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Of Measured Air Temperature, Air Flow Rate and Cooling Load for All Zones, for the Month of June 2012

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Of Measured Air Temperature, Air Flow Rate and Cooling Load for All Zones, for the Month of June 2012 Calibration of a Building Energy Model Using Measured Data for a Research Center Andreea Mihai A Thesis in The Department of Building, Civil & Environmental Engineering Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Applied Sciences (in Building Engineering) at Concordia University Montreal, Quebec, Canada January 2014 © Andreea Mihai, 2014 CONCORDIA UNIVERSITY School of Graduate Studies This is to certify that the thesis prepared By: Andreea Mihai Entitled: Calibration of a Building Energy Model Using Measured Data for a Research Center and submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Applied Sciences in Building Engineering complies with the regulations of the University and meets the accepted standards with respect to originality and quality. Signed by the final examining committee: ______________________________________Dr. A. Athienitis Chair ______________________________________Dr. Z. Zhu Examiner ______________________________________Dr. S. Rakheja Examiner ______________________________________Dr. R. Zmeureanu Supervisor Approved by ________________________________________________ Chair of Department or Graduate Program Director ________________________________________________ Dean of Faculty Date ________________________________________________ ABSTRACT Calibration of a Building Energy Model Using Measured Data for a Research Center Andreea Mihai This thesis proposes an evidence-based bottom-up methodology to calibrate a building energy model starting at the zone level, and finishing with the whole building level. The calibration is based as much as possible on measurements taken from the existing Building Automation System (BAS). This study presents the calibration at the zone and air handling unit level. First a literature review is presented, followed by the evidence-based bottom-up methodology. Next, the case study building is described, along with the extraction and analysis of the monitored data. Then the building model is created and calibrated at the zone level based on the supply air flow rate to each zone. The calibration at the air handling unit level is based on: i) the supply air flow rate leaving the air handling unit; ii) the supply air temperature and iii) the cooling coil load. The evaluation of the calibration quality is proposed to be performed in three stages: i) graphical representation; ii) statistical indices (RMSE, CV-RMSE, NMBE); and iii) paired difference statistical hypothesis testing. A sensitivity analysis is performed and it is found that the energy model is not sensitive to changes in the building envelope parameters, but rather to variations in internal loads. iii Two approaches for representing the schedules of internal loads are compared and the proposed approach, where the internal loads are derived from measured cooling load in each zone, is recommended. iv AKNOWLEDGMENTS First, I would like to thank my supervisor, Dr. Radu G. Zmeureanu, for his help, support and for teaching me to be patient. His joyful character and knowledge in the domain of building energy simulation have helped me enormously to understand and pass this challenge in my life. I also need to give special thanks to my godfather, Ovidiu Parvulescu, for making mathematics seem like a piece of cake and to my teacher from “Tudor Vianu” high school, Ioana Stoica, for making me understand and like physics. I would like to acknowledge the financial support from NSERC Smart Net-Zero Energy Building Strategic Research Network and the Faculty of Engineering and Computer Science of Concordia University. This thesis could not have been completed without the collaboration of the Concordia Facilities Management, Stephan Drolet, Yves Gilbert, Steven Trouchon, Luc Lagace and Mathieu Laflamme. I would like to thank Mr. Christian Houle, from Siemens, for taking the time to collaborate with us regarding the measured data. Special thanks to my friends and colleagues from the undergraduate and graduate programs at Concordia University. I enjoyed every moment spent together, and I need to thank you all so much, for putting up with me through my best and worst days. I wish you success and happiness in your careers and life. Lastly, I appreciate the constant support from my brother Alexandru-Cezar and from my parents, Gavrila and Dumitru Mihai. I am so grateful for having such a great, loving family. v This thesis is dedicated to my godfather, Ovidiu Parvulescu. Thank you for teaching me to believe in myself! vi Table of Contents LIST OF FIGURES ............................................................................................................................... IX LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................................................... XXI CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION...................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 PROBLEM STATEMENT ........................................................................................................................... 1 1.2 SCOPE .................................................................................................................................................... 2 CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW .............................................................................................................. 3 2.1 SCOPE OF CALIBRATION ......................................................................................................................... 3 2.2 PUBLICATIONS AND STUDIES .................................................................................................................. 7 2.3 GUIDELINES FOR VERIFICATION AND VALIDATION OF CALIBRATION .................................................... 21 2.4 CONCLUSIONS FROM LITERATURE REVIEW ..................................................................................................... 25 CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY ......................................................................................................... 26 3.1 OBJECTIVE ........................................................................................................................................... 26 3.2 EVIDENCE-BASED BOTTOM-UP CALIBRATION APPROACH ..................................................................... 26 CHAPTER 4 MONITORED DATA AT THE CENTRE FOR STRUCTURAL AND FUNCTIONAL GENOMICS BUILDING ............................................................................................................................................... 29 4.1 DESCRIPTION OF THE BUILDING ................................................................................................................... 29 4.2 DESCRIPTION OF THE HVAC SYSTEM .................................................................................................. 30 4.2.1 Air side system ............................................................................................................................. 30 4.2.2 Water side system ....................................................................................................................... 34 4.2.3 Heat recovery system................................................................................................................... 37 4.3 MONITORED DATA ANALYSIS AND EXTRACTION ............................................................................................... 38 CHAPTER 5 CALIBRATION OF THE EQUEST MODEL FOR SUPPLY AIR FLOW RATES TO ZONES ................. 59 5.1 PRELIMINARY CALIBRATION OF SUPPLY AIR FLOW RATE TO ZONES ....................................................................... 59 5.2 EVALUATION OF THE CALIBRATION QUALITY ................................................................................................... 70 5.2.1 Graphical representation ............................................................................................................. 70 5.2.2 Statistical indices ......................................................................................................................... 74 5.2.3 Hypothesis testing ....................................................................................................................... 77 5.3 IMPROVEMENT OF PRELIMINARY CALIBRATION ............................................................................................... 85 CHAPTER 6 CALIBRATION OF THE EQUEST MODEL OF THE AIR HANDLING UNIT ....... 92 6.1 AIR HANDLING UNIT MODEL INPUTS ..................................................................................................... 92 6.2 ANALYSIS OF THE SUMMATION OF AIR FLOW RATES TO ZONES ............................................................ 96 6.3. RESULTS OF THE CALIBRATION OF THE AIR HANDLING UNIT SUPPLY AIR FLOW RATE ............................................. 106 6.3.1 Graphical representation ........................................................................................................... 106 6.3.2 Statistical indices analysis ......................................................................................................... 110 6.3.3 Hypothesis testing ...................................................................................................................... 111 6.4 CALIBRATION OF THE SUPPLY AIR TEMPERATURE IN THE AIR HANDLING UNIT ................................... 113 6.4.1 Graphical representation ..........................................................................................................
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