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Beiträge Zur Kleinasiatischen Münzkunde Und Geschichte 11
GEPHYRA 12, 2015, 1-88 Beiträge zur kleinasiatischen Münzkunde und Geschichte 11. Adleromina: Stadt- und Kultgründungen auf Geheiß des Zeus Johannes NOLLÉ «Stadtgründer müssen unbedingt mit der Art und Weise vertraut sein, wie die Dichter Mythen erzählen und von der diese, wenn sie sie dichten, nicht abweichen dürfen. Hingegen dürfen Stadt- gründer auf gar keinen Fall selbst Mythen dichten.»1 Platon Regula Kunkel gewidmet 1. Einführung Platon hat in seinem ‹Staat› von den Stadt- bzw. Staatsgründern gefordert, einen klaren Blick dafür zu haben, dass griechische Dichter genremäßig einer mythischen Weltsicht verpflichtet seien. Von den Gründern eines idealen Staates aber verlangt er, es ihnen nicht nachzutun und sich auf keinen Fall auf den Mythos einzulassen (sondern sich an den Realitäten zu orientieren). Tatsächlich haben die hellenischen Stadtgründer von der archaischen Zeit bis in den Hellenismus, soweit wir das be- urteilen können, sich meist mit wohlüberlegten und klaren Zielsetzungen zu einer Stadt- bzw. ‹Ko- lonie›gründung entschlossen, dann nach rationalen Gesichtspunkten geeignete Plätze für ihre Gründungen ausgewählt und schließlich die Städte gut geplant und klar durchdacht angelegt2 – * Prof. Dr. Johannes Nollé, Kommission für Alte Geschichte und Epigraphik des DAI, Amalienstr. 73b, D- 80799 München ([email protected]). Der Beitrag ist eine Fortsetzung von Gephyra 7, 2010 (2012), 71-126; über einige ausgewählte Aspekte dieser Thematik habe ich auf dem XV. Internationalen Numismatischen Kongress in Taormina im Septem- -
The Expansion of Christianity: a Gazetteer of Its First Three Centuries
THE EXPANSION OF CHRISTIANITY SUPPLEMENTS TO VIGILIAE CHRISTIANAE Formerly Philosophia Patrum TEXTS AND STUDIES OF EARLY CHRISTIAN LIFE AND LANGUAGE EDITORS J. DEN BOEFT — J. VAN OORT — W.L. PETERSEN D.T. RUNIA — C. SCHOLTEN — J.C.M. VAN WINDEN VOLUME LXIX THE EXPANSION OF CHRISTIANITY A GAZETTEER OF ITS FIRST THREE CENTURIES BY RODERIC L. MULLEN BRILL LEIDEN • BOSTON 2004 This book is printed on acid-free paper. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Mullen, Roderic L. The expansion of Christianity : a gazetteer of its first three centuries / Roderic L. Mullen. p. cm. — (Supplements to Vigiliae Christianae, ISSN 0920-623X ; v. 69) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 90-04-13135-3 (alk. paper) 1. Church history—Primitive and early church, ca. 30-600. I. Title. II. Series. BR165.M96 2003 270.1—dc22 2003065171 ISSN 0920-623X ISBN 90 04 13135 3 © Copyright 2004 by Koninklijke Brill nv, Leiden, The Netherlands All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher. Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use is granted by Brill provided that the appropriate fees are paid directly to The Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Suite 910 Danvers, MA 01923, USA. Fees are subject to change. printed in the netherlands For Anya This page intentionally left blank CONTENTS Preface ........................................................................................ ix Introduction ................................................................................ 1 PART ONE CHRISTIAN COMMUNITIES IN ASIA BEFORE 325 C.E. Palestine ..................................................................................... -
Bulletin of the Mineral Research and Exploration
BULLETIN OF THE MINERAL RESEARCH AND EXPLORATION Foreign Edition 2013 146 CONTENTS From Editor... A New Age Finding In The Central Sakarya Region (NW Turkey) ...................................................................................................................................................M. Fuat UĞUZ 1 Description Of Two New Families, Three New Species and Re-Description Of Four known Genera And One Subfamily From The Larger Benthic Foraminifera Of Paleocene In Turkey ................................................................................................................................................ Ercüment SİREL 27 The Ostracod Fauna And Environmental Characteristics Of The Volcanosedimentary Yolüstü Formation In The Hınıs Region, Erzurum (Eastern Anatolia), Turkey ..................................................................................................................................................... Ümit ŞAFAK 55 Petrogenetic Characteristics Of Oyaca – Kedikayası – Boyalık Adakites In SW Ankara (Central Anatolia, Turkey): Evidences For Slab Melt Metasomatism .................................................................................................................................. Pınar ŞEN and Erdal ŞEN 81 Hydrogeochemical And Isotopic Investigation Of Nasrettin Hoca Springs, Eskisehir, Turkey ....................... Mehmet ÇELİK, U. Erdem DOKUZ, P. Elif TÜRKÖZ, Özlem GÜLLÜ and Şebnem ARSLAN 93 Neogene Stratigraphy Of The Eskişehir Graben And The Investigation Of Coal Deposition By Seismic -
APOLLO in ASIA MINOR and in the APOCALYPSE Abstract
Title: CHAOS AND CLAIRVOYANCE: APOLLO IN ASIA MINOR AND IN THE APOCALYPSE Abstract: In the Apocalypse interpreters acknowledge several overt references to Apollo. Although one or two Apollo references have received consistent attention, no one has provided a sustained consideration of the references as a whole and why they are there. In fact, Apollo is more present across the Apocalypse than has been recognized. Typically, interpreters regard these overt instances as slights against the emperor. However, this view does not properly consider the Jewish/Christian perception of pagan gods as actual demons, Apollo’s role and prominence in the religion of Asia Minor, or the complexity of Apollo’s role in imperial propaganda and its influence where Greek religion was well-established. Using Critical Spatiality and Social Memory Theory, this study provides a more comprehensive religious interpretation of the presence of Apollo in the Apocalypse. I conclude that John progressively inverts popular religious and imperial conceptions of Apollo, portraying him as an agent of chaos and the Dragon. John strips Apollo of his positive associations, while assigning those to Christ. Additionally, John’s depiction of the god contributes to the invective against the Dragon and thus plays an important role to shape the social identity of the Christian audience away from the Dragon, the empire, and pagan religion and rather toward the one true God and the Lamb who conquers all. ASBURY THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY CHAOS AND CLAIRVOYANCE: APOLLO IN ASIA MINOR AND IN THE APOCALYPSE SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF ASBURY THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN BIBLICAL STUDIES BY ANDREW J. -
T.C. Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi
T.C. ESKİŞEHİR OSMANGAZİ ÜNİVERSİTESİ ZİRAAT FAKÜLTESİ 2018-2019 EĞİTİM ÖĞRETİM YILI BAHAR DÖNEMİ ( II ) YARIYIL ARASINAV PROGRAMI Sınav Tarihi Sınav Saati Dersin Adı Sınav Salonu Mevcut Bahçe Bitkileri Islahı (I. Vize) Mihalıççık 32 10:00-10:50 Biyoteknolojiye Giriş (I. Vize ) ANK 49 11:00-11:50 * Tarımsal Kıy. Taktiri ve Bilirkişilik (I.Vize) Mahmudiye-Sivrihisar 22 13:00-13:50 Hayvansal Ürün. Kıymet Taktiri (I.Vize ) Mahmudiye 11 23.03.2019 Özel Sebzecilik II (I. Vize ) Sivrihisar 27 CUMARTESİ 14:00-14:50 Moleküler Markörler ve Analiz Yön. (I.Vize) Mihalıççık 34 09:00-09:50 Mesleki Uygulama II (Zootekni) Günyüzü-Mahmudiye 54 12:00-12:50 Bitki Koruma ANK-Mihalıççık-Sivrihisar 143 25.03.19 PAZARTESİ 16:00-16:50 Mesleki Uygulama IV (Zootekni) Günyüzü 37 10:00-10:50 Genel Sebzecilik Alpu- Mahmudiye 42 Hayvan Besleme İlkeleri ANK 44 12:00-12:50 Çevre Biyoteknolojisi Sivrihisar- Mahmudiye 47 14:00-14:50 Yağ Bitkileri Günyüzü 26 16:00-16:50 Hayvansal Üretim Günyüzü- Sivrihisar 71 SALI 26.03.19 Aşılama ve Budama Tekniği Alpu 28 17:00-17:50 * Bitki Fizyolojisi (Tarla Bitkileri) Mihalıççık-Mahmudiye- Sivrihisar 42 Doğum Bilgisi ANK 37 Tarla Bitkilerinin Mineral Beslenmesi Mihalgazi-Mahmudiye 32 11:00-11:50 Yemler Bilgisi ve Teknolojisi Günyüzü 28 12:00-12:50 Türk Dili II ANK-Mihalıççık-Sivrihisar 156 27.03.19 ÇARŞAMBA 15:00-15:50 Bitki ve Hayvan Islahında Biyotek. (I. Vize ) Mihalgazi-Sarıcakaya 25 11:00-11:50 Bahçe Bitki. Döllenme Biyolojisi Sivrihisar 25 12:00-12:50 * Tarım Makinaları ANK-Günyüzü-Mahmudiye 127 28.03.19 16:00-16:50 Doğada Çalışma Yöntemleri Mahmudiye 3 PERŞEMBE 09:00-09:50 Süs Bitkileri Yetiştiriciliği Çifteler 34 09:00-23:59 Yabancı Dil II (https://canvas.ogu.edu.tr.) Çevrimiçi yapılacaktır. -
İnönü Savaşları'nın 100. Yıl Dönümü Özel Sayısı
Sahibi: Anadolu Üniversitesi adına Rektör Prof. Dr. Fuat ERDAL Owner: On behalf of Anadolu University, Rector Prof. Dr. Fuat ERDAL Anadolu Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi Anadolu University Journal of Social Sciences (AÜSBD) yayın hayatına 2001’de yılda iki sayı ile (AUJSS) is an international peer-reviewed journal başlamış, 2012 itibariyle Mart, Haziran, Eylül ve that started its publication life in 2001 with two issues Aralık aylarında olmak üzere yılda 4 defa yayınlanan per year, and as of 2012 published four times a year ve TÜBİTAK-ULAKBİM Sosyal Bilimler Veri in March, June, September and December and is Tabanında taranan uluslararası hakemli statüsünde indexed in TÜBİTAK-ULAKBİM Social Sciences olan bir dergidir. AÜSBD ayrıca; EBSCOhost Database. AUJSS is also included in international Academic Search Complete, Index Copernicus gibi indexes such as EBSCOhost Academic Search uluslararası indekslerin yanı sıra Sobiad atıf Complete, Index Copernicus and as well as in Sobiad dizinininde de yer almaktadır. citation index. Derginin Yayın dili Türkçe ve İngilizce olup, The journal's publication language is Turkish and “araştırma makalesi”, “derleme”, “editöre mektup” ve English, and it accepts manuscripts such as “kitap incelemesi” türünden metinleri, yazım "research article", "review", "letter to the editor" and kurallarına uygun hazırlanmış olması koşuluyla "book review", provided that they are prepared in değerlendirmeye kabul eder. Değerlendirilmek üzere accordance with the guidelines of the journal. dergimize gönderilen metinlerin, daha önce Manuscripts submitted to our journal for evaluation yayınlanmamış, yayınlanmak üzere kabul edilmemiş should not have been previously published, accepted ve yayınlanmak için değerlendirilme sürecinde for publication, and not in the process of being olmaması gerekir. -
I TRANSIT ORIENTED DESIGN and URBAN DESIGN
TRANSIT ORIENTED DESIGN AND URBAN DESIGN: ESKİŞEHİR CASE – TRAM STOP ORIENTED A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF NATURAL AND APPLIED SCIENCES OF MIDDLE EAST TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY BY İREM BAHÇELİOĞLU IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE IN URBAN DESIGN IN CITY AND REGIONAL PLANNING JANUARY, 2017 i ii Approval of the thesis: TRANSIT ORIENTED DESIGN AND URBAN DESIGN: ESKİŞEHİR CASE – TRAM STOP ORIENTED Submitted by İrem Bahçelioğlu in partial fulfillment of requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Urban Design in City and Regional Planning Department, Middle East Technical University by, Prof. Dr. Gülbin Dural Ünver Dean, Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences Prof. Dr. H. Çağatay Keskinok Head of Department, City and Regional Planning Assoc. Prof. Dr. Emine Yetişkul Şenbil Supervisor, City and Regional Planning Dept., METU Examining Committee Members: Prof. Dr. Serap Kayasü City and Regional Planning Dept., METU Assoc. Prof. Dr. Emine Yetişkul Şenbil City and Regional Planning Dept., METU Prof. Dr. Adnan Barlas City and Regional Planning Dept., METU Prof. Dr. Ela Babalık Sutcliffe City and Regional Planning Dept., METU Assoc. Prof. Dr. Burcu Çıngı Özüduru City and Regional Planning Dept., Gazi University Date: 13.01.2017 iii iii I hereby declare that all information in this document has been obtained and presented in accordance with academic rules and ethical conduct. I also declare that, as required by these rules and conduct, I have fully cited and referenced all material and results that are not original to this work. Name, Last name : İrem BAHÇELİOĞLU Signature : iv iv ABSTRACT TRANSIT ORIENTED DESIGN AND URBAN DESIGN: ESKİŞEHİR CASE – TRAM STOP ORIENTED Bahçelioğlu, İrem M.S. -
T.C. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Arkeoloji Ana Bilim Dali Pisidia, Pamphylia Ve Lykia
T.C. SÜLEYMAN DEMİREL ÜNİVERSİTESİ SOSYAL BİLİMLER ENSTİTÜSÜ ARKEOLOJİ ANA BİLİM DALI PISIDIA, PAMPHYLIA VE LYKIA BÖLGESİ ROMA İMPARATORLUK DÖNEMİ (MS 1.-3. YÜZYILLAR) SİKKE DOLAŞIMI ESRA TÜTÜNCÜ 1130231008 YÜKSEK LİSANS TEZİ DANIŞMAN Yrd. Doç. Dr. Hüseyin KÖKER Isparta 2017 (TÜTÜNCÜ, Esra, Pisidia, Pamphylia ve Lykia Bölgesi Roma İmparatorluk Dönemi Sikke Sirkülasyonu, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Isparta, 2017) ÖZET Bu yüksek lisans çalışmasında Pisidia, Pamphylia ve Lykia Bölgesi‟nde bulunan ve sikke buluntuları yayımlanan kentlerin, Roma İmparatorluk Dönemi‟ne ait sikkelerinin dolaşımı ve dolaşıma sebep olan unsurları ele alınmıştır. Ayrıca Anadolu‟da sikkeleri yayımlanan önemli merkezler, müze katalogları ve definelere bakılarak, Pisidia, Pamphylia ve Lykia Bölgesi‟nde bulunan kentlerin sikke dolaşımı da incelenmiştir. Böylece bölgelerin Roma İmparatorluk Dönemi‟nde siyasi, sosyal ilişkileri irdelenerek, kentlerin ekonomideki yerine değinilmiştir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Pisidia, Pamphylia, Lykia, Roma Eyalet Şehir Sikkeleri, Dolaşım i (TÜTÜNCÜ, Esra, Coin Circulation at Pisidia, Pamphylia and Lykia in Roman Imperial Period (A.D. 1st-3rd Centuries), Master Thesis, Isparta, 2017) ABSTRACT In this master degree thesis, the circulation of Roman Provincial coins of the cities that are located in Pisidia, Pamphylia and Lykia regions and brought out their coins and the factors caused the movement are discussed. Besides, the important centers which brought out their coins in Anatolia and the circulation of coins of the cities located in Pisidia, Pamhylia and Lykia regions have also been analyzed by looking over the museum catalogues, hoards and coin found in excavations. Therefore, by scrutinising the political and social relations of the regions in Roman Imperial Period, the importance of the cities in economics is touched on. -
Eurasian Journal of Veterinary Sciences
Eurasian Journal of Veterinary Sciences www.eurasianjvetsci.org RESEARCH ARTICLE Prevalence of Eimeria species in sheep in Eskişehir province Mustafa Eser1 2* 2 2 3 1 , Ahmet Göksu , Hatice Çiçek , Mahmut Sinan Erez , Hasan Çiçek 2 3 Anadolu University Open Education Faculty Health Programs, Tepebaşı, Eskişehir, Turkey Afyon Kocatepe University, Veterinary Faculty, Department of Parasitology, Afyonkarahisar, Turkey Afyon Kocatepe University, Veterinary Faculty, Department of Animal Health Economics and Management, Afyonkarahisar, Turkey Received:26.04.2020, Accepted: 05.11.2020 *[email protected] Eskişehir ilinde koyunlarda Eimeria türlerinin yaygınlığı Eurasian J Vet Sci, 2020, 36, 4, 261-266 Öz DOI: 10.15312/EurasianJVetSci.2020.307Abstract Amaç: - Aim: Eimeria - Çalışma koyun yetiştiriciliğininEimeria yaygın olarak yapıldığı Eskişehir ilin yThe stud was carried out to investigate the occurrence of spe de, koyunlarda bulunan türlerinin yaygınlığını araştırmak amacıyla cies in sheep in Eskişehir province, Turkey, where sheep breeding is common. yapılmıştır. Gereçe v Yöntem: Materials and Methods: - - Araştırma Eskişehir iline bağlı Seyitgazi, İnönü, Mihalgazi yThis stud was carried out on 300 merino sheep ra ile Mahmudiye ilçelerinde yetiştirilen 300 merinos ırkı koyun üzerinde yürü ised in the Seyitgazi, İnönü, Mihalgazi and Mahmudiye districts of Eskişehir. tülmüştür. Her bir hayvanın rektumundan tekniğine uygun olarak alınan dışkı Fecal samples from each sheep were broughtEimeria to the laboratory and examined - - numuneleri Fulleborn’un doymuş tuzlu suEimeria metodu ile incelenmiştir. Pozitif by Fulleborn saturated salt flotation method. oocyst number per gram çıkan dışkı numunelerinde gram dışkıdaki ookist miktarı (OPG) Modi of feces (OPG) was determined by the Modified McMaster method in positi fiye McMaster yöntemi ile belirlenmiştir. Daha sonra, her bir pozitif örnek ayrı ve fecal samples. -
Money and Power: the Disappearance of Autonomous Silver Issues in the Roman Province of Asia
OMNI N°8 – 10/2014 Book cover: volto della statua di Augusto Togato, su consessione del Ministero dei beni e delle attivitá culturali e del turismo – Soprintendenza Speciale per i Beni Archeologici di Roma 1 www.omni.wikimoneda.com OMNI N°8 – 11/2014 OMNI n°8 Director: Cédric LOPEZ, OMNI Numismatic (France) Deputy Director: Carlos ALAJARÍN CASCALES, OMNI Numismatic (Spain) Editorial board: Jean-Albert CHEVILLON, Independent Scientist (France) Eduardo DARGENT CHAMOT, Universidad de San Martín de Porres (Peru) Georges DEPEYROT, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (France) Jean-Marc DOYEN, Laboratoire Halma-Ipel, UMR 8164, Université de Lille 3 (France) Alejandro LASCANO, Independent Scientist (Spain) Serge LE GALL, Independent Scientist (France) Claudio LOVALLO, Tuttonumismatica.com (Italy) David FRANCES VAÑÓ, Independent Scientist (Spain) Ginés GOMARIZ CEREZO, OMNI Numismatic (Spain) Michel LHERMET, Independent Scientist (France) Jean-Louis MIRMAND, Independent Scientist (France) Pere Pau RIPOLLÈS, Universidad de Valencia (Spain) Ramón RODRÍGUEZ PEREZ, Independent Scientist (Spain) Pablo Rueda RODRÍGUEZ-VILa, Independent Scientist (Spain) Scientific Committee: Luis AMELA VALVERDE, Universidad de Barcelona (Spain) Almudena ARIZA ARMADA, New York University (USA/Madrid Center) Ermanno A. ARSLAN, Università Popolare di Milano (Italy) Gilles BRANSBOURG, Universidad de New-York (USA) Pedro CANO, Universidad de Sevilla (Spain) Alberto CANTO GARCÍA, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (Spain) Francisco CEBREIRO ARES, Universidade de Santiago -
Celtic Religion Across Space and Time
Celtic Religion across Space and Time J. Alberto Arenas-Esteban (ed.) IX Workshop F.E.R.C.AN FONTES EPIGRAPHICI RELIGIONVM CELTICARVM ANTIQVARVM JUNTA DE COMUNIDADES DE CASTILLA-LA MANCHA - 2010 FICHA CATALOGRÁFICA Workshop F.E.R.C.A.N. (9 ª.2010. Molina de Aragón) Celtic Religion across space and time : fontes epigraphici religionvm celticarvm antiqvarvm / J. Alberto Arenas-Esteban (ed) . – Molina de Aragón : CEMAT (Centro de Estudios de Molina y Alto Tajo) ; Toledo : Junta de Comunidades de Castilla-La Mancha, Servicio del Libro, Exposiciones y Audiovisuales, 2010. 298 p. : il. ; 29 cm. – (Actas) ISBN: 978-84-7788-589-4 Depósito Legal: AB-328-2010 1. Antropología social 2. Historia Antigua 3. Arqueología 39 (364) : 94 902 (364) Con la colaboración de C.E.M.A.T. Queda rigurosamente prohibida la reproducción parcial o total de esta obra sin la autorización escrita de los titulares del copyright. © de los autores I.S.B.N.: 978-84-7788-589-4 Depósito Legal: AB-328-2010 FOTOGRAFÍA DE PORTADA: Altar de los Lugoves. (Cortesía del Museo Numantino, Soria) MAQUETACIÓN: M. Marco Blasco IMPRIME: Sonora Comunicación Integral, S.L. EDICIÓN: CONSEJERÍA DE EDUCACIÓN, CIENCIA Y CULTURA DE CASTILLA-LA MANCHA Impreso en España - Printed in Spain Contents PRESENTACIÓN INSTITUCIONAL. PRESENTATION. Jesús Alberto Arenas-Esteban. 1. EPIGRAPHY AND PHILOLOGY: METHODOLOGICAL REMARKS AND REGIONAL STUDIES. Patrizia de Bernardo Stempel Method in the analysis of Romano-Celtic theonymic materials: improved readings and etymological interpretations. 18 Patrizia de Bernardo Stempel & Manfred Hainzmann Sive in theonymic formulae as a means for introducing explications and identifications. 28 Bernard Rémy Corpus Fercan: les provinces romaines des Alpes occidentales (Alpes graies, cottiennes, maritimes, pœnines). -
The Famine of 1921–22 in the Crimea and the Volga Basin and the Relief from Turkey
Middle Eastern Studies ISSN: 0026-3206 (Print) 1743-7881 (Online) Journal homepage: https://www.tandfonline.com/loi/fmes20 The famine of 1921–22 in the Crimea and the Volga basin and the relief from Turkey Hakan Kirimli To cite this article: Hakan Kirimli (2003) The famine of 1921–22 in the Crimea and the Volga basin and the relief from Turkey, Middle Eastern Studies, 39:1, 37-88, DOI: 10.1080/00263200412331301597a To link to this article: https://doi.org/10.1080/00263200412331301597a Published online: 15 Dec 2010. Submit your article to this journal Article views: 130 Citing articles: 1 View citing articles Full Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at https://www.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?journalCode=fmes20 391mes03.qxd 18/12/02 08:34 Page 37 The Famine of 1921–22 in the Crimea and the Volga Basin and the Relief from Turkey HAKAN KIRIMLI In 1921–22, a famine of unprecedented proportions swept through several regions of Soviet Russia. Although crop failures and even large-scale famines had been plentiful if not periodical in Russian history, what occurred then surpassed anything in the past in terms of both its geographical magnitude and the number of people who suffered from it. The impending disaster had been signalled already in 1920. Then Russia was severely enfeebled by the combined calamities of a long-lasting war, revolution, internal strife, terror, banditry, disease, and disorder. Industry, trade, and transportation were all in a shambles. The new Bolshevik order was actually one of the main causes of the situation rather than a factor alleviating it.