DOCSLIB.ORG

Downloads Are Attributed to Persons in Africa

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Downloads Are Attributed to Persons in Africa UCLA UCLA Electronic Theses and Dissertations Title Re-inventing Hoodia: Patent Law, Epistemic Citizenship, and the Making of Difference in South Africa Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/2z0012rf Author Foster, Laura Publication Date 2012 Peer reviewed|Thesis/dissertation eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA Los Angeles Re-inventing Hoodia: Patent Law, Epistemic Citizenship, and the Making of Difference in South Africa A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy in Women’s Studies by Laura Ann Foster 2012 © Copyright by Laura Ann Foster 2012 ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION Re-inventing Hoodia: Patent Law, Epistemic Citizenship, and the Making of Difference in South Africa by Laura Ann Foster Doctor of Philosophy in Women’s Studies University of California, Los Angeles, 2012 Professor Sandra Harding, Chair This dissertation examines the patenting of biological materials derived from Indigenous San peoples’ knowledge of Hoodia gordonii in Southern Africa. Contributing to feminist science studies, transnational feminisms, and feminist socio-legal studies, this research asks how differences of gender, race, and indigeneity shape and are shaped by struggles over patent ownership, access and benefit sharing, and commercial bioprospecting. In particular, it conducts an ethnographic account of how Hoodia gordonii circulates and changes meaning through colonial botanical sciences, patent law rules, ethno-pharmaceutical research, and benefit sharing. This produces understandings of how Hoodia gordonii and Indigenous San peoples’ knowledge and identity are-co-produced, while new modes of citizenship are emerging. It argues that Hoodia patent law struggles produce difference and inequality, while engendering potential pathways for Indigenous San economic and political recognition, through two inter-related processes. One is through the oscillation of elastic nature/culture binaries as ii Hoodia (and San identities) are re-invented through various discursive formations. The nature/culture binary is an important conceptual analytic. Feminist scholars have shown how women, people of color, and Indigenous peoples have historically been constructed as closer to nature and thus excluded from culture. This project shows how individuals and groups making claims for rights (e.g., patent ownership, benefit sharing contracts, and bioprospecting permits) deploy, disrupt, and/or refigure nature/culture binaries through narratives of indigeneity, race, and gender. Second is through the emergence of new expressions of what I call “epistemic citizenship.” This refers to the ways in which privileges and responsibilities are being granted in unequal ways based upon whose knowledge matters most to neoliberal economies. To be sure, citizenship has always been linked to knowledge and power. Yet, this research contends that lines of inclusion and exclusion within the nation-state are being drawn in new ways through the expanding regulation and control of knowledge. iii This dissertation of Laura Ann Foster is approved. Richard L. Abel Carole Browner Christine A. Littleton Sandra Harding, Committee Chair University of California, Los Angeles 2012 iv DEDICATION PAGE This dissertation is dedicated to the many San men and women who continue to struggle for rights of self-determination. v TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES ........................................................................................................................ x ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ............................................................................................................. xi VITA............................................................................................................................................ xiv Introduction..................................................................................................................................... 1 I. Inquiry and Synopsis ............................................................................................................ 3 II. Contextualizing Hoodia....................................................................................................... 6 III. Theoretical Interventions ................................................................................................... 8 A. Biopolitics ..................................................................................................................... 8 B. Difference.................................................................................................................... 14 C. Citizenship................................................................................................................... 20 IV. Dissertation Overview ..................................................................................................... 26 V. Locating the San................................................................................................................ 33 A. Practices of Naming.................................................................................................... 34 B. Colonial Representations............................................................................................. 36 C. Apartheid Representations .......................................................................................... 40 D. San Governance .......................................................................................................... 42 E. San Identity and Development .................................................................................... 46 VI. Conclusion ....................................................................................................................... 48 Chapter One. Situating Feminisms, Patent Law, and the Public Domain .................................... 49 I. Conceptions of the Public Domain..................................................................................... 57 A. Open Public Domain................................................................................................... 60 B. Hybridized Public Domain.......................................................................................... 67 C. Protective Public Domain............................................................................................ 82 D. Egalitarian Public Domains ........................................................................................ 94 II. Situated Public Domains ................................................................................................. 126 III. Conclusion ..................................................................................................................... 137 vi Chapter Two. Studying Hoodia: A Feminist Ethnographic Account of the Circulations of Hoodia gordonii.......................................................................................................................... 139 I. Multi-sited, Ethnographic Research of Circulations ........................................................ 144 A. Multi-sited Ethnographies and New Legal Realism ................................................. 144 B. Personal and Professional Circulations..................................................................... 146 C. Tracing the Circulations of Hoodia........................................................................... 149 D. Challenges to Conventional Ethnographic, Socio-legal, and Science Studies Methods..................................................................................................................... 150 II. Opening up the “Data” .................................................................................................... 166 A. Fracturing and Suturing Data through Coding Practices .......................................... 167 B. Memo Writing, Reflexivity, and Ethnographic Fieldnotes....................................... 169 C. Situational Maps........................................................................................................ 173 III. Theoretical/Methodological Frameworks...................................................................... 176 A. Science and Technology Studies–Feminist Science Studies .................................... 177 B. Socio-legal Studies: Critical Race Theory and Feminist Legal Theory.................... 182 IV. Conclusion ..................................................................................................................... 201 Chapter Three. Encountering Hoodia: The Historical Construction and Classification of Hoodia gordonii in Relation to the San ...................................................................................... 203 I. Encountering Hoodia........................................................................................................ 206 A. Producing Colonial Science...................................................................................... 208 B. Co-producing Stapeliads and San Bushmen ............................................................. 212 C. Authoring, Discovering Hoodia ................................................................................ 215 II. Classifying Hoodia.......................................................................................................... 221 A. Recording the Hoodia Genus .................................................................................... 225 B. Expanding
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Psoralea Margaretiflora (Psoraleeae, Fabaceae): a New Species
    A peer-reviewed open-access journal PhytoKeys 5: 31–38 (2011)Psoralea margaretiflora (Psoraleeae, Fabaceae): A new species... 31 doi: 10.3897/phytokeys.5.1585 RESEARCH ARTICLE www.phytokeys.com Launched to accelerate biodiversity research Psoralea margaretiflora (Psoraleeae, Fabaceae): A new species from the Sneeuberg Centre of Floristic Endemism, Eastern Cape, South Africa Charles H. Stirton1, V. Ralph Clark2, Nigel P. Barker2, A. Muthama Muasya1 1 Bolus Herbarium, Botany Department, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, 7700, South Africa 2 De- partment of Botany, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, 6140, South Africa Corresponding author: Charles Stirton ([email protected]) Academic editor: Hanno Schaefer | Received 20 May 2011 | Accepted 27 June 2011 | Published 27 July 2011 Citation: Stirton CH, Clark VR, Barker NP, Muasya AM (2011) Psoralea margaretiflora (Psoraleeae, Fabaceae): A new species from the Sneeuberg Centre of Floristic Endemism, Eastern Cape, South Africa. PhytoKeys 5: 31–38. doi: 10.3897/ phytokeys.5.1585 Abstract A new species of Psoralea is described. Psoralea margaretiflora C.H. Stirton & V.R. Clark is endemic to the Sneeuberg Centre of Floristic Endemism, Eastern Cape, South Africa. This resprouter is characterised by its small greenish-white flowers with a small trifid purple nectar patch and translucent veins; 5(–7)-pin- nate leaflets; multi-branching erect short seasonal flowering shoots; and tall habit of many stiff bare stems with the seasonal shoots massed at the apex. It is most similar to P. oligophylla Eckl. & Zeyh., a widespread species found in the Eastern Cape. The reseeder P. oligophylla differs in its lax virgate spreading habit with numerous long glaucous seasonal shoots; single stem, 1(–3)- glaucous leaflets; more numerous white flow- ers; and standard petals with a purple ring surrounding a bright yellow nectar patch.
    [Show full text]
  • Cop13 Analyses Cover 29 Jul 04.Qxd
    IUCN/TRAFFIC Analyses of the Proposals to Amend the CITES Appendices at the 13th Meeting of the Conference of the Parties Bangkok, Thailand 2-14 October 2004 Prepared by IUCN Species Survival Commission and TRAFFIC Production of the 2004 IUCN/TRAFFIC Analyses of the Proposals to Amend the CITES Appendices was made possible through the support of: The Commission of the European Union Canadian Wildlife Service Ministry of Agriculture, Nature and Food Quality, Department for Nature, the Netherlands Federal Agency for Nature Conservation, Germany Federal Veterinary Office, Switzerland Ministerio de Medio Ambiente, Dirección General para la Biodiversidad (Spain) Ministère de l'écologie et du développement durable, Direction de la nature et des paysages (France) IUCN-The World Conservation Union IUCN-The World Conservation Union brings together states, government agencies and a diverse range of non-governmental organizations in a unique global partnership - over 1 000 members in some 140 countries. As a Union, IUCN seeks to influence, encourage and assist societies throughout the world to conserve the integrity and diversity of nature and to ensure that any use of natural resources is equitable and ecologically sustainable. IUCN builds on the strengths of its members, networks and partners to enhance their capacity and to support global alliances to safeguard natural resources at local, regional and global levels. The Species Survival Commission (SSC) is the largest of IUCN’s six volunteer commissions. With 8 000 scientists, field researchers, government officials and conservation leaders, the SSC membership is an unmatched source of information about biodiversity conservation. SSC members provide technical and scientific advice to conservation activities throughout the world and to governments, international conventions and conservation organizations.
    [Show full text]
  • Additional Biographical Notes on Plant Collectors in Southern Africa
    Bothalia 15, 3 & 4: 631-654 (1985) Additional biographical notes on plant collectors in southern Africa L. E. CODD* and MARY GUNN* Keywords: biographies, plant collectors, southern Africa ABSTRACT Biographical notes on plant collectors, supplementary to those already published in Botanical Exploration of Southern Africa by Mary Gunn & L. E. Codd (1981). and including some collectors not previously recorded, are provided. INTRODUCTION * Adams, Berenice Zoe Margaret (later Mrs Mat­ thews) (1925- ) In our publication Botanical Exploration o f South­ ern Africa (G unn & Codd, 1981) many collectors’ b. Springs, Transvaal, 7 June 1925; biologist and names are listed with little or no biographical infor­ housewife; ed. Natal Univ., Pietermaritzburg. mation. Attempts have since been made to collect 1943-45, graduating B.Sc. Research chemist. some of the missing data and have, in several cases, Chamber of Mines Timber Research Laboratories, met with success. The information gathered is now Johannesburg, 1946-49, investigating the preserva­ presented and the opportunity is taken to make tion of timber and fabrics against fungal attack and some corrections to the original text. In addition, fire underground, the corrosion of steel by under­ several new names, not previously recorded, are ground water, and the culture of fungi. After her added. It is also apparent that some names, taken m arriage in 1949 to D r John Q uarry M atthews, she over from lists published by Tólken (1971) and in the worked for a year in the Pasteur Institute, Salisbury Index Herbariorum series on collectors, are scarcely (now Harare), Zimbabwe, as a clinical pathologist important enough to warrant inclusion.
    [Show full text]
  • Hoodia Gordonii (Masson) Sweet Ex Decne., 1844
    Hoodia gordonii (Masson) Sweet ex Decne., 1844 Identifiants : 16192/hoogor Association du Potager de mes/nos Rêves (https://lepotager-demesreves.fr) Fiche réalisée par Patrick Le Ménahèze Dernière modification le 02/10/2021 Classification phylogénétique : Clade : Angiospermes ; Clade : Dicotylédones vraies ; Clade : Astéridées ; Clade : Lamiidées ; Ordre : Gentianales ; Famille : Apocynaceae ; Classification/taxinomie traditionnelle : Règne : Plantae ; Sous-règne : Tracheobionta ; Division : Magnoliophyta ; Classe : Magnoliopsida ; Ordre : Gentianales ; Famille : Apocynaceae ; Genre : Hoodia ; Synonymes : Hoodia husabensis Nel, Hoodia langii Oberm. & Letty, Hoodia longispina Plowes, Hoodia pillansii N. E. Br, Hoodia rosea Oberm. & Letty, Hoodia whitsloaneana Dinter ex A. C. White & B. Sloane, Hoodia barklyi Dyer, Hoodia burkei N. E. Br, Hoodia bainii Dyer, Hoodia albispina N. E. Br ; Nom(s) anglais, local(aux) et/ou international(aux) : queen of the Namib, African hats , Bitterghaap, Ghoba, Wilde ghaap ; Rapport de consommation et comestibilité/consommabilité inférée (partie(s) utilisable(s) et usage(s) alimentaire(s) correspondant(s)) : Feuille (tiges0(+x) [nourriture/aliment{{{0(+x) et/ou{{{(dp*) masticatoire~~0(+x)]) comestible0(+x). Détails : Les tiges sont mâchées pour{{{0(+x) rassasier et entrainer la satiété{{{(dp*), par exemple dans le cas de régimes{{{(dp*) ; elles sont consommées fraîches comme un aliment ; elles ont un goût amer{{{0(+x). Les tiges sont mâchées pour réduire le désir de nourriture. Ils sont consommés frais comme aliment. Ils ont un goût amer néant, inconnus ou indéterminés.néant, inconnus ou indéterminés. Illustration(s) (photographie(s) et/ou dessin(s)): Curtis´s Botanical Magazine (vol. 102 [ser. 3, vol. 32]: t. 6228, 1876) [W.H. Fitch], via plantillustrations.org Page 1/2 Autres infos : dont infos de "FOOD PLANTS INTERNATIONAL" : Distribution : Une plante tropicale.
    [Show full text]
  • Apocynaceae of Namibia
    S T R E L I T Z I A 34 The Apocynaceae of Namibia P.V. Bruyns Bolus Herbarium Department of Biological Sciences University of Cape Town Rondebosch 7701 Pretoria 2014 S T R E L I T Z I A This series has replaced Memoirs of the Botanical Survey of South Africa and Annals of the Kirstenbosch Botanic Gardens, which the South African National Biodiversity Institute (SANBI) inherited from its predecessor organisa- tions. The plant genus Strelitzia occurs naturally in the eastern parts of southern Africa. It comprises three arbores- cent species, known as wild bananas, and two acaulescent species, known as crane flowers or bird-of-paradise flowers. The logo of SANBI is partly based on the striking inflorescence of Strelitzia reginae, a native of the Eastern Cape and KwaZulu-Natal that has become a garden favourite worldwide. It symbolises the commitment of SANBI to champion the exploration, conservation, sustainable use, appreciation and enjoyment of South Africa’s excep- tionally rich biodiversity for all people. EDITOR: Alicia Grobler PROOFREADER: Yolande Steenkamp COVER DESIGN & LAYOUT: Elizma Fouché FRONT COVER PHOTOGRAPH: Peter Bruyns BACK COVER PHOTOGRAPHS: Colleen Mannheimer (top) Peter Bruyns (bottom) Citing this publication BRUYNS, P.V. 2014. The Apocynaceae of Namibia. Strelitzia 34. South African National Biodiversity Institute, Pretoria. ISBN: 978-1-919976-98-3 Obtainable from: SANBI Bookshop, Private Bag X101, Pretoria, 0001 South Africa Tel.: +27 12 843 5000 E-mail: [email protected] Website: www.sanbi.org Printed by: Seriti Printing, Tel.: +27 12 333 9757, Website: www.seritiprinting.co.za Address: Unit 6, 49 Eland Street, Koedoespoort, Pretoria, 0001 South Africa Copyright © 2014 by South African National Biodiversity Institute (SANBI) All rights reserved.
    [Show full text]
  • The Correspondence of Peter Macowan (1830 - 1909) and George William Clinton (1807 - 1885)
    The Correspondence of Peter MacOwan (1830 - 1909) and George William Clinton (1807 - 1885) Res Botanica Missouri Botanical Garden December 13, 2015 Edited by P. M. Eckel, P.O. Box 299, Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, Missouri, 63166-0299; email: mailto:[email protected] Portrait of Peter MacOwan from the Clinton Correspondence, Buffalo Museum of Science, Buffalo, New York, USA. Another portrait is noted by Sayre (1975), published by Marloth (1913). The proper citation of this electronic publication is: "Eckel, P. M., ed. 2015. Correspondence of Peter MacOwan(1830–1909) and G. W. Clinton (1807–1885). 60 pp. Res Botanica, Missouri Botanical Garden Web site.” 2 Acknowledgements I thank the following sequence of research librarians of the Buffalo Museum of Science during the decade the correspondence was transcribed: Lisa Seivert, who, with her volunteers, constructed the excellent original digital index and catalogue to these letters, her successors Rachael Brew, David Hemmingway, and Kathy Leacock. I thank John Grehan, Director of Science and Collections, Buffalo Museum of Science, Buffalo, New York, for his generous assistance in permitting me continued access to the Museum's collections. Angela Todd and Robert Kiger of the Hunt Institute for Botanical Documentation, Carnegie-Melon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, provided the illustration of George Clinton that matches a transcribed letter by Michael Shuck Bebb, used with permission. Terry Hedderson, Keeper, Bolus Herbarium, Capetown, South Africa, provided valuable references to the botany of South Africa and provided an inspirational base for the production of these letters when he visited St. Louis a few years ago. Richard Zander has provided invaluable technical assistance with computer issues, especially presentation on the Web site, manuscript review, data search, and moral support.
    [Show full text]
  • Biodiversity and Perspectives of Traditional Knowledge in South Africa
    WIPO SEMINAR ON INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY AND DEVELOPMENT 1 GENEVA: 2 -3 MAY 2005 BIODIVERSITY AND PERSPECTIVES OF TRADITIONAL KNOWLEDGE IN SOUTH AFRICA ABSTRACT The San peoples, known as marginalised“first peoples” indigenous to Africa, have over the past five years rapidly discovered the meaning of the words biodiversity and tradi tional knowledge, whilst being drawn in to the hitherto arcane and irrelevant world of intellectual property and international trade. This paper briefly traverses the case of the patenting of an extract of the Hoodia Gordonii, one of the many plant produc ts used for medicinal purposes (as an appetite suppressant) by the San, and the subsequent developments in the San world as well as on a national policy level. Some issues arising during the case such as the requirement of prior informed consent, the furt her articulation of the San’s collective legal rights, benefit sharing and intellectual property issues relative to traditional knowledge of indigenous peoples, are discussed. 1 THE SAN PEOPLES The San peoples of Southern Africa are the acknowledged “F irst Peoples” of Africa, widely touted as the holders of the oldest genes known to man. Their numbers are now reduced to approximately 100 000 in Botswana, Namibia and Angola and South Africa 1, where they generally inhabit hostile environments, live close to nature, and survive in poverty on the fringes of the emerging African societies. It is relevant to the story of the San’s involvement in the current debate on biodiversity, traditional knowledge and intellectual property that they formed their own net working organisation in 1996, in order to better connect with the growing indigenous peoples movement and the UN Decade on Indigenous Peoples.
    [Show full text]
  • An Updated Snapshot of Recent Advances in Transcriptomics and Genomics of Phytomedicinals Biswapriya B
    PostDoc Journal Journal of Postdoctoral Research Vol. 2, No. 2, February 2014 www.postdoctoraljournal.com An Updated Snapshot of Recent Advances in Transcriptomics and Genomics of Phytomedicinals Biswapriya B. Misra Department of Biology, Genetics Institute, Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA Email: [email protected] Abstract Medicinal plants have been of great importance to human health care since the advent of medicine. A huge array of molecules has been obtained from these phytopharmaceutical-yielding species that have influenced human lives since the beginning of plant-based life-saving medicines. Some of these molecules have taken the form of taxol, aspirin, and artemisinin. With the flourishing era of high- throughput next generation sequencing technologies, a hot pursuit for sequencing the genomes and transcriptomes of these life-saving plants is underway. Although few genomes have been sequenced or are currently being addressed, the number of transcriptomes sequenced has sky-rocketed in the last couple of years and continues to surge forward with immense pace, covering all important genera of medicinal plants. I have attempted to provide the current status, progress, opportunities, and challenges of these sequencing endeavors in this comprehensive and updated review. It is my hope that this information will provide both specialists and non-specialists with the current trends and future directions of this interesting category of plants. Keywords: medicinal plant, metabolic pathway, genome, next generation sequencing, transcriptome Introduction Metabolites are small chemical entities present medicine are generally known as medicinal in living organisms with a molecular weight of plants. They belong to typical taxonomic families, less than 1000 Da.
    [Show full text]
  • Fynbos Biome Project: Second Annual Research Meeting I"'\~O
    NATIONAL PROGRAMME FOR ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES (TERRESTRIAL ECOSYSTEMS) NP14/l06/9L/S FYNBOS BIOME PROJECT: SECOND ANNUAL RESEARCH MEETING I"'\~O INTRODUCTION The Fynbos Biome Project has as one of its principal objectives the integration and coordination of ecological research within the biome. Formal coordination at an inter-organizational level is provided by the Steering Committee while informal contact between field workers is maintained through workshop meetings, seminar, etc. As the project develops, annual research meetings will be needed to bring all parties together for an exchange of progress reports, research plans and the review of programme goals. The second such meeting is planned for Tuesday 29 and Wednesday 30 July 1980, at the conference facilities of the Food and Fruit Technology Research Institute, Stellenbosch. FORM OF MEETING The meeting will consist of a series of approximately one hour sessions addressing specific topics. Each researcher currently undertaking, or planning to undertake a project within the theme, will be asked to present a 10 minute summary of his/her plans or progress. At the end of each session the Chairman will lead discussion on the overall aims of the topic under review, related to existing and future activities within it. DOCUMENTATION Every listed participant will be asked to prepare, in English or Afrikaans, an abstract (IlSO words) of his/her proposed contribution for compilation and distribution before the meeting. These should be submitted to the Liaison Officer, Fynbos Biome Project, c/o Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, 7700. PARTICIPATION All researchers already associated with the Fynbos Biome Project and those who are interested to learn more about its activities are welcome to attend.
    [Show full text]
  • Sotwp 2016.Pdf
    STATE OF THE WORLD’S PLANTS OF THE WORLD’S STATE 2016 The staff and trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew and the Kew Foundation would like to thank the Sfumato Foundation for generously funding the State of the World’s Plants project. State of the World’s Plants 2016 Citation This report should be cited as: RBG Kew (2016). The State of the World’s Plants Report – 2016. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew ISBN: 978-1-84246-628-5 © The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew (2016) (unless otherwise stated) Printed on 100% recycled paper The State of the World’s Plants 1 Contents Introduction to the State of the World’s Plants Describing the world’s plants 4 Naming and counting the world’s plants 10 New plant species discovered in 2015 14 Plant evolutionary relationships and plant genomes 18 Useful plants 24 Important plant areas 28 Country focus: status of knowledge of Brazilian plants Global threats to plants 34 Climate change 40 Global land-cover change 46 Invasive species 52 Plant diseases – state of research 58 Extinction risk and threats to plants Policies and international trade 64 CITES and the prevention of illegal trade 70 The Nagoya Protocol on Access to Genetic Resources and Benefit Sharing 76 References 80 Contributors and acknowledgments 2 Introduction to the State of the World’s Plants Introduction to the State of the World’s Plants This is the first document to collate current knowledge on as well as policies and international agreements that are the state of the world’s plants.
    [Show full text]
  • Hoodia Gordonii SCORE: 0.0 RATING: Low Risk
    TAXON: Hoodia gordonii SCORE: 0.0 RATING: Low Risk Taxon: Hoodia gordonii Family: Apocynaceae Common Name(s): ghaap Synonym(s): Hoodia barklyi Dyer hoodia Hoodia burkei N. E. Br. Hoodia longispina Plowes Stapelia gordonii Masson Assessor: Chuck Chimera Status: Assessor Approved End Date: 15 Apr 2015 WRA Score: 0.0 Designation: L Rating: Low Risk Keywords: Succulent, Spiny, Medicinal, Fly-Pollinated, Wind-Dispersed Qsn # Question Answer Option Answer 101 Is the species highly domesticated? y=-3, n=0 n 102 Has the species become naturalized where grown? 103 Does the species have weedy races? Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) - If 201 island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute "wet (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) (See Appendix 2) High tropical" for "tropical or subtropical" 202 Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) (See Appendix 2) High 203 Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility) y=1, n=0 n Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or 204 y=1, n=0 y subtropical climates Does the species have a history of repeated introductions 205 y=-2, ?=-1, n=0 ? outside its natural range? 301 Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Appendix 2), n= question 205 n 302 Garden/amenity/disturbance weed n=0, y = 1*multiplier (see Appendix 2) n 303 Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed n=0, y = 2*multiplier (see Appendix 2) n 304 Environmental weed n=0, y = 2*multiplier (see Appendix 2) n 305 Congeneric weed n=0, y = 1*multiplier (see Appendix 2) n 401 Produces spines, thorns
    [Show full text]
  • Preliminary Checklist of the Plants of Botswana
    PRELIMINARY CHECKLIST OF THE PLANTS OF BOTSWANA PRELIMINARY CHECKLIST OF THE PLANTS OF BOTSWANA by Moff at P. Setshogo Southern African Botanical Diversity Network Report No. 37 n 2005 Recommended citation format SETSHOGO, M.P. 2005. Preliminary checklist of the plants of Botswana. Southern African Botanical Diversity Network Report No. 37. SABONET, Pretoria and Gaborone. Produced by University of Botswana Herbarium Private Bag UB00704 Gaborone Botswana Tel. (267) 355 2602 Fax: (267) 318 5097 Published by Southern African Botanical Diversity Network (SABONET) c/o South African National Biodiversity Institute, Private Bag X101, 0001, Pretoria, South Africa and University of Botswana Herbarium, Private Bag UB00704, Gaborone. Printed in 2005 in the Republic of South Africa by Capture Press, Pretoria, (27) 12 349-1802. ISBN 1-919976-18-3 © 2005 SABONET. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means without the permission of the copyright holder. Editor-in-chief: Marthina Mössmer Subeditors: Lidia Gibson, Hanlie van Heerden & Cecilia de Vos Belgraver Text design and layout: Nicola Ellis (27) 82 878 9589 Cover design: Antoinette Burkhardt, Pretoria, South Africa (27) 82 909 0109 Photographs: M.P. Setshogo SABONET website: www.sabonet.org This report is a joint product of the University of Botswana Herbarium and the Southern African Botanical Diversity Network (SABONET) and was made possible through support provided by the Global Environment Facility (GEF)/ United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) and the United States Agency for International Development (USAID)/World Conservation Union-Regional Office for southern Africa (IUCN ROSA) (Plot no.
    [Show full text]