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University Microfilms 300 North Zeeb Road Ann Arbor, Michigan 46106 a Xerox Education Company 73-11,464 INFORMATION TO USERS This dissertation was produced from a microfilm copy of the original document. While the most advanced technological means to photograph and reproduce this document have been used, the quality is heavily dependent upon the quality of the original submitted. The following explanation of techniques is provided to help you understand markings or patterns which may appear on this reproduction. 1. The sign or "target" for pages apparently lacking from the document photographed is "Missing Page(s)". If it was possible to obtain the missing page(s) or section, they are spliced into the film along with adjacent pages. This may have necessitated cutting thru an image and duplicating adjacent pages to insure you complete continuity. 2. When an image on the film is obliterated with a large round black mark, it is an indication that the photographer suspected that the copy may have moved during exposure and thus cause a blurred image. You will find a good image of the page in the adjacent frame. 3. When a map, drawing or chart, etc., was part of the material being photographed the photographer followed a definite method in "sectioning" the material. It is customary to begin photoing at the upper left hand corner of a large sheet and to continue photoing from left to right in equal sections with a small overlap. If necessary, sectioning is continued again — beginning below the first row and continuing on until complete. 4. The majority of users indicate that the textual content is of greatest value, however, a somewhat higher quality reproduction could be made from "photographs" if essential to the understanding of the dissertation. Silver prints of "photographs" may be ordered at additional charge by writing the Order Department, giving the catalog number, title, author and specific pages you wish reproduced. University Microfilms 300 North Zeeb Road Ann Arbor, Michigan 46106 A Xerox Education Company 73-11,464 BULTHAUP, Donald Carl, 1930- GAM4A DECAY OF ANALOG RESONANCES IN 6 5 Ga, 6 7 Ga, AND 6 9 Ga. The Ohio State University, Ph.D., 1972 Physics, nuclear University Microfilms,A XEROX Company, Ann Arbor, Michigan GAMMA DECAY OF ANALOG RESONANCES IN 6 5 Ga, 6 7 Gaf and 69Ga DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Donald Carl Bulthaup, B .S., M.S. * * * * # The Ohio State University 1972 Approved by ■S'. U'-ftx 1V^ 1 Adviser Department of Physics PLEASE NOTE: Some pages may have indistinct print. Filmed as received. University Microfilms, A Xerox Education Company ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to express my thanks to Dr. S. Leslie Blatt, my advisor, whose help in planning and completing this research is greatly appreciated. His dedication to his work marks him as an outstanding researcher and teacher. 1 would also like to thank Dr. Donald D*Amato, Arnold Vlieks, Robert Maute, and Chu-Nan Chang for their * assistance in the collection of data and Dr. James Kent for many helpful discussions about Isobaric Analog Resonances and for suggesting the project. In addition, thanks are due Mrs. Pauline Swaney for her patience in typing the manuscript. Finally, I would like to express my sincere appreciation to my wife, Barbara, whose encourage­ ment and patience have made this work possible. The partial support of The Ohio State University Physics Department and Van de Graaff Laboratory is greatly appreciated as well as the support of Otterbein College in granting a sabbatical leave. ii VITA March 3, 1930................. Born - Indianapolis, Indiana 1952.........................,.B.S. degree - Mathematics Indiana Central College 1952-195 3 ..................... Attended Florida State University - Meteorology 1953-195 6 ..................... Weather Officer - U. S . Air Force 1956-195 7 ......................High School Teacher - Mathematics 1957-196 3 ..................... Instructor - Physics - General Motors Institute - Flint, Michigan 1958-196 3 ............. Part-Time graduate student - Physics - Michigan State University 1962...........................M.S degree - Physics Michigan State University 1963-Present.................. Assistant Professor - Physics Otterbein College 1969-197 1 .........Full Time Graduate Study, The Ohio State University 1970-197 1 ..................... Graduate Research Assistant, Van de Graaff Laboratory, The Ohio State University iii PUBLICATIONS "Measurements on the Decay of ^^Hg," A. A. Bartlett, D. C. Bulthaup, and K. Mohan* Bull. Am. Phys. Soc. 1_, 37 (1967). "Analog Resonances in ^Mo(p,p*) J. J. Kent, S. L. Blatt, D. C. Bulthaup, and D. P. D'Amato. Bull. Am. Phys. Soc. 15, 1690 (1970). "®^Zn(p, y) Reaction over Analog Resonances," J. J. Kent, D. C. Bulthaup, D. P. D'Amato, A. E. Vlieks, and S. L. Blatt. Bull. Am. Phys. Soc. 16, 1174 (1971). "39K(p, Y0 ) Angular Distributions," D. P. D'Amato, S. L. Blatt, J. J. Kent, D. C. Bulthaup, and A. E. Vlieks. Bull. Am. Phys. Soc. 17, 91 (1972). FIELD OF STUDY Major Fields Physics TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS.................................. 11 VITA.............................................. ill LIST OF TABLES.................................... Vi LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS............................ vli Chapter I. INTRODUCTION............ 1 II. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE..................... 21 III. ANALYSIS OF THE 6 4 Zn{p, y) RESONANCES 32 IV. ANALYSIS OF THE 6 6 Zn(p, Y) AND 6 8 Zn(p, Y) RESONANCES..................... 61 V. CONCLUSIONS AND ERROR ANALYSIS............. 89 Appendix A. COMPUTATION OF ANALOG RESONANCE ENERGIES... 93 B. EFFICIENCY CALIBRATION AND RESONANCE STRENGTH DETERMINATION........ 96 REFERENCES... .................................... 104 V LIST OF TABLES Calculated Ml Single-Nucleon Transition Strengths........................................ Summary of the Predictions of the Maripuu Rules....................... ................... Comparison of Computed ”*^9/2 Transition Strengths in 5^cu to Observed Values.......... Summary of 6 4 Zn{p, y) Results..,................ Summary of 6 6 Zn(p, y) Results.................. Proton Energies Necessary to Excite Isobaric Analog Resonances.............................. LIST OP ILLUSTRATIONS Page 1. Level Schemes of ^C, ^N, ^ O ................... 4 2 . Graphic Representation of Analog States......... 9 3. Decay of the 9.40 MeV Level of 31p .............. 15 4. Target Chamber.................................. 23 5. Gamma Group Experimental Station................ 26 6. Calibration Curve................................. 30 7. Gamma Ray Yield Curve - 1.90 MeV Resonance in 65Ga............................ .......... 34 8 . Spectra - 1.90 MeV, 1.95 MeV, and 2.04 MeV Resonances in 63Ga.............................. 37 9. Gamma Ray Yield Curve - 1.95 MeV Resonance in 65Ga........................................... 40 10. Gamma Ray Yield Curve - 2.04 MeV Resonance in 6 5 Ga. ...................................... 42 1 1 . Spectra - 2.95 MeV Resonance in ®^Ga............ 45 12. Gamma Ray Yield Curve - 2.95 MeV Resonance in 65Ga........................................... 4 7 13. Full-Energy Peak - 2.95 MeV Resonance in 65G a ............................................... 50 14. Separated Doublet ~ 2.95 MeV Resonance in 65G a .............................. 52 vii LIST OP ILLUSTRATIONS (continued) Page 15. Spectra - 3.25 MeV Resonance in ........ 5 5 16. Angular Distribution - 9 9 / 2 ** 99/2 Transition in ^ G a ........................... 5 9 17. Spectra - 2.76 MeV Resonance in ®7Ga......... 63 18. Spectra - 2.83 MeV Resonance in ^ G a ......... 65 19. Gamma Ray Yield Curve - 2.76 MeV and 2.83 MeV Resonances in 67Ga (Transition to 0.355 MeV State).................... 67 20. Gamma Ray Yield Curve - 2.76 MeV and 2.83 MeV Resonances in ^7Ga (Transition to Ground State)......................... 69 21. Spectra - 3.17 MeV Resonance in ®7 Ga....».... 73 22. Gamma Ray Yield Curve - 3.17 MeV Resonance in *>7Ga (Transition to Ground State)........ 75 23. Gamma Ray Yield Curve - 3.17 MeV Resonance in ®7Ga (Transition to 0.355 MeV State) 77 24. Spectra - 3.36 MeV Resonance in 6 7 Ga. ..... 80 25. Gamma Ray Yield Curve - 3.36 MeV Resonance in 67Ga...................... 82 26. Angular Distribution - 9g/2 * 99/2*****..... 85 27. Curves of Stopping Power for Protons vs. Proton Energy and Atomic Number of Target.... 102 viii Chapter I Introduction The concept of isospin was introduced by Heisenberg in 1932, just after the discovery of the neutron. This intro­ duction formalized the hypothesis that neutrons and protons are different states of the same particle but was little more than a labeling scheme. Since Heisenberg did not believe that nuclear forces were charge independent, isospin could not have been a good quantum number. By 1937, much evidence had been gathered to support the existence of a charge independent nuclear force and in that year Wigner(l) introduced the concept of isospin for complex nuclei as it is known today. In that paper he emphasized that charge in­ dependent nuclear forces were necessary if the theory was to be valid. To the extent that nuclear forces are charge independ­ ent, isospin is conserved and takes its place with spin and parity in the description of a nuclear state. The z-compo- nent of isospin is defined as T 2 * 1/2 (Z - N) where N is the number of neutrons and Z the number of pro­ tons in a nucleus. For any nucleus, this gives a single 1 value, and is directly a measure of the number of protons in excess of the number of neutrons. In analogy with
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