HVAC – Practical Basic Calculations
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Overview of Chiller Compressors
Overview of Chiller Compressors Course No: M04-027 Credit: 4 PDH A. Bhatia Continuing Education and Development, Inc. 22 Stonewall Court Woodcliff Lake, NJ 07677 P: (877) 322-5800 [email protected] OVERVIEW OF CHILLER COMPRESSORS Overview In HVAC industry, the refrigeration machine that produces chilled water is referred to as a “Chiller”. A chiller package operates either on the principles of vapor compression or vapor absorption. The vapor compression system uses mechanical energy in the form of electric motor to drive the cooling cycle whereas absorption chillers use heat to drive the process. The vapor compression chiller system, which is far more prominent in commercial buildings, consists of four major components: the compressor, evaporator, condenser and expansion device all packaged as a single unit. The classification of vapor compression chiller packages is generally by the type of compressor: centrifugal, reciprocating, and screw being the major ones. Chillers are the largest consumer of energy in a commercial building and it is therefore important to understand the relative benefits and limitations of various types in order to make the right economic decisions in chiller installation and operation. This course will talk about the type of compressor used in the water cooled chiller. The course is divided into 3 parts: Part - I: Types of Chiller Compressors Part – II: Comparison of Chiller Compressors Part –III: Economic Evaluation of Chiller Systems PART I - TYPES OF CHILLER COMPRESSORS Most cooling systems, from residential air conditioners to large commercial and industrial chillers, employ the refrigeration process known as the vapor compression cycle. At the heart of the vapor compression cycle is the mechanical compressor. -
Rental Cooling Guide for Tents & Shelters
Rental Cooling Guide For Tents & Shelters Taking you a step closer to cool Let’s get down to business. You’ve got a hot spot and you need cooling. It’s not everyday you need to purchase air conditioning. How do you fig- ure out how much cooling you need? Where do you turn for help? This cooling load calculator will be your guide to help you determine what kind of cooling you need and how much cooling you need. We outline the questions you need to answer before you make the call to get some extra cooling. Know what you need and you’ll be a more knowledgeable pros- pect, certain to make a more informed buying decision. Determining Your Cooling Load is a simple three step process. Apply the basic rule of thumb for tent cooling — one ton of cooling, 12,000 BTU, for every 100 s.f. to 150 s.f. This method will give you a cooling range for the size tent you select. For example: a 60’ x 80’ tent is 4800 s.f. Divide the total s.f. by 150 and you will have the low end: 4800 / 150 = 32 tons. Divide the total s.f. by 100 and you will have the high end: 4800 / 100 = 48 tons. For a 60’ x 80’ tent you will need between 32 and 48 tons of cooling. AirPac Rents Your online source for portable air conditioner rentals 888-324-7722 www.AirPacRents.com Copyright © 2005 AirPac Rents, Incorporated. All rights reserved. 1 The amount of cooling you select will depend on the event itself. -
Guide for Air Conditioning, Refrigeration, and Help the Student
DOCUMENT RESUME ED 251 645 CE 040 232 AUTHOR Henderson, William Edward, Jr., Ed. TITLE Art::culated, Performance-Based Instruction Objectives Guide for Air Conditioning, Refrigeration, and Heating. Volume II(Second Year). INSTITUTION Greenville County School District, Greenville, S.C.; Greenville Technical Coll., S. PUB DATE Oct 84 NOTE 374p.; Prepared by the Articulation Program Task Force Committee for Air Conditioning, Refrigeration, and Heating. PUB TYPE Guides Clasrroom Use Guides (For Teachers) (052) EDRS PRICE MF01/PC15 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTO. *Air Conditioning; Behavioral Objectives; Competency Based Education; Curriculum Guides; *Equipment Maintenance; Fuels; Jrade 12; *Heating; High Schools; Job Skills; Le.,zning Activities; *Refrigeration; Secondary Education; Solar Energy; Trade and Industrial Education; Units of Study; *Ventilation ABSTRACT This articulation guide contains 17 units of instruction for the second year of a two-year vocational program designed to prepare the high school graduate to install, maintain, and repair various types of residential and commercial heating, air conditioning, and refrigeration equipment. The units are designed to help the student to expand and apply the basic knowledge already mastered and to learn new principles and techniques and to prepare him/her for entry-level work as an apprentice. The seventeen units cover aid conditioning calculations (psychrometrics,residential heat loss and heat gain, duct design and sizing and air treatment); troubleshooting and servicing residential air conditioners; commercial refrigeration; commercial air conditioning; heating systems (electrical resistance heating, heat pumps, gas heating, oil heating, hydronics, solar heating systems); automotive air conditioner maintenance/repair; estimating and planning heating, ventilation, and air conditioning jobs; customer relations; and shop projects. -
Ventilation Heat Recovery Ventilation Glazing; Equipment Insulation
Town of Warner Building Energy Performance Reports Social Services Government Roads Police Fire Waste Material Waste Water Garage 1 2008 Town Building Energy Use 2 4 5 Oil: 4567 gallons Oil: 4057 gallons LP: 5,122 gallons Elec: 20,160KWH Elec: 19,428KWH Elec: 21,120KWH 72KBtu/ft2 57.4KBtu/ft2 48.4KBtu/ft2 3 8 6* LP: 2,033 gallons Oil: 817 gallons Kerosene: 934 gallons Elec: 19,750KWH Elec: 7,290KWH Elec: 18,731KWH 59.6KBtu/ft2 29.4KBtu ft2 45KBtu/ft2 1 Gallons Btu’s Dollars 7 Oil 10,706 1,483MM $32,118 LP: 2200 gallons LP 9,455 861MM $11,555 Oil: 152 gallons Elec: 130,968KWH Elec 237,906 812MM $37,332 Elec: 459KWH *289KBtu/ft2 TOTALS 2,946MM $81,000 33.8KBtu/ft2 2 Town Building 2008 Utility Costs 3 4 2 $17,615 $15,413 $19,081 5 7 6 $7,005 $9,217 $3,869 8 1 $24,500 $658 3 Town Building 2008 Greenhouse Emissions 2 3 4 120,054lbs 104,184lbs 78,508lbs 5 7 6 34,109lbs 39,232lbs 23,379lbs 8 1 121,507lbs 3,712lbs 4 Town Building Air Leakage Rates 6ACH50 8ACH50 .79cfm/ft2shell 1.21cfm/ft2shell Not tested 2 16ACH50 9ACH50 Not tested 1.3cfm/ft2shell .99cfm/ft2shell ACH50 – Air changes per hour at - 50Pa; relative to building volume 1 6ACH50 33 ACH50 .45cfm/ft2shell Cfm/ft2 shell – cubic feet of air per minute relative to surface area of shell 2.22cfm/ft2shell 5 Summary of Prominent De-ficiencies Insulation Heat Recovery Insulation Ventilation Heat Recovery Ventilation Glazing; Equipment insulation Air Sealing Air Sealing Air Sealing Insulation insulation Equipment Insulation Air Sealing Electric Loads glazing AS / HRV insulation 6 Prioritize by -
Colorcoat Renew SC Design Guide
Uniclass L5141:P41 CI/SfB (41) Nh2 January 2016 Colorcoat Renew SC® Design guide 2 +44 (0) 1244 892199 | www.tatasteelconstruction.com Contents 1. Colorcoat Renew SC® system overview 4 3.4 Other physical solar collector design considerations 15 1.1 Introduction 4 3.4.1 Perforation diameter and pitch 15 1.2 Working principles of Colorcoat Renew SC® 4 3.4.2 Profile options 16 1.3 Benefits of a Colorcoat Renew SC® system 5 3.4.3 Cavity (plenum) 16 1.4 Colorcoat Renew SC® integration 6 3.4.4 Solar collector integration 17 1.4.1 Suitable building types 6 4. Construction 17 2. System performance factors 7 4.1 Requirements and regulations 17 2.1 General design factors 7 4.2 Collector components 17 2.1.1 Solar collector orientation 7 4.3 Typical construction details 18 2.1.2 Collector angle (Tilt) 8 4.4 Fasteners 21 2.1.3 Shading 8 4.5 Maintenance recommendations 21 2.2 Colour selection and influence on performance 9 5. Mechanical and electrical design considerations 22 2.2.1 Guarantee Colorcoat Renew SC® 10 5.1 Building heating and ventilation 3. Collector design and sizing 11 requirements 22 3.1 Building geometry, occupancy and function 11 5.1.1 Intake air quality 22 3.2 Solar collector sizing - description 12 5.2 Relationship between airflow, temperature increase and efficiency 23 3.2.1 Choosing the wall 5.2.1 Temperature rise 23 3.2.2 Determining the volume of the building space to be heated 5.2.2 Wind considerations 24 3.2.3 Determining the volume of air 5.2.3 Transition duct sizing 24 required by the building ventilation system 5.2.4 Pressure drop 24 3.2.4 Determining the optimum balance 5.3 Operating modes 25 of heating and ventilation requirement 5.4 System control and metering 25 3.2.5 Collector sizing guidelines 6. -
Air Conditioning and Refrigeration Chronology
Air Conditioning and Refrigeration C H R O N O L O G Y Significant dates pertaining to Air Conditioning and Refrigeration revised May 4, 2006 Assembled by Bernard Nagengast for American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air Conditioning Engineers Additions by Gerald Groff, Dr.-Ing. Wolf Eberhard Kraus and International Institute of Refrigeration End of 3rd. Century B.C. Philon of Byzantium invented an apparatus for measuring temperature. 1550 Doctor, Blas Villafranca, mentioned process for cooling wine and water by adding potassium nitrate About 1597 Galileo’s ‘air thermoscope’ Beginning of 17th Century Francis Bacon gave several formulae for refrigeration mixtures 1624 The word thermometer first appears in literature in a book by J. Leurechon, La Recreation Mathematique 1631 Rey proposed a liquid thermometer (water) Mid 17th Century Alcohol thermometers were known in Florence 1657 The Accademia del Cimento, in Florence, used refrigerant mixtures in scientific research, as did Robert Boyle, in 1662 1662 Robert Boyle established the law linking pressure and volume of a gas a a constant temperature; this was verified experimentally by Mariotte in 1676 1665 Detailed publication by Robert Boyle with many fundamentals on the production of low temperatures. 1685 Philippe Lahire obtained ice in a phial by enveloping it in ammonium nitrate 1697 G.E. Stahl introduced the notion of “phlogiston.” This was replaced by Lavoisier, by the “calorie.” 1702 Guillaume Amontons improved the air thermometer; foresaw the existence of an absolute zero of temperature 1715 Gabriel Daniel Fahrenheit developed mercury thermoneter 1730 Reamur introduced his scale on an alcohol thermometer 1742 Anders Celsius developed Centigrade Temperature Scale, later renamed Celsius Temperature Scale 1748 G. -
[ -- Power Knot LLC. What Is a Ton of Refrigeration?. 2010-03-06 -- ]
Power Knot LLC 501 Valley Way Milpitas CA 95035 USA What is a ton of refrigeration? +1-408-587-9333 www.powerknot.com 2010-03-06 Commercial refrigeration systems in the US are mostly rated in tons of refrigeration and this term is used widely in other parts of the world. However, outside the US, cooling systems may be normally specified in kW (or MW) or in Btu/h. The roots for refrigeration are in the ice making industry, and the ice manufacturers wanted an easy way of understanding the size of a refrigeration system in terms of the production of ice. If 288,000 Btu are required to make one ton of ice, divide this by 24 hours to get 12,000 Btu/h required to make one ton of ice in one day. This is the requirement for the phase change from liquid to solid — to convert water at 0°C (+32°F) into ice at 0°C (+32°F). As a practical matter, additional refrigeration is required to take water at room temperature and turn it into ice. To be specific, one ton of refrigeration capacity can freeze one short ton of water at 0°C (32°F) in 24 hours. So, a ton of refrigeration is 3.517 kW. This is derived as follows: The latent heat of ice (also the heat of fusion) = 333.55 kJ/kg = 144 Btu/lb One short ton = 2000 lb Heat extracted = 2000 x 144/24 hr = 288000 Btu/24 hr = 12000 Btu/hr = 200 Btu/min 1 ton refrigeration = 200 Btu/min = 3.517 kJ/s = 3.517 kW = 4.713 HP A much less common definition is: 1 tonne of refrigeration is the rate of heat removal required to freeze a metric ton (1000 kg) of water at 0°C in 24 hours. -
Program and Abstracts CONFERENCE COMMITTEE
ICC 19 San Diego, CA · June 20-23, 2016 P Program and Abstracts CONFERENCE COMMITTEE Conference Chairman Program Committee Dean Johnson Carl Kirkconnell, West Coast Solutions, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, USA USA - Chair Email: [email protected] Mark Zagarola, Creare, USA, - Deputy Chair Conference Co-Chairmen Tonny Benchop, Thales Cryogenics BV, Netherlands Jose Rodriguez Peter Bradley, NIST, USA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, USA Ted Conrad, Raytheon, USA Email: [email protected] Gershon Grossman, Technion, Israel Elaine Lim, Aerospace Corporation, USA Sidney Yuan Jennifer Marquardt, Ball Aerospace, Aerospace Corporation, USA USA Jeff Olson, Lockheed Martin, USA Email : [email protected] John Pfotenhauer, University of Wisconsin – Madison, USA Treasurer Alex Veprik, SCD, Israel Ray Radebaugh Sonny Yi, Aerospace Corporation, USA National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), USA ICC Board Email: [email protected] Dean Johnson, JPL, USA-Chairman Ray Radebaugh, NIST, USA – Treasurer Proceedings Co-editors Ron Ross, JPL, USA – Co-Editor Saul Miller Jeff Raab, Retired, USA – Past Chairman Retired Rich Dausman, Cryomech, Inc., USA - Email: icc [email protected] Past Chairman Paul Bailey, University of Oxford, UK Peter Bradley, NIST, USA Ron Ross Martin Crook, RAL, UK Jet Propulsion Laboratory, USA Lionel Duband, CEA, France Email: [email protected] Zhihua Gan, Zhejiang University, China Ali Kashani, Atlas Scientific, USA Takenori Numezawa, National Institute for Program Chair Material Science, Japan Carl Kirkconnell Jeff Olson, Lockheed Martin Space System West Coast Solutions, USA Co., USA Email: [email protected] Limin Qiu, Zhejiang University, China Thierry Trollier, Absolut System SAS, Deputy Program Chair France Mark Zagarola, Creare, USA Mark V. -
Covid-19 Ventilation Faqs
COVID-19 VENTILATION FAQS Updated July 9, 2021 Limiting COVID-19 transmission in the workplace involves critical elements outlined in the University’s COVID-19 Prevention Plan for the Workplace. Maintaining building systems, including central heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems, to support safe occupancy is a supplemental effort to the University’s COVID-19 prevention measures. This document contains responses to frequently asked questions from occupants in University facilities. Building coordinators and facility managers may share the responses with occupants as appropriate. Which standards and guidelines does the University follow for maintaining HVAC systems? • American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) o Coronavirus (COVID-19) Response Resources from ASHRAE and Others • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) – Ventilation in Buildings • Seattle Mechanical Code / International Mechanical Code • Washington State Department of Labor & Industries o General Coronavirus Prevention Under Stay Home-Stay Healthy Order o COVID-19 Guidance on Ventilation in the Workplace What do I need to know about ventilation in University buildings? UW buildings are typically supplied with a percentage of outside air either via mechanical fans (a mechanical HVAC system), or natural ventilation (e.g., operable windows), dependent on each building and system. Those systems are maintained to provide ventilation and thermal comfort as designed through the following activities: • In most cases, air filters in buildings equipped with central heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems are rated at MERV-13 or higher as recommended by the CDC and have been inspected and changed per maintenance procedures and schedules. • Building HVAC systems have continued to operate normally during all phases of the pandemic, even while buildings were unoccupied or at reduced occupancy. -
Fundamentals of Refrigeration 3.1
Fundamentals of Refrigeration of Fundamentals Fundamentals of Refrigeration Changing the way you think about refrigeration LI 001 V3 001 LI ™® The following are tradenames or registered trademarks of their respective companies: BACnet from ASHRAE; Mod- bus from Schneider Electric Ltd; MicroTech III, Open Choices, from Daikin Applied; LONMARK, LonTalk, and LONWORKS are managed, granted and used by LONMARK International under a license granted by Echelon Corporation. 800.432.1342 ©2016 Daikin Applied www.DaikinApplied.com LI 001 (06/16) 001_Refrigeration_Cover_Wrap.indd All Pages 5/27/2016 12:33:11 PM Fundamentals of Refrigeration 3.1 Refrigeration Cycles 3 A refrigeration system moves heat from a space, fluid or material for the purpose of lowering its temperature. In the past, this was done by collecting ice in the winter and using its specific heat to cool as the ice melted. When 1 pound of ice melts, it absorbs 144 Btu, as latent energy. When 1 ton (2000 lbs) melts over a 24-hour period: Q = 2000 lbs × 144 Btu/lb/24 hrs = 12,000 Btu/h This is the definition of 1 ton of refrigeration. Ideal Basic Refrigeration Cycle The ideal basic refrigeration cycle consists of four components, connected by piping with refrigerant flowing through the system. Figure 13 shows the components in the cycle and Figure 14 shows the basic cycle on the Ph diagram. 1 ton of cooling is the effect of 1 ton of ice melting over a 24 hour period. 4 CONDENSER 3 COMPRESSOR EXPANSION DEVICE 2 EVAPORATOR 1 Figure 13 Basic Refrigeration Cycle The evaporator is between points 1 and 2. -
Ventilation for Acceptable Indoor Air Quality
ANSI/ASHRAE Addendum n to ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 62-2001 Ventilation for Acceptable Indoor Air Quality Approved by the ASHRAE Standards Committee on June 28, 2003; by the ASHRAE Board of Directors on July 3, 2003; and by the American National Standards Institute on January 8, 2004. This standard is under continuous maintenance by a Standing Standard Project Committee (SSPC) for which the Standards Committee has established a documented program for regular publication of addenda or revisions, including procedures for timely, documented, consensus action on requests for change to any part of the standard. The change submittal form, instruc- tions, and deadlines may be obtained in electronic form from the ASHRAE web site, http://www.ashrae.org, or in paper form from the Manager of Standards. The latest edition of an ASHRAE Stan- dard and printed copies of a public review draft may be pur- chased from ASHRAE Customer Service, 1791 Tullie Circle, NE, Atlanta, GA 30329-2305. E-mail: [email protected]. Fax: 404-321- 5478. Telephone: 404-636-8400 (worldwide), or toll free 1-800-527- 4723 (for orders in U.S. and Canada). ©Copyright 2003 American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc. ISSN 1041-2336 ASHRAE Standard Project Committee 62.1 Cognizant TC: TC 4.3, Ventilation Requirements and Infiltration SPLS Liaison: Fredrick H. Kohloss Andrew K. Persily, Chair* Roger L. Hedrick Walter L. Raynaud* David S. Bulter, Sr., Vice-Chair* Thomas P. Houston* Lisa J. Rogers Leon E. Alevantis* Eli P. Howard, III* Robert S. Rushing* Michael Beaton Ralph T. Joeckel Lawrence J. -
Download-Manager-files/ Manual Italian.Pdf (Accessed on 29 May 2020)
energies Article Dynamic Analysis of the Natural and Mechanical Ventilation of a Solar Greenhouse by Coupling Controlled Mechanical Ventilation (CMV) with an Earth-to-Air Heat Exchanger (EAHX) Sara Bonuso 1, Simone Panico 2, Cristina Baglivo 1,* , Domenico Mazzeo 3 , Nicoletta Matera 3, Paolo Maria Congedo 1 and Giuseppe Oliveti 3 1 Department of Engineering for Innovation, University of Salento, Via per Arnesano, It-73100 Lecce, Italy; [email protected] (S.B.); [email protected] (P.M.C.) 2 Eurac Research, Institute for Renewable Energies, Viale Druso 1, 39100 Bolzano, Italy; [email protected] 3 Department of Mechanical, Energy and Management Engineering (DIMEG), University of Calabria, P. Bucci Cube 46/C, It-87036 Arcavacata of Rende (CS), Italy; [email protected] (D.M.); [email protected] (N.M.); [email protected] (G.O.) * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +39-0832-297750 Received: 2 July 2020; Accepted: 16 July 2020; Published: 16 July 2020 Abstract: Greenhouse crops represent a significant productive sector of the agricultural system; one of the main problems to be addressed is indoor air conditioning to ensure thermal well-being of crops. This study focuses on the ventilation analysis of solar greenhouse with symmetrical flat pitched roof and single span located in a warm temperate climate. This work proposes the dynamic analysis of the greenhouse modeled in TRNsys, simultaneously considering different thermal phenomena three-dimensional (3D) shortwave and longwave radiative exchange, airflow exchanges, presence of lamps with their exact 3D position, ground and plant evapotranspiration, and convective heat transfer coefficients. Several air conditioning systems were analyzed, automatic window opening, controlled mechanical ventilation systems (CMV) and horizontal Earth-to-Air Heat Exchanger (EAHX) coupled with CMV, for different air volume changes per hour.