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Jilly Hunt | 48 pages | 01 Feb 2012 | Heinemann Educational Books | 9781432961367 | English | Chicago, IL, United States RT - Breaking news, shows, podcasts

February Main article: Economy of Russia. See also: List of the largest trading partners of Russia , List of countries by oil exports , and List of countries by natural gas exports. Main articles: Agriculture in Russia and Fishing industry in Russia. This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. April Learn how and when to remove this template message. Main articles: Timeline of Russian inventions and technology records , Science and technology in Russia , List of Russian scientists , and List of Russian inventors. Main article: Water supply and sanitation in Russia. Main article: Corruption in Russia. Main articles: Demographics of Russia and Russians. Russia's population pyramid as of 1 January Main article: List of cities and towns in Russia by population. Main article: Ethnic groups in Russia. This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. Play media. Main articles: Religion in Russia and Consecration of Russia. Main article: Healthcare in Russia. Main article: Education in Russia. Main article: Russian culture. See also: Russian traditions , Russian political jokes , Russian fairy tales , Russian cuisine , and Gopnik. Main articles: Russian architecture and List of Russian architects. Main article: Russian artists. Main articles: Russian literature , Russian philosophy , Russian poets , Russian playwrights , Russian novelists , and Russian science fiction and fantasy. Main article: Sport in Russia. See also: Doping in Russia. Main articles: Public holidays in Russia and Cultural icons of Russia. Main article: Tourism in Russia. Russia portal Europe portal. 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Archived from the original PDF on 21 October Library of Congress. Hosking Harvard University Press. Dronin, E. Bellinger Climate dependence and food problems in Russia, — The interaction of climate and agricultural policy and their effect on food problems. Central European University Press. The Russian Civil War. New York: Pegasus Books. James E. Hassell , p. A Companion to Russian History. The American Historical Review , Vol. Davies , S. Wheatcroft The Years of Hunger: Soviet Agriculture, —33 , p. Retrieved 18 July Continuum International Publishing Group, Penguin, Religion and the Cultural Crisis in India and the West. Intercultural Publications. Retrieved 14 July Forced Conversion under Atheistic Regimes: It might be added that the most modern example of forced "conversions" came not from any theocratic state, but from a professedly atheist government — that of the Soviet Union under the Communists. Retrieved 9 April A Short History of Christianity ; Viking; p. 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Putin added that one of his daughters had already taken it; he said she had a slightly higher temperature after each dose, but that: "Now she feels well. Exclusive: Russia says foreign inquiries about its potential fast-track Covid vaccine are pouring in. But questions abound. Developed by the Moscow-based Gamaleya Institute , the vaccine has been named Sputnik-V, a reference to the surprise launch of the world's first satellite by the Soviet Union. It has yet to go through crucial Phase 3 trials where it would be administered to thousands of people. The claim of victory by Putin in the global push to make an effective vaccine against Covid comes amid suggestions that Russia has cut essential corners in its development. Read More. Critics say the country's push for a vaccine is partly due to political pressure from the Kremlin, which is keen to portray Russia as a global scientific force. Russian President Vladimir Putin announced the approval of the Sputnik-V vaccine during a teleconference meeting with members of his government on August 11, Russia has released no scientific data on its testing and CNN is unable to verify the vaccine's claimed safety or effectiveness. Despite this, Russian officials have told CNN that at least 20 countries and some US companies have expressed interest in the vaccine. Kirill Dmitriev, head of the Russian Direct Investment Fund RDIF , which is funding the vaccine research, said interest from other countries for over a billion doses of the vaccine had been received. Moreover, we have received preliminary applications for over 1 billion doses of the vaccine from 20 countries," he said on Tuesday. So far, countries in Latin America, the Middle East and Asia have displayed the greatest interest in the vaccine, and we are about to finalize a number of contracts for the purchase of the vaccine. Dmitriev said Phase 3 trials of the vaccine would start Wednesday in Russia, and that they would also take place in other countries. Vials containing the two components of Russia's Covid vaccine -- named Sputnik-V -- which has been developed by the Gamaleya Institute in Moscow. Russia enacted a law in April which eliminated the requirement for crucial Phase 3 trials to be conducted before approval. Yahoo News. Retrieved 8 October Presidents come and go, and even the parties in power change, but the main political direction does not change. That's why, in the grand scheme of things, we don't care who's the head of the United States. We know more or less what is going to happen. And so in this regard, even if we wanted to, it wouldn't make sense for us to interfere. Retrieved 20 March Retrieved 18 March Retrieved 15 May Retrieved 18 May Retrieved 8 September Retrieved 15 January Stonestreet, John ed. 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Vladimir Putin at Wikipedia's sister projects. Offices and distinctions. Vladimir Putin. Inaugurations first second third fourth Political groups Sovereign democracy Speeches Munich Crimea Valdai Protests — — Moscow election protests Khabarovsk Krai protests Opposition. Legislation and programs national champions priority projects stabilization fund Putin's Plan — recession — financial crisis. Vladimir Putin Peak Criticism Putin khuylo! Corruption Putin. Links to related articles. Presidents of the Russian Federation. Heads of state of the G Leaders of the G Leaders of the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation. Leaders of the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation. Bolsonaro Putin Modi Xi Ramaphosa. Leaders of the Commonwealth of Independent States. Candidates in the Russian presidential election. Vladimir Putin Independent campaign. Yevgeny Savostyanov Independent. Ivan Rybkin Independent. Vladimir Putin United Russia campaign. Namespaces Article Talk. Views Read View source View history. Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file. Download as PDF Printable version. Wikimedia Commons Wikinews Wikiquote Wikisource. Putin in Assumed office 7 May Dmitry Medvedev Mikhail Mishustin. Nikolay Kovalyov. Additional positions. Russia - Wikipedia

Alexander Nevsky , St. Sergius of Radonezh and St. Seraphim of Sarov are Russia's patron saints. Chamomile is the national flower , while birch is the national tree. The Russian bear is an animal symbol and Mother Russia a national personification of Russia, though the bear image has a Western origin and Russians themselves have accepted it only fairly recently. Tourism in Russia has seen rapid growth since the late Soviet period, first domestic tourism and then international tourism, fueled by the rich cultural heritage and great natural variety of the country. Major tourist routes in Russia include a journey around the Golden Ring theme route of ancient cities, cruises on the big rivers like the Volga , and long journeys on the famous Trans-Siberian Railway. In , Russia was visited by The most visited destinations in Russia are Moscow and Saint Petersburg, the current and former capitals of the country. Moscow displays Soviet architecture at its best, along with modern skyscrapers , while St Petersburg, nicknamed Venice of the North , boasts of its classical architecture, many rivers, canals and bridges. The city has registered a brand The Third Capital of Russia , though a number of other major cities compete for this status, including Novosibirsk , Yekaterinburg and Nizhny Novgorod. The warm subtropical Black Sea coast of Russia is the site for a number of popular sea resorts, like Sochi , the follow-up host of the Winter Olympics. The mountains of the Northern Caucasus contain popular ski resorts such as Dombay. This unique lake, the oldest and deepest in the world, has crystal-clear waters and is surrounded by taiga -covered mountains. Other popular natural destinations include Kamchatka with its volcanoes and geysers, Karelia with its lakes and granite rocks, the snowy Altai Mountains , and the wild steppes of Tuva. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. This article is about the Russian Federation. For other uses, see Russia disambiguation. Country in Eastern Europe and Northern Asia. Location of Russia with Crimea in light green [a]. Main articles: Rus' people and Rus' name. See also: Russian disambiguation. Main article: History of Russia. Main article: Grand Duchy of Moscow. Main article: Tsardom of Russia. See also: Moscow, third Rome. Main article: Russian Empire. Main article: Politics of Russia. The Moscow Kremlin is the main location of where Russian political affairs take place. The Kremlin Senate is the main residence for the Russian presidential administration. Main article: Foreign relations of Russia. Main article: Russian Armed Forces. Main article: Subdivisions of Russia. Main article: Geography of Russia. See also: List of Russian explorers. Physical map of Russia with locations of major cities. Main article: Climate of Russia. This section needs to be updated. Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. February Main article: Economy of Russia. See also: List of the largest trading partners of Russia , List of countries by oil exports , and List of countries by natural gas exports. Main articles: Agriculture in Russia and Fishing industry in Russia. This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. April Learn how and when to remove this template message. Main articles: Timeline of Russian inventions and technology records , Science and technology in Russia , List of Russian scientists , and List of Russian inventors. Main article: Water supply and sanitation in Russia. Main article: Corruption in Russia. Main articles: Demographics of Russia and Russians. Russia's population pyramid as of 1 January Main article: List of cities and towns in Russia by population. Main article: Ethnic groups in Russia. This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. Play media. Main articles: Religion in Russia and Consecration of Russia. Main article: Healthcare in Russia. Main article: Education in Russia. Main article: Russian culture. See also: Russian traditions , Russian political jokes , Russian fairy tales , Russian cuisine , and Gopnik. Main articles: Russian architecture and List of Russian architects. Main article: Russian artists. Main articles: Russian literature , Russian philosophy , Russian poets , Russian playwrights , Russian novelists , and Russian science fiction and fantasy. Main article: Sport in Russia. See also: Doping in Russia. Main articles: Public holidays in Russia and Cultural icons of Russia. Main article: Tourism in Russia. Russia portal Europe portal. The Territories of the Russian Federation Note: The territories of the Crimean peninsula, comprising Sevastopol City and the Republic of Crimea, remained internationally recognized as constituting part of Ukraine, following their annexation by Russia in March The Washington Post. Retrieved 27 March The Federal Structure, Article 68". Retrieved 22 April Archived from the original on 18 January Pew Research Center. Retrieved 9 September Statistics Division. Retrieved 24 April Federal State Statistics Service. Archived from the original on 28 July Retrieved 5 April Retrieved 21 June International Monetary Fund. Retrieved 18 January World Bank. Retrieved 22 March United Nations Development Programme. Retrieved 10 December Article 1. Retrieved 25 June The names 'Russian Federation' and 'Russia' shall be equal. Retrieved 2 November The Russians: The People of Europe. Blackwell Publishing. Retrieved 15 December Retrieved 21 September Archived from the original on 10 June Retrieved 26 December Princeton University Press. The Early Slavs. Cornell University Press. Byzantium and the Slavs. St Vladimir's Seminary Press. An Introduction to Medieval Europe, — Department of State. Retrieved 27 December The course of the Russian history. Kiev: A Portrait, — Archived from the original on 27 April Retrieved 19 January Archived from the original on 21 January Retrieved 27 April State and Society on the Black Sea Steppe, — Routledge, Joseph Patrick Byrne Archived from the original on 30 May Archived from the original on 7 June Storytelling and Mythmaking: Images from Film and Literature. Oxford University Press , History of Russia from the Earliest Times. Ivan the Terrible. Academic Intl Pr. Mediterranean Studies Group at Hitotsubashi University. Archived from the original PDF on 1 May Retrieved 4 May The Jamestown Foundation. Archived from the original PDF on 21 October Library of Congress. Hosking Harvard University Press. Dronin, E. Bellinger Climate dependence and food problems in Russia, — The interaction of climate and agricultural policy and their effect on food problems. Central European University Press. The Russian Civil War. New York: Pegasus Books. James E. Hassell , p. A Companion to Russian History. The American Historical Review , Vol. Davies , S. Wheatcroft The Years of Hunger: Soviet Agriculture, —33 , p. Retrieved 18 July Continuum International Publishing Group, Penguin, Religion and the Cultural Crisis in India and the West. Intercultural Publications. Retrieved 14 July Forced Conversion under Atheistic Regimes: It might be added that the most modern example of forced "conversions" came not from any theocratic state, but from a professedly atheist government — that of the Soviet Union under the Communists. Retrieved 9 April A Short History of Christianity ; Viking; p. Retrieved 9 March The Guardian. Retrieved 12 March Cambridge University Press. Contemporary World History sixth ed. Cengage Learning. Looking for the Sheriff. New York Review of Books, 16 July Russia in the Twentieth Century: The quest for stability. Rulers and victims: the Russians in the Soviet Union. Library of Congress Country Studies project. Retrieved 1 August Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved 10 March Retrieved 24 February Archived from the original on 30 October Retrieved 29 April New York Times. Retrieved 20 January Archived from the original on 22 November Clemens The World Bank. Archived from the original on 20 December Brookings Papers on Economic Activity. Louis Review American Economic Review. Retrieved 16 February Archived from the original PDF on 11 August Retrieved 28 July Archived from the original on 11 November Retrieved 31 December The Times. Oncology Times. November NBC News. Retrieved 21 March BBC News. Retrieved 1 March The Hindu. Chennai, India. Retrieved 4 March Bloomberg News. Retrieved 5 March Business Insider. Archived from the original on May 2, Archived from the original on 17 March UN Daily News. UN News Centre. Retrieved 20 October Government of Canada. Archived from the original on 3 September Retrieved 21 January World Justice Project. Retrieved 9 August Archived from the original on 16 October Russia in Global Affairs. Der Spiegel. Nikonov: Russia is not a superpower and won't be one for the foreseeable future. But Russia is a great power. It was one, it is one and it will continue to be one. Council of Europe. Retrieved 28 April Delegation of the European Union to Russia. Archived from the original on 4 May RIA Novosti. Retrieved 30 June Relations at Worst Level in History". The Daily Beast. Archived from the original on 11 April The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 28 September Amnesty International. Archived from the original on 13 July Retrieved 11 July Freedom House. Is liberalism really dead? Retrieved 29 February Financial Times. Energy Strategy Reviews. Retrieved 1 May Retrieved 1 April IISS listed total reserves as 20,, for many years, assuming a Soviet-style callup. The potential reserve personnel of Russia may be as high as 20 million, depending on how the figures are counted. Federation of American Scientists. March Retrieved 19 March Defense News. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Archived from the original on 13 June Asia Times. Retrieved 27 January Wezeman March Stockholm International Peace Research Institute. Archived from the original PDF on 5 July Retrieved 4 August Archived from the original on 8 February Moscow Times. Archived from the original on 5 March Archived from the original on 13 April Retrieved 10 April Russian 6Embassy. Retrieved 14 February The Conquest of a Continent: Siberia and the Russians. New York: Random House, , p. United States Geological Survey. Global Forest Resources Assessment Main Report. London: Guardian UK. Merzliakova 1 November Archived from the original on 28 April Retrieved 26 July Retrieved 23 October Retrieved 6 August Retrieved 9 May Probably Not What You Think". Retrieved 3 June Oil and Gas Journal. Archived from the original on 22 October Retrieved 21 July Archived from the original on 24 March Retrieved 22 May The New York Times. Mercer consulting firms. Archived from the original on 13 December Huffington Post. Retrieved 7 December Retrieved 14 January Credit Suisse. Research Institute. Archived from the original on 14 February Retrieved 31 July Norwegian-Russian Chamber of Commerce. Archived from the original on 18 September Retrieved 10 June Transparency International. Retrieved 4 December Archived from the original PDF on March 4, Retrieved December 4, The Economist. Harvard University. Archived from the original PDF on 18 February Retrieved 18 February Retrieved 16 December Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on 20 March Retrieved 11 March Bloomberg L. Retrieved 6 October CIA World Factbook. Retrieved 3 February June Archived from the original XLS on 6 February Retrieved 22 October Archived from the original PDF on 18 May Retrieved 20 February Archived from the original on 6 February Retrieved 29 October Retrieved 12 June Russia Herald. World's Top Exports. European Commission. Archived from the original on 2 February Retrieved 3 October Rome, Italy. Archived from the original on 4 October Retrieved 2 January Archived from the original on 26 April Note: several different routes have the same number. International Transport Statistics Database. The houses are so drenched that they seem about to crumble into sand. But then, just as the gloomy sky sinks even lower, there comes the hope that the boring drum of water from the clouds will finally give way to a flurry of…and there it goes: tiny dry grains at first, then an exquisitely carved flake, two, three ornate stars, followed by fat fluffs of snow, then more, more, more—a great store of cotton tumbling down. See also Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. Russia is bounded to the north and east by the Arctic and Pacific oceans, and it has small frontages in the northwest on the Baltic Sea at St. Petersburg and at the detached Russian oblast region of Kaliningrad a part of what was once East Prussia annexed in , which also abuts Poland and Lithuania. Extending nearly halfway around the Northern Hemisphere and covering much of eastern and northeastern Europe and all of northern Asia , Russia has a maximum east-west extent of some 5, miles 9, km and a north-south width of 1, to 2, miles 2, to 4, km. There is an enormous variety of landforms and landscapes, which occur mainly in a series of broad latitudinal belts. Arctic deserts lie in the extreme north, giving way southward to the tundra and then to the forest zones, which cover about half of the country and give it much of its character. South of the forest zone lie the wooded steppe and the steppe, beyond which are small sections of semidesert along the northern shore of the Caspian Sea. Much of Russia lies at latitudes where the winter cold is intense and where evaporation can barely keep pace with the accumulation of moisture, engendering abundant rivers, lakes, and swamps. In the European areas of Russia, the permafrost occurs in the tundra and the forest- tundra zone. In western Siberia permafrost occurs along the Yenisey River , and it covers almost all areas east of the river, except for south Kamchatka province, Sakhalin Island , and Primorsky Kray the Maritime Region. On the basis of geologic structure and relief, Russia can be divided into two main parts—western and eastern—roughly along the line of the Yenisey River. In the eastern section the bulk of the terrain is mountainous, although there are some extensive lowlands. Given these topological factors, Russia may be subdivided into six main relief regions: the Kola-Karelian region , the Russian Plain , the Ural Mountains , the West Siberian Plain , the Central Siberian Plateau , and the mountains of the south and east. Karelia is a low, ice-scraped plateau with a maximum elevation of 1, feet metres , but for the most part it is below feet metres ; low ridges and knolls alternate with lake- and marsh-filled hollows. The Kola Peninsula is similar, but the small Khibiny mountain range rises to nearly 4, feet 1, metres. Mineral-rich ancient rocks lie at or near the surface in many places. Western Russia makes up the largest part of one of the great lowland areas of the world, the Russian Plain also called the East European Plain , which extends into Russia from the western border eastward for 1, miles 1, km to the Ural Mountains and from the Arctic Ocean more than 1, miles 2, km to the Caucasus Mountains and the Caspian Sea. About half of this vast area lies at elevations of less than feet metres above sea level , and the highest point in the Valdai Hills , northwest of Moscow reaches only 1, feet metres. Nevertheless, the detailed topography is quite varied. North of the latitude on which Moscow lies, features characteristic of lowland glacial deposition predominate, and morainic ridges, of which the most pronounced are the Valdai Hills and the Smolensk Upland , which rises to 1, feet metres , stand out above low, poorly drained hollows interspersed with lakes and marshes. The Independent. Archived from the original on 28 March Human Rights Watch. 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Retrieved 14 March Retrieved 8 January We assess with high confidence that Russian President Vladimir Putin ordered an influence campaign in aimed at the US presidential election, the consistent goals of which were to undermine public faith in the US democratic process, denigrate Secretary Clinton, and harm her electability and potential presidency. We further assess Putin and the Russian Government developed a clear preference for President-elect Trump. Election, Report Says". Retrieved 6 April Retrieved 21 July Don't be sore losers. That was how Putin answered a question Friday at his nationally televised annual news conference about whether Russia interfered in the U. The Democrats 'are losing on all fronts and looking elsewhere for things to blame,' he told the nearly 1, journalists packed into a Moscow convention hall for the nearly four-hour event. You have to know how to lose with dignity. He emphasized the denial by saying 'no' in English. So, if this theory is correct—and that can't be ruled out—' then the same agencies could fabricate evidence of Russian hacking, Putin said. Top advisers to President Donald Trump declined three times on Saturday to rebut claims from Russian officials that Trump had accepted their denials of alleged Russian interference in the US election. Russian President Vladimir Putin Yahoo News. Retrieved 8 October Presidents come and go, and even the parties in power change, but the main political direction does not change. That's why, in the grand scheme of things, we don't care who's the head of the United States. We know more or less what is going to happen. And so in this regard, even if we wanted to, it wouldn't make sense for us to interfere. Retrieved 20 March Retrieved 18 March Retrieved 15 May Retrieved 18 May Retrieved 8 September Retrieved 15 January Stonestreet, John ed. 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Despite this, Russian officials have told CNN that at least 20 countries and some US companies have expressed interest in the vaccine. Kirill Dmitriev, head of the Russian Direct Investment Fund RDIF , which is funding the vaccine research, said interest from other countries for over a billion doses of the vaccine had been received. Moreover, we have received preliminary applications for over 1 billion doses of the vaccine from 20 countries," he said on Tuesday. So far, countries in Latin America, the Middle East and Asia have displayed the greatest interest in the vaccine, and we are about to finalize a number of contracts for the purchase of the vaccine. Dmitriev said Phase 3 trials of the vaccine would start Wednesday in Russia, and that they would also take place in other countries. Vials containing the two components of Russia's Covid vaccine -- named Sputnik-V -- which has been developed by the Gamaleya Institute in Moscow. Russia enacted a law in April which eliminated the requirement for crucial Phase 3 trials to be conducted before approval. This has allowed researchers to fast track the vaccine development process. Experts have voiced unease over Moscow's rapid approval process for the vaccine. CNN gains exclusive access to Russian testing facility At this point in time, there is no data on the Russian-led vaccine for the global health community to scrutinize. Danny Altmann, Professor of Immunology at Imperial College London, told the Science Media Centre there were concerns about releasing a vaccine before it was fully tested. I hope these criteria have been followed. We are all in this together. All volunteers developed high [tiers] of antibodies to Covid, while none of them showed serious complications of immunization," Russian Health Minister Mikhail Murashko said. Russia is just one of many countries rushing to produce a vaccine for Covid, which has now infected more than 20 million people , killing more than , around the world. An employee from Russia's biotech company BIOCAD, which is developing its own coronavirus vaccine, and working on another one in cooperation with the country's virus research centre. There are 25 other vaccines in the clinical evaluation stage of development and a further candidate vaccines in the preclinical evaluation stage according to the World Health Organization. Railway transport in Russia is mostly under the control of the state-run Russian Railways monopoly. The company accounts for over 3. In the European part of the country the network of channels connects the basins of major rivers. Russia's capital, Moscow, is sometimes called "the port of the five seas", because of its waterway connections to the Baltic, White , Caspian, Azov and Black Seas. In the country owned 1, merchant marine ships. The world's only fleet of nuclear-powered icebreakers advances the economic exploitation of the Arctic continental shelf of Russia and the development of sea trade through the Northern Sea Route between Europe and East Asia. By total length of pipelines Russia is second only to the United States. Russia has 1, airports, [] the busiest being Sheremetyevo , Domodedovo , and Vnukovo in Moscow, and Pulkovo in St. Typically, major Russian cities have well-developed systems of public transport, with the most common varieties of exploited vehicles being bus, trolleybus and tram. The total length of metros in Russia is Moscow Metro and Saint Petersburg Metro are the oldest in Russia, opened in and respectively. These two are among the fastest and busiest metro systems in the world, and some of them are famous for rich decorations and unique designs of their stations, [] which is a common tradition in Russian metros and railways. Science and technology in Russia blossomed since the Age of Enlightenment , when Peter the Great founded the Russian Academy of Sciences and Saint Petersburg State University , and polymath Mikhail Lomonosov established the Moscow State University , paving the way for a strong native tradition in learning and innovation. In the 19th and 20th centuries the country produced a large number of notable scientists and inventors. The Russian physics school began with Lomonosov who proposed the law of conservation of matter preceding the energy conservation law. Russian discoveries and inventions in physics include the electric arc , electrodynamical Lenz's law , space groups of crystals , photoelectric cell , superfluidity , Cherenkov radiation , electron paramagnetic resonance , heterotransistors and 3D holography. Lasers and masers were co-invented by Nikolai Basov and Alexander Prokhorov , while the idea of tokamak for controlled nuclear fusion was introduced by Igor Tamm , Andrei Sakharov and Lev Artsimovich , leading eventually the modern international ITER project, where Russia is a party. Since the time of Nikolay Lobachevsky the " Copernicus of Geometry " who pioneered the non-Euclidean geometry and a prominent tutor Pafnuty Chebyshev , the Russian mathematical school became one of the most influential in the world. In the 20th century Soviet mathematicians, such as Andrey Kolmogorov , Israel Gelfand , and Sergey Sobolev , made major contributions to various areas of mathematics. Russian chemist Dmitry Mendeleev invented the Periodic table , the main framework of modern chemistry. Aleksandr Butlerov was one of the creators of the theory of chemical structure , playing a central role in organic chemistry. Russian biologists include Dmitry Ivanovsky who discovered viruses, Ivan Pavlov who was the first to experiment with the classical conditioning , and Ilya Mechnikov who was a pioneer researcher of the immune system and probiotics. Russian inventions include arc welding by Nikolay Benardos , further developed by Nikolay Slavyanov , Konstantin Khrenov and other Russian engineers. Gleb Kotelnikov invented the knapsack parachute , while Evgeniy Chertovsky introduced the pressure suit. Alexander Lodygin and Pavel Yablochkov were pioneers of electric lighting , and Mikhail Dolivo-Dobrovolsky introduced the first three-phase electric power systems, widely used today. Sergei Lebedev invented the first commercially viable and mass-produced type of synthetic rubber. The first ternary computer , Setun , was developed by Nikolay Brusentsov. In the 20th century a number of prominent Soviet aerospace engineers , inspired by the fundamental works of Nikolai Zhukovsky , Sergei Chaplygin and others, designed many hundreds of models of military and civilian aircraft and founded a number of KBs Construction Bureaus that now constitute the bulk of Russian United Aircraft Corporation. Famous Russian aircraft include the civilian Tu - series, Su and MiG fighter aircraft, Ka and Mi -series helicopters; many Russian aircraft models are on the list of most produced aircraft in history. With all these achievements, however, since the late Soviet era Russia was lagging behind the West in a number of technologies, mostly those related to energy conservation and consumer goods production. The crisis of the s led to the drastic reduction of the state support for science and a brain drain migration from Russia. In the s, on the wave of a new economic boom, the situation in the Russian science and technology has improved, and the government launched a campaign aimed into modernisation and innovation. Russian President Dmitry Medvedev formulated top priorities for the country's technological development:. The country is developing its own fifth-generation jet fighter and constructing the first serial mobile nuclear plant in the world. Russian achievements in the field of space technology and space exploration are traced back to Konstantin Tsiolkovsky , the father of theoretical astronautics. After the collapse of the Soviet Union , some government-funded space exploration programs, including the Buran space shuttle program, were cancelled or delayed, while participation of the Russian space industry in commercial activities and international cooperation intensified. Nowadays Russia is the largest satellite launcher. Luna-Glob is a Russian Moon exploration programme, with first planned mission launch in Roscosmos is also developing the Orel spacecraft , to replace the aging Soyuz, it could also conduct mission to lunar orbit as early as In Russia, approximately 70 per cent of drinking water comes from surface water and 30 per cent from groundwater. In , water supply systems had a total capacity of 90 million cubic metres a day. The average residential water use was litres per capita per day. The water utilities sector is one of the largest industries in Russia serving the entire Russian population. Lake Baikal is famous for its record depth and clear waters. However, as water pollution gets worse, the lake is going to be a swamp instead of a freshwater lake soon. There are many different estimates of the actual cost of corruption. In the s, businessmen had to pay different criminal groups to provide a " krysha " literally, a "roof", i. Nowadays, this "protective" function is performed by officials. In the end, the Russian population pays for this corruption. Putin's system is remarkable for its ubiquitous and open merging of the civil service and business, as well as its use of relatives, friends, and acquaintances to benefit from budgetary expenditures and take over state property. Corporate, property, and land raiding is commonplace. On 26 March , protests against alleged corruption in the federal government took place simultaneously in many cities across the country. With a population of The overall life expectancy in Russia at birth is Nevertheless, Russia's overall birth rate is higher than that of most European countries According to the Census, The government is implementing a number of programs designed to increase the birth rate and attract more migrants. The number of Russian emigrants steadily declined from , in to 32, in Since , the Russian government started simplifying immigration laws and launched a state program "for providing assistance to voluntary immigration of ethnic Russians from former Soviet republics". Russia's ethnic groups speak over languages. Russian is the most geographically widespread language of Eurasia, as well as the most widely spoken Slavic language. Russian is the second-most used language on the Internet after English, [] one of two official languages aboard the International Space Station [] and is one of the six official languages of the UN. Though a secular state under the constitution, Russia is often said to have Russian Orthodoxy as the de facto national religion, despite other minorities: "The Russian Orthodox Church is de facto privileged religion of the state, claiming the right to decide which other religions or denominations are to be granted the right of registration". Russians have practised Orthodox Christianity since the 10th century. According to the historical traditions of the Orthodox Church, Christianity was first brought to the territory of modern Belarus , Russia and Ukraine by Saint Andrew , the first Apostle of Jesus Christ. Much of the Russian population, like other Slavic peoples, preserved for centuries a double belief dvoeverie in both indigenous religion and Orthodox Christianity. At the time of the Revolution , the Russian Orthodox Church was deeply integrated into the autocratic state , enjoying official status. This was a significant factor that contributed to the Bolshevik attitude to religion and the steps they took to control it. The ideas of German philosopher Karl Marx were synthesised with Lenin's own political thought to form the Communist Party. Thus the USSR became one of the first communist states to proclaim, as an ideological objective, the elimination of religion [] and its replacement with universal atheism. State atheism in the Soviet Union was known in Russian as gosateizm , [] and was based on the ideology of Marxism—Leninism , which consistently advocated the control, suppression, and elimination of religion. Within about a year of the revolution, the state expropriated all church property, including the churches themselves, and in the period from to , 28 Russian Orthodox bishops and more than 1, priests were killed. Many more were persecuted. After the collapse of the Soviet Union there has been a renewal of religions in Russia, and among Slavs various movements have emerged besides Christianity, including Rodnovery Slavic Native Faith , Assianism , and other ethnic Paganisms, Roerichism , Ringing Cedars' Anastasianism , Hinduism , [] Siberian shamanism [] or Tengrism , and other religions. The results showed that Orthodox Christianity, Islam, Buddhism, and Paganism either preserved or revived are recognised by law as Russia's traditional religions, marking the country's "historical heritage". Easter is the most popular religious holiday in Russia, celebrated by a large segment of the Russian population, including large numbers of those who are non-religious. More than three-quarters of the Russian population celebrate Easter by making traditional Easter cakes, coloured eggs and paskha. Islam is the second largest religion in Russia after Russian Orthodoxy. Buddhism is traditional in three republics of Russia: Buryatia , Tuva , and Kalmykia , the latter being the only region in Europe where Buddhism is the most practiced religion. In cultural and social affairs, Vladimir Putin has collaborated closely with the Russian Orthodox Church. Patriarch Kirill of Moscow , head of the Church, endorsed his election in Steven Myers reports, "The church, once heavily repressed, had emerged from the Soviet collapse as one of the most respected institutions Now Kiril led the faithful directly into an alliance with the state. The decision was taken in response to the move made by the Patriarchate of Constantinople a few days prior that effectively ended the Moscow Patriarchate's jurisdiction over Ukraine and promised autocephaly to Ukraine. On 26 April , for the first time, the U. Commission on International Religious Freedom classified Russia as one of the world's worst violators of religious liberty, recommending in its annual report that the U. The report states, "—it is the sole state to have not only continually intensified its repression of religious freedom since USCIRF commenced monitoring it, but also to have expanded its repressive policies The Russian Constitution guarantees free, universal health care for all its citizens. Due to the ongoing Russian financial crisis since , major cuts in health spending have resulted in a decline in the quality of service of the state healthcare system. Waiting times for treatment have increased, and patients have been forced to pay for more services that were previously free. As of [update] , the average life expectancy at birth in Russia is Deaths mostly occur from preventable causes, including alcohol poisoning, smoking, traffic accidents and violent crime. Since , the year school education has been introduced. Education in state-owned secondary schools is free. University level education is free, with exceptions. A substantial share of students is enrolled for full pay many state institutions started to open commercial positions in the last years. In the s, in order to create higher education and research institutions of comparable scale in Russian regions, the government launched a program of establishing "federal universities", mostly by merging existing large regional universities and research institutes and providing them with a special funding. There are over different ethnic groups and indigenous peoples in Russia. Handicraft , like Dymkovo toy , khokhloma , gzhel and palekh miniature represent an important aspect of Russian folk culture. Ethnic Russian clothes include kaftan , kosovorotka and ushanka for men, sarafan and kokoshnik for women, with lapti and valenki as common shoes. The clothes of Cossacks from Southern Russia include burka and papaha , which they share with the peoples of the Northern Caucasus. Russian cuisine widely uses fish, caviar, poultry, mushrooms, berries, and honey. Crops of rye , wheat, barley , and millet provide the ingredients for various breads, pancakes and cereals, as well as for kvass , beer and vodka drinks. Black bread is rather popular in Russia, compared to the rest of the world. Flavourful soups and stews include shchi , borsch , ukha , solyanka and okroshka. Smetana a heavy sour cream is often added to soups and salads. Pirozhki , blini and syrniki are native types of pancakes. Chicken Kiev , pelmeni and shashlyk are popular meat dishes, the last two being of Tatar and Caucasus origin respectively. Other meat dishes include stuffed cabbage rolls golubtsy usually filled with meat. Russia's large number of ethnic groups have distinctive traditions regarding folk music. Typical ethnic Russian musical instruments are gusli , balalaika , zhaleika , and garmoshka. Folk music had a significant influence on Russian classical composers, and in modern times it is a source of inspiration for a number of popular folk bands , like Melnitsa. Russian folk songs , as well as patriotic Soviet songs , constitute the bulk of the repertoire of the world-renowned Red Army choir and other popular ensembles. Russians have many traditions , including the washing in banya , a hot steam bath somewhat similar to sauna. Many Russian fairy tales and epic bylinas were adapted for animation films, or for feature movies by the prominent directors like Aleksandr Ptushko Ilya Muromets , Sadko and Aleksandr Rou Morozko , Vasilisa the Beautiful. Russian poets, including Pyotr Yershov and Leonid Filatov , made a number of well-known poetical interpretations of the classical fairy tales, and in some cases, like that of Alexander Pushkin , also created fully original fairy tale poems of great popularity. Since the Christianization of Kievan Rus' for several ages Russian architecture was influenced predominantly by the Byzantine architecture. Apart from fortifications kremlins , the main stone buildings of ancient Rus' were Orthodox churches with their many domes , often gilded or brightly painted. Aristotle Fioravanti and other Italian architects brought Renaissance trends into Russia since the late 15th century, while the 16th century saw the development of unique tent-like churches culminating in Saint Basil's Cathedral. After the reforms of Peter the Great the change of architectural styles in Russia generally followed that in the Western Europe. The 18th-century taste for rococo architecture led to the ornate works of Bartolomeo Rastrelli and his followers. The second half of the 19th century was dominated by the Neo-Byzantine and Russian Revival styles. Prevalent styles of the 20th century were the Art Nouveau , Constructivism , and the Stalin Empire style. With the change in values imposed by communist ideology , the tradition of preservation was broken. Independent preservation societies, even those that defended only secular landmarks such as Moscow-based OIRU were disbanded by the end of the s. A new anti-religious campaign, launched in , coincided with collectivization of peasants; destruction of churches in the cities peaked around A number of churches were demolished, including the Cathedral of Christ the Saviour in Moscow. In Moscow alone losses of — are estimated at over notable buildings including to listed buildings, out of a total inventory of 3, — some disappeared completely, others were replaced with concrete replicas. In , a new Soviet leader, Nikita Khrushchev , condemned the "excesses" of the former academic architecture, [] and the late Soviet era was dominated by plain functionalism in architecture. This helped somewhat to resolve the housing problem, but created a large quantity of buildings of low architectural quality, much in contrast with the previous bright styles. In Nikita Khrushchev launched his anti-religious campaign. By over 10 thousand churches out of 20 thousand were shut down mostly in rural areas and many were demolished. Of 58 monasteries and convents operating in , only sixteen remained by ; of Moscow's fifty churches operating in , thirty were closed and six demolished. Early Russian painting is represented in icons and vibrant frescos , the two genres inherited from Byzantium. As Moscow rose to power, Theophanes the Greek , Dionisius and Andrei Rublev became vital names associated with a distinctly Russian art. The Russian Academy of Arts was created in [] and gave Russian artists an international role and status. Ivan Argunov , Dmitry Levitzky , Vladimir Borovikovsky and other 18th-century academicians mostly focused on portrait painting. In the early 19th century, when neoclassicism and romantism flourished, mythological and Biblical themes inspired many prominent paintings, notably by Karl Briullov and Alexander Ivanov. In the midth century the Peredvizhniki Wanderers group of artists broke with the Academy and initiated a school of art liberated from academic restrictions. Some artists focused on depicting dramatic moments in Russian history, while others turned to social criticism , showing the conditions of the poor and caricaturing authority; critical realism flourished under the reign of Alexander II. The turn of the 20th century saw the rise of symbolist painting, represented by Mikhail Vrubel , Kuzma Petrov-Vodkin , and Nicholas Roerich. The Russian avant-garde was a large, influential wave of modernist art that flourished in Russia from approximately to The term covers many separate, but inextricably related art movements that occurred at the time, namely neo-primitivism , suprematism , constructivism , rayonism , and Russian Futurism. Since the s the revolutionary ideas of the avant-garde clashed with the newly emerged conservative direction of socialist realism. Soviet art produced works that were furiously patriotic and anti-fascist during and after the Great Patriotic War. Multiple war memorials, marked by a great restrained solemnity, were built throughout the country. Soviet artists often combined innovation with socialist realism, notably the sculptors Vera Mukhina , Yevgeny Vuchetich and Ernst Neizvestny. Music in 19th-century Russia was defined by the tension between classical composer Mikhail Glinka along with other members of The Mighty Handful , who embraced Russian national identity and added religious and folk elements to their compositions, and the Russian Musical Society led by composers Anton and Nikolay Rubinsteins , which was musically conservative. The later tradition of Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky , one of the greatest composers of the Romantic era , was continued into the 20th century by Sergei Rachmaninoff. Russian conservatories have turned out generations of famous soloists. During the early 20th century, Russian ballet dancers Anna Pavlova and Vaslav Nijinsky rose to fame, and impresario Sergei Diaghilev and his Ballets Russes ' travels abroad profoundly influenced the development of dance worldwide. Modern Russian rock music takes its roots both in the Western rock and roll and heavy metal , and in traditions of the Russian bards of the Soviet era, such as Vladimir Vysotsky and Bulat Okudzhava. Russian pop music developed from what was known in the Soviet times as estrada into full-fledged industry, with some performers gaining wide international recognition, such as t. In the 18th century, during the era of Russian Enlightenment , the development of Russian literature was boosted by the works of Mikhail Lomonosov and Denis Fonvizin. By the early 19th century a modern national tradition had emerged, producing some of the greatest writers in Russian history. This period, known also as the Golden Age of Russian Poetry , began with Alexander Pushkin , who is considered the founder of the modern Russian literary language and often described as the "Russian Shakespeare". Leo Tolstoy and Fyodor Dostoyevsky have been described by literary critics as the greatest novelists of all time. By the s, the age of the great novelists was over, and short fiction and poetry became the dominant genres. The next several decades became known as the Silver Age of Russian Poetry , when the previously dominant literary realism was replaced by symbolism. Russian philosophy blossomed in the 19th century, when it was defined initially by the opposition of Westernisers , who advocated Western political and economical models, and Slavophiles , who insisted on developing Russia as a unique civilization. The latter group includes Nikolai Danilevsky and Konstantin Leontiev , the founders of eurasianism. In its further development Russian philosophy was always marked by a deep connection to literature and interest in creativity, society, politics and nationalism; Russian cosmism and religious philosophy were other major areas. Notable philosophers of the late 19th and the early 20th centuries include Vladimir Solovyev , Sergei Bulgakov , and Vladimir Vernadsky. Following the Russian Revolution of many prominent writers and philosophers left the country, including Bunin, Vladimir Nabokov and Nikolay Berdyayev , while a new generation of talented authors joined together in an effort to create a distinctive working-class culture appropriate for the new Soviet state. In the s censorship over literature was tightened in line with the policy of socialist realism. In the late s restrictions on literature were eased, and by the s and s, writers were increasingly ignoring official guidelines. Russian and later Soviet cinema was a hotbed of invention in the period immediately following , resulting in world-renowned films such as The Battleship Potemkin by Sergei Eisenstein. Dziga Vertov , whose kino-glaz "film-eye" theory—that the camera, like the human eye, is best used to explore real life—had a huge impact on the development of documentary film making and cinema realism. The subsequent state policy of socialist realism somewhat limited creativity; however, many Soviet films in this style were artistically successful, including Chapaev , The Cranes Are Flying , and Ballad of a Soldier. The s and s saw a greater variety of artistic styles in Soviet cinema. Eldar Ryazanov 's and Leonid Gaidai 's comedies of that time were immensely popular, with many of the catch phrases still in use today. In —68 Sergey Bondarchuk directed an Oscar -winning film adaptation of Leo Tolstoy's epic War and Peace , which was the most expensive film made in the Soviet Union. Russian animation dates back to late Russian Empire times. During the Soviet era, Soyuzmultfilm studio was the largest animation producer. Soviet animators developed a great variety of pioneering techniques and aesthetic styles, with prominent directors including Ivan Ivanov-Vano , Fyodor Khitruk and Aleksandr Tatarsky. The late s and s were a period of crisis in Russian cinema and animation. Although Russian filmmakers became free to express themselves, state subsidies were drastically reduced, resulting in fewer films produced. The early years of the 21st century have brought increased viewership and subsequent prosperity to the industry on the back of the economic revival. Production levels are already higher than in Britain and Germany. The traditions of Soviet animation were developed recently by such directors as Aleksandr Petrov and studios like Melnitsa Animation. While there were few stations or channels in the Soviet time, in the past two decades many new state and privately owned radio stations and TV channels have appeared. Censorship and Media freedom in Russia has always been a main theme of Russian media. Soviet and later Russian athletes have always been in the top four for the number of gold medals collected at the Summer Olympics. Soviet gymnasts, track-and-field athletes, weightlifters, wrestlers, boxers, fencers, shooters, cross country skiers, biathletes, speed skaters and figure skaters were consistently among the best in the world, along with Soviet basketball, handball, futsal, volleyball and ice hockey players. Although ice hockey was only introduced during the Soviet era, the Soviet Union national team managed to win gold at almost all the Olympics and World Championships they contested. It is ranked the top hockey league in Europe as of [update] , [] and the second-best in the world. KHL is on the 4th place by attendance in Europe. Bandy , also known as Russian hockey , is another traditionally popular ice sport. After the dissolution of the Soviet Union, Russia has continuously been one of the most successful teams, winning many world championships. Association football is one of the most popular sports in modern Russia. The Soviet national team became the first European Champions by winning Euro In and , the Soviet Union won gold at the Olympic football tournament. The Russian national football team reached the semi-finals of Euro , losing only to the eventual champions Spain. The matches were held from 14 June to 15 July in the stadiums of 11 host cities. Russia will also host games of Euro In , the Russian national basketball team won the European Basketball Championship. Larisa Latynina , who currently holds the record for the most gold Olympic medals won by a woman, established the USSR as the dominant force in gymnastics for many years. Figure skating is another popular sport in Russia, especially pair skating and ice dancing. With the exception of and a Soviet or Russian pair has won gold at every Winter Olympics since Since the end of the Soviet era, tennis has grown in popularity and Russia has produced a number of famous players, including Maria Sharapova. In martial arts, Russia produced the sport Sambo and renowned fighters, like Fedor Emelianenko. Chess is a widely popular pastime in Russia; from , Russian grandmasters have held the world chess championship almost continuously. The Winter Olympics were held in Sochi in the south of Russia. In the McLaren Report found evidence of widespread state-sponsored doping and an institutional conspiracy to cover up Russian competitors' positive drug tests. Formula One is also becoming increasingly popular in Russia. There had only been two Russian Grands Prix in and , but the Russian Grand Prix returned as part of the Formula One season in , as part of a six-year deal. Russia has the most Olympic medals stripped for doping violations 51 , the most of any country, four times the number of the runner-up, and more than a third of the global total, and athletes caught doping at the Olympics , also the most of any country. From to , more than a thousand Russian competitors in various sports, including summer, winter, and Paralympic sports, benefited from a state- sponsored cover-up, [] [] [] [] [] with no indication that the program has ceased since then. There are seven public holidays in Russia , [] except those always celebrated on Sunday. Orthodox Christmas falls on 7 January, because the Russian Orthodox Church still follows the Julian calendar , and all Orthodox holidays are 13 days after Western ones. Two other major Christian holidays are Easter and Trinity Sunday. Victory Day is the second most popular holiday in Russia; it commemorates the victory over Nazi Germany and its allies in the Great Patriotic War. A huge military parade , hosted by the President of Russia , is annually organised in Moscow on Red Square. Similar parades take place in all major Russian cities and cities with the status Hero city or City of Military Glory. State symbols of Russia include the Byzantine double-headed eagle , combined with St. George of Moscow in the Russian coat of arms. The Russian flag dates from the late Tsardom of Russia period and has been widely used since the time of the Russian Empire. The Russian anthem shares its music with the Soviet Anthem , though not the lyrics. The imperial motto God is with us and the Soviet motto Proletarians of all countries, unite! The hammer and sickle and the full Soviet coat of arms are still widely seen in Russian cities as a part of old architectural decorations. The Soviet Red Stars are also encountered, often on military equipment and war memorials. The Red Banner continues to be honored, especially the Banner of Victory of Cheburashka is a mascot of the Russian national Olympic team. Mary , St. Nicholas , St. Andrew , St. George , St. Alexander Nevsky , St. Sergius of Radonezh and St. Seraphim of Sarov are Russia's patron saints. Chamomile is the national flower , while birch is the national tree. The Russian bear is an animal symbol and Mother Russia a national personification of Russia, though the bear image has a Western origin and Russians themselves have accepted it only fairly recently. Tourism in Russia has seen rapid growth since the late Soviet period, first domestic tourism and then international tourism, fueled by the rich cultural heritage and great natural variety of the country. Major tourist routes in Russia include a journey around the Golden Ring theme route of ancient cities, cruises on the big rivers like the Volga , and long journeys on the famous Trans- Siberian Railway. In , Russia was visited by The most visited destinations in Russia are Moscow and Saint Petersburg, the current and former capitals of the country. Moscow displays Soviet architecture at its best, along with modern skyscrapers , while St Petersburg, nicknamed Venice of the North , boasts of its classical architecture, many rivers, canals and bridges. The city has registered a brand The Third Capital of Russia , though a number of other major cities compete for this status, including Novosibirsk , Yekaterinburg and Nizhny Novgorod. The warm subtropical Black Sea coast of Russia is the site for a number of popular sea resorts, like Sochi , the follow-up host of the Winter Olympics. The mountains of the Northern Caucasus contain popular ski resorts such as Dombay. This unique lake, the oldest and deepest in the world, has crystal-clear waters and is surrounded by taiga -covered mountains. Other popular natural destinations include Kamchatka with its volcanoes and geysers, Karelia with its lakes and granite rocks, the snowy Altai Mountains , and the wild steppes of Tuva. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. This article is about the Russian Federation. For other uses, see Russia disambiguation. Country in Eastern Europe and Northern Asia. Location of Russia with Crimea in light green [a]. Main articles: Rus' people and Rus' name. See also: Russian disambiguation. Main article: History of Russia. Main article: Grand Duchy of Moscow. Main article: Tsardom of Russia. See also: Moscow, third Rome. Main article: Russian Empire. Main article: Politics of Russia. The Moscow Kremlin is the main location of where Russian political affairs take place. The Kremlin Senate is the main residence for the Russian presidential administration. Main article: Foreign relations of Russia. Main article: Russian Armed Forces. Main article: Subdivisions of Russia. Main article: Geography of Russia. See also: List of Russian explorers. Physical map of Russia with locations of major cities. Main article: Climate of Russia. This section needs to be updated. Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. February Main article: Economy of Russia. See also: List of the largest trading partners of Russia , List of countries by oil exports , and List of countries by natural gas exports. Main articles: Agriculture in Russia and Fishing industry in Russia. This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. April Learn how and when to remove this template message. Main articles: Timeline of Russian inventions and technology records , Science and technology in Russia , List of Russian scientists , and List of Russian inventors. Main article: Water supply and sanitation in Russia. Main article: Corruption in Russia. Main articles: Demographics of Russia and Russians. Russia's population pyramid as of 1 January Main article: List of cities and towns in Russia by population. Main article: Ethnic groups in Russia. This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. Play media. Main articles: Religion in Russia and Consecration of Russia. Main article: Healthcare in Russia. Main article: Education in Russia. Main article: Russian culture. See also: Russian traditions , Russian political jokes , Russian fairy tales , Russian cuisine , and Gopnik. Main articles: Russian architecture and List of Russian architects. Main article: Russian artists. Main articles: Russian literature , Russian philosophy , Russian poets , Russian playwrights , Russian novelists , and Russian science fiction and fantasy. Main article: Sport in Russia. See also: Doping in Russia. Main articles: Public holidays in Russia and Cultural icons of Russia. Main article: Tourism in Russia. Russia portal Europe portal. The Territories of the Russian Federation Note: The territories of the Crimean peninsula, comprising Sevastopol City and the Republic of Crimea, remained internationally recognized as constituting part of Ukraine, following their annexation by Russia in March The Washington Post. Retrieved 27 March The Federal Structure, Article 68". Retrieved 22 April Archived from the original on 18 January Pew Research Center. Retrieved 9 September Statistics Division. Retrieved 24 April Federal State Statistics Service. Archived from the original on 28 July Retrieved 5 April Retrieved 21 June International Monetary Fund. Retrieved 18 January World Bank. Retrieved 22 March United Nations Development Programme. Retrieved 10 December Article 1. Retrieved 25 June The names 'Russian Federation' and 'Russia' shall be equal. Retrieved 2 November The Russians: The People of Europe. The Norwegian parliament says it came under cyberattack in August and email accounts of many politicians were hacked. Rivals accuse each other of breaking truce in disputed Nagorno-Karabakh within minutes of it coming into effect. Russia makes US an offer on last major arms control treaty. Another wave of the coronavirus could clobber crude demand and depress prices once again. US charges six Russian military officers over cyberattacks.

Why is Russia's Covid mortality rate so low? (Opinion) - CNN

Russia's health system under pressure from Covid Cardiac disease also is much more prevalent in Russia than Brazil. A recent study suggests that by any measurement, Russia has at least twice the rate of complications from cardiovascular disease as Brazil -- another reason Covid death rates would be lower, not higher, in Brazil than Russia. No statistics for rates of chronic lung disease by country are available. In contrast, death from lung disease is lower in Russia Therefore, the known and measurable risk factors for severe disease point to Russia having at least a comparable, if not a higher, death rate than Brazil. So, is Dr. Malinnikova correct? Is the difference really due to testing and the apparently efficient Russian health care system? Perhaps, but there may be other ways to explain the differences. We do not know, for example, how Russia attributes death to Covid If a person with heart disease dies with the infection, which condition is the "cause? And what about nursing home deaths -- are these being included as Covid related, even if a test was not performed? As in the US and elsewhere, accurate classification of a Covidrelated death remains very important to our understanding of the disease and the effectiveness of our attempts to control it. However, certainty about how, exactly, a person died remains a very difficult determination. The hammer and sickle and the full Soviet coat of arms are still widely seen in Russian cities as a part of old architectural decorations. The Soviet Red Stars are also encountered, often on military equipment and war memorials. The Red Banner continues to be honored, especially the Banner of Victory of Cheburashka is a mascot of the Russian national Olympic team. Mary , St. Nicholas , St. Andrew , St. George , St. Alexander Nevsky , St. Sergius of Radonezh and St. Seraphim of Sarov are Russia's patron saints. Chamomile is the national flower , while birch is the national tree. The Russian bear is an animal symbol and Mother Russia a national personification of Russia, though the bear image has a Western origin and Russians themselves have accepted it only fairly recently. Tourism in Russia has seen rapid growth since the late Soviet period, first domestic tourism and then international tourism, fueled by the rich cultural heritage and great natural variety of the country. Major tourist routes in Russia include a journey around the Golden Ring theme route of ancient cities, cruises on the big rivers like the Volga , and long journeys on the famous Trans-Siberian Railway. In , Russia was visited by The most visited destinations in Russia are Moscow and Saint Petersburg, the current and former capitals of the country. Moscow displays Soviet architecture at its best, along with modern skyscrapers , while St Petersburg, nicknamed Venice of the North , boasts of its classical architecture, many rivers, canals and bridges. The city has registered a brand The Third Capital of Russia , though a number of other major cities compete for this status, including Novosibirsk , Yekaterinburg and Nizhny Novgorod. The warm subtropical Black Sea coast of Russia is the site for a number of popular sea resorts, like Sochi , the follow-up host of the Winter Olympics. The mountains of the Northern Caucasus contain popular ski resorts such as Dombay. This unique lake, the oldest and deepest in the world, has crystal-clear waters and is surrounded by taiga -covered mountains. Other popular natural destinations include Kamchatka with its volcanoes and geysers, Karelia with its lakes and granite rocks, the snowy Altai Mountains , and the wild steppes of Tuva. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. This article is about the Russian Federation. For other uses, see Russia disambiguation. Country in Eastern Europe and Northern Asia. Location of Russia with Crimea in light green [a]. Main articles: Rus' people and Rus' name. See also: Russian disambiguation. Main article: History of Russia. Main article: Grand Duchy of Moscow. Main article: Tsardom of Russia. See also: Moscow, third Rome. Main article: Russian Empire. Main article: Politics of Russia. The Moscow Kremlin is the main location of where Russian political affairs take place. The Kremlin Senate is the main residence for the Russian presidential administration. Main article: Foreign relations of Russia. Main article: Russian Armed Forces. Main article: Subdivisions of Russia. Main article: Geography of Russia. See also: List of Russian explorers. Physical map of Russia with locations of major cities. Main article: Climate of Russia. This section needs to be updated. Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. February Main article: Economy of Russia. See also: List of the largest trading partners of Russia , List of countries by oil exports , and List of countries by natural gas exports. Main articles: Agriculture in Russia and Fishing industry in Russia. This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. April Learn how and when to remove this template message. Main articles: Timeline of Russian inventions and technology records , Science and technology in Russia , List of Russian scientists , and List of Russian inventors. Main article: Water supply and sanitation in Russia. Main article: Corruption in Russia. Main articles: Demographics of Russia and Russians. Russia's population pyramid as of 1 January Main article: List of cities and towns in Russia by population. Main article: Ethnic groups in Russia. This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. Play media. Main articles: Religion in Russia and Consecration of Russia. Main article: Healthcare in Russia. Main article: Education in Russia. Main article: Russian culture. See also: Russian traditions , Russian political jokes , Russian fairy tales , Russian cuisine , and Gopnik. Main articles: Russian architecture and List of Russian architects. Main article: Russian artists. Main articles: Russian literature , Russian philosophy , Russian poets , Russian playwrights , Russian novelists , and Russian science fiction and fantasy. Main article: Sport in Russia. See also: Doping in Russia. Main articles: Public holidays in Russia and Cultural icons of Russia. Main article: Tourism in Russia. Russia portal Europe portal. The Territories of the Russian Federation Note: The territories of the Crimean peninsula, comprising Sevastopol City and the Republic of Crimea, remained internationally recognized as constituting part of Ukraine, following their annexation by Russia in March The Washington Post. Retrieved 27 March The Federal Structure, Article 68". Retrieved 22 April Archived from the original on 18 January Pew Research Center. 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Vladimir Putin at Wikipedia's sister projects. Offices and distinctions. Vladimir Putin. Inaugurations first second third fourth Political groups Sovereign democracy Speeches Munich Crimea Valdai Protests — — Moscow election protests Khabarovsk Krai protests Opposition. Legislation and programs national champions priority projects stabilization fund Putin's Plan — recession — financial crisis. Vladimir Putin Peak Criticism Putin khuylo! Corruption Putin. Links to related articles. Presidents of the Russian Federation. Heads of state of the G Leaders of the G Leaders of the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation. Leaders of the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation. Bolsonaro Putin Modi Xi Ramaphosa. Leaders of the Commonwealth of Independent States. Candidates in the Russian presidential election. Vladimir Putin Independent campaign. Yevgeny Savostyanov Independent. Ivan Rybkin Independent. Vladimir Putin United Russia campaign. Namespaces Article Talk. Views Read View source View history. Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file. Download as PDF Printable version. Wikimedia Commons Wikinews Wikiquote Wikisource. Putin in Assumed office 7 May Dmitry Medvedev Mikhail Mishustin. Nikolay Kovalyov. Additional positions. Assumed office 12 June Independent —95; —08; —present. At least 2, Maria and Katerina [b]. Order of Honour. Official website. Wikiquote has quotations related to: Vladimir Putin. Order of Ho Chi Minh []. Order of the Golden Eagle []. Order of Sheikh ul-Islam. Highest Muslim order, [] awarded for his role in interfaith dialogue between Muslims and Christians in the region []. Order of Ismoili Somoni []. Order of Abdulaziz al Saud []. 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