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Mapping of Social Exclusion and Sustainable Development Opportunities in the Mountainous Regions of Southern Europe During the COVID-19 Pandemic

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Mapping of Social Exclusion and Sustainable Development Opportunities in the Mountainous Regions of Southern Europe During the COVID-19 Pandemic Mapping of social exclusion and sustainable development opportunities in the mountainous regions of southern Europe during the COVID-19 pandemic. The research example of mountainous Messenia. Eugenia P. Bitsani Professor Department of Business and Public administration University of Peloponnese Stavros Pantazopoulos Postdoctoral researcher Department of Business and Public administration University of Peloponnese Abstract This study aims to explore the possibilities of developing social entrepreneurship projects by vulnerable groups experiencing poverty and social exclusion during the financial crisis and the COVID-19 pandemic. The ongoing economic crisis and the health crisis brought about by the COVID-19 pandemic exacerbated the contradictions and inequalities between socially vulnerable groups and increased poverty and social exclusion. The aforementioned conditions have worsened even more the already poor areas of the mountainous southern region of Greece and Messenia. Specifically, our goal is to explore the prospects of social entrepreneurship in mountainous areas of the Greek south, which are characterized by their uneven development, in particular, as case study has been selected the Prefecture of Messenia which are characterized by their uneven development. The research focuses on the catalytic factors for the development of social enterprises in the Prefecture of Messenia, Greece, the needs of the local market for third sector services, the possibilities of involvement of especially vulnerable groups in the establishment and operation of these enterprises. The research aims to identify, a) the reasons of the exclusion of vulnerable social groups from employment, b) the needs and the conditions that lead to the labor inclusion of such people in the local market, c) the necessary development of social entrepreneurship and d) the economic impact of COVID-19 on social stability at local and regional level, where they act as the backbone of societies' economic activity. The research took place between April of 2020 and February of 2021, lasting almost a year, due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The choice of conducting the research during the specific time period and its duration became imperative as before conducting the research, a traffic ban was imposed in the country, as a means of stopping the spread of 1 the COVID-19 pandemic. Therefore, the process of sending and receiving the questionnaires was carried out exclusively by e-mail. Key words Social exclusion, social inequality, poverty, mountain areas, pandemic crisis, social enterprises, regional and local sustainable development. 1. INTRODUCTION 2020 was a year of historic turning point for humanity, due to the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic, a fact that had not been recorded again for about a century. From the beginning of this year until today, millions of people have either been infected or died from the virus, while only recently the first hopes were formed to fight the pandemic with the discovery of relevant vaccines. The pandemic was the catalyst and accelerator of the recession and the prolonged economic crisis, as well for the imposition and prevalence of a series of practices, restrictions and behaviors that were not unknown in the technologically advanced societies of late modernity. The 4th Industrial Revolution, artificial intelligence and the digital transformation of the economy, the internet and its culture, teleworking and flexible forms of employment, surveillance societies, biomedical experiments, transformations of public space, digital inequalities, retirement of individual rights and environmental risks have occupied the public debate since the late 20th century. According to Beck, the pandemic, as a biopolitical event, in the philosophical sense of the word, runs through every form of life and transforms it anthropologically and socially, in a fast and corrosive way (Kontiadis 2020). The COVID-19 crisis is creating new problems everywhere, in all countries and regions, regardless of the level of economic development or the cultural and educational background of the people, leading to its effects to unfold. The recession caused by global pandemic measures is deepening social inequalities. Beyond the health dimensions, job insecurity seems to be the most serious impact of the crisis. Estimates of global unemployment are particularly ominous. The precarious workers in trade, catering, tourism and the arts are the first victims of the abrupt suspension of economic activity. Citizens’ lives change dramatically. The health crisis and the prolonged economic crisis have widened and deepen the economic and social inequalities, the inequalities of the inhabitants of geographically isolated areas, the sexes, the people with disabilities, etc., which are deeply linked to the conditions and experiences of poverty, in their places of residence. The need to restore the welfare state and the state provider of public goods and services is already the number one topic of public debate in the world recently, the announcement of the new "social contract" by the newly elected President of the United States, Biden in his speech at Congress on 4-4-21, with which he announced massive investments in infrastructure and a drastic increase in social spending1 1 "Throughout our history, if you think about it, it is public investment in infrastructure that has transformed America. The Intercontinental Railroad, the interstate highway, joined two oceans and brought a new era of progress to the United States. Public schools and colleges with universal access opened doors of opportunity to all. Our scientific development went to the moon and now we are on 2 The data from the Special Report of the Greek State Budget Office in the Parliament, published on 15/4/2020, indicate possible disruptions in the market, due to the closure of the economic activity sectors, with employment maintaining 40% of the capacity of the private sector. On the other hand, the lockdown will reduce the unnecessary purchases that account for 47.2% of consumer spending. Forecasts also for uncertainty and increase of risk premium by 5%, with expected decrease of all 34 exports by 50% due to the global impact of the phenomenon. In any case, the decline in economic activity and the expansionary policy measures that will be followed will cause inefficiency in liquidity and increase in public debt2. The latest Eurostat data released show that four Greek regions are among the 20 poorest in the European Union for 20173. In particular, below 75% of the average EU per capita GDP were in 2017 twelve Greek regions, according to data from the European Statistical Office (Eurostat). Regarding Greece, in 2017, the average per capita Gross Domestic Product (expressed in terms of purchasing power) was 67% of the EU average. Only Attica (91% of Community GDP), recorded per capita GDP over 75% of EU4. The lowest per capita GDP in Greece in 2017 was recorded in the region of Eastern Macedonia and Thrace (46%), in Epirus and the North Aegean (48%) and in Western Greece (49%), followed by Thessaly (52%), Central Macedonia (53%), Peloponnese (56%), Crete (57%), Western Macedonia (59%), Central Greece and the Ionian Islands (62%) and the South Aegean (72%)5. In addition, according to the European Commission report in February 2020 «The severe and prolonged crisis has had a long-term impact on potential growth, although it is recovering slowly. During the crisis, in which the Greek economy shrank by 25% of GDP, potential output fell sharply. The productive capacity of the economy has been hit by the mass migration of skilled workers and the depletion of capital stock. Total factor productivity increased by 1.5% in 2018, faster than in other EU countries, albeit from a low level»6. Mars, vaccines were created, we got the Internet and much more .... These are investments that we all made together as a country. Investments that only the State was able to make. That's why I propose the American Job Plan. The biggest job creation project since World War II ", from Joe Biden's speech to Congress on 4-4-21. 2 Available at https://www.oe-e.gr/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/. Accessed on 10/4/2021. 3 Available at https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/documents/portlet_file_entry/2995521/1-26022019-AP- EN.pdf/f765d183-c3d2-4e2f-9256-cc6665909c80. Accessed on 10/4/2021. 4 Available at https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics- explained/index.php?title=Archive:%CE%91%CE%95%CE%A0_%CF%83%CE%B5_%CF%80%CE%B5%CF %81%CE%B9%CF%86%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%B5%CE%B9%CE%B1%CE%BA%CF%8C_%CE%B5%CF%80% CE%AF%CF%80%CE%B5%CE%B4%CE%BF. Accessed on 11/4/2021. 5 Available at https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics- explained/index.php?title=Archive:%CE%91%CE%95%CE%A0_%CF%83%CE%B5_%CF%80%CE%B5%CF %81%CE%B9%CF%86%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%B5%CE%B9%CE%B1%CE%BA%CF%8C_%CE%B5%CF%80% CE%AF%CF%80%CE%B5%CE%B4%CE%BF&oldid=268477. Accessed on 11/4/2021. 6 Available at https://ec.europa.eu/info/sites/info/files/2020-european_semester_country-report- greece_el.pdf. Accessed on 10/4/2021. 3 On this horizon, the Peloponnese Region, like all of Greece, consists of both mountainous and island and coastal areas. This dual character of it, which results in the difference of the soil morphology between its peripheral units, leads to different starting conditions for each of them. However, the same conditions exist in its regional units. So, it makes sense to take advantage of different comparative advantages for its development each. The Peloponnese region with a population of 577,903 inhabitants (ELSTAT 2011) is one of the thirteen regions of Greece and consists of five regional units and 26 municipalities. The seat of the region is Tripoli and the largest city is Kalamata7. «The Peloponnese region, considered in terms of National, European and International space, is located both in terms of geographical location, spatial concentrations of urban population and productive activities, and ultimately the major axes and nodes of transport (land, air and sea), in " sidelined position", i.e., disadvantaged " (Revision of the Regional Framework for Spatial Planning and Sustainable Development Peloponnese, 2013).
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