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Tourism in Brunei Darussalam: Content and Context

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Tourism in Brunei Darussalam: Content and Context Loughborough University Institutional Repository Tourism in Brunei Darussalam: content and context This item was submitted to Loughborough University's Institutional Repository by the/an author. Additional Information: • A Doctoral Thesis. Submitted in partial fulllment of the requirements for the award of Doctor of Philosophy of Loughborough University. Metadata Record: https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/7576 Publisher: c Yati Mohd.Mohd Kassim Please cite the published version. This item is held in Loughborough University’s Institutional Repository (https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/) and was harvested from the British Library’s EThOS service (http://www.ethos.bl.uk/). It is made available under the following Creative Commons Licence conditions. For the full text of this licence, please go to: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/2.5/ TOURISM IN BRUNEI DARUSSALAM: CONTENT AND CONTEXT by MONA YATI MOHD KASSIM A Doctoral Thesis Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirement for the award of Doctor of Philosophy of the Loughborough University July 2003 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS In the name of Allah, the most Beneficent, the Most Merciful. This thesis was made possible through funding by the Government of Brunei Darussalam. I must acknowledge the assistance and support from Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Public Service Department and the High Commission of Negara Brunei Darussalam in England. I was privileged to have their funding. This thesis grew out of a series of discussions with my supervisor Professor Peter Lawrence. His comments, direction and expertise in qualitative research drew me closer to understanding the reality of my research and its rich complexity. He encouraged me to explore my cultural roots and indulged me in my writing. His sharp wit, sanguinity and incredible kindness gave me the steady encouragement to complete my thesis. I am also indebted to Professor John Wilson and Dr Laurie Cohen for their advice and support throughout my learning experience. While struggling to finalise the research topic, Dr Allan Clarke's (Derby University) discussions and advice at the early stage of my study provided decisive direction, which gave rise to the completed thesis. I must acknowledge the immense support and assistance shown by the Brunei Tourism Development Unit, Ministry of Industry and Primary Resources, especially Sheikh Jamaluddin Sheik Mohammad, Hj Mohd Tali Hj Abd Rahman and Hj Latif Hj Aspar. I would especially like to thank the many individuals who have contributed to the research through questionnaire survey participation or by candid discussions during the in-depth interviews. This research was made possible through the help given by the graduates from Universiti Brunei Darussalam by distributing the questionnaires to the community. 11 I am indebted to my friends and colleagues, who have helped me through this journey with their support, humour and firm optimism. I am very grateful to Hj Yussof Hj Mohamad, Hjh Noja Hj Gafar and family, Dk Serina Pg Sulaiman, Ak Sharin Pg Sulaiman, Norhalimah Idris and Azli Yahya for their invaluable support, comfort and giving us a home away from home. Last but not least, my humble gratitude and deepest appreciation goes to my beloved family, my husband Ahmad Nizam, mother, father, in-laws and siblings for all their unconditional support, love, smiles, counsel, encouragement, prayer, patience, compassion and sacrifices. I am grateful for my daughter Noor Imanina for giving me the strength to carry on with her endless smiles and good cheer. I dedicate this thesis to my beloved mother and father. To all those who have helped me, I am forever indebted to you. I devote this traditional Malay 'pantun' (quatrain) to you: Pisang emas dibawa belayar Masak sebiji diatas peti Hutang emas boleh dibayar Hutang budi dibawa mati Take golden bananas as we sail away One ripens atop a crate A debt of gold I can repay A debt of gratitude will forever be 111 ABSTRACT The purpose of this research was to analyse the content and context of tourism stakeholder management in Negara Brunei Darussalam and to investigate stakeholder views on tourism management, planning and development. The author attempted to identify the web of stakeholders as perceived by the main key groups of players in the tourism industry in the months leading up to the sultanate's first ever 'Visit Brunei Year 2001'. In addition, she attempted to investigate the underlying causes of ineffective tourism management in Negara Brunei Darussalam, which operates under a strict Malay Muslim Monarchy ('Melayu Islam Beraja' or'MIB') system of governance and national philosophy. Many hold the view that developing the tourism industry in Negara Brunei Darussalam is a necessary stepping-stone towards diversification from its dependence on oil and gas. However, very little effort has been made to educate the general community on its benefits and disadvantages. In addition, only a very select group of people are directly involved in its planning and development leading to conflict in the community. Little has been said about real community support of tourism development and on the impact it may have on its stakeholders. The present study has attempted to do this. Problems in tourism management, planning and development are expected to arise because of Negara Brunei Darussalam's inexperience in this field, lack of coordination and planning between government and private sectors; and, perhaps due to conflict between its MIB philosophy and the perceived negative nature of the tourism industry. Research was conducted in several stages from November 1999 to February 2001. Data collection from the fieldwork was elicited through questionnaires administered by four trained interviewers in all four districts in Negara Brunei iv Darussalam and through in-depth interviews with selected tourism stakeholders by the author. The author observed that key players of tourism were relatively unaware of the concept of community participation in tourism development and planning, as well as the identity of a wider range of tourism stakeholders. The community at large does support tourism development and planning and expectations for accrual of tourism revenue and benefits are high. Many in the private sector have voiced the view that the government should do more to give this industry a boost. Similarly, the governmental body believes that a pro-active private sector is needed for sustainability of this industry. An alternative model to western stakeholder management is proposed that is applicable to this small Muslim sultanate. V TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgments ii ............................................................................ Abstract iv ......................................................................................... Table Contents of ............................................................................ vi List Tables ix of .................................................................................. List Figures of ................................................................................. x Glossary Abbreviations and ............................................................... xi CHAPTER 1: OVERVIEW AND SCOPE OF THE STUDY 1.1 Introduction 1 .......................................................................... 1.2 The Research Problem 3 ........................................................... 1.3 The Research Objectives 7 ........................................................ 1.4 Justifications the Research Study 9 of .......................................... 1.5 Significance the Research Study 11 of ........................................... 1.6 Limitations the Study 13 of ........................................................... 1.7 Data-Collection Procedures 14 ..................................................... 1.8 Organisation the Thesis 15 of ....................................................... CHAPTER 2: THE RESEARCH CONTEXT- NEGARA BRUNEI DARUSSALAM 2.1 Introduction 17 .......................................................................... 2.2 Geography 18 ........................................................................... 2.3 A Brief History Brunei 19 of .......................................................... 2.4 System Governance in Brunei 20 of ............................................... 2.5 Population 21 ........................................................................... 2.6 Overview Brunei Economy 23 of ................................................... 2.7 Employment Unemployment Rates in Brunei 26 and ......................... 2.8 National Philosophy: 'Melayu Islam Beraja' (Malay Islamic Monarchy Philosophy) 29 ............................................................ 2.9 Overview of the Evolution of Tourism Policy and Management in Brunei 34 ................................................................................. 2.10 Overview the Brunei Tourism Masterplan 1998 37 of ........................ 2.11 The Current Tourism Context Trends in Brunei 45 and ...................... 2.11.1 An Analysis of the Current Tourism Trends in Brunei......... 45 2.11.2 Tourism Related Employment 55 ....................................... 2.11.3 The Hotel Travel Agency Industry in Brunei 61 and ............... 2.11.4 Budgeting Consideration of the National Tourism Organisation 62 .............................................................. 2.11.5 Tourism and Hospitality Training and Other Tourism Related Education 63 .....................................................
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