat and other arctic natives be allowed to hunt? Explain. Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill,Copyright Companies, a division of the McGraw-Hill Inc. Alternate Assessment Create a poster of whale species and their populations in different parts of the world. Include a list of causes other than hunting that threaten their survival.

10 Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. got many localresidents involved. actionandenvironmentalnity awareness that commu- of Thiswasthestart factory. nearby becomingful chemicals thatmight from a allthepossibleharm- recite easilythenamesof of teens, known asthe known teens, of Thisgroup theircommunity. ened thehealthof the environmental contaminants thatthreat- someof teenagers becameaware of group of act asrole models. between young could andadultswho people andempowermentgrowth andabridge He envisioned munity. andthecom- helpingoneself of on principles professionals acommunity center to start based and educators, Soheorganized parents, decline. itshealthandenvironmenthood with in hesaw aneighbor- From there, local hospital. the associate director attheemergencyroom of hadbeenthe Luis Garden-Acosta, founder, Its to getactively involved intheircommunity. place where young could people goafter school neighborhood. and Education between Board theCity of partnership Theschool isa working forsocialjustice. of part lic school consider working fortheenvironment pub- or sostudentsatthissmalltheme-oriented Thehundred city’s mostpolluted communities. the are actively involved around inturning oneof dents at stu- innercity In thiscommunity, N.Y. Brooklyn, in Williamsburg, of doing intheneighborhood take alookatwhatteens are ideas, thinking of you needhelp improve theenvironment? If Name Date Class Environmental Justice El Puente—Bridgeto Step intheRightDirection Not longafter thefoundingof El Puente, Have you ever wondered you what could doto El Puente, El Puente r“h rde”wasfoundedasa or Bridge,” “The a youth development group inthe Academy forPeace andJustice Toxic Avengers, El Puente as aplace of El Puente, could one dened apartment buildings. dened apartment crowded conditions living inalready overbur- Thishasmadeforvery percent since 1980. hasswelled atleast10 theneighborhood tion of thepopula- To make matters worse, incinerator. plantandasmallgarbage sewagetreatment city there isalsoa amassive underground oilspill, of thesite In Greenpoint, being trucked inandout. socommercial waste isalways stations, transfer Thearea hasseveral dozen garbage vacant lots. sandwicheding factories between deteriorated Brooklyn Navy holdsnumerous function- Yard, once hometo thebustling riverfront, The air. to hanginthe carsandtrucks exhaust fumes of causingthe path through theneighborhood, Thisroad cutsawide lyn-Queens Expressway. theBrook- andamajorhighway, that crosses it; thebridge hood isbordered by theEastRiver; thisneighbor- could thishave happened?First, How average foraresidential neighborhood. almost 60timesmore pollutionthanthenational Brooklyn had burg andGreenpoint sectionsof the Williams- Hunter College, Health Center of huge garbage incinerator intheneighborhood. huge garbage was to protest thecity’s planto buildyet another Theirgoal which 1,500peoplejoined. burg Bridge, Alliance wasto holdamarch across the Williams- the Thefirstactof mental town meetingin1992. Theleadershiporganized thefirst environ- CAFE. or Community Alliance For theEnvironment, Soonthecitizen the groups hadformed waste. thatwasemittinglow-levelfacility radioactive ledamarch They storage againstanearby action. Puente A ToxicNeighborhood Citizens TakeControl According to theCommunity Environmental To theseenvironmental dealwith crises, and otherlocalcitizen groups calledfor Activity El 6 11 Name Date Class

Activity 6 (continued) village that raised them.”At the new board-certi- fied high school, El Puente Academy, the curricu- lum echoes the after-school programs in health, the environment, and the arts. Students work on individual projects that combine these areas, producing murals and videotapes that document the positive changes in their environment. And after the first four years of El Puente Academy’s existence, the percentage of students graduating was higher than the average in New York City. A few blocks from the school, sunlight brightens small patches of green growing In 1995, groups in Williamsburg painted this mural to protest in what used to be an empty city lot. Bricks the building of a waste transfer station. from demolished buildings now surround tidy flower beds. Trees planted by young people line El Puente: A Thriving Community streets that have been treeless for decades. A sign proclaims the work of El Puente. In the Today, El Puente has grown into a center with evening, an audience claps with approval as a permanent staff carrying on many impressive young people in costumes tell a story in dance projects. The center has programs for the arts, about celebrating Earth—and that special piece a health clinic, and youth environmentalist of it that is their neighborhood. They tell of groups. “The miracle of El Puente,” says Garden- successes in converting their neighborhood Acosta, “is the bridge we’ve built for people into a greener, safer environment, one city lot to come back home and, in a sense, raise the at a time.

Active Reading 1. What are some of the specific factors that damaged the environment surrounding El Puente ? 2. What are some of the steps community members are taking to improve their environment? 3. Are students at your school involved in projects to improve the community? Are there projects that could be started? What changes would you like to see in your area?

Alternate Assessment Decide on a science-related project that could bring positive change to your neighborhood. Create a proposal stating the goal of the project and the steps necessary to achieve that goal. Share your proposal with the class. Hint: Use a visual aid, such as a poster or overhead trans- parency, when presenting your proposal. Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill,Copyright Companies, a division of the McGraw-Hill Inc.

12 Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. suring moresuring than33cmby 33cmby 22cm. than many coprolites—some otherknown mea- blockierandlarger found were almostshapeless, specimensthatHorner The had and colors. producedspecies shapes droppings indiffering Different found inmany distinctive shapes. fossilized feces have been the pastcentury, In andinexact. thetaskistricky Clearly, rocks. difference between prehistoric droppings and the dinosaurs. wanted reveal to know might they about what she were, they If were actuallydinosaurdung. Chin wanted to findoutwhetherthefossils calleda a duck-billeddinosaur, inMontana up where hewasdigging coprolites, as known befossilized feces, found whatmight Horner had animaldroppings. in studying shebrought alongherinterest Jackgist Horner, were they andwhat eating. eling, whatdirection were they trav- were inanarea, Chin could seehow many bears ing theirdung, by study- For example, information. wealth of itcontains a And, and relatively easyto find. theirdungisstationary However, hard to study. which makes them shyvery andprone to flight, Wild animalsare for theNational Park Service. animal feces whensheworked asanaturalist Shebeganby studying fossilzed dinosaurdung. istheworld’s on firstexpert Survey, Geological andeven dung. nests, eggs, tracks, Trace fossilsinclude dinosaurs leftbehind. that things orfossilsof fossils, lookattrace they a dinosaurate? In additionto fossilized bones, but how tell what canthey adinosaur, bones of alotby the bone? Scientistslearn studying Name Date Class Food Web Unraveling aPrehistoric A CloserLook The SearchBegins You wonder might how scientists cantell the When working forpaleontolo- Chinstarted theU.S. with apaleobiologist Karen Chin, adinosaur Have you ever seenafossilof Maiasaura . te ln-aigaiaso theperiod. other plant-eatinganimalsof werebecause they too largeto beproduced by any probably They camefrom a coprolites. theideathatlargeMontanaported blockswere horses andelephants. resembled thechewed-up plantsexcreted by allchopped up, Thistissue, evergreen plants. tissuefrom thestems of of composed primarily Shediscovered thattheblockswere microscope. theblocksandexamined themundera of make certain. but Chinneededto bones were foundnearby, 135- to 65-million-year-old dinosaurswhose haveThe blocksmight beenproduced by the known toknown store plantmatter insuch tunnels. insectsare organisms theonlyliving trious Theseindus- have beenmadeby dungbeetles. thatthetunnelsindeedmay shelearned entists, othersci- Consulting with dung-eating beetles. hypothesized thatthetunnelswere madeby Chin Basedontheseobservations, fossilized soil. theblocksandinsurrounding in many of A blockof A RevealingDiscovery o lanmr,Chin cutextremely thinslices To more, learn aigacoe ok Chinsaw tunnels small Taking acloserlook, eas ugbelsetol ug thissup- Because dungbeetleseatonlydung, Maiasaura dung withtunnels madebydungbeetles. Maiasaura, Activity 7 13 Name Date Class

Activity 7 (continued) Interdependent Relationships Tyrannosaurus rex’s Diet By solving the mystery of the Montana Since then, Chin has helped other scientists dinosaur dung, Chin helped shed light on dino- analyze more samples of dinosaur dung, saur activity in North America. We now know including that of a Tyrannosaurus rex fossil that at least one species of dinosaur ate ever- found in Saskatchewan, Canada. Its coprolite green stems. We also know that at least one measures 44 cm by 16 cm by 13 cm, making it species contributed to the ecosystem: without the largest coprolite of a carnivore, dinosaur or huge droppings to dine on, the dung beetles otherwise, ever found. The bones that Chin might have starved. As it was, they had plenty found within the coprolite came from a young to do. They strengthened the health of their dinosaur about the size of a cow. Chin’s study environment by storing dinosaur dung in the of this dropping showed that Tyrannosaurus soil. This fertilized the soil and encouraged rex didn’t swallow its food whole, as reptiles plant growth. In turn, the dinosaurs ate the do. Rather, it crushed the animals with its plants, and the cycle repeated itself. mighty teeth.

Active Reading 1. Why did Chin begin studying animal dung? 2. How did Chin positively identify the fossilized blocks as coprolites, or feces? 3. What are some things scientists can learn about prehistoric animals by studying their dung? 4. What did Chin learn about Tyrannosaurus rex’s eating habits?

Alternate Assessment Do research to find out what scientists think that some dinosaurs ate. Then, design a trans- parency of a likely food web involving some of the dinosaurs you studied. Show it to the class, explaining how the parts of the web are interrelated. Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill,Copyright Companies, a division of the McGraw-Hill Inc.

14 Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. called have usedstone needles, years agowhenpeoplemay such treatments began10,000 that Others cite evidence closer to 4,000years ago. that thepractice started stone gave way to needlesof Theneedlesof over time. acupuncture have changed pain inanotherpart. thebody to stop of one part forces as known opposingnatural balance of thisphilosophy isthe basis of The nese medicalpractices. phy Chi- behindtraditional i fInternal Medicine sic of ancient Chinesetext called The lems beganatleast2,500years agoinChina. thebody to treat healthprob- of parts various needlesin placementknow of thatthestrategic Historians do acupuncture developed. tice of andsubstance abuse. arthritis, headache, ache, includingback- ills, used to treat anumber of Thistechnique iswidely out Western countries. through- thatisincreasing inpopularity ing art anditisanancientChineseheal- acupuncture, procedure The as isknown pain inherbody. inorder performed the treatment to relieve the thepatientishaving Nevertheless, look painful. might thissight At first, andears. legs, arms, her adozen steelwith needlessticking outof Name Date Class 200 text The onlydates to acupuncture. practice of sourcethe firstwritten to known discuss the around 2500 lived who ture to the HuangYellow Di, Emperor, for TraditionalMedicine Acupuncture—Modern Uses Where ItBegan Some historians estimateSome historians The tools foradministering No oneknows exactly how orwhentheprac- A patientliesinabeddoctor’s office B.C., bian shi u trbtstepicpe facupunc- of theprinciples but attributes B.C. to press into , yin The text explores thephiloso- and (or yang ao fMedicine Canon of Yellow Emperor’s Clas- . 15 Many acupuncture pointsonthefootarebelieved to affectinternalorgans. BL-UB 67 BL-UB 66 GB 43 GB 42 GB 44 ) is ST 45 needles and various surgical instruments. surgical needles andvarious acupuncture usestainlesssteel practitioners Today, aspecificpurpose. each serving shapes, andsilver madeinninedifferent gold, bronze, gland in the brain to inthebrain producegland painblockers and Acupuncture alsomay prompt thepituitary painrelievers. andothernatural endorphins systemthe nervous to release chemicals called barelythey touch thesurface. needles aren’t even undertheskin— inserted the And sometimes, andears. dles inthearms callforafewnee- might forexample, problem, Akidney not beneartheaffected body part. acupuncture pointsonthebody. thenearly2,000 atoneormoreinserted of Needles are energy. restores theproper flow of acupuncture treatment imbalanced orblocked, When the along theskinandinto thebody. the body through 14majorpathways thatrun The Flowof Acupuncture may relieve painby prompting thedesired acupuncture pointmay Often, Qi LIV 1 energy isbelieved to flowenergy of to allparts SP 1 LIV 2 ST 44 ST 43 LIV 3 ST 42 ST 41 Qi BL-UB LIV GB SP ST Stomach Spleen Liver Gallbladder Bladder Activity 8 qi is Name Date Class

Activity 8 (continued) to trigger a process that releases anti-inflamma- health problems, sometimes together with herbs, tory agents into the bloodstream. massage, and other Eastern treatments. To put it another way, acupuncture seems to Acupuncture may prove especially valuable stimulate the body’s own painkillers. And it in two areas where Western treatments have succeeds so well that in China, Sri Lanka, and been challenged: chronic pain and substance other Asian countries, minor surgery often is abuse. In numerous cases of chronic pain, such performed without anesthesia. Acupuncture as backache and arthritis, patients who undergo has none of the adverse effects (such as nausea regular acupuncture treatments are able to and, occasionally, death) brought on by con- reduce their use of medication and resume nor- ventional general anesthetics. Recently, it has mal activities. As for substance addiction, been used this way in the United States, as well. acupuncture practitioners have enjoyed notable success in treating patients addicted to drugs Integrating Two Approaches such as cocaine and alcohol. According to Dr. Michael O. Smith of In light of acupuncture’s benefits, some U.S. Lincoln Hospital in the South Bronx neighbor- physicians have overcome their suspicion of this hood of New York, withdrawal symptoms and alternative treatment and have embraced the drug cravings disappear within minutes of the ancient technique. Still, many U.S. physicians acupuncture treatment. Acupuncture also remain wary of acupuncture because how it works soothes patients who might otherwise panic or is unproven by Western medicine’s standards. show hostility. If an addict is calm—that is, if Today, at least 3,000 U.S. doctors use acupuncture his or her qi is in harmony—he or she is more to treat patients. In addition, 7,000 other practi- likely to benefit from counseling. tioners use acupuncture for a broad range of

Active Reading 1. What is the idea behind how acupuncture works? 2. How does the insertion of acupuncture needles cause the body to react? 3. How does the basis of acupuncture differ from the basis of Western medicine? 4. How does the Chinese theory of acupuncture differ from Western ideas on how it works?

Alternate Assessment Find out more about one aspect of acupuncture. Focus on how it is used today to relieve pain or to treat a medical condition, or find out more about the major pathways and points of the system. Create a visual display to present your findings to the class. Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill,Copyright Companies, a division of the McGraw-Hill Inc.

16 Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. and sufferfrom muscle andjointpain. andextremely tired, beirritable nodes, lymph andswollen rash, tim candevelop afever, thevic- weeks, After acouple of (SHANG kur). painfulsore calledachancre into ared, thetsetse bite canturn stage, lessserious, first, In the Bothpassthrough two stages. Africa. occur—one in West andoneinEast Africa sleepingsickness Two versions of tsetse fly. are thediseasewhenthey bitten bywith atiny People become infected is difficultto control. contracting thedisease. were people for 55million atrisk the Sahara, In theentire southof region become acrisis. again had out more thanten years before, which hadbeennearlywiped Thisdisease, sus). panuhsuhMI (trih ortrypansomiasis ness, ing from diseasecalledsleepingsick- aterrible theresidents were suffer- 40percent of Sudan, Name Date Class Sleeping Sickness The Reawakeningof ing sickness,isfound onlyinAfrica. The tsetsefly,hosttoone-celledtrypanosomes whichcausesleep- Symptoms andCauses rpnsmai sftli leftuntreated and Trypanosomiasis isfatalif inatown calledEzo insouthern In 1997, receives treatment. anddeathresult unlessthevictim comas, seizures, systemnervous inthesecond stage, the Once attackthefluidsof they joint pain. and fever, suchcause symptoms astiredness, thetryponosomes destroying red bloodcells, By multiply intheblood. The trypanosomes theprotists into thevictim. injectsomeof parts become sick. mals in mayAfrica have theparasite butdonot Wild ani- blood lackssufficientred bloodcells. anemiainwhich the Nagan isakindof horses. ease called the samespeciescausesapotentially deadlydis- of Another variety sleeping sicknessinpeople. species cause West andEast African African this Two of varieties feed onahost’s blood. parasites that The flyishostto trypanosomes, the namesleepingsickness. sleep allday andstay awake allnight—hence atthisstagemay person A may sufferseizures. and have trouble walkingandspeaking, table, becomewill more and more confused andirri- use of pesticides, brought nagana andsleeping brought nagana pesticides, use of the combined with Thesedrugs, the1990s. of discovered thefirsthalf anddeveloped during thetsetsefly. away from thearea of staying theircattleonopenland, usually graze They cattle formilkandtheirlivelihood. nomadic cattleherders whodependontheir Kenya are traditionally Masai of people the For example, selves ortheiranimalsatrisk. don’t They wantto putthem- long avoided. It isanarea thatpeoplehave continent. African theentire tsetse flycovers of region the central the of Thewell-established range for centuries. Dealing withtheProblem hntetes l ie,piercing mouth When thetsetseflybites, doesn’t cause thedisease. The tsetseflyitself thevictim thedisease, In thesecond stageof Drugs effective against trypanosomes were effectiveDrugs againsttrypanosomes haveAfricans thisproblem hadto dealwith nagana nctl,sep ot,and goats, sheep, in cattle, Activity 9 17 Name Date Class

Activity 9 (continued) sickness under control—for a while. Then the effective against West African trypanosomiasis, parasites became resistant to these chemicals. A and often is unavailable or in short supply. civil war in the region also forced healthcare workers to leave, causing the disease to be left Toward the Future virtually untreated for many years. Research on sleeping sickness continues. Developments in Treatment Some researchers in the United States have investigated why human blood can fight the Treatment during the second stage of try- protists that cause nagana, but not sleeping panosomiasis is problematic. The drug used sickness. In 1995, they found a protein in since 1949 for this stage contains arsenic, which human blood that destroys the trypanosomes is poisonous. Doctors and researchers from that cause nagana. This discovery could lead to many African nations held a conference in the developing strains of cattle in Africa that will be early 1990s in the Ivory Coast, looking for new resistant to the effects of trypanosomes. treatments for sleeping sickness. Two years later, they found one from an unexpected source. A Researchers in Zanzibar have found that by drug that was developed originally as a cancer releasing male tsetse flies made infertile by drug was tested for its effect on people with radiation, they can effectively control nagana. sleeping sickness. Doctors tested the drug on This method might be used in the future on hundreds of patients with second-stage sleeping mainland Africa. In the meantime, interna- sickness in hospitals in Nioki, Zaire. Scientists tional health organizations are fighting to help also conducted trials on some animals with the 36 countries in the region. With more nagana. They concluded that the drug could be a research and discoveries on the horizon, per- safe, effective treatment against East African try- haps Africans will one day awake to a day free panosomiasis. Unfortunately, it has not proven of sleeping sickness.

Active Reading 1. Why is sleeping sickness again on the rise in southern Sudan? 2. What is being done to save cattle from nagana in Zanzibar? 3. Besides finding a cure, what other things do you think need to happen in order for this disease to be eliminated?

Alternate Assessment Create a drawing that shows how sleeping sickness infection occurs. Perform any necessary research to help you with the drawing. HINT: The trypanosomes that cause sleeping sickness are flagellated protists. Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill,Copyright Companies, a division of the McGraw-Hill Inc.

18 Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. c ttesm iea on en,andsquash, beans, ico atthesametimeascorn, It wasdomesticated inMex- Mexico. the Aztecs of more productive methods. thanmodern especiallysince are they proving methods; tural attempting to agricul- return to theirtraditional peoplenative to anarea) are munities (groups of indigenouscom- In somecases, environment. that allows plantsto adaptto anever-changing pesticides. water andavoidance of tion of Reasons fordoingthisincludeconserva- sity. there’s interest growing inrestoring crop diver- Now, as much water asmore common varieties. andsomedonotrequire resistantrally to pests, thesecrops are natu- many of Today, retailers. tounknown majorcommercial growers and crops thatare virtually of grown many types crops. of fewer andfewer types more peoplehave become dependentupon more and As aresult, practice around theworld. mercially grown crops hasbecome common com- of Thisreduction inthevariety shelves. andJonathan) store dominate grocery Winesap, McIntosh, (Delicious, fourmainvarieties Today, apples were grown andsoldintheUnited States. Name Date Class Seeds foraHealthyPlanet Biodiversity—Planting the hp,pnaefor onra,andcereal. cornbread, pancake flour, chips, corn Bluecorn isusedto make tortillas, Hopi. techniques farming usedby the thedryland with plants grow from 1mto well 2.5mandperform Blue corn more readily available commercially. cent more protein thantheyellow corn thatis Blue corn contains 30per- today. still important anditis bluecornincorporated into theirrituals, TheHopi theUnited States. of part ern thesouthwest- by of nativeturies agriculturalists Amaranth Blue Corn lecr savreyo corn forcen- grown of Blue corn isavariety geneticinsurance Biodiversity of isaform People around theworld have traditionally over of 7,000varieties One hundred years ago, Amaranth (AM uh ranth) was highly valued by washighly (AM uhranth) fiber, and vitamins andvitamins A andC. fiber, potassium, iron, incalcium, andisrich all grains protein of amountof hasthehighest Amaranth eaten aswell andtaste somewhatlike spinach. leaves The canbe ground into flour. anutritious These seedscanbepoppedlike popcorn or heavy seedheadscontaining upto 500,000seeds. large, istopped amaranth with about 2mhigh, Growing resisting heatanddrought. care for, It iseasyto inPeru. newpopularity experiencing andis Leone, inSierra particularly West Africa, amaranth, quinoa,andbluepotatoes. Some cropsthatarereceivingmoreattentionincludebluecorn, osm bu . ilo go quinoa. consume about1.4millionkgof Americans Each year, alternative foodcrops. as scientistssearch for receiving renewed interest, quinoais Now, demand forquinoaeven further. lowering wheat, largequantitiesof to import Peru began In the1940s, European crops. ing of quinoa fellastheSpanishencouraged thegrow- of thepopularity When theSpanish came, The Inca may have regarded quinoaassacred. been grown inthe Andes foratleast5,000years. around 5000 Quinoa Quinoa (KEEN wah)isaweedy plantthat’s B.C. Today, amaranth ispopularin amaranth Today, Activity 10 19 Name Date Class

Activity 10 (continued) Quinoa contains higher levels of amino acids The International Potato Center in Lima, Peru, than other more popular grains. It also has three has made an initiative for Andean biodiversity. times the amount of calcium and twice the The Center attempts to rescue Andean food amount of phosphorus as wheat. crops in danger of extinction. As part of this Almost all of the world’s quinoa is grown in program, the Center has banked the genes of the Andes. Quinoa grows best at altitudes above nine species of roots and tubers. These species 2,700 m and needs little water. Its seeds can be grow well in high altitudes, are high in vita- white, yellow, gray, light brown, pink, black, or mins, and might have medicinal value. red. They can be boiled, toasted, or popped and are used in many traditional dishes. The bitter The Value of Diversity seed coating, saponin, may repel pests. Saponin is removed before cooking and can be used as There are between 30,000 and 80,000 edible an ingredient in soap, fire extinguishers, and plants, but humans rely on only about 150 of photo processing. Quinoa also may be a good them for food. Three crops (rice, corn, and food for extended space travel because it’s such wheat) make up one-half of the human diet. a good source of nutrition. Without genetic diversity, whole fields of crops can be wiped out by diseases, fertilizers, pesti- Blue Potatoes cides, and fungicides. Blue potatoes have come to U.S. supermar- kets and restaurants. They can be cooked in the same way as regular potatoes, but they might be more nutritious with a higher mineral content. Blue potatoes are just one of the many varieties of lesser-known potatoes and other tubers gaining new recognition in Andean countries in South America, as well as around the world.

Active Reading 1. Which crops make up most of the human diet? How does this compare with the potential number of food crops? 2. Why is biodiversity in food crops important? 3. Why do you think that crop varieties have become so limited? 4. How might individuals help establish plant diversity on a small scale?

Alternate Assessment Create a graph showing crop diversity and how it has changed in your area. First, find out how many varieties of fruits and vegetables are at your local supermarket. Then, pick one fruit or vegetable (for example, apples or cucumbers) and find out how many varieties are grown in (a) your area, (b) your state, and (c) nationwide. How has the number of varieties © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill,Copyright Companies, a division of the McGraw-Hill Inc. changed over the last 25 years? You might choose to create a pie chart showing the number of varieties sold compared to the number of existing varieties.

20 Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. attacked by caterpillars. thesekiller to have who on aserum treat people been have beenworking Brazil, Institute inSaoPaulo, That iswhy scientistsattheButantan Brazilian into itsvictims. many snakes, ful thanthatof more power- injectspowerfulcaterpillar venom, cally as death situation. isnow farmer the Brazilian facing alife-and- but benobigdeal, a catepillar attackmight theworld, of In otherparts him. stinging arm, landsonhis andacaterpillar trees, some fruit hepassesnear As hedoes, hissoybean fields. of makesfarmer alate evening round to check one A approximately 400timesayear. sents itself forests once grew. soybean plantations spread out where rain Large hasbeencleared. cities, of the outskirts especiallyon theland, much of But now, ica. South Amer- forests inmany of different parts livedthe caterpillar onlyinthedenserain Until about30years ago, landdevelopment. of because isexpandingthe caterpillar itsterritory Name Date Class Caterpillars The FightAgainstKiller green, spinybristlesthatcoveritsbodylikearmor. The poisonouschemicalsof Pesticides KillaNaturalPredator The attacking caterpillar is known scientifi- isknown The attackingcaterpillar According to Butantan Institute researchers, scene pre- afrightening Brazil, In thesouthof Lonomia obliqua Lonomia obliqua . This stinging killer stinging This . come outofthe ular caterpillar sodangerous.ular caterpillar noone knows makesalthough what thispartic- powerful,” very says thatthevenom is “very, Butantan Institute director Isaias Raw death. attacks have thecaterpillar caused over 20of canleadto death. calledhemorrhaging, bleeding, severe kindof This ure orto bleedinternally. to experience fail- begin kidney might they away, people are attacked anddonotgettreated right If blood. clottingof interfere thenormal with anattack the venom to begins anhourof within bloodstream. itsvenom enters the Then, itsspinywith bristles. ananimaloraperson may pierce theskinof the efudi lseso upto 60caterpillars. be foundinclusters of may they Sometimes, trees. of sleep inthetrunks thecaterpillars theday, During enemy. natural bea forestattack ananimalintherain thatmight would justasthey attack, might they feedin, they peoplehappento benearthetrees If ing atnight. in contact peopleinmore populated with areas. hasputthem thecaterpillars spread The of tion. result popula- hasbeenaboominthecaterpillar The thecaterpillars. themainenemiesof wasps, thepesticideskill In doingso, insectpests. of oekn fdfne such asapoison. defense, some kindof common forest to forrain caterpillars have itisquite To defendthemselves, on caterpillars. there are many animalsthatprey insect-eating inleavesweight each day. itslifecycle eatingmany timesits of this part itspends Like allcaterpillars, silkworm moth. alargemothrelated to thegiant stage of Causes andEffectsoftheVenom fallthereported casessince theearly1990s, Of According to oneButantan Institute researcher, h aeplasaencunl doingtheirfeed- areThe caterpillars nocturnal, Farmers usepesticidesonthecrops to getrid In the incredible diversity of rain forest rain life, In theincredible diversity of The caterpillar Lonomia obliqua Lonomia obliqua aepla straee,it isthreatened, caterpillar is thelarval Activity When 11 21 Name Date Class

Activity 11 (continued) For the caterpillar venom, scientists used simi- Finding the Antidote lar techniques. They injected venom from the With so many reports of deadly caterpillar caterpillars into horses. The horses then pro- attacks, the research scientists at the Butantan duced blood chemicals called antibodies to fight Institute began work on a treatment. They are the venom. The scientists drew blood containing known all over the world for their anti-venom the antibodies from the horses and made it into research. Today, a staff of around 200 people a serum. A patient that has been attacked by a maintains a snake farm where some 50,000 poi- caterpillar can get a shot of the serum. People sonous snakes are bred so that serums can be treated with the serum make a good recovery. developed to treat their bites. The institute The venom itself someday might be useful in also has developed an effective anti-venom for treating blood clots, which occur when blood spider bites. gets too thick.

Active Reading 1. Why do the caterpillars sting? 2. What did scientists have to know about the poisonous caterpillar in order to analyze why the caterpillar population was increasing? 3. What is the chain of causes and effects that led to the spread of the killer caterpillar? 4. What are some tactics that the Brazilian government might try in order to control the cater- pillars without causing further environmental damage?

Alternate Assessment Draw a life cycle of an insect that undergoes complete metamorphosis. Label the stage in which Lonomia obliqua is poisonous. Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill,Copyright Companies, a division of the McGraw-Hill Inc.

22 Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. as alcohol increase estrogen levels inwomen.) foodandsubstances (Fatty such breast cancer. of inorder to findpotential causes estrogen levels, aswell as Researchers beganlookingatfatintake, for women.American thattypical third of fat—abouta Japanese woman’s dietconsisted of a typical onlyninepercent of in1955, example, For Japanese have longeaten adietlow in fat. the For instance, habits. began lookingatdietary they different cultures, cer rates amongpeopleof that could accountlifestyle fordifferences incan- What causestherates to change? decrease. stomach cancer theirrates of On theotherhand, developing colon cancer increases. of their risk when Japanese peoplemove to theUnited States, But lower inJapan thanintheUnited States. colon cancer is of therate breast cancer, with As fromas peoplemigrate oneplace to another. have thatcancer shown incidence often changes Studies does seemto role. play animportant environment Yet, matter where lived. aperson thenitshouldn’t to getit—were largelygenetic, took them inadifferent direction. however, Theirobservations, trait. an inherited the tendency to get—ornotto get—cancer was beganto They askthemselves whether “why?” Scientists are answers exploring to thequestion 6.5intheUnited States. compared to arate of therate is90.9casesin100,000people, instance, for In China, and Japan high. isastonishingly stomach cancer inbothChina occurrence of the Ontheotherhand, in theUnited States. alsoare lower inJapan andChinathan cancer, lung untilafewyears ago, colon cancer and, of Therates fewer women inJapan andChina. breast cancer five affects times United States, Name Date Class Culture Connection Cancer—Uncovering the A ChangeofDirection As scientists started huntingAs forchanges scientistsstarted in protection againstcancer—or thetendency If from the theglobe On theothersideof trolled through bothdietand drugs. becon- itmight ratesof causing breast cancer, tinues to prove thattheprotein isafactor in thisresearch con- If theprotein. levels of higher women American have by cells. be absorbed thatcauses estrogen to called areceptor estrogen, berelatedThe causeinstead might to aprotein, women intheUnited States. similar to thoseof even estrogen amongwomen levels with lower, breast cancer inJapan andChinaremain of therates In fact, researchers hadbegunto think. as estrogen, be directly related levels to of high not thecancer might reported thatthecauseof Public Health (HSPH) Harvard School of risk ofcertaincancers. carrots, tomatoes,kale,soy,andorangescanloweraperson’s Studies haveshownthateatingadietcontainingsuchfoodsas a nate ntect fLinxianinChina. of inthecity was unearthed too? A clueto theanswer a role initsincidence, And whataboutstomach cancer? Doesdietplay the 1999, In apress release from November of Activity 12 23 Name Date Class

Activity 12 (continued) The people of Linxian have very high rates of What had protected the Japanese men from stomach cancer. And unlike Americans, they have a getting lung cancer that no longer protected diet high in preserved vegetables, and low in fresh them? Cigarette smoking had not been com- fruits and vegetables. Their salted, pickled, low-fat mon in Japan prior to the middle of the 1900s. diet helps prevent colon cancer, but may be con- Then, as the decades passed, cigarette smoking tributing to higher incidences of stomach cancer. became more popular. A lifestyle that had pro- Other studies have revealed that stomach tected the people of Japan against lung cancer cancer also is common in places such as Japan, began to vanish. Korea, Chile, and India. In these places, the peo- Clearly, lifestyle choices, including those ple have a diet high in salted, pickled, smoked, related to diet and tobacco use, have an impact and cured foods, and low in fresh fruits and on cancer rates. Looking at and comparing the vegetables containing vitamins A and E. In a different lifestyles of cultures around the world recent long-term experiment, people likely to can help scientists unravel the mystery of what get stomach cancer were given vitamin supple- causes cancer, a complex group of more than ments to increase their levels of vitamins A and 100 different diseases. E. Their cancer rates decreased by 13 percent. By borrowing the most healthful practices from countries around the world and avoiding An Infamous Culprit harmful practices, people can lower their can- cer risk. Because this is a field where research Habits other than diet also can decrease the is continuous, individuals periodically risk of getting certain cancers. Before the 1960s, should check reliable sources of information relatively few Japanese people living in Japan for updates. developed lung cancer. In 1960, for example, lung cancer accounted for only two percent of deaths among middle-aged Japanese men. By 1995, however, that figure had soared to an alarming 18 percent, and it’s still rising.

Active Reading 1. What are some of the risk factors for cancer? 2. What might contribute to the high rates of stomach cancer in China and Japan? What nutri- ents are missing from the diet of the people in those countries? 3. What choices can you make that could help reduce your risk of cancer? 4. Studying other cultures can provide clues to preventing cancer. What other health benefits might be gained from the study of other cultures?

Alternate Assessment Some causes of cancer are directly related to a choice of foods and other substances. Create a poster showing which foods and substances may help protect the body from cancer and

which may expose it to increased cancer risk. Hint: Visit science.glencoe.com to start your © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill,Copyright Companies, a division of the McGraw-Hill Inc. research on this topic.

24 Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. ing and operating thestation. ing andoperating have worked together build- States andRussia, including theUnited Sixteen countries, time. are ableto live of andwork for longperiods ing space stationwhere scientistsandengineers It isalargeorbit- piece by piece. built inspace, TheISSwasbeing the ISS. would dockwith itwould be the firsttimeshuttle into space, completion. which wasnearing (ISS), supplies to theInternational Space Station Discovery the Onegoalof May 1999. launched in tle, be crew membersonthe Sheandsixotherastronauts would into space. Ochoa waspreparingforatrip was unusual. itwasherdestinationthat common enough; Theitems onthelistwere medical supplies. and clothing, sleepingbags, included water, Name Date Class Space Delivery Ellen Ochoa— Astronaut EllenOchoa Living andWorkinginSpace Although this wasnotthefirstshuttle trip Although It Ellen Ochoa scannedherpackinglist. mission STS-96 would beto deliver Discovery Discovery space shut- can conduct research. where andscientists six laboratories engineers andatleast module where crew memberslive, and maderepairs to theISSmodules. theship attached equipmentto theoutsideof Thetwo astronauts space walk. eight-hour toused thearm assisttwo otherastronauts inan Shealso thecargobays. items into andoutof operated arobotic to arm helpunload andmove Ochoa thestation. be mounted ontheoutsideof Otherhardware andequipmenthadto the ISS. to had bestored inside andcomputers, supplies, medical such as water, Someitems, to theISS. from materials the about 1,800kgof was responsible forcoordinating of thetransfer amissionspecialistonthevoyage, Ellen Ochoa, who would andworking beliving ontheISS. deliver suppliesforthescientistsandengineers football fieldandhas1300m theISSisaslonga Completed, the station. to thematerials all complete to transport flights It took atleast40more space space in1998. der onthespace shuttle aspayload comman- In 1994, retrieve asatellite. operated arobotic to arm helpdeploy and Ochoa Onthisflight, ozone intheatmosphere. effects onEarth’s atmosphere and thelossof day missionwasto dataontheSun’s gather sion specialistaboard the several different shuttle flights. milesinspace on and traveled of millions Since thenshehas loggedmore than700hours female Hispanic astronaut to travel inspace. shebecamethefirst In 1993, program. training 2,000by NASA to enter itsastronaut- group of 23peopleselected from a shewas1of 1991, arm to retrieve instruments from toarm retrieve instruments asatellite. theroboticcalled uponto useherskillswith The StrengthofExperience ato the Part of h is ic ftheISSwashauledinto The firstpiece of nhrfrtfih,i 93 Ochoa wasamis- in1993, On herfirstflight, In Space travel isnothingnewto Ochoa. Discovery Discovery crew’s missionwasto tats s Atlantis, Discovery 3 fsae It hasa space. of he wasagain . The nine- The . Discovery Activity 13 25 Name Date Class

Activity 13 (continued) Originally from California, Ochoa has college degrees in science, physics, and electrical engi- Into the Future neering. She was a good candidate for the NASA Today, Ochoa continues to work with NASA space program because of her achievements in specialists to help them plan and develop the optical and computer research. As a graduate ISS. When she is not in flight training as a shut- student and later, working at Sandia National tle crew member, she works at the Johnson Laboratories in California, she received patents Space Center in Houston. Her duties have on three different optical systems that she had included spacecraft communications and moni- co-invented. The systems use light to convey toring audio from other shuttle missions. information about objects to a computer. The devices can identify objects and pinpoint flaws Ochoa has received many awards for her work in objects. Before joining NASA as an astronaut, and her contributions to science, including the Ochoa worked at the NASA Ames Research NASA Exceptional Service Medal and Outstand- Center in California. There, she managed a ing Leadership Medal. In 1995, she was honored research team of 35 scientists working on space- with The Albert V. Baez Award for Outstanding related computer systems. Technical Contribution to Humanity.

Active Reading 1. What skills made Ochoa a good candidate for NASA’s astronaut program? 2. What was the purpose of Ochoa’s last mission in space? 3. What are some of the advantages of having an international space station?

Alternate Assessment Do research to create a time line showing the progress of the construction of the ISS. Begin your timeline in 1998, when the first piece of the space station was carried into space. Provide brief descriptions on the time line of what was accomplished at each stage. Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill,Copyright Companies, a division of the McGraw-Hill Inc.

26 Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. controlled vehicle. andsonarimages taken by aremote- videos, Shealso studiesseafloorphotos, fissures. research to examine submarine andphotograph she explores theocean bottom inasmall expeditions, During Antarctica to doresearch. to to theNorthern Indian Ocean, Pacific Rise, pressure through theocean thaterupts floor. plates could orthey under becausedby magma tectonic themovement of bea result of might fissures These 1cmto 17cmperyear. average of ocean causetheseafloorto spread ridge an Fissures thathave nearthemid- formed sures. is to determine whatcausestheseseafloorfis- and diverse ecosystems. hydrothermal vents are surrounded by thriving Recent discoveries reveal that into theocean. andthenisforced backout theEarth, face of The water isheated beneaththesur- by magma into intheseafloor calledfissures. cracks are whenocean They formed water seeps sers. Hydrothermal vents are like gey- underwater and hydrothermal vents foundalongthisridge. volcanic andearthquakes. activity because of years andreformed overformed millionsof alongthisseamlikeThe structures have ridge mountainsthatcircle underwater theEarth. of isa70,000km-longrange The mid-ocean ridge alongthemid-oceanand otherstructures ridge. centered around thevolcanic mountainranges the ocean floor. Wright researches andmaps land underwater. Her focusisnotonlandabove water buton Name Date Class Deep-Sea Explorer Dawn Wright— Searching forAnswers The Mid-OceanRidge rgthstaee h ol,from theEast Wright hastraveled theworld, Wright’s research goalsinhermarine One of earthquakes, Wright studiesthevolcanoes, Wright’s research underwater is Much of Dawn Wright andgeographer. isageologist been given thenickname “Deep-sea Dawn.” She’s planets thanmappingtheocean floor. says scientistsknow more aboutmappingthe She collect fromoceanographers theseafloor. andmapthedatasheother interpret, to findnewandbettertries ways to analyze, she As ageographer, and tectonic processes. hydrothermal, relationships between volcanic, on marine GIS. on marine Wright alsowasthefirstto complete abook that. thefirstscientistsinNorth toAmerica do one of makingher vehicle andsuccessfully appliedGIS, datacollected by adeep-sea she took asetof In 1991, to locate objectslostontheocean floor. wasused GISprimarily marine those earlyyears, In forherdoctorate1990s whilestudying degree. oceanography. to thefieldof GISissomewhatnew However, developments. thebestlocationfornewhousing to identifying from mappingendangered species everything GIS isusedfor Today, satellites into maps. scientists convert gathered by information software thathelp programs tion systems (GIS), Mapping theSeafloor sagooit Wright isinterested inthe As ageologist, Wright wasintroduced to GISintheearly Wright informa- ongeographic isanexpert Oceanographer DawnWright Activity 14 27 Name Date Class

Activity 14 (continued) As an authority on GIS, Wright continues to One drawback to using GIS underwater it research how to apply GIS to deep-sea data. that it is expensive. The process also is not very GIS maps can show oceanographers where geo- good at interpreting three-dimensional data. logical occurrences, such as hydrothermal vents Wright continues to work with computers to and fissures occur. These maps also can show develop software that can convert data for use temperature, ocean currents, and chemistry with the GIS system. changes in the water.

Active Reading 1. What particular challenge does GIS pose to oceanographers? 2. Why do oceanographers such as Wright study fissures? 3. What might cause the seafloor to change? Alternate Assessment Using research to find a map of the ocean floor, make a three-dimensional model, putting in the fissures. You could use papier-mâché, plaster of paris, or come up with your own way to show your map in three dimensions. Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill,Copyright Companies, a division of the McGraw-Hill Inc.

28 Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. could constellations. beusedto lookatparticular hadholesintheirceilings that observatories Some astronomical events. particular observe the equator, the stars rise andsetata90 thestarsrise the equator, At thestarsseemto move incircles. the poles, Near in differentobservers latitudesonEarth. thestarslookdifferent to The movements of unaidedobservation. and Sun through direct, such asthe Aztecs. other civilizations, and the365-day calenderwere later adopted by The260-day calendar different pointsinthesky. theSun to based ontheapparent movement of anda260-day calendar theplanet Venus, of also hada104-year almanacbasedonthecycles But theMaya calendar thatwas365days long. thefirstcultures to develop anannual one of Maya The were astronomers. and becameexpert calendars (different onesfordifferent purposes) developed They theSun andMoon. the cycles of theMaya measured timeby observing America, ple such astheMaya. peo- anditwasamajorconcern of plex matter, Measuring itisacom- aruler. measured with not aphysical or objectthatcanbeweighed But timeis time. keeping of track methods of Ourdailylives revolve around our our world. andbusschedules fill school schedules, alarms, Name Date Class throughout theyear. ondifferent dates as atree oramountain, such landmark, close thestaristo aparticular notinghow this by watching astaratnight, An cansee observer theyear. ing onthetimeof depend- andsetvaries appearsto rise the Sun, and setatabouta70 thestarsappeared to rise soto them, equator, TheMaya lived nearthe from thehorizon. The Maya—KeepersofTime Careful Observation h aalandaottesas Moon, The Maya aboutthestars, learned Approximately 1,750years agoinCentral radio digital wallclocks, Wrist watches, The Maya usedto observatories designed h xc on hr ahsa,including The exact pointwhere each star, o angle. o angle disappears in thenorthwest. and it appears inthenortheast point, northern whenthe Sun isatitshighest summer solstice, At the and daywhen night are thesamelength. andautumnequinoxes,west only atthespring exactly to theeastanddisappearsexactly to the the Sun appears in which theMaya lived, from andsetsvaries seasontorises season. the exact spotonthehorizon where theSun but always intheeastandsetswest, rises appears to move intwo different ways—it TheSun theSun. of reflect their observation the Mayan calendars Two of develop calendars. day andto thetimeof omy to of keep track symbols forthemonthanddaylineup. sprockets. Eachdaythewheelsareturnedbyoneplace,and The Mayancalendarsinterlockwiththealmanaclike directly through thetubeinto theroom below. theSun’s would shine light Then, in thesky. exact date whentheSun reached point itshighest could they determine the Thisway, observatories. The Maya tubesto their sight addedvertical What timeisit? In the latitudes of the northern hemisphere thenorthern In thelatitudesof astron- The Maya usedtheirknowledge of Activity 15 29 Name Date Class

Activity 15 (continued) At the winter solstice, when the Sun is at its of the Sun hides the light of Venus. most southern point, it appears in the southeast Next, Venus reappears as an evening star, just and disappears in the southwest. before dark. Gradually, it appears later and farther away from the Sun, then it moves back toward the Venus Rising and Setting Sun. Venus disappears for a week before it once again begins its predawn appearances. The Maya also developed an almanac based on the movements of the planet Venus. Venus is Venus was important to the Maya because its so bright that sometimes it can be seen even in rising and setting was so closely connected with daylight. For this reason, Venus sometimes is the Sun. The Venus almanac included 65 cycles called the morning star. of Venus. During the time of the year when Venus is a The Maya also used their knowledge of morning star, it appears just before dawn. The astronomy to create interesting visual effects in first time that Venus appears this way, it rises their architecture. The Mayan pyramid at directly above the Sun. Gradually, Venus Chichén Itzá was positioned so that twice a year, appears earlier and farther away from the Sun, at the sunset of the spring and fall equinoxes, then it moves back toward the Sun again. For viewers could see the illusion of the body of a eight weeks, Venus disappears because the light snake descending the north stairs.

Active Reading 1. How did the Maya use astronomy to tell time? 2. Why might early people have been so concerned with telling time? 3. How do you think the Maya decided that a solar year is about 365 days long? 4. The Maya had no telescopes to assist with their observations. How do you think their direct, unaided astronomical observations were made easier with the use of an observatory?

Alternate Assessment Create a star chart with naked-eye astronomy, using the same techniques as the Maya. Choose a particular star, planet, or the Moon. Chart the apparent rising and setting of your star, planet, or the Moon everyday for a least a month, by observing how close it rises or sets to a feature on the horizon, such as a mountain, tree or building. Hint: If you live in the city, stars will be hard to see. In this case, choose a bright object such as the Moon Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill,Copyright Companies, a division of the McGraw-Hill Inc.

30 Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. a Russian missionto thatmoon. atlaswasusedinplanning This Mars. moons of the oneof Phobos, to make aphoto atlas of atadistance—methods to information gather Sheusedremote sensingtechniques— Jupiter. andtheGalileomissionto explore Mercury, theHermes missionto explore outer planets, Viking space missionsto explore Mars andthe includethe They tant projects attheJPL. the space shuttle. in thepastto become amissionspecialiston soshehasapplied wanted to beanastronaut, Ocampohasalways interests inspace science. pursuingher through college andever since, Shehasworked there California. Pasadena, in job attheJet Propulsion (JPL) Laboratory shegotasummer school, junior year inhigh After her her familywhenshewas15years old. andcameto theUnited States with Argentina, come from to space. Earth well asobjectssuch asmeteorites thathave as andasteroids, comets, moons, stars, planets, of study thegeology geologists Planetary nia. Califor- Jet Propulsion inPasadena, Laboratory andscience outreach programs. boards, professional tion inteaching conferences, aswell asforherparticipa- space andonEarth, in both forherworkentist isknown ingeology, Thisexceptional sci- crater inthe Yucatan area. or holes, sink- wasthefirstto recognize of aring entist, awell-known andrespected sci- Ocampo Uria, Adriana dinosaurs. caused theextinction of have whatmight to of aconvincingity theory Name Date Class Making anImpact Adriana Ocampo— Exploring SurfacesinSpace Her InterestsStartedEarly cmohswre nanme fimpor- Ocampo hasworked onanumber of in inColombiaOcampo wasborn andraised atNASA’s geologist Ocampo isaplanetary A discovery madein1988islendingcredibil- cenotes, surrounding alargeimpact hcxlb after aMayan builtthere. village Chic-xulub, crater isnow The called asteroid impact. an Peninsula in Mexico of beasign might sinkholesinthe Yucatán of thataring ognize anasteroid impact. crater of were They hunting forthe really occurred. needed to thatsuch animpact findevidence scientists To confirm it, a convincing theory. It was would beextinctions allacross theglobe. Thefinaloutcome photosynthesis would halt. wouldtemperatures fallso low onEarth that As aresult, from blockinglight theSun. phere, would andgases have shotinto theatmos- dust, Soot, could have covered entire continents. would have released thatfires somuch energy Theimpact destructive tsunamis. and huge, The modelprojected earthquakes enormous models to seewhatsuch animpactwould do. developed computerworking on thetheory Thescientists a comet orasteroid Earth. struck Traces oftheCrater Models ofEarth’sPast n18,Ocampowasthe first personto rec- In 1988, toOcampo alsogathered prove evidence that Scientist AdrianaOcampo Activity 16 31 Name Date Class

Activity 16 (continued) Now, together with an international group of that was ejected, or “splashed” out, when the scientists, Ocampo is studying the crater, which comet or asteroid hit. By studying these rocks, stretches more than 200 km across. In or scientists can learn more about the impact and around the crater, scientists have found debris how it may have affected living things long ago. made up of rocks formed by a huge impact. Ocampo also has been involved in efforts to They include fractured quartz crystals, round bring people together to learn about science. glass droplets, and deposits from huge She helped organize the Space Conference of tsunamis. Scientists also have found a layer of the Americas, held in Central and South Amer- melted rock hundreds of meters thick. Tests ica. This conference encouraged countries to have shown that the debris is about 65 million learn more about the planetary sciences and to years old, placing its arrival at around the time cooperate in the peaceful use of space. In addi- that dinosaurs became extinct. tion, she also works with international student Most of Chicxulub crater lies beneath layers exchange programs and mentoring programs in of sediments up to 1,000 m thick. Ocampo order to involve others in science. discovered an area that could be studied more easily. This area is part of the “ejecta blanket”—a layer of matter around the surface of the crater

Active Reading 1. What kinds of evidence support the theory that a comet or asteroid hit Earth 65 million years ago? 2. Explain how a large comet or asteroid hitting Earth could cause extinctions. 3. How might studying the geology of a planet other than Earth help scientists on Earth? 4. Why do you think international cooperation is necessary for the exploration and peaceful use of space?

Alternate Assessment Research the Chicxulub crater. Create a drawing showing the different geological features of the crater. Hint: Include geographic features such as cities and oceans to show the size of the crater. Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill,Copyright Companies, a division of the McGraw-Hill Inc.

32 Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. people knewthatfloods would come soon. the this starfirstreappeared intheeastern sky, When which we callSirius. the starSothis, of watched fortherising theEgyptians flooding, To forecast the andoverflowto rise itsbanks. rainy seasonfarsouthin caused theNileAfrica the Every year aboutJune, and onthedelta. lived inthenarrowEgyptians Nile River Valley theearly Most of soil. rich fan-shaped deltaof the Nile splitsinto several streams to a form thegreat pyramids, North of through Egypt. theriver flows About 960kmof Sea. ranean flows over to theMediter- 6,400kmnorth andsculptures. temples, stunning pyramids, through Theirculture expressed itself death. thatemphasized andareligion lifeafter guage, lan- awritten developed anationalgovernment, theearlyEgyptians theirfields, by thewealth of Supported aged peopleto settleincommunities. encour- food, tremendous suppliesof yielded which land, Thefertile advanced ancientculture. theNile gave to ahighly rise India andPakistan, rivers inMesopotamia andtheIndus River in theNile.” ate calledEgypt whenthey “the of gift didnotexagger- Earlyhistorians crops to market. their andhelpedthemcarry their farmlands Theriver irrigated loomed beyond theirfields. thered landthat Deshret, sandsof the desert would haveancient Egypt beenswallowed upby thepeopleof itsyearlydeposited during flood, Without thesoilthatNile the Nile River. soiloneithersideof dark rich, of narrow strip afittingnameforthe meaning theblackland, great culture. this have waters might rising of ledto therise the In fact, did. what theancientEgyptians instinctivelymight say but thisisexactly “no,” famous foritsyearly flooding?Many people Name Date Class The Ancient,RisingNile A FertileFoundation The Nile hasitssource incentral and Africa andEuphrates theTigris As wasthecasewith calledthislandKemet,The ancientEgyptians Would you consider next living to ariver The NileRiverflowsnorthintotheMediterraneanSea. transportation. People continued to dependonitforfoodand floodingandreceding. repeated itscycles of theNile into hadfallen ruins, civilization low took andharvesting place. theriver water was theyear, the lastseasonof Deficiency, During people usedforclothing. white fabric linen—thecool, thesource of flax, aswell as andmelons, grapes, beans, onions, also grew lettuce, They two crops ayear. possibly andwheat, barley grew largecrops of thefarmers Here, silt. fertile of behind astrip thewater away when drained andleft ber, ThisseasonbeganaboutSeptem- seeds. sowing thetimefor Next cameGoingForth, flooding. ortheseasonof FirstwasInundation, seasons. 365 days itinto atthispointanddivided three N The ThreeSeasons o huad fyears after ancientEgyptian For thousandsof begantheircalendarof The Egyptians Nile Delta Mediterranean Sea Aswan HighDam

Nil e Riv er Cairo Suez Canal Nasser Lake 0 400 km 200 0 Sea Red Activity 17 33 Name Date Class

Activity 17 (continued) Damming the Nile has proven a mixed bless- Stopping the Flood Cycle ing, however. The silt that for thousands of Then, in 1968, the Aswan High Dam went into years enriched fields is no longer deposited at operation and stopped the Nile’s floods that some the Nile’s mouth, so farmers must use expensive considered damaging to Egyptian farms. The 111- fertilizers on their lands. The fertilizers increase m-high dam blocks off the Nile about 680 km the amount of salt in the soil. When these fertil- south of Cairo. Extending south behind the dam izers wash into the river, they kill fish. is Lake Nasser, a 4,030 km2 reservoir. The Mediterranean shoreline at the delta of Creating the Aswan High Dam was a monu- the Nile is eroding away because it is no longer mental task and caused controversy. Whole vil- replenished by silt deposits. Also, growing cities lages of people had to be moved from their cover precious soil with concrete. A disease ancestral homes, because their land would be caused by snail-infesting worms has increased submerged under the waters of Lake Nasser among Egyptians, probably because the irriga- once the dam was complete. tion canals, where the snails thrive, are full of water all year round. The water of Lake Nasser is now used to gen- erate electricity and irrigate fields year round. While breaking the chain of flooding and Farmers can plant as many as three crops a year drought is in some ways a great benefit, it may without fear of losing them to flooding, and take years before people know whether the Egypt has doubled its agricultural output. In benefits truly outweigh the problems the dam times of drought, the waters stored by the dam has created. are used for irrigation to prevent crop failures.

Active Reading 1. What is the connection between rivers, agriculture, and civilization? 2. Why did the ancient Egyptians develop a calendar? 3. What are some advantages to placing a dam in the Nile? What are some disadvantages? 4. Do you think that building the Aswan High Dam was a good thing? Explain.

Alternate Assessment Make a model with which you can demonstrate to your class the yearly flooding of the Nile River in ancient times. Then, modify your model to show the effect of the Aswan High Dam on the flooding. Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill,Copyright Companies, a division of the McGraw-Hill Inc.

34 Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. within arelativelywithin narrow range. furnaces carefully to keep the temperature smelters must control their at about1,540°C, melts Since iron itself liquid atabout1,150°C. asa to off run meltandbegin These impurities byiron removing further unwanted minerals. second The the step purifies around 800°C. Thishappensat theore. makes upmuch of the oxygen from thecompound iron oxide that removes calledreduction, Thefirst step, tures. from ore andrequires tempera- extremely high wereiron imports scarce. techniques usedduring World War IIwhen ancientsmelting remembered of therevival them fewof A to modern forhelp. Africans archaeologists turned early madeiron, Africans outhow In figuring clay were bricks discovered. round furnaces madefrom sun-dried 23tall, of theremains inRwanda, Not faraway, furnaces. these earlyIron Age peopleto buildsmelting clay thathadbeenusedby bricks unearthed Zaire southern theBahunde peopleof 1950s, In theearly iron to make tools andweapons. used They hadmasteredria thistechnology. nearwhatistodayAfrica known asLake Victo- a complex calledsmelting. technology involved however, Turning itinto ausefulform, Themetalwasplentiful. hadavailable. they usingonlythesimplematerials metalworking, at andbecameexperts refined theirmethods, experimented, They andart. weapons, tools, andshapedinto separated, could bemined, discovered, they Theore, calledore. formations mixed inrock minerals with in Earth’s crust, thatmetalswerepeople beganlearning plentiful communities of inplaces over all theworld, ally, Gradu- butitwasenormous. change happened, Name Date Class of Metalworking The AncientAfricanArt Hot EnoughtoSmelt Finding Evidence The smeltingprocess removes metallic iron inEast peopleliving About 2,500years ago, No oneknows exactly whenorwhere the smelters removed iron from thefurnace. When temperature the necessary wasreached, the charcoal. the temperature raising of inside, were clay fitted with pipessoaircould beforced thefurnace Holes around the bottom of charcoal. ore layers alternated with of layers of Inside, builtover bricks sun-dried pits. tall shaftsof Thefurnaces consisted of the smeltingfurnaces. fueled madefrom localtrees, charcoal, burning Hot- came from thesurrounding hillsides. Iron ore needed forsmeltingcloseathand. A This YorubanbronzesculptureofanIfekingwasmadebetween . D 1100and . Early iron smelters had everything they Early iron smelters hadeverything A . D .1300 andstands47cmhigh. Activity 18 35 Name Date Class

Activity 18 (continued) Bronze Sculptures Lost-Wax Method Iron was not the only metal that early Africans In both Ife and Benin, bronze sculptures were skilled at working. Hundreds of years ago were made by casting—pouring molten metal in West Africa, artists used bronze—copper into a mold. The technique they used, the lost- alloyed with other metals—to make stunning wax method, took great skill. The artist made sculptures. In Ife, the sacred city of the Yoruba a core sculpture from clay. This core sculpture people of Nigeria, wonderful figures, probably of was then coated with about a centimeter of royal leaders, and handsome, naturalistic heads beeswax. The artist sculpted details on the wax were produced sometime between A.D. 1100 and layer and then covered the wax with another A.D. 1450. The heads may have played a part in layer of clay. The wax was “lost” by roasting funeral or other religious ceremonies. the head, which burned away the wax but not Not far from Ife was the city of Benin, the cap- the clay. Melted bronze was then poured into ital of a powerful kingdom. In the 16th century, the space where the wax had been. When the Benin artists also produced superb bronze sculp- bronze cooled, the clay was removed to reveal tures, including full figures and heads. The heads a timeless tribute to the artistic and metal- were memorials honoring dead Benin rulers. working skill of Africa.

Active Reading 1. How did early iron smelters control the temperature in the furnaces? 2. Why do you think furnaces were made from clay? 3. What kinds of iron tools and weapons do you think were made in Africa 2,500 years ago? 4. What do you think are some properties of metal that would make it a good material for tools, weapons, and sculptures?

Alternate Assessment Use the information presented above and some additional research to make an exhibit about bronze sculptures from West Africa. Be sure to include diagrams showing the process of lost- wax casting. Artists today still use this method of producing bronze sculpture. Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill,Copyright Companies, a division of the McGraw-Hill Inc.

36 Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. casdidu,te etbd frock salt. leftbedsof they up, oceans dried when throughout history, Also, intoturn vapor. causing itto boiled theseawater inthickbowls, They had amethodforspeedinguptheprocess. theMaya andtheChinese assistance from humans, climate without dry slowly inahot, evaporates water Although leaving thesaltbehind. evaporate, seawater isletinto shallow pondsandallowed to In many places around theworld, 3.5 percent salt. Seawater isabout obtainingsalt. methodof known oiswtoti,ourcells would burst. it, bodies—without thecells inour maintain thewater content of helps Salt andmuscles whattonerves do. impulsesthattell our electrical contains carry thatit Thesodium and thechloride need salt. ourbodiesactually In fact, food. digestion of alsoaidsthe Salt preserve foodsforthewinter. foodsandto used saltto improve theflavor of peoplehave years agoupto thepresent time, of From thousands people throughout theworld. tant role inboththedietsandeconomies of hasplayed animpor- as water from theocean, Name Date Class Like SaltintheBank to replacethesalt-carryinganimals. In SaharanAfrica,saltisstillcarried fromsaltminestocitiesbycamelcaravans.However,fastertrucks carryinglargerlo Where’s theSalt? oa vprto fseawater isthe oldest of Solar evaporation almostasplentiful One substance onEarth, their need to transport saltto Rome.their needto transport reasons theRomans builtsomany roads was the Historic records suggestthatone of trade. thesalt of theimportance examples of with filled is History most inlandareas forit. hadto trade butpeoplewholived in salt, of areas hadplenty livedmain reason who isthatpeople incoastal why wasitonce asprecious asgold?The world, comes from theLatinword forsalt, wordmon thattheEnglish forwages, Thispractice wassocom- their wagesinsalt. Roman builtroads soldierswho were often paid andthe salt, even madetheircoins outof TheancientChinese forgold. that itwastraded The BusinessofSalt umr leaving salt bedsbehind. summer, seawater upinthe fills with anddries inthewinter alake calledtheMata In Spain, rock saltaswell. Lakes canbeasource of it. to make housesoutof there issomuch rock saltthatpeopleused Africa, Saharan of In parts ground andabove ground. salthave beenfoundbothunder- These bedsof nacettms saltwasonce sovaluable In ancienttimes, Since there hasalways beensomuch saltinthe ads arebeginning sal. salary, Activity 19 37 Name Date Class

Activity 19 (continued)

Spain, Italy, Greece, and Egypt traded salt By the A.D. 800s, salt had become the T’ang throughout Europe and the Middle East. In Dynasty’s most important source of money. sub-Saharan Africa, the trade city of Timbuktu The T’ang Dynasty also sent unemployed peo- became extremely wealthy from the salt trade. ple to labor in its saltworks. The Italian cities of Genoa, Pisa, and Venice Most European governments began taxing salt also became centers of the trade. Areas that were formed by the evaporation of oceans, such much later. France began to tax salt in the 1600s. as the Danakil Plain in Ethiopia, had a natural The French government required every person business advantage. Residents of the Danakil over the age of eight to buy a certain amount of Plain cut salt from the plain into bars, loaded it salt every week at a fixed price—and to pay a tax into packs, and traveled the country by mule on it. This rule was hard to enforce, and some selling it. In Central America, the Maya traded historians think it added to tensions in France, salt from the coastal areas of Belize to inland contributing to the French Revolution of 1789. parts of southeastern Belize between the years Most governments were not able to tax salt A.D. 250 and A.D. 900. In return for salt, inland very successfully. People living near the coast communities traded ceramic pots and whistles. could make their own salt, and people inland Because salt was valuable and everyone bought salt from smugglers. In France, guards needed it, governments considered salt to be an regularly searched people entering the city of ideal substance for tax. The governments of Angers to see if they were bringing in salt. In Rome, Syria, Egypt, and China all regulated the 1494, Spain decreed that anyone caught smug- salt trade for profit. The Chin Dynasty in China gling salt could be shot to death with arrows. began to tax salt in about 200 B.C., probably But smugglers were rarely caught, and govern- becoming the first government to do so. ments were unable to stop the smuggling.

Active Reading 1. Why did the salt trade begin? 2. Why did governments become involved in taxing and regulating the salt trade? 3. Why do you think that salt is no longer as valuable as gold? 4. Do you suppose that Earth could ever run out of salt?

Alternate Assessment Solar evaporation still is used today to produce salt for the salt trade. Make your own salt water by dissolving 10 mL of salt in 50 mL of water, then produce your own salt through slow salt evaporation or by boiling the salt water until the water boils away. Write a lab report ana- lyzing your production process. Note the percentage of salt in the salt water, and the amount of water you must use to obtain a teaspoon of salt. Hint: Be sure to measure the amount of water you start with and the amount of salt you end up with to help you find the percentage of salt in the water. Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill,Copyright Companies, a division of the McGraw-Hill Inc.

38 Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. ol aeo tn,bn,and wood. bone, stone, tools madeof tures have by looking atartifacts) found only Archaeologists (scientists whostudy past cul- the ores commonly usedformakingtools. didnothave they access to make many objects, breaking. without shapes delicate tostrong into carve enough complex, Thismeansthatitis interlocking needles. tiny, you would see thatitismadeupof jadeite, you could examine of thestructure If hard. isextremely to jadeite, scientistsasthemineral known jade, Besides beingbeautiful, cult craft. decorative objects. tools) into detailed, metal theuseof (without carved painstakingly which was One such objectisthegemstone jade, thedead? respectfullyting buried alongwith get- have beenforitto beconsidered worthy of How valuedmust anobject must have helddear. liecluesastokings whatobjectstheearlyMaya Name Date Class Jade—Gemstone ofKings This jadefigureofaMayangodstandsabout10cmtall. The ArtofCarving Although the MayaAlthough usedcopper andgoldto adiffi- Mayan were jadecarvers masters of Mayan Sealed away tombs intheburial of bv l,cr,theirmainfood. corn, above all, and squash, beans, grew tomatoes, farmers Mayan templestopped to with theirmany gods. builtgreat stone They pyramids their history. lives events in andimportant theirrulers’ of system helpedthemkeep recordsTheir writing the starsandplanets. the exact movements of toastronomical andlearned predict observers were They great great dealaboutmathematics. knewa they carvers, addition to beingexpert The king might even be buried with thecarving. with even beburied The kingmight onacord.powerful wear thecarving kingmight a could take inthefactthatsomeday, pride buttheartist work must have seemedendless, The would smoothness. bepolishedto aglassy thestone Next, wood orbone. madeof drills cords sandinto rubbing itwith orwith piece, would thenusethesamemethodto shapethe Theartist a piece. cuttingoff hard mineral, the cord andsandwould wear agroove inthe theactionof Gradually, sandandwater. gritty Thecord apaste would of bewet with stone. green cord across achunk backandforth of a h piiee fpyn ag ae.Aslave paying largetaxes. of had the “privilege” Peasants also worked hard very and hauling. or plowing did nothave animalscapable of becausetheMayawere infarming important They themanual labor. Slaves didmostof ety. were into born theirpositions orclassesinsoci- AlmostallMaya servants. andcivil merchants, such ascraftspeople, bygrouped profession, People were andpriests. warriors, nobles, between theyears thatreachedgreat civilization point itshigh TheearlyMaya developed a Central America. in citiespresent-day Mexico southern and Layers ofSociety The CulturalScene A Mayan would a sitpatientlyrubbing artist aa oit nldssae,peasants, Mayan includesslaves, society years ago The earlyMaya lived hundreds of A.D. 250 and A.D. 0.In 900. Activity 20 39 Name Date Class

Activity 20 (continued) or a peasant would never own jade or any other Mayan carvers fashioned jade into many forms valuable object that symbolized status. Nobles of jewelry, such as strings of beads, earrings, and made up the upper classes and warriors were a pendants. Pendants are little carvings that hang special, well-respected class of their own. The from strings or chains worn as necklaces. Some- warriors protected the Maya from their ene- times the Maya made larger sculptures out of mies. And, Mayan priests—the most cherished jade, such as a 15-cm head of the Sun god found of all people—were in charge of religion, gov- in the Central American country Belize. The ernment, and trade. Maya gave some of their finest jade objects to the gods as offerings. Some of the best-quality stones, The Value of Jade however, are the ones found in graves, alongside the bodies of rulers and other nobles. To the Maya, the most precious of all sub- stances was not gold or silver, but jade. The value of jade to the early Maya was Although the rare gemstone comes in a variety based on more than its beauty and rarity. The of colors, such as pale green or light purple, the rich green gemstone stood for life itself. Jade’s Maya most prized jade stones that were a typical green color is the same as that of the translucent emerald green. Translucent means husks on growing ears of corn. According to the that some light passes through the stone, giving Mayan story of Earth’s creation, the Popol Vuh, it a deep, mysterious glow. Translucent green humans are created from corn. Some think that jade resembles the quetzal bird, whose feathers jade’s color also reminded the Maya of deep were used as currency. pools of life-giving water.

Active Reading 1. What might jade have symbolized to the Maya? 2. What color is jadeite? 3. Why was it so difficult for Mayan workers to carve jade into jewelry and other objects? 4. Why do you think that the early Maya thought it was important to bury their dead with objects carved from jade?

Alternate Assessment People often have given special meaning to rare and beautiful minerals and gemstones. Find out more about some of these minerals and gemstones and what they have meant to different civilizations. Make an illustrated wall chart or poster displaying their meanings. Hint: You may want to use pictures of minerals and gems cut from old magazines and catalogs? Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill,Copyright Companies, a division of the McGraw-Hill Inc.

40 Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. world, especially in less industrialized nations. inlessindustrialized especially world, amore attractiveenergy optionaround the makingsolar lower costs andgreater efficiency, improvements have insolartechnology ledto Continued power to lastupto five sunless days. be stored thatcanholdenough inbatteries Unused can energy when theSun isatitspeak. power frompanel cangenerate 30to 60wattsof Onesolar the Sun to collect theSun’s energy. Asolarpanelistilted toward current. electric from into electrons— moving sunlight energy Thesecells convert solar-powered calculators. such astheonesusedin cells, or photovoltaic, many solar, Asolar panelismadeupof panel. into electricity. insunlight the energy 23percent which canturn of efficient system, creating avery follow theSun across thesky, allow devices thesolarcollectorstracking to Electronic thatproducesturbine electricity. Thesteam thenpowers a and to heatsteam. rored dishesto concentrate theSun’s energy mir- (curved) usesparabolic neered inIsrael, pio- Onesolardesign, interest insolarenergy. helpedrevive prices andgasolineshortages access wasguaranteed by to sunlight law. to theRomans wassoimportant that energy Solar andgreenhouses. baths, theirhomes, warm solarheatingto to increase theeffectiveness of theGreeks—using windows glass ods to thoseof TheRomans later meth- addedtheirown coal. such aswood andchar- more costly fuels, use of Such planning helpedtheGreeks reduce their would by bewarmed theSun’s rays inwinter. built theirhousesfacingsouthsothatthey theGreeks In ancienttimes, theSun. power of peoplehave usedthe years, but forthousandsof powered seemlike topic, homesmight amodern Name Date Class Harnessing Sunshine Solar Panels Catching SomeRays ipe yeo solarcollector isthesolar of A simplertype oil high the1970s, during later, Centuries Harnessing solarpower andbuildingsolar- oiia eulc small solarpanels(1-m Dominican Republic, inthe villages infarming For example, that. andpower. forlight andbatteries lamps, kerosene usedieselgenerators, nities generally peopleintheseisolated commu- Instead, lines. there are nopower plantsoraccess to power these peoplelive inremote areas where rural Many of electricity. areple who without still powerbringing to themore peo- than2billion mounted solarsystems to generate electricity. and otherdeveloping nationswere usingrooftop- Lanka, Sri South America, Indonesia, in Mexico, battery forlater use. battery power electrical theextra canbestored ina day, the At theendof current forhouseholduse. theSun’ssolar panelsturn rays into electric The houses. have beeninstalledontheroofs of This womaninIndiafillsapotwithwaterfromsolarpump. Solar PowerAroundtheWorld A simple solar energy system canchange all A simplesolarenergy role canplay in animportant Solar energy more than200,000homes By theearly1990s, Activity 21 2 41 ) Name Date Class

Activity 21 (continued) As part of an ambitious solar energy pro- Solar Power in India gram, many farming communities install solar- Solar energy also has transformed lives in powered water pumps. With the newly available remote Himalayan villages in northern India. water, farmers can produce more food to feed Before the arrival of solar power, villagers had to their families and to sell at market. use diesel generators to produce electricity. But diesel fuel was costly and hard to transport into A Sunny Future these mountain villages, and it polluted the envi- ronment. Villagers now have solar panels that The future of solar energy looks bright as provide the electricity they need—a renewable, well. The United Nations declared 1996–2005 low-cost, and nonpolluting source of energy. the “World Solar Programme” in an effort to Solar power can do more than just light and promote the use of Sun power worldwide. heat homes. In other areas of India, engineers Through this program, the United Nations have put solar power to use in agriculture. There planned to create an international network of are more than 90 million small farms in India, centers for solar education and research. In where farmers often cannot access water during addition, American scientists say solar-powered the dry summer months. Although water exists satellites may become a major source of energy from the ground that could be used for irriga- in the next few decades. Transmitting solar tion, farmers need power in order to pump it energy from space to Earth could reduce this from the ground to the fields. Villagers and solar country’s reliance on fossil fuels. technicians have found a solar solution for this.

Active Reading 1. How is solar power collected? 2. What are some of the possible drawbacks of relying on solar power? 3. Why do you think people all over the world have tried to harness solar power? 4. People in many less-industrialized countries use kerosene lanterns for light. Kerosene is a petroleum oil product. What reasons might there be for these people to use solar power instead?

Alternate Assessment One way that solar energy is used in many parts of the world is to heat water. Using simple materials and working in a small group, design and test a solar water heater of your own. Share your design with your classmates. Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill,Copyright Companies, a division of the McGraw-Hill Inc.

42 Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. peans in everything from to religion sports. peans ineverything theEuro- islanders soonfollowed the ways of the andtheKapu dead, all theking, the festival, With tournaments weresporting abandoned. surfing andother three-month celebration of which were calledthekapu. and regulations, Hawaiianpublicly goingagianst society’s rules heputanendto Hawaiian by traditions throne, When theking’s eldestsontook the ing habits. contributed to thedelcineinpre-European surf- Hawaii’s King Kamehameha in1819also death of The were abandoned. such assurfing, ditions, Hawaiian tra- As aresult, over Hawaiian customs. thesport. of on thepopularity remarked they reached theislandsin1700s, pean and explorersAmerican andmissionaries When Euro- recreation inHawaii. flourished Surfing for asport. became naturally, waves, the riding early surfersdeveloped theirskills, As these the beach intheday’s to bring catch. canoes over theoffshore coral reefs andbackto Island usedthewaves fishermen to propel their working—catchingdo with fish—than playing. surfingprobably hadmore to The earlydays of 400. Marquesas Islands to Hawaii around a.d. from firstmigrated the themwhenthey with ThePolynesians likely brought thesport Pacific. islandsinthewestern early timesinPolynesia, themdid. butthat’s justwhatsomeof times, onsurfboardsriding intheocean before modern people to thinkof besurprising It might water. ing themto the findaway alongwith to ride tempt- called to peoplethroughout thecenturies, tance neartheshore andcrashing must have Foaming ocean waves inthedis- rumbling resist. Name Date Class Pioneers oftheSurf Surfing’s Decline Work BeforePlay htswe vrtigcagd Even a That’s changed. everything when lifetook European ways of the1800s, During thewaves riding probably beganin of The art The scene must have beentoo tantalizingto ited surfing activities. Wearing European clothingalsolim- ter spent. leisure thought timecouldbecause they bebet- inpart, didthis, They discouraged surfing. ular, in partic- European missionaries, the islanders. were happy to have theircustoms embraced by to thenewEuropean culture andtheEuropeans ing’s declined again. popularity surf- hediedin1891, when However, reborn. was surfing his17-year reign, During surfing. and thehula dance, such asmusic, traditions, Thekingwanted to reintroduce Hawaiian 1874. Hawaiian DukeKahanamokuhelpedtoreviveinterestinsurfing. Brief Revival oeo theHawaiian peoplewere attracted Some of e ig ai aaaa waselected in David Kalakaua, A newking, Activity Bishop Museum 22 43 Name Date Class

Activity 22 (continued) Since then, the sport has spread and today, Duke Kahanamoku people surf along the coasts of Hawaii, North Early Hawaiian surfboards were long, nar- America, Australia, Peru, and South Africa. row, and carved from solid wood. Some boards Modern surfboards are generally short, made of were as long as 5.5 m and weighed as much as molded plastic reinforced with fiberglass and 68 kg. By the early 1900s, only a few surfers resin, and weigh just 11 kg. were riding the waves, mostly in the Waikiki area of Oahu. Waves for Surfing Then, in 1910, a Hawaiian swimmer named The best conditions for surfing occur when Duke Kahanamoku introduced a 3-m-long large, smooth ocean waves meet reefs or sandbars board on the beach at Waikiki and helped 90 m to 900 m offshore. The longest rides are usu- revive interest in surfing. Besides being a first- ally found where the ocean bottom is gently slop- class surfer, Kahanamoku was one of the ing. Surfing waves originate thousands of world’s fastest swimmers. He won a gold medal kilometers out in the ocean. Winds blowing across in swimming at the 1912 Olympics. the surface of the ocean create most ocean waves. On his way to the games, Kahanamoku stopped As a wave nears the shore, the bottom of the wave in southern California and displayed his surfing is slowed by the friction of the ocean floor, while the top of the wave continues to move forward at skill before delighted crowds along the beaches. As its original speed. Eventually, the top of the wave a result, people in the mainland United States “breaks” or spills over the bottom of the wave, cre- began to take up surfing. In 1915, Kahanamoku ating surf. These are the types of waves that lured inspired people in Australia to begin surfing. early surfers off the beach and into the water.

Active Reading 1. How did surfing get started? 2. What caused surfing to spread throughout the world? 3. How could knowledge of the ocean floor help surfers? 4. Hawaii has some of the best surfing beaches in the world. What conditions do you think make Hawaiian beaches so perfect for surfing?

Alternate Assessment In a large, flat-bottomed plastic container, build a model of a section of ocean floor and seashore that would be a good location for surfing. Add water to your model and use a flat board, such as a ruler, to create waves. If a plastic container is not available to you, make a drawing of a cross section of ocean floor that would be ideal for surfing. Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill,Copyright Companies, a division of the McGraw-Hill Inc.

44 Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. onr.In the1970sand country. the of part the southern oil hasbeendiscovered in Since then, Mexico. of Gulf found onthecoast alongthe Mexico’s oilwells were oiltocrude othercountries. its of abouthalf exports Mexico United States. pipelinesinthe up with Pipelinesalsojoin Mexico. and othercitiesincentral the largestcitiesinworld, one of ucts to Mexico City, pipelines move theseprod- Oilandgas United States. oilto crude the and thelargestsupplierof oil Mexico of istheninthlargestexporter Today, nationalized itsoilproduction in1938. ducer intheworld. Mexico isthefifthlargestoilpro- and roads. hospitals, Theprofits helppay forschools, ucts. andoil-basedprod- gas, natural Mexico’s oil, Thegovernment’s oilcompany produces ment. the oilbusinessiscontrolled by thegovern- however, In Mexico, wells andoilcompanies. fromvisitors othercountries. brought inevenThey more thandid money into money theMexican economy. great dealof brought a such asgasoline, oil anditsproducts, In the1970sandagaininlate 1990s, jobs. andmore more hospitals, mean more schools, also They wells meanmore thanlow-cost gas. oil flowing For Mexicans, exchange currency. thenation’s foreign- about 70percent of makes up petroleum, Thatproduct, years. Mexican nationaleconomy over thepast100 Name Date Class Oil—Mexico’s PrimaryExport A NationalConcern nteery10s mostof In theearly1900s, Mexico beganproducing oilin1901and private oil businessesown In mostcountries, the One resource hasshapedthecourse of N well through thiscentury. to itstotal last enough oilandowns fifth of estimate thatMexico hasproduced onlyone- They to gas befoundinMexico. and natural Most believe there geologists ismuch more oil the Yucatán [yoo kuhTAN] Peninsula. off Mexico of Guatemalan border andintheGulf oilwasdiscovered new nearthe early 1980s, ural gasmarket.ural expanding Mexico’s nat- tiful andthere’s talkof Marine resources are plen- oil andproducts. sothatitwon’tindustries bedependentonjust Mexico wantsto develop other to diversify. That’s whentheMexican government decided socialprograms. forimportant had lessmoney andthegovernment and domesticinflation, Mexico debt foregin wasburdened with 1970s, oilfellinthemid- When of theprice grams. andotherpro- hospitals, forschools, money the were usedto supplyalmost40percent of oiland The loanswere of basedontheprice an oil-producer to take outinternational loans. The NeedToDiversify nteps,Mexico relied onitsstrength as In thepast, Refineries Production zones Points ofsale Pipelines Petrochemical centers Ocean routes Natural gasprocessing Activity 23 45 Name Date Class

Activity 23 (continued) The government of Mexico has launched Oil Pollutes environmental prevention and cleanup pro- Besides financial problems, the oil business grams, and has increased its monitoring and has caused environmental problems for Mexico. inspection efforts. Searching for oil and pumping it out of the ground has spoiled huge areas of land and Economic Solutions marshes. Oil wells can leak. Oil tankers can accidentally spill millions of gallons of oil into Some things about Mexico’s state-run oil nearby waters. Improper waste disposal can company are changing. It will continue its damage the land and the drinking water. Pro- efforts to find more oil and dig wells to bring it duction of chemicals that use oil as an ingredi- to the surface. However, leaders in the govern- ent can harm rain forests. ment who took office in 2000 are making Mexico and its trading partners, particularly efforts to end the government’s monopoly on the United States and Canada, recently have petroleum. In addition, Mexico plans to started many programs to protect Mexico’s increase its use and development of natural gas environment. For example, the North American to reduce its reliance on oil. This move Commission for Environmental Cooperation stemmed primarily from the need to use oversees programs to protect the environment cleaner fuel in order to improve the environ- from chemical pollution. It also provides funds ment. Natural gas likely will become the pri- to communities to help them carry out local mary fuel for producing electricity in Mexico. environmental programs.

Active Reading 1. Where has oil been found in Mexico? 2. Based on geologists’ predictions, what will happen to Mexico’s oil economy? 3. Explain why Mexico’s state-run oil company is an important part of life in Mexico. 4. How is the oil industry a problem for Mexico?

Alternate Assessment Products that are made from petroleum oil are called petrochemicals. The most familiar ones are gasoline and motor oil, but there are many others. Research petrochemicals to find out the many everyday products that are made from them. Create a chart of your findings to share with the class. Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill,Copyright Companies, a division of the McGraw-Hill Inc.

46 Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. uk a eti nae f2.6million km2. quake wasfeltinanarea of theearth- In all, dock to break theirmoorings. seiches causeshipsin andDartmouth, terdam, Rot- Amsterdam, At of theports enced seiches. lake andbayevery from Italy to Finlandexperi- theLisbonearthquake, During an earthquake. ally happensinareas farfrom theepicenter of nomenon iscalledaseiche (SAYSH) andusu- Thisphe- bowl thatisrocked backandforth. like water ina and bays wassetinto motion, thewater inlakes andScandinavia, Germany, theNetherlands, Scotland, Ireland, Switzerland, In Italy, areas which were notshaken violently. earthquake measured 8.5andkilled180,000. people thantheLisbonearthquake—the Kansu killedmore China, 1920 earthquake inKansu, Onlythe sured 8.6andkilled20,000people. which mea- Chile, earthquake in Valparaiso, thanthe1906 andmore frightening sured 8.5, which mea- Alaska, earthquake in Anchorage, thanthe1964 times—more modern terrible of earthquakes themostdevastating quake oneof Thatwould make theLisbonearth- aftereffects. theLisbonquake andits people diedbecauseof An estimated 70,000 8.8 ontheRichter scale. think theearthquake would have registered at seismologists there hadbeenany, But if 1755. forten minutes.violently France allwere shaken andthesouthof Africa, North Spain, but inplaces 2,240kmaway. to andfro—not justinLisbon, began swinging andchurch chandeliers earthquake began, at9:40 Then, home ornearthedocks. were at however, Others, holiday. religious a Day, were inchurch becauseitwas All Saints’ area Portugal, peopleintheLisbon, sands of Name Date Class A DayofDestruction Far-Reaching Effects A ModernDisaster People felt theLisbonearthquakeeven in There were inLisbon noseismographs thou- 1755, November 1, of On themorning A.M. ,an sa“alo water.” as a “wall of tsunamicoming A inisoften described bigger. much only itismuch, like wave anormal does, curls over upontheshore—exactly andcrashes 20 timesastalla1.5-m tallperson.)Thenit (Soatsunamiisbetween 6and or even 30m. 18, 9, Thewave canreach of aheight the beach. on sometimesleaving fishstranded ther out, water issucked much far- comes into acoast, When atsunami backin. and thencrashes water becausethetidepulls out momentarily, thewater level is reduced wave comes in, When anormal understand whathappensnext. reachuntil they acoastline. andkeep theearthquake going from thearea of Thesewaves move out ful waves at surface level. churned andproduces by paddle agiant power- itwere being water The reacts asif floor. caused by sudden earthquakes ontheocean Tsunamis are a tsunami(tsewNAH mee)hit. blocked byrubble. an earthquakeandthefirethatfollowed.Thefrontentrancewas More than60peoplewerekilledinSt.Paul’sChurchLisbonby A WallofWater fyuee aebe otebah you can you ever have beento thebeach, If Not long after theLisbonearthquake began, Activity 24 47 Name Date Class

Activity 24 (continued) Tsunamis often are more destructive than the Those parts of Lisbon built on rock were able earthquakes that cause them, and this also was to survive the shock to some extent, but the rest true in Lisbon. In fear of the earthquake, many of the city was nearly destroyed. people crowded along the seashore, where they drowned. In some places, the tsunami caused The Final Act the sea to rise 15 m above its normal level. After the noon earthquake, a fire broke out, After the first shock at Lisbon there were two completing the day’s demolition. The 1755 Lis- more earthquakes. One happened at 10 A.M., 20 min after the first earthquake, and the next bon earthquake prompted the first modern sci- occurred at noon. Both were very violent. entific studies of earthquakes.

Active Reading 1. What is the difference between a seiche and a tsunami? 2. Why do you think that earthquakes are felt so far away from their epicenters? 3. What do you think are the main dangers in an earthquake? If you were in an earthquake, what safety precautions could you take? 4. In Lisbon, houses built on rock survived better than houses built on soil. What other features do you think would help a building survive an earthquake?

Alternate Assessment Why do you think a seiche would occur far from the epicenter of an earthquake, but not at the epicenter itself ? To help you answer this question, fill a cup with water. Then, move the cup up and down. Does a seiche form? Move the cup to the left and right. Does a seiche form? Research the formation of seiches and create a diagram or small model landscape to show the results of your experiment and your answer to the question. Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill,Copyright Companies, a division of the McGraw-Hill Inc.

48 Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. flows toward wells thatpumpitto thesurface. Theoilthen therocks. to flushtheoiloutof substance such orwater asgas into theground Oilcompanies pumpa rocks. in thepores of efficiently from underground reserves. how to recover oilmore tackle theproblem of Thelistinspired Emeagwalito United States. facing the challenges inscience andengineering Thelistincludedthe20greatest government. Emeagwali tappedinto alistcreated by theU.S. While working on adoctorate degree, matics. andappliedmathe- environmental engineering, and civil engineering, ocean andmarine puting, later fourmore earn degrees inscientificcom- He majored inmathematicsandwould States. Oregon State University andmoved to theUnited his determination anddreams. bombed houseswasdifficultbutonlyincreased and abandonedschool buildings, camps, Having to sleepinrefugee asrefugees. living ria, Emeagwali andhisfamilyfledto eastern Nige- When warbeganinNigeria, acivil and English. physics, chemistry, higher-level mathematics, teaching himself hours atapubliclibrary hespent math thathisfathercould teach him, When allthe helearned quit school atage14. Emeagwaliwasforced to ninechildren, est of Theold- inNigeria. andraised wasborn States, tions persecond. puter calculationto date—3.1 billioncalcula- theworld’swhen heperformed fastest com- Emeagwalistunnedcomputer specialists 1989, In computers. his uniqueunderstandingof butfromfrom hisperformance onaracetrack Hisworld’s titledoesn’t fastest come humans.” Name Date Class Breaking AlltheRecords Philip Emeagwali— Cracking theCode Math Whiz otptoemeit negon,trapped Most exists petroleum underground, Emeagwaliwasawarded ascholarship to At 17, whonow lives intheUnited Emeagwali, the Philip Emeagwalihasbeencalled “one of Philip Emeagwaliperformedtheworld’sfastestcomputercalculation. eido time. of period oilfrom each reserve inashorter percentage of oil companies are now ableto alarger retrieve Emeagwali’s achievement, As aresult of made. thespeedatwhich calculationscouldtripled be he By doing so, calculationsto complete. of which takes millions the oil-mappingprocess, 65,536 smallcomputers inorder to speedup that heconnected thismaincomputer to difference The was Connection Machine.” “The He usedanexisting computer called ferent way. to aformula tacklethisproblem inadif- devise andcomputer science to engineering, science, how to theoilmostefficiently. extract supercomputers to beableto predict where and rely buildwith onthemodelsthey Engineers another well andtapinto thereserve again. thecompany hasto put in to anotherarea, itshifts or if theflow iscutoff If from therocks. theoilflushed out onlyabout10percent of companies are ableto pump In mostcases, take. flow undergroundoil will andwhatpathitwill dollarsto helpthemfigure outhow millions of Oil companies usesupercomputers thatcost Emeagwali combined inmath, histraining Activity 25 49 Name Date Class

Activity 25 (continued) For his work, Emeagwali was awarded the When studying the flow of oil underground, 1989 Gordon Bell Prize. The award is considered Emeagwali compared it to the flow patterns of by most to be the “Nobel Prize” of computer sci- water in oceans and air in the atmosphere. He ence and is given by the American Institute for used the geometric structure of a bee’s honey- Electrical and Electronics Engineers. Usually, the comb as a model to program computers to award is given to teams of researchers, who use make them work more efficiently. He said, computers to solve an important problem. “The trial-and-error approach of nature yields Emeagwali’s award was unique because he devel- more solutions than the logical approach used oped this process working alone. by humans ....However,after designing from nature, I use advanced mathematical methods A Natural Approach to analyze my inventions.” Emeagwali uses nature as a model for much Moving Forward of his thinking about computers. Many of his designs for computer operations are based on Today, Emeagwali continues to apply his patterns in nature. “Being born and raised in a research to solving problems. His computer low-tech African environment enabled me to systems are being used by many to help have a greater appreciation of the usefulness of forecast the world’s weather, to monitor the drawing design inspirations and ideas from nat- effects of global warming, and to track the ural analogies,” he said. spread of AIDS.

Active Reading 1. How is oil extracted from under the ground? 2. Why was Emeagwali’s achievement important? 3. What hypothesis did Emeagwali come up with before he began his research?

Alternate Assessment Emeagwali uses nature as a model for many of his designs. Find a human-made object that was patterned after something natural. Share the object or a picture of the object with the class and describe the characteristics that are similar. Then, explain the advantages or possible disadvantages of this design. Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill,Copyright Companies, a division of the McGraw-Hill Inc.

50 Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. ies were born. how starsandgalax- tists cangetaclearideaof scien- astronomical objectsatthese wavelengths, By studying andplanets were formed. galaxies, These waves canhelpscientiststell how stars, bands. the farinfrared radio andhigh-frequency millimeter andsubmillimeter waves liesbetween thebandfor spectrum, On theelectromagnetic relatively a newfield. wavelength astronomy, fsas lnt,andgalaxies. planets, stars, of allow scientiststo studyALMA will theorigin since astronomy, is amajorstep inthefieldof It ambitious andexpensive ever builtonEarth.” The ALMA project hasbeencalled “the most nations have joinedtogether to build ALMA. andseveral European Japan, The United States, due to becompleted in2009. costmately $400millionto will buildandis ALMAulti- Chile. the Andes Mountains of plateau nearly4,900 mabovedesert sealevel in sittingonthe Atacama andthehighest, ever, thestrongest telescope its kind, is thelargestof It also world’s firstmultinational observatory. isthe the Atacama LargeMillimeter Array, ALMA, oursolarsystem. of before-seen views getnever- astronomers will Thanks to ALMA, Hubble Space Telescope cannotcapture. images from space thateven thepowerful seeing earliest andmostdistantgalaxies, Name Date Class Telescope Array ALMA—World’s Strongest A NewBand ALMA will usemillimeter andsubmillimeter ALMA will isaninternational partnership. ALMA truly the of lookingattheformation Imagine

10 Microwaves 3 10 4 Wavelength inmeters nrrdry Visiblelight Infrared rays 10 5 10

6 LAwillbeanarrayof64gianttelescopes. ALMA be mappedby astronomers over cosmic time. locate thatcan earlygalaxies ALMAwill space. verse’s dust filled a time when “Dark Ages,” beableto calltheearlyuni- seewhatthey will scientists With ALMA, itscurrent age. one-half goes backonlyto atimewhentheuniverse was Hubble Hubble Space Telescope candothat. Not even theinfrared one-tenth itscurrent age. to lookbackto atimewhentheuniverse was beable scientistswill it, ALMA isthatwith array of 64 giant telescopes, acting asone. acting telescopes, 64 giant of array bean ALMAwill In fact, beused. antennas will of anarray Instead, astronomers needitto do. antennato thatcandowhat buildasingle it’s impossible However, antenna to detect them. astronomers would needanextremely large Therefore, waves collected by regular telescopes. and submillimeter waves are longerthanlight Millimeter andfar-away galaxies. dust clouds, millimeter waves to identifymolecules incomets, Astronomical First n fthemostexciting about things One of Astronomers usemillimeter and sub- alsowill Activity 26 51 Name Date Class

Activity 26 (continued) ALMA will detect and image thermal dust emissions of galaxies and stars, tracing their Working as One formation. In other words, it will image the Together, ALMA’s 64 antennas will be posi- universe in a way that’s never before been done tioned over an area that’s larger than a soccer and with incredible sharpness and clarity. In field. The antennas will move together, follow- addition, ALMA will make it easier for scien- ing a single object in the sky. All of ALMA’s tists to study other planets. Because the array antenna signals will be combined by a large is so powerful and can detect submillimeter central computer called the Collator, making waves, it will find other solar systems that ALMA work as though it’s a single antenna. scientists think exist but have never seen. Because ALMA will be so powerful, it will be able to create extremely clear images of what it Clear and Dry sees. The fact that ALMA can cover such a large area with a high degree of accuracy means that In the past, Earth’s atmosphere has blocked it is a highly sensitive telescopic array. It will be the millimeter and submillimeter band so that able to pick up even the faintest cosmic signals. astronomers could not see it. ALMA will be an extremely sensitive telescope array and will able The design and development of ALMA cre- to detect these hard-to-see waves. But in order ates a partnership that allows many countries to to see them, the atmosphere above the telescope share not only the financial responsibilities of must be clear. Water vapor soaks up these kinds such a large-scale project, but also a wide-range of waves, so scientists have to look above the of knowledge and expertise. This new frontier atmosphere’s vapor layers. By placing ALMA in of submillimeter waves has scientists from all a very high, very dry place, astronomers will be over the world excited about the possibility of able to observe the waves. That’s the reason many new discoveries. Chile’s Atacama Desert—one of the driest places on Earth—is a good place for it. Another reason why the Atacama Desert is ideal is that the peak where ALMA will be located is large enough to hold the huge observatory.

Active Reading 1. Why are millimeter and submillimeter wavelengths hard for astronomers to study? 2. Why do you think ALMA needed to be a multinational project? 3. Where will ALMA be located? How is this location significant to the project? 4. Explain the following statement: ALMA is an array of antennas that will be controlled by the Collator.

Alternate Assessment Using colored pencils or crayons, begin with visible light and draw a spectrum that shows where infrared, high-frequency radio, and submillimeter wavelengths fall on the spectrum. Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill,Copyright Companies, a division of the McGraw-Hill Inc.

52 Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. energy now comesenergy from non-renewable sources our Most of source. is calledarenewable energy biomass it, we Because cangetmore of energy. chemicals orbacteria. with ortreating it it, fermenting either by it, burning Biomass isconverted to energy andmore. ers, power ourcomput- heatourhomes, our cars, to into gasup thatcanbeturned energy rial Biomass isany organicmate- isbiomass. energy listsaround theglobe. priority of (fossilfuels)hasmoved andgas to thetop oil, coal, oilandthelimited availability of of price Lookingatways to getaround thehigh power. butalsoelectrical andgasolineprices, portation notonlyaffected trans- inenergy Shortages This wasunlike anything since the1970s. century. thetwenty-first of attheturn crisis United States experienced amajorenergy all Name Date Class Energy fromEverydayThings Biomass—Renewable A PlentifulSource hr’ lnyo biomassto beusedfor There’s of plenty non-fossilfuel One potential source of andthe Spain, Italy, Britain, Belgium, France, Total Middle East Europe Canada United States New Zealand Australia and Asia Latin America Africa Region Total Projected BiomassSuppliesfor Energy for the Year 2000(exajoules peryear) Forests 9.94 0.02 0.89 0.04 0.61 0.02 4.34 1.59 2.43 Residues 54.82 10.13 18.35 10.92 0.18 1.43 5.86 1.14 6.81 Energy crops 80.04 13.00 23.30 18.94 4.20 9.60 5.00 — — duces nopollution. meansthatbiomasspro- This it. of all absorb but plantsandsoilare ableto into theair, It dioxide doesrelease carbon environment. the doesnotharm ontheotherhand, Biomass, andsmog. problems warming such asglobal causesenvironmental This tants into theair. sulfurandotherpollu- sil fuelsrelease alotof Fos- tohas beenshown theenvironment. harm fossilfuels Burning or oilthatcanbemined. there’s onlysomuch coal supplies are limited; sources are callednon-renewable becausetheir Theseenergy gas. andnatural oil, such ascoal, tesi h ua ato theUnited States. of part others intherural could and create forfarmers newopportunities say experts theneedforbiomass energy fact, In inthiscountry. industry becoming akindof Biomass is andenvironmentally friendly. able, renew- to theUnited States becauseit’s reliable, A NewIndustry? The government istakingabiginterest in ims sasuc feeg htso interest that’s energy of Biomass isasource of 144.80 Total 16.07 27.69 44.81 28.18 24.02 0.20 1.16 2.67 ims,to TheU.S. too. biomass, one thatrecycles the from coal,rates mercury sepa- that magnetically includingone technology, testing otherkindsof isalso TheDOE plants. coal-firedordinary power in thatcanbeburned logs compacts yard waste into pipeline researchers that method developed by islookingintoThe DOE a several research projects. for money providing grant That’s why itis countries. fromimported other for petroleum products reduce thenation’s need islookingto(DOE) Energy of Department Activity 27 53 Name Date Class

Activity 27 (continued) unburned carbon in fly ash, and one that makes fuel from coal and sewage sludge. British Chicken and Straw In addition, combining biomass with fossil In Britain, a private utility company owns and fuels, called cofiring, is one way to extend the operates two power stations, each of which uses use of fossil fuels. Already this is being done biomass to produce power. One, in Fife, Scot- with gasoline for automobiles. Some gasoline land, uses approximately 100,000 metric tons of contains up to ten percent ethanol, an alcohol chicken droppings to produce 79,000 megawatt product that results from the fermenting hours of power each year. The other is in Cam- of biomass. bridgeshire, England. It’s the world’s largest straw-fired power station and uses about Brazil’s Sugarcane 180,000 metric tons of local straw to produce 283,000 megawatt hours of power each year. Brazil is another country that’s looking at (One megawatt of power is enough to power cofiring. Since Brazil is the world’s largest pro- 1,000 homes.) ducer of sugar from cane, Brazilian scientists are finding ways to use sugarcane. Sugarcane Increasing Efforts produces alcohol, which is added to gasoline or used alone to fuel cars. Some Brazilians believe For now, the United States produces just that sugarcane pulp and the alcohol by-prod- three percent of its primary energy from bio- uct could be used to supply ten percent of mass. The United States plans to triple that Brazil’s electricity each year. Unfortunately, the amount by the year 2010. Other countries, too, growing period for sugarcane in Brazil is only are looking to increase significantly their use of six months each year. So, even though it’s a biomass. In fact, in the summer of 2000, 72 renewable source of energy, it’s not always countries met in Seville, Spain, for the First available. Brazil also is researching ways to use World Biomass Conference. This historic gath- waste from processing grain and forest prod- ering proved that international understanding ucts such as paper and cellulose as other and the use of biomass fuels could make a posi- sources of energy. tive impact on the world.

Active Reading 1. How is biomass turned into energy? 2. Why do you think the United States and other countries already aren’t using biomass as a primary source of energy? 3. Compare and contrast the use of fossil fuels with biomass.

Alternate Assessment Find out what types of biomass are being used in your city or state. Make a collage showing the kinds of organic materials used in your area as renewable energy sources. Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill,Copyright Companies, a division of the McGraw-Hill Inc.

54 Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. daytime whentheredaytime isheavy fogorrain. andin thathelpspilotslandatnight radar of type Alvarez alsoinvented a radar-detection system. thus foolingthesub’s that gotweaker andweaker, VIXENproduced asignal closer to asubmarine, As aplanemoved system called new radar VIXEN. hisscientificdiscoveries andinventions. of range thewide of because physics” ideamanof wild Alvarez wassometimescalled “the ing hislifetime, Dur- andappliedphysics. inatoms), and particles thestructure physics particle (thestudy of lenses), optics of (theproperties archaeology, fields of His developments affected the study. fields of of variety whose questionsledhiminto awide e eso,orisotope new version, herealized thatitproduces a Instead, element. anelectron butdoesn’t create anew “captures” Thenucleus called thebeta-decay process. that someradioactive elementsundergowhatis took hisfather’s advice. Alvarez thathe later wasglad he could solve. newproblems what matters asideandthinkof him toadvised take timeregularly to putother Name Date Class ceeao.Thisisamachine thatsmashes accelerator. was to buildamachine calledaproton linear take action, and the submarine would getaway. andthesubmarine take action, enabledthesubmarine’sThis warning crew to airplane’s neared. astheairplane signals radar could submarines detect an However, radar. already hunting submarines airplanes used time, At that to detect radar submarines. the useof hebeganto develop There, Radiation Laboratory. Technology (MIT) the Massachusetts Institute of Idea Man Luis W.Alvarez— Exploring Atoms Isotopes andSubmarines nrsos oti rbe,Alvarez invented a In response to this problem, hediscovered when Alvarez was27, In 1938, What inspired him? Alvarez’s fatheronce thoserare thinkers Alvarez wasoneof Luis W. fe h a,oeo Alvarez’s firstprojects one of After thewar, When World Alvarez moved to War IIbegan, , ftheatom. of would physics. bemore usefulinparticle Alvarez decided to buildonethat few tasks. 2.5 cmacross—and could beappliedto only a small—onlyabout model wasvery The original cles andslow theirpathways through theether. to detect wasdesigned such parti- diethyl ether, gascalled of which contained atype chamber, The so fastthatthehuman eye can’t detect them. for example) are sosmallandmove (cosmic rays, Many particles particles. over 70elementary of aswell asto thediscovery nuclear science, field of work This ledto majorchanges inthe detector. calledabubblechamber scientist’s invention, anatom. in thenucleus of theparticles oneof aneutron, fieldof magnetic the to measure thestrength anddirection of heandacolleague were thefirst In 1939, atoms. of theparticles most famousforhasto dowith thework thatheis Someof aboutphysics. ries interest wasintheo- hisprimary useful devices, matter comes from accelerators. of structure whatscientistsknow aboutthe Much of apart. breaking theatoms then smashedinto each other, Atoms are spedupto incredible speeds, atoms. The PathtoaNobelPrize n15,Alvarez decidedto improve another In 1953, Despite thefactthat Alvarez invented many Inventor andscientistLuisW.Alvarez Activity 28 55 Name Date Class

Activity 28 (continued) Alvarez’s version of the chamber measured 183 As people collected more and more data, Luis cm across and contained liquid hydrogen instead and Walter came up with a revolutionary idea. of ether. He included computerized equipment Perhaps, they said, an asteroid crashed on Earth that automatically scanned and measured the about 65 million years ago. Perhaps the impact tracks of a particle. Alvarez also used a computer caused that extinction of dinosaurs. They esti- to store and analyze data. mated that such an asteroid may have been about 10 km in diameter, weighed one quadrillion met- With these innovations, Alvarez and his team ric tons, and moved at several hundreds of thou- discovered a large number of subatomic particles. sands of km per hour. They are the smallest particles of matter— smaller even than atoms—and exist indepen- The Alvarezes’ idea that an asteroid struck Earth dently for only a short time before they combine 65 million years ago is strongly supported today. with other particles. Today, these particles are However, their hypothesis about the impact being called quarks. For this work, Luis Alvarez was the cause of extinction is still a hotly debated issue. awarded the 1968 Nobel Prize for Physics. Ahead of His Time Geological Discoveries Alvarez held patents for more than 40 of his inventions. Often he was far ahead of his time. For In the 1980s, Alvarez began working with his example, in 1963, Alvarez invented an optical sys- son, Walter, a geologist. In the 1970s, when Walter tem that held the lenses steady in cameras or was excavating a site at Gubbio, Italy, he discov- binoculars. Someone finally used his system in the ered an unusual layer of clay. Luis suggested that zoom lenses of video cameras—in the early 1980s. it be analyzed. Luis Alvarez always was quick to investigate a Walter already knew that it was about 65 million new idea or adventure. Having learned to fly years old. But the analysis also showed that the clay when he was 23 years old, he flew his own planes contained high levels of a rare metal called irid- until he was 73. That same spirit of determina- ium. There was only one problem. Levels this high tion left a legacy of important contributions. are normally not found on Earth. However, they are common in asteroids. When the father-son team announced their findings, other geologists began to look for iridium. They found it on land and even beneath the ocean floor.

Active Reading 1. Name three of Luis Alvarez’s inventions that are used by people other than physicists. 2. Which of Alvarez’s projects led scientists to a better understanding of atoms? 3. How did Alvarez’s work lead to a better understanding of geology?

Alternate Assessment

Do research in order to create a diagram of the known structure of atoms and their particles. © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill,Copyright Companies, a division of the McGraw-Hill Inc.

56 Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. darkroom, an artist could carry onearound. could carry anartist darkroom, In to contrast a obscura. thecamera version of Kepler developed aportable In 1611, astronomy. to obscura study usedthecamera scientists, as well asother Kepler, became more common. was outside. what color itto produce anaccurate of drawing apenand could theimagewith thentrace artist The the sunny outsideworld onthepaper. imagefrom could asharp form anartist forth, paperbackand By asheetof moving invention. justasin Alhazen’s to theholeto focuslight, Johannes Kepler addedalens in1609, However, thedarkened room. theideaof working with where many inthe1500swere artists Europe, thebox. opposite of wall attached to onto theholeto the focusthelight Alenswas ened box apin-sized hole. with which wasadark- obscura, oped thecamera He alsodevel- source mirror. andaspherical reflection between alight of predict angles developed thatcould amathematicalformula Alhazen thehuman eye works. the lensof is reflected by andeven mirrors how orglass The Optical Thesaurus It wascalled in thefirstmajorbookonoptics. laidthegroundwork lenses forcamera Alhazen, whoseLatinnamewas Hassan ibnHassan, meaning phrase “darkened room.” The word and record aboutsolareclipses. information Chineseusedsuch The rooms to observe room. the outside world onto theopposite of wall the imageof upside-down projected afuzzy, room entering adark through atinylight hole discovery realized whenthey important that xet Around 400 expect. raphy beganmuch earlierthanyou might Name Date Class of ItsHistory The Camera—ASnapshot The CameraObscura yte10s Alhazen’s obscura camera By the1600s, Chinese darkrooms on lefttheirmark Later, during the during Later, Discoveries thatledto modern-day photog- camera actually comes from aLatin A B . . C D . and described howand described light . 900s, Arabian scholar Arabian 900s, . the Chinesemadean , works like awallopposite thepinhole. theeye retinaobscura—the atthe backof Rene compared Descartes theeye to acamera In 1637, sketches onto itswell-known china. even company wasusedby anEnglish to trace obscura Thecamera scape scenes inminiature. andland- technique to life-sized trace portraits usedthis Artists images. right-side-up sharp, the paperin aconcentrated tablesaltsolution. theimages could bepreserved by soaking ened, butonce ithadbeendark- sensitive, still light was Thepaper silver sulfide. of the formation A reaction between thetwo chemicals caused thepaperwascoated silver with nitrate. Then, (tablesalt). sodiumchloride weak solutionof paperwassoaked The ina nently onthepaper. make themselves theimagesimprint perma- in acompletely darkened room. paper eventually blackunlessitwaskept turned theentire paperwassensitive to light, sheet of since theentire However, seen onthepaper. theobjectcould be asilhouette of removed, whentheobjectwas After awhile, light. thepaperwasexposed to sun- Then, solution. papercoated silver with nitrate onto sheetsof were Objects placed and otherchemicals dark. discovered silver certain turns thatlight salts the outsideappearsonoppositewallofcamera. As lightentersthroughtheholeofapinholecamera,animage The EarliestFilm ntebx lensesandmirrors could produce In thebox, ial,i h 80,peoplefounda way to inthe1800s, Finally, several Europeans In the1600sand1700s, Activity 29 57 Name Date Class

Activity 29 (continued) Photography for Sale Modern Photography In 1827, Joseph Niepce produced the first The age of computers brought digital technol- photograph on pewter plates that had been ogy to photography. Instead of recording images covered with light-sensitive varnishes. Then, on light-sensitive film, a digital camera acts like a in 1839, William Talbot and Louis Daguerre kind of optical scanner that copies images onto each discovered the first light-sensitive the hard drive of a computer. In digital photogra- daguerreotype (duh GAYR uh tipe). It was a phy, changes in the intensity or color of light pro- photographic plate on which a camera obscura duce tiny patterns that can be translated into image could be held and permanently fixed. The precise digital signals. The signals can be stored exposure time was cut from hours to minutes. in the memory of the camera or on the hard Not until the introduction of another camera drive of a computer and be called up at any time. in 1888 did dramatic changes in the world of In 1984, Japanese news reporters gave digital photography come about. The camera, devel- cameras the first real-world test by using them oped by George Eastman, was preloaded at the to cover the Olympic games in Los Angeles. factory with enough film for 100 exposures. Then, in 1996, a Japanese manufacturer intro- Eastman’s easy-to-use camera brought photog- duced a new model of digital camera for pro- raphy to the average person. fessional photographers. It allowed the user all In 1900, a $1 camera was marketed to the of the technical control found on the most public. Fourteen years later, the first 35-mm sophisticated film cameras, and had a built-in camera was developed, and in 1932, the inven- color, liquid crystal viewfinder, making framing tion of Technicolor brought color to the previ- a picture easy. It also allowed the photographer ously black-and-white motion picture industry. to review stored images on the viewfinder as The art and science of photography continued soon as they were taken to find out whether to develop throughout the 1940s, 1950s, and another shot was necessary. 1960s with the introduction of better, faster It’s been a long way from the Chinese dark- film and improvements in film processing. The rooms of 400 B.C. to the twenty-first century 1970s brought the first point-and-shoot camera digital cameras of Japanese manufacturers, but and the 1980s ushered in the era of the dispos- the journey is far from over. Improvements in able camera. camera technology are likely to continue.

Active Reading 1. What were the Chinese studying when they discovered how to use darkened rooms? 2. What was Alhazen’s major contribution to photography? 3. What factors do you think influenced photography’s spread to the masses? 4. How do you think the development of cameras and photography has influenced people around the world? Alternate Assessment

Create your own pinhole camera. Create a simple design that you can build from household © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill,Copyright Companies, a division of the McGraw-Hill Inc. objects. Make sure you have adult supervision when making the pinhole itself.

58 Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Hahn the chemistry department. Hahn thechemistry Meitner oversaw and thephysics department moved to theKaiser Wilhelm Institute where Meitner andHahn eventually for herwork. respected scientistsstill butmany well- she was allowed in, years later, Two intheinstitute’sexperiments basement. sosheconducted her allowed intheinstitute, shemetOtto Hahn. cher’s institute, chemistry Professor EmilFis- theoretical physics, study of At center themostimportant forthe Germany. Meitner moved to Berlin, In 1907, Vienna. of sity only thesecond woman to dosoattheUniver- famousphysicist. forgotten, andbecamehistory’s often from Nazi Germany, fled genderdiscrimination, life sheexperienced In her atoms. thenuclei of sion—the splittingof ally would leadto itsmaking. she didmake aprofound discovery thateventu- bomb andwaspubliclyagainstitsdevelopment, While shedidn’tthe atomic bomb.” create the became interested inradioactivity. andbotany and chemistry, calculus, physics, where she studied Vienna in1901, versity of Sheentered theUni- Austrian universities by law. women were excluded from nineteenth century, the becauseuntiltheendof was extraordinary At received advanced educations. includingthefive girls, the Meitner children, all In herfamily, children. eight was thethird of Name Date Class nta n atnm.We h dtr fa When theeditors of initial andlastname. but usedonlyher first onradioactivity, articles The TestofTime Lise Meitner— Discrimination andWar An ImpressiveBeginning eas h a oa,Meitner wasnot Because shewasawoman, nuclear fis- Meitner wastheco-discoverer of She received herdoctorate inphysics in1906, Meitner in1878, Austria, in Born Vienna, Lise Meitner hasbeencalled “the motherof al nhrcre,Meitner publishedseveral Early inhercareer, did notgive hercredit h ie this the time, Experimental PhysicsExperimental inStockholm. forherattheNobelappointment Institute for an andonearranged her escapeto Sweden, Fellow physicists helped from Germany in1938. Meitner escaped Fearing forherlife, by birth. from herteaching positionbecauseshewasJewish Meitner wasdismissed When theNazis took over, discovery whenHitler cameto power inGermany. methods forerrors becausehecouldn’t believe thanheavier. rather much thanuranium, lighter elements thatwere resulted intheproduction of amazed to had find thattheirexperiments were They nuclear bombardment experiments. their lyze more closelytheby-products of andshedirected himto ana- Hahn, spond with Meitner continued to corre- came inlate 1938. processes thatwere occurring. Meitner’s jobwasto explain thenuclear easily. thatcouldn’tradioactive particles beidentified theresearchers found amixof neutrons, with By bombarding uranium atom. heaviest known thenthe to seekelementsbeyond uranium, herto investigatewith theatomic nucleus and the91stelement—protactinium. of were they ableto announce theirdiscovery war, After the to continuelaboratory theirresearch. their army leaves could sothey return to their Meitner andHahn often coordinated France. Marie Curie wasdoingsimilarwork for time, At thesame to afieldhospital. she wasassigned where X-ray technician inthe Austrian army, suddenly were nolongerinterested. theeditors Finding outthatshewasawoman, responded andincludedherfirstnameaswell. she onradioactivity, submit anarticle encyclopediaGerman contacted Meitner to Escaping Persecution Hahn asked Meitner to check hisexperimental A breakthrough inMeitner andHahn’s work amajor Nuclear physics of wasonthebrink Meitner convinced Hahn to join In 1934, During MeitnerWorld worked asan War I, Activity 30 59 Name Date Class

Activity 30 (continued) the results. When she did, she realized that the Meitner returned to her work on subatomic uranium atoms had split. Meitner explained that particles, especially concerning beta radiation. the uranium nucleus must have captured the neu- She became the recipient of numerous awards trons, causing enough instability for the nucleus and accolades in the late stages of her life. She to split in two. Since there was an observed loss of retired to Cambridge, England, where she died in mass, energy must have been released. She made 1968, shortly before her 90th birthday. Although the necessary calculations and predicted that she never received the Nobel Prize many people Hahn’s experiment should yield barium, krypton, think she deserved, she will be remembered. In and energy. She also predicted the existence of the 1966, she, Hahn, and a colleague named Strass- chain reaction. She reported her findings in man were given credit by the scientific commu- Nature in 1938. It was here that she first used the nity in the form of the U.S. Fermi Prize. phrase nuclear fission. However, Hahn published the chemical evidence A Newfound Respect for fission without listing Meitner as a co-author. That omission resulted in Hahn alone being More recently, in 1994, the International awarded the 1944 Nobel Prize for Chemistry. Union for Pure and Applied Chemistry agreed that element 109, artificially created by slam- After the Discovery ming bismuth with iron ions, would be named meitnerium in her honor. Since 1996, a new Because of World War II, the discovery of fis- biography of this important physicist has led sion led to the development of the nuclear to even greater recognition of her in the scien- bomb. Meitner, however, refused to work on the tific community. development of the bomb during the war. After the war, she was careful to make this fact known.

Active Reading 1. What obstacles did Lise Meitner have to overcome in order to pursue her work in nuclear physics? 2. What contributions did Meitner make to the field of nuclear physics? 3. How did Hitler’s rise to power affect Meitner’s (and others’) research?

Alternate Assessment Create a diagram showing the process of nuclear fission, along with an explanation of how it works. Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill,Copyright Companies, a division of the McGraw-Hill Inc.

60 Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. can beusedto communicate over distances. are and Thesedrums calledtalkingdrums drum. thiskindof an languagewith African patterns of A skilledplayer canimitate thetonal drum’s pitch. which changes the ateach end, membranes the tighten thethongs issqueezed, thedrum of When themiddle laced together by leatherthongs. shapedlike thathastwodrum heads anhourglass there isa inNigeria, However, rhythms. varying canplay onlyonenote Themajority in in Africa. are found instruments these membrane-vibrating themostinteresting of Someof membranes. of aealre,more resonant sound. make alarger, thekeys and of The gourds pickupthevibrations hollow gourdswith beneatheach key. hanging Mozambique make xylophones Chopi peopleof Cameroon andthe TheFang peopleof Africa. emd fcrmc ls,wo,o ea.Two or metal. wood, glass, ceramic, be madeof can They are asidiophones. known instruments Such to or rubbed produce music. moved, each creating asounduniquely theirown. musical instruments, of array developed awide areasDifferent andcultures geographical have stretched andsometimesitisastring taut. air; orcolumnsometimes itisatautmembrane of Sometimes itisasolidsubstance thatvibrates; tions thatcanbedetected by thehuman ear. it—always isrooted inscience. how of music—the thesoundof Yet, late theplanet. however,can beasdiverse asthemany peoplethatpopu- music, andwhere of when, what, who, The music. theuniversal languageof of part Name Date Class A UniversalLanguage Shaken Up Catch theBeat oeie ntuet r hkn hit, are shaken, Sometimes instruments xylophonesare in widespread Related to drums, Most produce drums soundsby thevibration Musical produce instruments soundvibra- andharmony each are a rhythm, Melody, notes sound. When differentareasofaCaribbeansteeldrumarehit, sound uniqueto Latin danceAmerican music. thegourd thatproduces a ing chamber of piecesbeads andtherattling inside theresonat- the It isthemovement of sound. scraping makinga thebeadsvibrate, against thepalm, or hit cabaça isheldintheairandtwisted, When the around pieces itandrattling inside. steel drumlike beadsstrung headwith cal, gourd thatlookslike andhasacylindri- arattle seeds. or clay andcontain steel beadsinstead of wood Now sometimesare they madeof Rico. Maracas inPuerto probably originated sound. hissing together produce they asoft, shaken, When each is heldinonehandand pair. looklikeThey andoften rattles are played asa hollow gourds containing seeds. times stillare, andsome- Maracas were originally, Caribbean. South andthe America music of traditional body causethenotesinstrument andsounds. the of vibrations The natural instruments. like or other string air, column of membrane, Idiophones don’t require a the firstidiophones. stones beinghittogether to create soundwere The are usedinthe theseinstruments Several of cabaça is an instrument madefromis aninstrument a Activity 31 61 Name Date Class

Activity 31 (continued) balalaika is a guitarlike instrument with three Winds of Change strings, a triangular body, and a long, wooden All wind instruments operate by the vibration neck. Pressing the strings against the neck at dif- of trapped columns of air. The shantu, played by ferent points shortens the strings to produce dif- the Hausa of Nigeria, is made of different-sized ferent pitches. Zithers are made by stretching gourds fastened with cow skin. When air is strings over a flat board or box. The strings are blown through the gourds, a hypnotic buzzing picked and strummed. The Turkish ganon is a sound is produced. board zither that dates from the A.D. 900s but is still used today in folk music. The Japanese koto One of the oldest wind instruments is the is a type of zither. Its 13 strings are made of silk. panpipe, which is a set of tubes of varying lengths fastened together. Air blown through the tubes vibrates to create a clear sound. Some Keyboards of the earliest panpipes found are from the Keyboard instruments have keys that are struck Nazca culture of southern Peru, made around with the fingers. Each key plucks or hits a string or 200 B.C. Throughout the centuries, panpipes forces air through a pipe. The pipe organ began as have been made of stone, baked clay, bone, a wind instrument around 300 B.C. and devel- wood, or hollow reeds. They were used in oped into a keyboard instrument around A.D. places as diverse as Greece, China, Romania, 1500. Each pipe produces a particular note and South America, and Southeast Asia. sound as a key is pressed on a keyboard. The Pipes that use vibrating reeds produce the nasal harpsichord was perfected in the 1500s. Because sound that we associate with clarinets, oboes, and its keys pluck strings, neither its tone nor the bagpipes. A bagpipe is one or two reed pipes that duration of a note played can be varied. The keys receive air from an attached windbag. The wind- of a pianoforte, or piano, hit strings. Therefore, bag is inflated by blowing into it or by pumping the piano also is a percussion instrument. This bellows held under the arm. Changes in pitch are allows musicians to vary and hold a tone. caused by covering and uncovering finger holes. In 1761, electricity was combined with You may associate bagpipes with Scotland and Ire- instruments to create music. Abbe Delaborde land, but the first bagpipes originated in Asia. created an electric harpsichord in France. Throughout the 1800s, electricity was combined Strumming a Tune with mechanical elements to create musical sounds. These early inventions, along with Instruments producing sounds by the vibra- advances in electronics during WWII, paved the tion of stretched strings vary from one-stringed way for electronic music synthesizers in the sec- instruments, to complicated instruments with ond half of the 1900s. many strings of differing lengths. The Russian

Active Reading 1. Why do you think that instruments around the world often have much in common? 2. What do you think might have been the first kinds of musical instruments made? Explain.

Alternate Assessment © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill,Copyright Companies, a division of the McGraw-Hill Inc. With a partner, design and make a musical instrument. Your instrument can be a wind or stringed instrument, or a drum. Be creative in your design and decoration of the instrument. When your instrument is complete, demonstrate how it is played to the class. 62 Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. with fireworks androckets.with Thesameprocess happens is propelled upward. Thenthecan thecan. the holeinbottom of ing moleculespushingdownward escapefrom fast-mov- but themillionsof continue to doso, thecan molecules pushingagainst thetop of fast-moving the can?Themillionsof bottom of nothingseemsto be happening. outside, When you thecanfrom the view equal force. thecanwith pressing againstallsidesof tions, molecules are inalldirec- moving millions of Inside thecan, sealedmetalcan. inside atightly thattheairis imagine Now, expands. the gas and up, speed moleculesinthegas The heated. what happensto agassuch asairwhenitis there isanequalandopposite reaction. orforce action states innature, thatforevery Thelaw motion. same—Newton’s third law of atwork inallthreeprinciple casesisthe scientific The the universe forexploration. Thespace into shuttle ishurtled onlookers. of to thedelight are launched sky, into thenight Fireworks anattack. the battlefieldto ward off Name Date Class Rocketry StartswithaBang Chinesesoldierlaunchesafirearrow. A The LawinAction hthpesi you poke alargeholeinthe What happensif think about motion, To thislaw visualize of shootflamingarrowsAncient across warriors nrdcino rockets in Europe. introduction of ets andmay have beenresponsible forthe produced rock- theirown afterward, Mongols, The theChinesewon thebattle. gol troops, rockets into theair. launching the pushed outthetube’s openend, Thegases produced they fire andsmoke. lit, When therockets were flight. during stability andattached themto longsticksto add tube, each cappedoneendof Chinese filledtubes, the Kai-Keng, thebattleof During Mongols. awarbetween theChineseand during The firstrecorded incidentwasin early as builds up. thegas such asatube, a limited airsupply, When inaspace itisburned with gas. of form residues and40percent by-products inthe itproduces 60percent solid When itisburned, explosive powder alsowasthefirstgunpowder. This was invented. a powder, the firstexplosive, probably But they weren’t built until invented. use rockets around inbattlestarting could launch therockets. theescapinggasesalone ered thatthepower of discov- they Soon, into theair. the “fire arrows” rockets to arrows andthenusebows to shoot noise. onto fires to create explosions andlotsof most likely containing thispowder were thrown Earlyrockets festivals andothercelebrations. Chinesereligious of were part animportant which used firstforfireworks andfirecrackers, A StartlingNewTactic A SuccessfulTrial ylucigbrae frockets attheMon- of By launching barrages The Chinesedeveloped explosive powder as No oneknows exactly whenrockets were Historians thinkthattheChinesebeganto tsm on,theChinesebeganto attach At somepoint, A . D . 0.Themixture probably was 100. A . D A . . Activity D 1232, 32 . 1000. 63 Name Date Class

Activity 32 (continued) Lighting up the Sky The Call of the Skies Today, many different flammable substances The dream of soaring through space must are used as propellants in most fireworks. The be as ancient as humankind. One traditional lit fuse rapidly burns into the core of the rocket legend tells of a Chinese official named Wan- and ignites the powder. The hot, expanding Hu, who wanted to fly to the Moon. He ordered gases escape through a heat-resistant clay noz- his assistants to build a large wicker chair fas- zle, providing thrust. tened to two large kites and 47 large rockets. Additional chemicals in the rocket’s nose cone On the day of the flight, Wan-Hu seated him- create the firework’s colors, sounds, and sparks. self in the chair, and 47 servants rushed to light Just before the rocket reaches its highest point, the fuses. A tremendous roar followed and the when all of its propellant has been used up, a air filled with billowing clouds of smoke. When fuse in the nose cone produces a small explo- the smoke finally cleared, the chair and Wan sion. This propels a spray of colored sparks. This Hu were gone. spray is what you see as fireworks in the sky.

Active Reading 1. How does Newton’s third law of motion work in the case of rockets? 2. What two major factors contributed to the development of rocketry? 3. At lift-off, the space shuttle, together with its fuel tanks, rocket boosters, and payload, can weigh over 12 million kg. How is it able to get off the ground? 4. A specially designed maneuvering unit allows a shuttle astronaut on a space walk to move about using small nitrogen thrusters that are controlled by the astronaut’s hands. Based on the law of action and reaction you have read about, how might the thrusters work?

Alternate Assessment Create a time line of major breakthroughs in rocketry, from the early Chinese rockets to the space shuttle. Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill,Copyright Companies, a division of the McGraw-Hill Inc.

64 Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. tury tury water supply and sanitationintheworld. average hasthehighest still cost of nated water, theworld’s desali- now produces 75percent of which theMiddle East, that, In spite of 1990s. dropped to just$0.53per1,000liters inthelate desalinated water Thanks to scientificadvances, desperate. andthevery rich only forthevery soitwassaidto be cost $5.28per1,000liters, desalinated water In the1980s, 20 years before. whatithadcost almost cost justone-tenth of desalinated water In thelate 1990s, than ever. technologies are makingitmore affordable desalinationisnotanewprocess,Although is donethrough aprocess calleddesalination. Removing thesaltto make thewater drinkable content. orsalt, saline, itshigh because of for ways to tapinto it. are looking each year, rain gets afewinches of such astheMiddle Eastwhich only prone areas, That’s why somany drought- a plentifulsupply. Seawater offers there’s lesswater to goaround. which means isgrowing, however, population, Theworld’s muchsupply pretty stays thesame. Earth’s water drought conditions, exception of With the thatisfrozen. and two-thirds of itisfreshwater, only two percent of water, of Name Date Class importantly, they had the money to had themoney pay they forit. importantly, more water gotthrough desalinationand, they Middle neededthe Eastern countries process, expensive desalinationthen wasavery though Soeven and theneedformore water increased. atthree was running growth percent peryear Population intheMiddle countries East. oil-rich improved living forthe thestandard of 1980s, the1970sand During process since the1950s. The Middle Easthasbeenusingthe 1930s. inthe Aruba andto theislandof in the1860s, Middle EasternShortage Desalination—Solving a Getting theSaltOut First usedby Greek cen- sailorsinthefourth seawater isnotdrinkable Unfortunately, ismadeup Earth of three-fourths Although B . C ,desalinationmadeitsway to England ., sure through filters thattake thesaltout. water isforced pres- athigh In reverse osmosis, produces aclean steam thattheniscondensed. Theboiledwater salt water essentiallyisboiled. With thedistillation-basedmethod, osmosis. desalinationandreversedistillation-based desalination: There are methodsof two principal water.promise drinking forproviding necessary the Red Sea. and ing Antarctic icebergs to thePersian Gulf tow- business peopleeven explored theideaof Middle EastthatatonetimeMiddle Eastern But water hasbeensolimited inthe niques. leaderinwater tech- conservation a global Israel remains located inthe Peninsula. Arabian The world’s largestdesalinationplantsare 11,000 desalinationplantslocated worldwide. continue to bemadeeach day by more than A solardesalinationsystemintheSaudiArabiandesert tl,desalinationcontinues to offerthemost Still, freshwater More than7.9billion liters of Activity 33 65 Name Date Class

Activity 33 (continued) Middle Eastern countries are more likely to use distillation-based desalination because gulf A Pipeline for Peace water contains more sediment and other things Cooperation between countries is needed that are not easily filtered. In addition, there’s and has been talked about for many years. In much more salt found in the warm gulf waters the 1980s, Turkey’s president suggested build- surrounding that area than in Earth’s oceans. ing a “peace pipeline.” The pipeline would The lack of water has caused political con- have begun at the Ceyhan and Seyhan Rivers flicts in the Middle East. With a fast-growing in Turkey where water is plentiful. Water population and limited water supplies, tensions would have run through the pipeline and can be high. Middle Eastern countries such as been delivered to the water-deprived nations Iraq, Syria, and Turkey fight over the rivers they in the Middle East. The project is still only an share. In the year 2000, Israel controlled approx- idea because of its high cost—somewhere imately 80 percent of the West Bank’s water between $5 and $20 billion—and the political sources, making water one of the contested differences among Turkey and Syria and other resources between Israel and Palestine. Arab countries.

Active Reading 1. Explain how the two primary methods of desalination work. 2. Why might a shortage of water also cause disease? 3. What impact on political tensions do you think the peace pipeline would have if it were built in the Middle East? Explain. Alternate Assessment Is seawater really undrinkable? Fill a cup with water. Add one tablespoon of salt to the cup and stir. Take a very small sip of the water. Then, write a report on seawater that explains salinity and includes information on which elements make up seawater. Include observations about your experience. Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill,Copyright Companies, a division of the McGraw-Hill Inc.

66 Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. oe rmsoe sothiswasagreat change. ioned from stone, tools hadbeenfash- Before thistime, from bronze. blades fordaggersorkitchen useallwere crafted and hairpins, bowls, maces, Swords, metals. bearing tin-andcopper- amixture of bronze alloy, out of people mademostmetalobjects the Bronze Age, ioeest h at intoday’s Afghanistan. kilometers to theeast, hadbrought itfromthey tinminesthousandsof claimedthat Iraq, present-day andnorthern Syria from anarea consisting of the Assyrians, records of Ancient people gotthetinto make thebronze. for Bronze Age tools intheNear East. tin amajorsource of searching for—Kestel Mine, Yener discovered whatshehadbeen doned tunnel, inanaban- There, shesaidlater. done inmy life,” Ihave things thescariest ever “It wasoneof down. shehadafellow archaeologist lower her same time, Excited atthe andfrightened aTurkish hill. side of rock-lined openinginthe peered into thedark, Shetiedarope around herwaistand the area. answers to herunresolved questionslay closein study indicated that Years of for alongtime. Name Date Class Archaeological Detective Aslihan Yener— Bronze AgeTinMines Archaeologists hadwondered fordecadeswhere Between 3000 Aslihan Yener hadbeensearching forthecave N Istanbul Mediterranean Sea TURKEY B . C and1100 . Tarsus Kestel Mine Ankara B . C ., a period named aperiod ., Black Sea Syria ötp,located onahill2kmaway. Göltepe, baskets itthrough thetunnelsto anddragged Otherworkers loadedtheore in loosen theore. stonechild tools minershitthewallswith to the hadmelted material slightly, metal-bearing Once the embedded inthetunnel’s walls. litfires They to soften theore their day’s work. andbegun squeezed through narrow tunnels, upthemountaineach morning, trudged Twelve- to fifteen-year-olds had ago—children. toiled intheminesnearlyfive thousandyears thosewhohad chers alsodiscovered bonesof Göltepe. had beenrefined town inthenearby of thetinhadcome from theKestel Mine and Much of But Yener’s discovery disproved alltheseclaims. small droplets. These gradually cooled to Thesegradually form small droplets. thetinformed As thepowder melted, atures. temper- high couldso thatthey resist theshockof clay Thebowls were madeoutof charcoal over it. ore into heat-resistant bowls andpoured burning emptiedthecrushed they nuggets to apowder, After poundingthe tin. relatively pure nuggets of the workers water washedtheore to with separate Iraq Separating TinfromRock nanab ra Yener andherfellow resear- In area, anearby nGlee h r a eie notn First, theore wasrefined into tin. In Göltepe, ore nodules. and ore powder, ore crushers, astonebowls cover, with heating clay nozzles, hot coals, a movable pan to holdthe including working tool kit, uncovered anentire metal- Yener andhercrew process. forthesmelting enough thefire to theheatof raise nozzles into covered containers people blewairthrough the colleagues determined that Yener andher the techniques, to experiments testforming After per- found nearthesite. Clay nozzels alsowere nuggets. Activity 34 67 Name Date Class

Activity 34 (continued) After Yener finished her degree, she returned A Change of Direction to Turkey. She began to teach at Bosphorus Uni- As a professional archaeologist, Yener thinks versity and to search for a Bronze Age source of of her discoveries at Kestel and Göltepe as a tin in the Near East. In 1987, another scientist major step in understanding Bronze Age tool- told Yener that he had found cassiterite, a kind of making and trade in the Near East. In a more tin ore, in the foothills of the Taurus Mountains. personal way, Yener’s work has led her back to There, Yener found the mine she had been her family’s roots. searching for. Yener was born in 1946 in Istanbul, Turkey, a Yener has been working on this discovery ever 15-hour drive from her most famous discovery. since. In 1993, she joined the Oriental Institute The following year, her parents moved to the of the University of Chicago and has directed a United States. Yener showed an early interest in number of expeditions to Göltepe and Kestel. In science, and when she went to college, she 1994, scientists from this program conducted the decided to study chemistry. But soon the lure of experiment with the clay nozzles. She and her Turkey tugged at her, and she transferred to a colleagues continue to explore the questions university in Istanbul. There, she planned to raised by her discovery. Was tin refining in Göl- study art history. However, she became more and tepe a cottage industry, with individuals or fami- more interested in ancient cultures buried under lies working at home with their own equipment, the classical ruins, so she switched to archaeol- or was it part of a more complex system? Were ogy. Archaeologists study relics, artifacts, and there specialists in each part of the process? How monuments of past human life and activities. did the tin and bronze from this region find When she graduated from the Turkish univer- their way to other parts of the Near East? For sity, Yener moved back to the United States to Yener, finding the Kestel Mine was a ground- study for her Ph.D. breaking experience in both senses of the word.

Active Reading 1. How was tin taken from the cave? 2. What was the clue that led Yener to Kestel Mine? 3. Why do you think tools made of bronze might be better than tools made of stone? 4. Why were children used to mine the tin ore rather than adults?

Alternate Assessment Create a diagram of the tin-smelting process, based on further research. Include drawings of how the Bronze Age metalworking tools were used in the process. Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill,Copyright Companies, a division of the McGraw-Hill Inc.

68 Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. atom could notchange into somethingelse. Scientistsbelieved thatan matter. unitof indivisible revealed thatanatomobservation wasastable, Scientific theirdream wasshattered. developed, ory But asatomic the- gold from lessvaluableelements. thus producing chemical elementinto another, 1930s, graduating in1936. graduating 1930s, National University Central inNanking inthe Shestudiedphysics atthe in1912. China, inLiuHo, Shewas born forces andstructure. trons from radioactive nuclei. elec- theemissionof was basedonbetadecay, study Wu’sare lifetimeof rays. electromagnetic Gamma rays trons andare aspositrons. known positive thatare equivalent particles to elec- are eitherelectrons Betaparticles or neutrons. two protons bound to two madeupof particles are positivelyAlpha particles charged nuclear rays. andgamma betaparticles, alpha particles, Radiationconsists of rays radiation. called Curie gave thisdecay thenameradioactivity. Marie andPierre theelementitself. nature of Such aprocess isachange inthechemical masses. smalleratomic elementswith into thenuclei of orbreak apart decay, gradually They are unstable. andsomeotherelements uranium the nuclei of For example, nucleardo change events. during brought abouttherealization thatatoms however, nuclear betadecay. remembered in forherinfluentialexperiments Sheismost Chien-Shiung Wu. Dr. physicist, young woman wasthefamousexperimental That physics onitshead. theworldturned of Two decadeslater herwork had a newcountry. Name Date Class Changing theWorldofPhysics Dr. Chien-ShiungWu— Wu’s EarlyCareer The ScienceoftheAtom u pn oto hercareer nuclear studying mostof spent Wu, and release they particles As nuclei decay, intheearly1900s, radioactivity The study of one turning Ancient alchemists dreamed of youngA brilliant woman arrived to study in h rcs fradioactive decay. the process of Her newjobgave herachance to study ation. radi- hiredCity herto work onthedetection of Research atColumbia University inNew York War of theDivision in1944, Then, University. atSmith Collegetaught andlater atPrinceton atBerkeley.California attheUniversity shebeganstudying of there, Once arriving to theUnitedemigrate States. Wu decidedto After herdegree, earning Japan. awaragainst Chinawasfighting At thattime, fprt,absclwo physics thatcompares abasic law of parity, of physics. theory were already noted fortheirwork inquantum Princeton University, Chen Ning YangDr. of Columbia and Tsung DaoLee of Dr. her, with two scientistsworking Meanwhile, beta decay. work forherexperimental innuclearknown Challenging theLawofParity hnW a iihdhrdcoae she When Wu hadfinishedherdoctorate, One of the laws of quantum theory isthelaw quantumtheory thelaws of One of WuAt Columbia becamewell University, Physicist Dr.Chien-ShiungWu Activity 35 69 Name Date Class

Activity 35 (continued) the behavior of a subatomic particle with that the movement of the electrons emitted by the of its mirror image. Basically, the law of parity decaying nuclei. The electrons moved primarily in holds that some objects are the mirror images one direction. If the parity theory were true with of other objects. This would mean that the nuclear reactions, the electrons would have same basic principles that apply to one object moved from both the left and right sides in a would have to apply as well (in every detail) to symmetrical way. Her observations shattered this an object that was its mirror image. law of quantum theory. A few days later, fellow researchers at Columbia duplicated her results. Wu’s Famous Experiments Today, most scientists agree that this seems to be the case for all subatomic particles. Up until this time, scientists had assumed that nuclear decay obeyed the law of parity. Lee and A Lifetime of Achievement Yang, however, pointed out that the parity law had never been proven in nuclear reactions. To Wu’s experiments confirmed her colleaques’ find out whether such reactions obeyed or broke hypothesis. In 1957, Lee and Young won the the law, they asked Wu to perform some experi- Nobel Prize for Physics. Although Wu did not ments. Although her experiments later won Wu win a share in the Nobel Prize, news about the great praise, Lee and Yang first doubted her experiments gave her world-wide attention. For results. Wu focused her work on the decay of her contributions, she was awarded the cobalt-60, a radioactive form of the element Research Corporation Award. Wu was elected cobalt. When cobalt-60 decays, it produces to the National Academy of Sciences in 1958. intense gamma radiation. Afterward, she continued to prove herself to be Wu wanted to examine the beta particles that a tireless researcher. She continued her studies were released during this process in order to see of nuclear beta decay, and in 1963 produced whether they obeyed the laws of parity. She per- more evidence against the law of parity. In formed the experiment in a cryogenics lab, where 1978, she became the first woman to receive the the cold temperatures required for the observa- Wolfe Prize, as well as the first living scientist to tion were possible. She then placed the cobalt-60 have an asteroid named after her. These are just in a strong magnetic field and aligned the north a few of the awards from a long list of those she and south magnetic poles in the atoms. Finally, received. Wu retired from Columbia in 1980 Wu supercooled the nuclei and carefully watched and died in 1997.

Active Reading 1. What did Wu’s famous experiments reveal? 2. Do you think that Wu should have shared in the Nobel Prize for Physics? Why or why not? 3. What caused Lee and Yang to question the law of parity? Why is it important to test theories in many different situations?

Alternate Assessment

Radiation cannot be seen, heard, or felt, but it can be detected. Find out how electroscopes, © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill,Copyright Companies, a division of the McGraw-Hill Inc. cloud chambers, bubble chambers, nuclear emulsions, and Geiger counters are used to detect radiation. Make a chart that explains how each device indicates the presence of radiation.

70 Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. extra dayextra into isinserted thecalendar. an In aleapyear, so often. ing aleapyear every days andinsert- by number addingacertain of It maintainsasolaryear between 30and 29 days. Its 12monthsalternate inautumn. endar begins notlunarones. areso they solar calendars, tures usecalendarsthatadjust forthisdifference, mostcul- Today, is longerthan12lunarmonths. however, Onesolaryear, time. of smaller periods takes to revolve Earth around theSun) into thesolaryear subdivided (thetimeit They dars. used thelunarmonth(28days) to create calen- years peoplehave for thousandsof so regular, has given peopleaway to time. mark Watching theMoon also phenomenon. natural thatgive meaningtoand stories this symbolic Moon anditscycles hasinspired many myths the of Observation moves through itscycles. theMoon asit the changes intheappearance of peoplehave searched forways to explain tures, human cul- Over themillenniaof questions. with Moon thechanging hasfilledthem sky, night Name Date Class The Moonhasbeenasourceofwonderforthousandsyears. Tradition andScience Watching MoonCycles— hr r xetos oee.The Jewish cal- however. There are exceptions, Because theMoon’s is motionaround Earth For aslonghumans have gazed upatthe through theseasons. Muslim holidays such asRamadanrotate by, asyears go As aresult, ments forthesolaryear. costesyt h atr afo theworld. of across theskyto theeastern half each child would travel Moon, the lighted thenforthe20days of theworld, of half ern Heng-o bathedherMoon children onthewest- Oneby one, theyear. were the12Moons of Myths tell abouther12children who Moon. untilKe’sothe wigwam leftforthenext hunt. Thebrother andsister thenreturned to visible. reflected the20days which theMoon during was This the skyfor20days untilshefoundhim. shewould So leave andtravel across gone solong. become becauseherbrother worried hadbeen Tipä’ke’so would goes, thestory to wax, begin Just astheMoon would and leave to goonahunt. Ke’so would take hisbowNew andarrows Moon, atthe month, andevery intheeast, a wigwam lived They in Tipä’ke’so. and hissister theMoon, Ke’so,(Native taleisabouttheSun, American) OneMenominee Moon month. takes every h er hsngt ne h ih ftheMoon, of underthe light night, This the year. becauseitisthefirstfullMoonalso important of theFirstMoon is Year’s Thefifteenth day of Day. theFirstMoon isNew firstday The of calendar. each month. Moon to indicate theholydays of the dhists continue to rely onthephases of Bud- Today, before planttheircrops. farmers Thefestival themonth occurs during one. anew oneyear of and thebeginning end of Thailand’s Festival Songkran celebrates the dar, onthelunarcalen- Basedinpart events. gious Myths AbouttheMoon’sMotion Using LunarMonthstoPlanHolyDays The lunarMuslim calendarmakes noadjust- egoi h nin hns ohro the Heng-o istheancientChinesemotherof Some cultures tell aboutthepath stories Koreans alsobasetheirholidays onthelunar andreli- political, Lunar social, phasesmark Activity 36 71 Name Date Class

Activity 36 (continued) people play traditional games and celebrate by During the next several days, the visible portion cracking nuts and lighting firecrackers. of the Moon increases. During this time, the Some Native American cultures name specific Moon is said to be “waxing.” When the Sun, full Moons according to the seasonal events. Earth, and Moon are aligned in the right angle, March’s full Moon is the Full Sap Moon, because half of the side that faces Earth, or one quarter this is when the maple trees are tapped for their of the total Moon surface, is visible. This is sweet sap. May is the Full Flower Moon, August called the First Quarter. As the Moon continues is the Green Corn Moon, and October is Leaf- its revolution at the midpoint, the entire near Falling Moon. Other Native American names side (about one-half of the Moon’s surface) is relate more to events that take place during the lit by the Sun. At this time we see the Full entire month. For example, the Cherokee call Moon phase. As the Moon’s revolution contin- January the “month of the cold Moon,” and call ues, the visible portion decreases, or wanes, March the “month of the windy Moon.” The until the Moon is again at the New Moon. Lakota call April the “Moon of tender grass.” The Dark Side of the Moon A Scientific Look at the Phases of the Moon Sometimes, during the New Moon, we can faintly see the dark side of the Moon as it faces At various times during the Moon’s revolution, Earth. This is because Earth reflects Sunlight, the Moon might be between Earth and the Sun, just like the Moon does. During the New on the far side of the Earth from the Sun, or any Moon, that light reflects off Earth and illumi- point in between. Because the Moon rotates at a nates the dark side of the Moon. particular speed about its axis, the same side of the Moon always faces the Sun. When we observe The relationship of Earth’s daily rotation and the Moon, we actually are observing the reflected revolution around the Sun with the Moon’s light of the Sun bouncing off the Moon’s surface. motions means that the Moon moves eastward, When the Moon is closest to the Sun, its lighted relative to an observer, and appears to rise later side faces away from Earth, so we see only a thin each day. After the Last Quarter, the Moon is crescent called the New Moon. visible only in the morning sky.

Active Reading 1. What factors affect the changing phases of the Moon? 2. How do the Moon’s phases help people regulate their lives?

Alternate Assessment Create a model of the Moon as it moves through its five major phases. Show the Sun and Earth in relation to the Moon. You might choose to build five small stationary models instead. Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill,Copyright Companies, a division of the McGraw-Hill Inc.

72 Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Alternative Assessment page1 ______Activity 1 Answer Key Lewis Mehl-Madrona—PioneeringDoctor 3. 2. 1. apies, and therapeutic touch. andtherapeutic apies, ther- herbal talktherapy, ation techniques, Alternative includerelax- might treatments andphysical therapy. chemotherapy, tion, medica- includesurgery, might treatments Traditionaltreatments.” and “alternative “ailments,” treatments,” “traditional heads: tablesshouldhave three column Students’ medically proven astreatments hismethods aren’t someof because also, than theway have they always beendone; because he’s differently doingsomethings ion given. should offerreasons theopin- to support Studentsalso concerns. cultural patients’ and hospitalsshouldaccommodate opinion onhow much medicalpersonnel Studentsshouldgive an vary. Answers will why ithelps. feel better are whenthey sickandexplain somethingthatmakes them an example of shouldprovide Students vary. Answers will ciiy2______page3 ______Activity 2 Alternative Assessment Endangered Future Japanese CulturedPearls— 3. 2. 1. should demonstrate carefulshould demonstrate research. and interesting andeasilyunderstandable, flow should bevisually charts Students’ cause changes intheecosystem. temperatures cankilltheoysters andalso Cold water Japanese waters to betoo cold. El Niño weather pattern could cause Abnormal weather conditions causedby an suchcountries as Australia andChina. havepearls will to from beimported other Prices alsomay because rise ply islow. andsup- Prices whendemandishigh rise nolongerexceed supply will demand. gone, Once pearlinventories low run orare lems. cannotsolvetists andfarmers theseprob- scien- skyrocket if pearlswill The price of nacre thancultivated pearls. thicker layer of pearlshave natural a Also, pearl. natural It takes longerto produce a more valuable. makingthem Natural pearlsare more rare, 73 Answer Key (continued)

Activity 3 ______page 5 Activity 4 ______page 7 Buffalo Jerky and Freeze-Dried Fish Coral Reefs at Risk 1. Drying preserves meat by removing water. 1. With an excess number of sea urchins Bacteria cannot survive without water. Salt scouring the corals for food, the reef is can be added to help draw water from food. being destroyed faster than the corals can 2. Pickling means that food has been placed in rebuild it. a salt, sugar, or vinegar solution. These solu- 2. The reef is an important ecosystem where tions discourage bacteria from growing. many different species live. The reef also 3. Some modern techniques, such as canning, provides an important source of food and refrigeration, and freezing, often use elec- medicine and helps protect the coastline. trically powered devices and factory-pro- The reefs also indicate the overall health of duced materials. Traditional techniques the surrounding ocean. instead rely on the Sun, wind, smoke, or 3. If the entire reef died, the sea urchins additives such as salt and vinegar. would lose their food source and eventu- 4. Food preservation allows for large amounts ally would die out as well. of food to be stored easily for large groups 4. Crown-of-thorns starfish feed directly on of people and improves nutrition during coral; thus, when overpopulated, they can winter and times of scarcity for many peo- damage coral. An overpopulation of algae ple. Over time, people spent less and less causes oxygen levels in seawater to drop, time growing and preserving food for starving coral of necessary oxygen. themselves and their families, instead pur- chasing much of their food in markets. Alternative Assessment Students’ food chains should demonstrate Alternative Assessment their research on coral reef ecosystems. See students’ concept maps. Verify that the Some species that students might mention chemicals that they have chosen are, in include spiny lobster, grouper, giant clams, fact, preservatives and not sweeteners, and sea cucumber. flavor enhancers, or vitamins. Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill,Copyright Companies, a division of the McGraw-Hill Inc.

74 Answer Key (continued)

Activity 5 ______page 9 Activity 6 ______page 11 Whales—To Hunt or To Protect? El Puente—Bridge to Environmental Justice 1. They use meat for food, oil for light 1. Vehicles on the roadways, garbage inciner- and heat, and bone as framework for ation, and factory emissions contributed to their homes. air pollution; underground oil spills con- 2. Whales became extinct because they were tributed to ground and water pollution; over-hunted for commercial purposes. garbage sites contaminated the ground and The problem began in the 1600s, when were unsightly. large-scale hunting with colonial whaling 2. Young people are being informed of envi- ships began. ronmental issues and are working to 3. Modern hunts are different today because the improve the environment. Inupiat now use technological advances such 3. Students’ answers will vary. Students should as dart guns and shoulder guns, rather than mention at least one specific change they harpoons and lances. The structure of the would like to see that could be carried out crew no longer follows traditional guidelines, by a student group working on a project and whaling captains today must have enough and give one idea for a community project money to purchase guns for their crew. that could be started. This answer will help 4. Students’ answers will vary. Students them with the research activity. should provide reasons for their opinions based on the reading or background Alternative Assessment knowledge of the subject. Students’ proposals should deal with a community issue and reflect a science- Alternative Assessment related goal for addressing the issue. The Students’ posters should clearly show goal and necessary steps should be clearly where several whale species live and how stated and organized. many of each are living. Posters can feature a drawing of the globe or a chart. Students should be able to answer questions about threats to the whales’ survival. Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill,Copyright Companies, a division of the McGraw-Hill Inc.

75 Answer Key (continued)

Activity 7 ______page 13 Activity 8 ______page 15 Unraveling a Prehistoric Food Web Acupuncture—Modern Uses for 1. She found that while wild animals tend to Traditional Medicine be shy and flee when approached, dung 1. The idea behind how acupuncture works is remains and can be studied for informa- that opposing natural forces must be bal- tion about the animal that left it. anced, and the flow of energy should not 2. She found evidence of dung beetle activity be blocked. in the blocks. Dung beetles eat only dung. 2. Acupuncture prompts the nervous system 3. Students’ answers might vary. Scientists can to produce endorphins, which are natural learn about animals’ diets and the creatures painkillers. It also may trigger the release that depended on this waste material. They of the body’s own anti-inflammatory also might learn about an animal’s migra- agents. tory behavior and whether it preferred to 3. Acupuncture is based on the philosophy of be solitary or live in groups. They also can yin and yang, while Western medicine is learn about the interdependent relation- based on treatments proven by science. ships among different creatures. 4. The Chinese explain acupuncture’s effec- 4. Chin learned that T. rex didn’t eat its food tiveness as a result of restoring the proper whole; rather, it crushed the animals it ate flow of energy that’s believed to flow to all with it’s mighty teeth. parts of the body. Westerners can’t explain how it works scientifically, but some have Alternative Assessment experienced its benefits. Students’ food webs should be clear and based on careful research. Alternative Assessment Students should demonstrate that they have used reliable sources of information and pro- vide a clearly organized visual to the class. Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill,Copyright Companies, a division of the McGraw-Hill Inc.

76 Answer Key (continued)

Activity 9 ______page 17 Activity 10 ______page 19 The Reawakening of Sleeping Sickness Biodiversity—Planting the Seeds for a Healthy Planet 1. The disease was left untreated for several 1. rice, corn and wheat; three crops out of a years and had become resistant to tradi- possible 30,000–80,000 tional medications used to treat it. 2. Biodiversity in food crops is a form of 2. Researchers are releasing infertile male insurance that allows plants to adapt to a tsetse flies. constantly changing environment. Biodi- 3. access to early treatment, availability of versity gives people access to highly nutri- medication, protection from infection, and tious foods that might not be as widely control of the tsetse fly population available. Alternative Assessment 3. Commercial growers want to save time by cultivating fewer main crops. They grow Students’ drawings should include accurate and market the ones with the widest com- representations of the infection process. mercial appeal. Students should be able to answer ques- 4. Individuals and families can grow some of tions about the process. the non-commercial varieties in their own gardens. Alternative Assessment Students’ graphs of charts should be clearly labeled, easy to read, and supported by research. Students should be able to answer questions based on their research. Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill,Copyright Companies, a division of the McGraw-Hill Inc.

77 Answer Key (continued)

Activity 11 ______page 21 Activity 12 ______page 23 The Fight Against Killer Caterpillars Cancer—Uncovering the Culture Connection 1. They sting to protect themselves from 1. Risk factors include diet, smoking, expo- predators. They might sting if a person sure to cancer-causing substances such as approaches their food supply. chemical pollution, lack of access to health 2. Scientists had to know where the caterpil- care, and family medical history. lar originally lived (the rain forest) and 2. The heavy use of pickled, salted, and cured what its natural enemies are (wasps). foods might cause stomach cancer. Fresh Then, by knowing that its habitat was fruits and vegetables, which provide vita- changing and its natural predators had mins A and E, are rarely consumed. been eliminated, scientists could determine 3. avoiding preserved foods, eating fresh pro- why the population was increasing. duce, consuming all necessary vitamins, 3. Rain forest was turned into farmland. avoiding tobacco, and staying informed Then, crops were grown on the land and about new research on the subject farmers applied pesticides to protect the 4. Studying other cultures can provide infor- crops. As a result, the pesticides killed the mation about natural treatments, tradi- caterpillars’ natural predators, wasps, so tional health care techniques, and habits the caterpillars spread. that lead to improved overall health, such 4. It might try to discourage the use of pesti- as lowering the rate of heart disease caused cides, develop crops that are naturally by stress. resistant to pests, reintroduce the wasps to the ecosystem, or provide a border Alternative Assessment between fields and forest where pesticide Students’ posters should be based on spraying is not allowed. research from reliable sources. Alternative Assessment Students’ drawings should be clearly labeled and accurate. Students should be able to answer questions about the life cycle and stages of the caterpillar. Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill,Copyright Companies, a division of the McGraw-Hill Inc.

78 Answer Key (continued) Activity 13 ______page 25 Activity 14 ______page 27 Ellen Ochoa—Space Delivery Dawn Wright —Deep-Sea Explorer 1. She had degrees in science, physics, and 1. GIS does not interpret three-dimensional electrical engineering and had conducted data well. The ocean is three-dimensional extensive research involving optical and because it also includes depth. computer systems. 2. Fissures provide oceanographers with 2. to deliver supplies to the ISS important clues about the nature of vol- 3. Answers will vary, but students should rec- canic eruptions and the formation of ognize that an international space program hydrothermal vents. fosters cooperation among nations and pro- 3. Students’ answers might vary; heat, pres- vides an opportunity to pool knowledge. sure, movement of the tectonic plates, chemical interactions. Alternative Assessment Time lines should track the progress of the Alternative Assessment construction of the ISS, beginning in 1998, Students’ models should clearly and accu- and include brief descriptions of what was rately represent a portion of the ocean accomplished at each stage. floor identified in their research. Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill,Copyright Companies, a division of the McGraw-Hill Inc.

79 Answer Key (continued)

Activity 15 ______page 29 Activity 16 ______page 31 The Maya—Keepers of Time Adriana Ocampo—Making an Impact 1. They told time by keeping track of the 1. The Chicxulub crater in Mexico provides movements of the Sun and Moon and by evidence of a major impact. The crater is observing their rising and setting times in huge, and the rocks in and around it are relation to objects on the horizon. the types of rocks that form when an 2. They need to know when to plant crops impact occurs. and when to prepare for different types 2. Organisms could be killed directly by of seasons. earthquakes, tsunamis, or fires. Also, the 3. Students’ answers might vary. Students soot, dust, and gases that block out sun- should deduce that the Maya calculated the light would make photosynthesis impossi- length of the solar year based on their ble. This would cause plants to die and observations of spring equinox, summer become extinct, along with the animals solstice, fall equinox, and winter solstice. that depend on the plants for food. 4. Students’ answers might vary. Students 3. Studying the surface of other planets may mention that an observatory’s sight- reveals how those planets might have ing holes make it easier for a person to formed and how they respond to events focus on one particular star or constella- such as asteroid impacts. These discoveries tion, and that the exact date the Sun can help scientists learn more about the reaches its highest point can be deter- history of this planet. mined precisely using the observatory’s 4. If countries don’t work together, explo- vertical sighting tube. ration becomes competitive and scientific information is not shared openly. This Alternative Assessment slows learning and can create conflict over Students’ charts should be clearly orga- discoveries and areas of space. nized and show daily rising and setting times and positions for at least one month. Alternative Assessment If students observed a star, encourage them Students’ drawings should clearly and to find out the name of the star by looking accurately show known geological features in astronomy guides. of the crater. The students should be able to answer questions about the crater’s impact, based on their research. Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill,Copyright Companies, a division of the McGraw-Hill Inc.

80 Answer Key (continued)

Activity 17 ______page 33 Activity 18 ______page 35 The Ancient, Rising Nile The Ancient African Art of Metalworking 1. Students’ answers might vary. Students may 1. They controlled the temperature by con- mention that rivers such as the Nile provide trolling the amount of air forced into the water and soil for growing crops success- pipes. fully. Growing crops requires that people 2. Clay is able to withstand the high tempera- live a settled life in one place. When they do tures of smelting. this, they may be more likely to develop skills associated with civilization, such as 3. Students’ answers might vary. Students those needed to build permanent shelters may list weapons such as spear and arrow and to keep track of crops and animals. points and swords; for tools they might mention ax blades, knives, and cutting 2. They needed the calendar so they would tools—maybe drills, hammers, and possi- know when to expect the floods, when to bly agricultural tools. plant, and when to harvest. 4. Students’ answers might vary. Students 3. Some advantages are a longer growing sea- may mention its hardness. They may real- son and a constant water supply to gener- ize that it can have sharp edges that make ate electricity and to save for times of it good for cutting. Because it is malleable, drought. Disadvantages are the need to use it can be made into a variety of shapes. It is expensive fertilizers, the pollution of the strong and durable and, therefore, suited to river, the erosion of the soil line, and the things that are meant to last, such as infection caused by snail worms. memorials and religious objects. Its luster 4. Students’ answers might vary. Students adds to its beauty. should explain why they think the advan- tages outweigh the disadvantages or vice Alternative Assessment versa. Ask students to present their exhibits to the class. Consider asking students to prepare Alternative Assessment the exhibits in small groups. If possible, The models should show flooding of the invite a sculptor who uses the lost-wax Nile and show how the Aswan High Dam method to class. works and where the water is reserved. Consider allowing students to work in small groups in order to complete the model. Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill,Copyright Companies, a division of the McGraw-Hill Inc.

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Activity 19 ______page 37 Activity 20 ______page 39 Like Salt in the Bank Jade—Gemstone of Kings 1. The trade began because many people did not live 1. The green might have been a symbol of near the sea, where salt was easy to obtain. green ears of corn or pools of water. The 2. Because everyone needed salt, the govern- stone probably symbolized wealth and status ments could make a lot of money from since rulers wore it and were buried with it. regulating it. 2. Jadeite ranges in color from pale green to 3. Students’ answers might vary. Students may light purple. suggest that salt is more easily available 3. Carving jade was difficult because the throughout the world because of advances Maya didn’t have metal tools. They had to in technology and transportation. slowly wear down the jade with water and 4. Students’ answers might vary. Students may sand. The molecular structure of jade also note that sodium and chloride are elements makes it an especially hard substance. that are present in many naturally occur- 4. They might have thought that the rulers ring substances. Students may suggest that needed the objects for the afterlife, or they sodium and chloride can’t leave Earth, but might have been showing respect by bury- instead they appear in different forms ing along with the dead such a valued sub- depending on the circumstances. Also, stance that had been so carefully crafted. Earth’s oceans are a major source of salt. Alternative Assessment Alternative Assessment Students’ charts should show several differ- Students should provide a percentage of ent minerals and gemstones and show salt in the water and be able to answer the their meanings in different cultures. They questions about the solar evaporation should be illustrated in an interesting, process. clear, and accurate manner. Ask students to provide a list of sources they based their charts on. Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill,Copyright Companies, a division of the McGraw-Hill Inc.

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Activity 21 ______page 41 Activity 22 ______page 43 Harnessing Sunshine Pioneers of the Surf 1. Solar power sometimes is collected with 1. Surfing probably started as a way to help curved mirrors that concentrate the Sun’s people catch fish for food. energy to produce heat and steam. This 2. Duke Kahanamoku introduced the sport to energy is used to heat steam, which in mainland United States and to Australia, turn, produces electricity. Solar panels also and the sport then spread from those are used. They have cells that store energy places. and convert it into electrical current. It can be stored in batteries for up to five days. 3. Students’ answers might vary. Students may suggest that by knowing whether the 2. Some drawbacks of solar power are the ocean floor is steep or gradual, or whether expensive equipment it requires and the there is a reef or a sandbar offshore, a fact that it is hard to store. Also, if the Sun surfer could determine the best places is blocked for a long period of time due to for surfing. events such as wildfires or volcanic erup- tions, the power supply also is blocked. 4. Students’ answers might vary. Students may mention the warm, coastal waters, 3. Students’ answers might vary. Students may sunshine, sandy beaches, offshore reefs or suggest that solar power is attractive sandbars, and gently sloping ocean bot- because solar energy is available everywhere toms of Hawaii’s coasts. and because sunshine is a free, renewable, and nonpolluting source of energy. Alternative Assessment 4. Students’ answers might vary. Students Models should show sandbars offshore and may suggest the following reasons: the high have a gently sloping ocean bottom. Draw- cost of kerosene, pollution caused by burn- ings should show these same features. ing kerosene, the difficulty of getting kerosene, and the nonrenewable nature of petroleum products. Alternative Assessment Students may use glass, pieces of hard plas- tic, lenses, or mirrors to make their heaters. They should take the temperature of the water at different time intervals and note how much the temperature rises each time. How long does it take to heat the water 5°C? How long does it take to heat it 20°C? Does the amount of water to be heated affect the time it takes? Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill,Copyright Companies, a division of the McGraw-Hill Inc.

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Activity 23 ______page 45 Activity 24 ______page 47 Oil—Mexico’s Primary Export A Day of Destruction 1. Oil has been found along the Gulf Coast 1. A seiche occurs in lakes and ponds far and in the southern part of the country, from the epicenter. A tsunami produces near the Guatemalan border, and off the ocean waves that move from the area of Yucatán Peninsula. the earthquake and keep going until reach- 2. Geologists think that most of the oil in ing land. Mexico (four-fifths) has not been discov- 2. The ground moves so forcefully that it ered and that the oil economy will be sends out vibrations in the ground for healthy for a good part of this century. hundreds of kilometers. The quake will be 3. Its profits help pay for many important felt throughout the continental plates that social programs in the country, such as are moving and causing the phenomena. schools and hospitals. 3. Students’ answers might vary. Students 4. When an economy is based on one indus- may mention that the danger comes from try, it has little to fall back on if that indus- the shaking of the ground, which can cause try falls on hard times. Also, the oil industry objects to fall and structures to collapse; can cause pollution of the air and water. water disturbances such as seiches and tsunamis; and fires. Students may suggest Alternative Assessment safety precautions such as remaining calm, getting under a table, staying inside if you Students should illustrate several industrial are inside and staying outside if you are as well as household products. Consider outside, and not using candles, matches, or expanding the project by asking students any kind of open flame. to study the environmental effects of the petroleum industry, the need for alterna- 4. Students’ answers might vary. Students tive energy sources, and the possible alter- may suggest building with strong materi- natives to petroleum products. als, reinforcing the structure, or building more flexible structures. Alternative Assessment If students build a model, they should use a material such as bubble wrap, foam, or batting to demonstrate how the movement travels through the ground. Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill,Copyright Companies, a division of the McGraw-Hill Inc.

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Activity 25 ______page 49 Activity 26 ______page 51 Philip Emeagwali—Breaking All the Records ALMA—World’s Strongest Telescope Array 1. Oil is trapped in the pores of rocks, so gas 1. Millimeter and submillimeter wavelengths or water is used to flush the oil out of the are longer than other waves of light. Scien- rocks. The oil flows to nearby wells that tists haven’t been able to see them previ- pump the oil to the ously. ALMA will be a powerful telescope surface. located high enough so that they can see 2. It enabled oil companies to extract oil the waves above the atmospheric vapor lay- more efficiently. ers and study them. 3. Students’ answers might vary, but hypothe- 2. ALMA needed to be a multinational pro- ses should include reference to his use of a ject because it’s going to be very expensive. network of smaller computers. Having money and knowledge from many countries is the only way ALMA could be Alternative Assessment built. Each student should identify at least one 3. ALMA will be located 4,900 m above sea example of a manufactured object that level on the Atacama desert plateau, in the uses nature as its model, and explain the Andean Mountains of Chile. This location’s similarities to the class. atmosphere is very clear and dry, making it possible for ALMA to detect millimeter and submillimeter waves. 4. An array is a group of many telescopes or antennas. The Collator is a large, central computer that will control the telescopes, allowing them to work as though they were one very large antenna. Alternative Assessment Students should draw a spectrum that shows purple, blue, green, yellow, orange, and red waves of visible light. Infrared wavelengths should be just after visible light on the spectrum and high-frequency radio waves on the opposite end. Submil- limeter waves should fall somewhere between the infrared and radio waves. Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill,Copyright Companies, a division of the McGraw-Hill Inc.

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Activity 27 ______page 53 Activity 28 ______page 55 Biomass—Renewable Energy from Luis W. Alvarez—Idea Man Everyday Things 1. a radar system that helps airplane pilots 1. Biomass can be turned into energy by land at night and in other conditions of burning it, fermenting it, or treating it poor visibility; the proton linear accelera- with chemicals or bacteria. tor, which helps scientists understand the 2. Biomass must be processed before it can be structure of matter; the optic stabilizer used. Collecting, transporting, and storing used in zoom lenses for shoulder-held biomass can be expensive. video cameras 3. Fossil fuels, such as coal, oil, and gas, are 2. The proton linear accelerator and his work non-renewable sources of energy while on the bubble chamber led to a better biomass is a renewable source. Supplies of understanding of atoms. fossil fuels are limited and supplies of bio- 3. His idea to study the strange rock layer at mass are not. Burning fossil fuels harms his son’s geological site led to the discovery the environment by releasing pollutants that asteroids landed on Earth about the into the air, but biomass does not harm the time dinosaurs became extinct. This theory environment; it releases only carbon diox- led other scientists to search for and find ide, which is absorbed by plants and soil. crater sinkholes that indicate that asteroids large enough to cause mass extinction Alternative Assessment crashed into Earth around that time. Students should use pictures, drawings, and actual organic material in their collages to Alternative Assessment demonstrate biomass use in their commu- Students’ diagrams should be accurate and nity. Examples include corn, trees, garbage, clearly labeled. Students should be able to paper pulp, wood, straw, and seaweed. answer questions about how particles act and how Alvarez’s work helped make dis- coveries about them. Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill,Copyright Companies, a division of the McGraw-Hill Inc.

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Activity 29 ______page 57 Activity 30 ______page 59 The Camera—A Snapshot of Its History Lise Meitner—The Test of Time 1. They were studying solar eclipses. 1. She had to overcome prejudice against 2. He developed the first camera lens by women in order to obtain an education studying how light is reflected, and he and find work and recognition. She also developed a formula to predict angles of had to overcome prejudice against Jews in reflection. Nazi Germany. 3. George Eastman’s camera for the everyday 2. She discovered element 91 (protactinium), person; the continued availability of inex- discovered and named nuclear fission, and pensive cameras explained the nuclear processes that occur in nuclear fission. She also predicted the 4. Students’ answers will vary. Students might existence of the chain reaction. mention that both photographs and movies have expanded people’s worlds and 3. They were on the brink of a major discov- imaginations, taking them from their back- ery in nuclear physics when Hitler rose to yards to places around the globe, and even power, so their work was delayed. In addi- to outer space. Cameras and photography tion, many were fearful that their work also have increased our ability to commu- would lead to the development of the nicate and record history. atomic bomb. Alternative Assessment Alternative Assessment Students’ cameras should be black inside Students’ diagrams should be accurate and and have a place to load and remove a film clearly labeled. Students should be able to sheet. The pinhole should have a cover over answer questions about the process of it to act as a shutter. A darkroom is neces- nuclear fission. sary for loading and unloading film (only one shot before reloading), so if a school darkroom is not available, arrangements might be made with a local developer. Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill,Copyright Companies, a division of the McGraw-Hill Inc.

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Activity 31 ______page 61 Activity 32 ______page 63 A Universal Language Rocketry Starts with a Bang 1. Students’ answers might vary. The idea for 1. Air is heated in a closed container and its a particular instrument, such as a bagpipe, molecules expand. If the surface is punc- may have traveled through trade from one tured, air rushes out of the bottom while part of the world to another. Also, there the molecules at the top are still pushing only are a few basic ways of producing forward. The object is propelled forward. sound vibrations, and all instruments must 2. defense and space exploration rely upon these methods. 3. Upon ignition, billions upon billions of 2. Students’ answers might vary, but students high-speed gas molecules are all pushing should be able to support their answers down on the ground at the same time, with logical explanations. Students might producing enough thrust to propel the suggest that percussion instruments, such shuttle off the ground and into space. as drums, might have been made from ani- mal skins stretched over a hollow log or 4. The maneuvering unit depends on action animal bones or horns that were hit and reaction forces for motion. By firing the together. nitrogen thrusters in one direction, an astro- naut can move in the opposite direction. Alternative Assessment Alternative Assessment Students should be able to explain what family the instrument belongs to and Students should show events such as the explain how it works. battle of Kai-Keng, the approximate date fireworks were introduced in Europe, and at least one or two major developments there, including early attempts at rocket- propelled flight, the launching of Sputnik several other major space events, and I. Students should provide sources for their research. Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill,Copyright Companies, a division of the McGraw-Hill Inc.

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Activity 33 ______page 65 Activity 34 ______page 67 Desalination—Solving a Middle Eastern Shortage Aslihan Yener—Archaeological Detective 1. Distillation-based desalination is the 1. Workers lit fires to partially melt the rock process in which seawater is boiled until it with tin in it. When it melted, the workers produces clean steam. The steam then can broke it off and removed the rock chunks be condensed and used for drinking water. from the cave. Reverse osmosis is the process in which 2. Another scientist had found casiterite—a water is forced at high pressure through fil- tin ore—near the area. ters to remove the salt. 3. Bronze can be sharpened more easily and 2. If there were a shortage of clean water, is lighter than stone. It also is easier to untreated water would be used in agricul- shape and decorate. ture. Untreated water can cause disease. Using it on crops would contaminate them 4. Children can fit into narrow mine shafts and cause disease among those who eat more easily than adults, and it would take the crops. less effort to use children than to widen the mine shafts. Also, mining requires less skill 3. Students’ answers might vary. Students than processing the ore; children would not may state that the peace pipeline would need much training to dig out the ore. create agreement and cooperation between warring nations—a first step in the peace Alternative Assessment process. Students should show how tin is separated Alternative Assessment from its ore, purified, and worked into shape. They should be able to answer ques- Students should write a report that tions about the process. explains that salinity is the salt content in seawater. The most common elements found in salt water are chloride, sodium, sulfate, magnesium, calcium, and potas- sium. Students should include a first-hand account of how undrinkable they found salt water to be. Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill,Copyright Companies, a division of the McGraw-Hill Inc.

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Activity 35 ______page 69 Activity 36 ______page 71 Dr. Chien-Shiung Wu— Changing the World Watching Moon Cycles—Tradition and Science of Physics 1. The alignment of the Sun, Moon, and 1. Nuclear reactions do not obey the law Earth determines how much of the Moon’s of parity. lighted surface is visible to observers. The 2. Students’ answers might vary, but students factors affecting this angle are Earth’s revo- should be able to support their answers lution around the Sun and the Moon’s rev- with logical explanations. olution around Earth. 3. Lee and Yang questioned the fact that the 2. The phases help people mark the passage law had never been officially proven in of time in greater detail than by following nuclear reactions. It was assumed to hold the solar year. By counting moons, for true. It is important to test theories in as example, Native Americans knew when the many situations as possible to best deter- time was approaching for them to plant mine whether they are true. their crops. They also could set regular schedules for celebrating holidays. Alternative Assessment Alternative Assessment Students may narrow the focus of the pro- ject by selecting one of the tools listed. If Students’ models should show the waxing they choose this option, ask them to pro- crescent, first quarter, full, last quarter, and vide a few detailed notes with the chart, waning crescent. Students can use dark explaining how the device works, in what cloth or paper to cover part of the model way it is used, how is was developed, and and represent the different moons. important discoveries it has been used for. Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill,Copyright Companies, a division of the McGraw-Hill Inc.

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