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The Distribution and Abundance of the Stem-Galling Fly, Cecidochares

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The Distribution and Abundance of the Stem-Galling Fly, Cecidochares See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/328146070 The Distribution and Abundance of the Stem-Galling Fly, Cecidochares connexa (Macquart) (Diptera: Tephritidae), a Biological Control Agent of Chromolaena odorata (L.) (Asteraceae),... Article in African Entomology · October 2018 DOI: 10.4001/003.026.0471 CITATION READS 1 140 5 authors, including: Pascal Osa Aigbedion-Atalor David Wilson Rhodes University University of Ghana 5 PUBLICATIONS 3 CITATIONS 30 PUBLICATIONS 163 CITATIONS SEE PROFILE SEE PROFILE Eziah Y. Vincent Michael D. Day University of Ghana Queensland Government 24 PUBLICATIONS 93 CITATIONS 58 PUBLICATIONS 658 CITATIONS SEE PROFILE SEE PROFILE Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects: Unravelling and ameliorating the socio-ecological impacts of invasive species on rural dwellers View project Natural products View project All content following this page was uploaded by Pascal Osa Aigbedion-Atalor on 08 October 2018. The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file. The distribution and abundance of the stem-galling fly, Cecidochares connexa (Macquart) (Diptera: Tephritidae), a biological control agent of Chromolaena odorata (L.) (Asteraceae), in Ghana P.O. Aigbedion-Atalor1,4*, D.D. Wilson2, V.Y. Eziah2, M.D. Day3 & I.D. Paterson4 1International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology P.O. Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya 2African Regional Postgraduate Programme in Insect Science, University of Ghana, P.O. Box 45 Legon, Greater Accra Region, Ghana 3Biosecurity Queensland, Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, Ecosciences Precinct, GPO Box 267, Brisbane, Queensland, 4001 Australia 4Centre for Biological Control, Department of Zoology and Entomology, Rhodes University, P.O. Box 94, Grahamstown, 6140 South Africa Chromolaena odorata (L.) R.M. King and H. Robinson (Asteraceae: Eupatorieae) is one of the worst invasive weeds in West Africa, and a serious biotic threat to food security. The stem-galling fly, Cecidochares connexa (Macquart) (Diptera: Tephritidae), a biological control agent for C. odorata, was released in the Ivory Coast in 2003 and first detected in Ghana in 2014. The spatiotemporal distribution and abundance of C. connexa in Ghana was deter- mined by country-wide surveys from 2015 to 2016. Galls were found in varying densities across Ghana but gall densities were consistently low east of Lake Volta. A limited survey conducted in the extreme west of Togo in 2016, found the gall fly also in low numbers. There was a significant correlation between C. connexa gall densities and the distance from the release sites in the Ivory Coast. The distribution and abundance of the gall fly in Ghana could be explained by its spread from the original release sites over time and/or the much drier conditions east of Lake Volta. Cecidochares connexa has dispersed a distance of about 1000 km over a 10-year period and, while there is some evidence that the gall fly is still dispersing towards the east, its range and population size could be limited by the dry climatic condi- tions in the east of Ghana and in Togo. Actively redistributing the agent over this dry corridor to the more humid and higher rainfall areas of Nigeria, may result in the spread of this agent through the rest of West and Central Africa, thereby aiding the control of C. odorata in the region. Key words: weed biological control, gall fly, agent dispersal, spatiotemporal distribution, climatic suitability, West Africa. INTRODUCTION Chromolaena odorata (L.) King and Robinson Biological control of C. odorata in West Africa (Asteraceae: Eupatorieae), often referred to as began in the 1970s, when two biocontrol agents, ‘Akyeampong’ in Ghana, is a neotropical shrub Pareuchaetes pseudoinsulata Rego Barros (Lepido- that has invaded numerous countries in Africa, ptera: Erebidae) and Apion brunneonigrum Béguin- Asia and the western Pacific, threatening bio- Billecocq (Coleoptera: Brentidae) were introduced diversity and food security (Zachariades et al. unsuccessfully into Nigeria and Ghana (Cock & 2009). The weed was first detected in Ghana in Holloway 1982). In the early 1990s, P. pseudoinsu- 1969, at the Legon Botanical Garden (LBG) (Hall lata was re-introduced in Ghana, as part of a new et al. 1972), and two decades later, it had invaded biological control programme against C. odorata about 75 % of the total land area of the country, (Timbilla & Braimah 2000) and subsequently occupying many different habitats (Timbilla & established (Braimah & Timbilla 2002). However, Braimah 1996). nine years after an earlier study reported its *Author for correspondence. E-mail: [email protected] Received 29 January 2018. Accepted 2 May 2018 ISSN 1021-3589 [Print]; 2224-8854 [Online] African Entomology 26(2): 471–480 (2018) DOI: https://doi.org/10.4001/003.026.0471 ©Entomological Society of Southern Africa 472 African Entomology Vol. 26, No. 2, 2018 success in Ghana (Timbilla & Braimah 2000), a example, unlike PNG and Guam where C. connexa re-evaluation of the agent showed that the insect’s has provided significant control of C. odorata,ithas densities had declined over time (Uyi et al. 2009). been less successful in Timor Leste. In Timor Leste, Braimah et al. (2013) reported that the decline in climatic conditions are generally drier than PNG densities of P. pseudoinsulata in Ghana was due to and are less conducive for the gall fly (Day et al. the decline in densities of C. odorata from about 2013b). This suggests that prolonged dry condi- 85 % cover in the early 1990s to about 34 % cover by tions, such as low rainfall and humidity or 2013, as P. pseudoinsulata tends to thrive in high drought, play crucial roles in determining the abil- abundance of C. odorata (Braimah & Timbilla 2002). ity of the gall fly to increase to sufficient numbers Nevertheless, 30 % cover of C. odorata is not low to control C. odorata and spread to new areas. enough to curb its impact on biodiversity and agri- In 2003, the gall fly was introduced into Ivory culture (Braimah & Timbilla 2002), and the impact Coast, around Soubre and Okrouyo, close to the of P. pseudoinsulata on C. odorata is insufficient to Liberian border (Winston et al. 2014; R. Desmier de control the plant much further (Uyi et al. 2009). Chenon, pers. comm. to C. Zachariades 2009). With C. odorata still widespread and difficult to Although establishment was confirmed, little manage, its threat to human welfare and food post-release evaluation was conducted. In 2014, security remain significant (Uyi & Igbinosa 2013). C. connexa was reported in Ghana, having spread Therefore, other biological control agents, such as from Ivory Coast (Paterson & Akpabey 2014). the gall fly Cecidochares connexa Macquart (Diptera: Here, we examine the abundance and distribution Tephritidae), are required to help manage the of C. connexa in Ghana, investigate the rate of weed in the region (Zachariades et al. 2009). The spread from the original release sites, and iden- gall fly lays eggs in both the terminal and axillary tify factors that could limit the spread of the buds of C. odorata and the developing larvae agent. This is the first post-release evaluation of induce galls on the plant stems (McFadyen et al. C. connexa in West Africa and we offer recommen- 2003). The induced galls act as ‘nutrient sinks’ and dations of how to improve its use as a biological reduce metabolic functions, such as shoot growth, control agent of C. odorata in the region. and flower head and seed production (Cruz et al. 2006). High densities of galls can lead to the death of MATERIAL AND METHODS branches, stems and plants, consequently reducing densities of the weed over time (Harris & Short- Distribution of Cecidochares connexa house 1996; McFadyen et al. 2003; Day et al. 2013a). Two field surveys were conducted across south- Cecidochares connexa is host specific to C. odorata, ern Ghana between June 2015 and March 2016, having been tested against over 135 plants in eight covering most of the known distribution of countries (e.g. McFadyen et al. 2003; Day et al. 2016). C. odorata in Ghana (Djietror 2012). The first survey It has been deliberately released into 12 countries sampled 85 sites between June and September and has established in 11 (Winston et al. 2014). In 2015 and the final survey was conducted between Papua New Guinea (PNG), Indonesia, and Guam, January and March 2016. This survey sampled 27 post-release studies have shown that the gall fly sites, which included 10 sites previously visited in establishes easily, spreads rapidly and can reduce the first survey. All six regions in southern Ghana, densities of C. odorata to below thresholds that except the Western region, were sampled in both threaten food security and biodiversity (Soekis- 2015 and 2016. Detailed surveys were not conduc- man 1999; Muniappan et al. 2007; Day et al. 2013a; ted in the Western region, as surveys by Paterson Reddy et al. 2013), thereby improving the liveli- & Akpabey (2014) had already determined that the hoods of the indigenous people (Day et al. 2013a). gall fly was well established there. The intention of The gall fly is now considered to be the most these surveys was to determine the current distri- successful biocontrol agent of C. odorata world- bution of C. connexa in the country and investigate wide, and has the ability to establish populations any possible changes to its distribution over time. in landscapes where C. odorata is distributed, Chromolaena odorata plants along roadsides, open either as thickets or scattered patches (Cruz et al. vegetation and farmlands were visually examined 2006; Day et al. 2013a). However, the success of for the presence or absence of galls by a team of C. connexa as a biological control agent appears to three persons for approximately four hours per be influenced by climate (Day et al.
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