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145 1 Empire and Occultism NOTES 1 Empire and Occultism 1. Eric Mahoney, Religious Syncretism (London: SCM Press, 2006). 2. Quoted from Speech Genres, 2, by Joseph Roach, Cities of the Dead: Circum-Atlantic Performance (New York: Columbia University Press, 1996), 187. 3. For magic and the marvellous, Gordon in Valerie Flint, Richard Gordon, Georg Luck and Daniel Ogden, The Athlone History of Witchcraft and Magic in Europe, vol. 2, Ancient Greece and Rome (London: Athlone Press 1999), 168ff. 4. Roger Griffin, Modernism and Fascism: The Sense of a Beginning under Mussolini and Hitler (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2007). 5. Griffin’s introduction to Ben Hutchinson, Modernism and Style (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2011), xii; idem, Terrorist’s Creed: Fanatical Violence and the Human Need for Meaning (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2012), 53, 73. Key terms from Griffin’s work will intermittently recur in this study. 6. Suzanne Marchand, German Orientalism in the Age of Empire: Religion, Race, and Scholarship (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2010). 7. Ibid., 256 for the ‘reconvergence’ point. 8. Mahoney, Syncretism, 118. 9. Gary Lachman, Madame Blavatsky: The Mother of Modern Spirituality (New York: Tarcher/Penguin USA, 2012); Stephen Prothero, The White Buddhist: The Asian Odyssey of Henry Steel Olcott (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2012); Joscelyn Godwin, The Theosophical Enlightenment (Albany: SUNY Press, 1994). 10. Martha Shuchard, Restoring the Temple of Vision: Cabalistic Freemasonry and Stuart Culture (Leiden: Brill, 2002). There are Masonic ‘survivals’ and Cabalistic allusions in Theosophy, but these did not greatly impact on the art world. 11. Catherine Wessinger, Annie Besant and Progressive Messianism, 1874–1933 (Lewiston, NY: Edwin Mellen Press, 1988); Gregory Tillett, The Elder Brother: A Biography of Charles Webster Leadbeater (London: Routledge Kegan Paul, 1982). 12. For Theosophical Neoplatonism, Michael Gomes, The Dawning of the Theosophical Movement (Wheaton, IL: Theosophical Publishing House, 1987). 13. Gerald Figal, Civilization and Monsters: Spirits of Modernity in Meiji Japan (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1999). 14. Eva Kuryluk, Judas and Salome in the Cave of Sex: The Grotesque, Origins, Iconography, Techniques (Evanston, IL: Northwestern University Press, 1987). 15. Paul Greenhalgh, The Modern Ideal: The Rise and Collapse of Idealism in the Visual Arts (London: V&A Publications, 2005), 118. 16. For ‘the colonial syncretic’, Joy Dixon, Divine Feminine: Theosophy and Feminism (Baltimore and London: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2001). 145 146 NOTES 17. For Griffes, John Struble, The History of American Classical Music: MacDowell through Minimalism (London: Robert Hale, 1995), 79; for his Theosophy, Judith Tick, ‘Ruth Crawford’s “Spiritual” Concept: The Sound Ideals of an Early American Modernist’, Journal of the American Musicological Society, 44/2 (1991), 224 n. 13; for Heyman’s 1921 The Relation of Ultra Music to Archaic Music, Tick ibid., 22 and n. 27; for Flanner on Pound, Glenn Watkins, Pyramids at the Louvre: Music, Culture and Collage from Stravinsky to the Postmodernists (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press), 1994, 58; for Brancusi, Roger Lipsey, An Art of Our Own: The Spiritual in Twentieth Century Art (Boston and Shaftesbury: Shambhala, 1988), 242, 245, 256. 18. Paul Edwards, Wyndham Lewis, Painter and Writer (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 2000), 4. 19. Paul Greenhalgh, Ephemeral Vistas: History of the Expositions Universelles, Great Exhibitions and World’s Fairs (Manchester University Press, 1990). 20. John Mackenzie, Orientalism: History, Theory and the Arts (Manchester University Press, 1995); Greenhalgh, The Modern Ideal, 118ff. 21. Martin Green, Dreams of Adventure, Deeds of Empire (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1980). 22. Richard Seager, The World’s Parliament of Religions: The East–West Encounter, Chicago, 1883 (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2009). 23. Quoted by T. J. Jackson Lears, No Place of Grace: Antimodernism and the Trans- formation of American Culture (University of Chicago Press, 1994), 309. 24. Paula Amad, Counter-Archive, Film, the Everyday, and Albert Kahn’s Archives De La Planète (New York: Columbia University Press, 2010). 25. Margaret Jacob, Living the Enlightenment: Freemasonry and Politics in Eighteenth-Century Europe (New York: Oxford University Press, 1992); Paul Monod, Solomon’s Secret Arts: The Occult in the Age of Enlightenment (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 2013). 26. G. S. Rousseau and Roy Porter, Exoticism in the Enlightenment (Manchester University Press, 1989). 27. For Theosophy and pseudo-science, Linda Henderson, The Fourth Dimension and Non-Euclidean Geometry in Modern Art (Princeton University Press, 1983). 28. John Lester, Journey through Despair, 1880–1914: Transformations in British Literary Culture (Princeton University Press, 1969). 29. Gary Lachman, Rudolph Steiner: An Introduction to His Life and Works (Edinburgh: Floris Books, 2007); idem, In Search of P. D. Ouspensky: The Genius in the Shadow of Gurdjieff (Wheaton, IL: Quest Books, 2006). 30. Bernard Smith, Modernism and Post-Modernism, a neo-Colonial Viewpoint, Working Papers in Australian Studies, Sir Robert Menzies Centre for Australian Studies, Institute of Commonwealth Studies, University of London, 1992. 31. Rupert Arrowsmith, Modernism and the Museum: Asian, African and Pacific Art and the London Avant-Garde (Oxford University Press, 2011). 32. For some of these figures, Maurice Tuchman, ed., The Spiritual in Art: Abstract Painting 1890–1985 (New York: Abbeville Press, 1987). 33. For Steiner’s aesthetic, John F. Moffitt, Occultism in Avant-Garde Art: The Case of Joseph Beuys (Ann Arbor: UMI Research Press, 1988). 34. I owe the point to Tracy Thursfield. 35. Martin Green, Mountain of Truth: The Counterculture Begins, Ascona, 1900–1920 (Hanover and London: University Press of New England, 1986); for Taos, n. 39 below. NOTES 147 36. Bennison, ‘Muslim Universalism and Western Globalization’, in A. G. Hopkins, ed., Globalization in World History (London: Pimlico, 2002), 74ff. 37. Billie Melman, Women’s Orients: English Women in the Middle East, 1718–1918 (London: Macmillan, 1995). 38. John Corbett in Georgina Born and David Hesmondhalgh, eds, Western Music and Its Others (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 2000), 163ff. 39. Lois Rudnick, Utopian Vistas: The Mabel Dodge Luhan House and the American Counterculture (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1998). 40. Harry Liebersohn, Aristocratic Encounters: European Travellers and North American Indians (Cambridge University Press, 1998), 168. 41. Ibid., 1–2, 4. 42. Ibid., 167. 43. Stephen Hay, Asian Ideas of East and West: Tagore and His Critics (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1970), 313–15. 44. Bernard Leach, Beyond East and West: Memoirs, Portraits and Essays (London: Faber and Faber), 74–5. 45. Marchand, German Orientalism; Joanne Cho, Eric Kurlander, and Douglas McGetchin, eds, Transcultural Encounters between Germany and India: Kindred Spirits in the 19th and 20th Centuries (London and New York: Routledge, 2013). 46. For the quotations, Jill Lloyd, German Expressionism: Primitivism and Modernity (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1991), 115–16. 47. Patrick Brantlinger, Rule of Darkness: British Literature and Imperialism, 1830–1914 (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1988), 33ff. 48. Ibid., 12–13 (my italics). 49. Ian Buruma, The Missionary and the Libertine (New York: Vintage Books, 2001), 67ff. 50. Brantlinger, Rule of Darkness, 230, 240. 51. Lears, No Place of Grace, 100–2, 108–9, 117–18, 143, 222. 52. Benita Parry, Delusions and Discoveries: Studies on India in the British Imagination, 1880–1930 (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1992), 53 and n. 125. 53. Ibid., 131. 54. Kathleen Taylor, Sir John Woodroffe, Tantra and Bengal (Richmond: Curzon, 2001), 96. 55. Hugh Ridley, Images of Imperial Rule (London: Croom Helm, 1983), 108, 111, 114, 124. 56. Brantlinger, Rule of Darkness, 230. 57. Richard Fox, Gandhian Utopia: Experiments with Culture (Boston: Beacon Press, 1989), 108–9. 58. Leonard Gordon, Bengal: The Nationalist Movement, 1876–1940 (New York: Columbia University Press, 1974), 112–13. 59. David Cannadine, Ornamentalism: How the British Saw Their Empire (London: Allen Lane, 2001), 12. 60. Bely, The Emblematics of Meaning, 1909. 61. Max Nordau, Degeneration (Lincoln: Nebraska University Press, 1993), 131. 62. Brian Stableford, Scientific Romance in Britain 1890–1950 (New York: St Martin’s Press, 1985), 40. 63. Brantlinger, Rule of Darkness, 251. 64. Lears, No Place of Grace, 172–3; Brantlinger, Rule of Darkness, 230, 232, 240. 148 NOTES 2 Modernist Interworlds 1. For sensory decay, Jonathan Crary, Suspensions of Perception: Attention, Spectacle and Modern Culture (Cambridge, MA and London: MIT Press, 1999). For new optics and acoustics, Linda Henderson, The Fourth Dimension and Non-Euclidean Geometry in Modern Art (Princeton University Press, 1983). 2. Robert Pynsent, Decadence and Innovation (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1989), 111ff. Dion Fortune described the Sephira of Yesod on the Cabalistic Tree of Life as a ‘treasure house of images’: The Mystical Qabalah, 1935, 258. 3. Irena Paperno and Joan Grossman, Creating Life: The Aesthetic Utopia of Russian Modernism (Stanford University Press, 1994), 3. 4. Note the psychoses of Lautreamont, Nietzsche, Strindberg, Van Gogh, Artaud, and maybe Jung; also the alcohol or
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