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University of Florida Thesis Or Dissertation Formatting INDIANS, AFRICANS, AND BRITISH EXPANSION IN THE SOUTHEASTERN BORDERLANDS: 1670-1763 By TIMOTHY DAVID FRITZ A DISSERTATION PRESENTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA 2014 © 2014 Timothy David Fritz To my parents ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Over the course of the past decade numerous institutions and individuals have contributed the resources necessary for me to conduct the research contained in this dissertation. At the University of Florida, I have benefitted from the generous financial support of the History Graduate Society and the Graduate School. Specifically, I benefitted immeasurably from the Office of Minority and Graduate Programs’ Delores Auzenne Dissertation Award and the Graduate School’s Dissertation Research Award. A great number of librarians and archivists have also provided research support, helpful suggestions, and their expertise on the colonial southeast. I would first like to thank Bernard Powers, Sherman Pyatt, and Marvin Dulaney, who first stimulated by interest in lowcountry culture as a graduate student at the Avery Research Center for African American History and Culture at the College of Charleston. Numerous scholars at various levels in my academic career have provided timely input that provided my research with direction and purpose. Chris Boucher, my thesis director at the College of Charleston, and Scott Poole, who served as the program director at the time of my graduation, helped me to apply my research interests to the source bases available and provided valuable feedback as members of my M.A. thesis committee. I would like to thank Ida Altman, Jessica Harland-Jacobs, James Davidson, and Jim Cusick for serving on my dissertation committee at the University of Florida and offering their own varying perspectives on my topic. Furthermore, this dissertation would not be complete without hours of thought provoking conversation with Jim Cusick, for whom I worked for two years as a research assistant in Florida history in Special Collections at the University of Florida. The chairs of my dissertation committee, Jon Sensbach and Juliana Barr, have shown patience with several of my more outlandish 4 ideas and offered advice on the profession that has already paid dividends. I wish to thank Kathleen Duval, Jane Landers, and Brett Rushforth for their comments on part of this dissertation presented at the Southern Historical Association annual meeting in Mobile. Lastly, I owe a debt of gratitude to my friends and colleagues throughout this process. From the College of Charleston, my friends Otis Pickett, Miles Smith, and Charles Wexler were, and continue to be, a source of both encouragement and accountability. At the University of Florida I benefitted from several groups of people during the writing process. First, the leadership of the Gainesville School made this project stronger. Second, Anna Lankina, Reid Weber, Andrew Welton, Rebecca Devlin, Brenden Kennedy, Rob Taber, Chris Woolley, Michael Gennaro, and other members of the History Department Dissertation Workshop spent numerous hours reading, correcting, and discussing all but one chapter of this dissertation. My gratitude for their feedback cannot be expressed within the limitations of this section of the document. Members of my writing group, however, are the reason this project was completed in a timely manner. Erin Zavitz, Andrea Ferreira, Rachel Rothstein, Chris Ruehlen, and Rob Taber spent several hours a week for ten months motivating each other to finish. I would like to thank Rob specifically, who wrote with me an average of sixteen hours a week and whose feedback has been the most influential to this dissertation. 5 TABLE OF CONTENTS page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS .................................................................................................. 4 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ............................................................................................. 9 ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................... 10 CHAPTER 1 DIVERSITY AND DELUSION, AN INTRODUCTION .............................................. 11 A Land of Milk and Honey ....................................................................................... 11 A Great Many Sins .................................................................................................. 12 Toward Understanding the Diversity of the Early South: Purpose and Goals ......... 16 Note on Sources ..................................................................................................... 20 Beyond Frontiers: Historical Models of the Diverse Early South ............................. 21 2 THE TRI-RACIAL ORIGINS OF THE EARLY SOUTH ........................................... 24 Foundations of Contact ........................................................................................... 24 Famine and Shipwrecks: Calamities and Contact in North America ....................... 25 “Overly Skilled and Very Understanding:” The Impact of Atlantic Maroon Societies on English Colonization ........................................................................ 26 Atlantic Precedents: Joint Resistance in Brazil ....................................................... 29 The Corporation of Adventurers: The Barbadian Diaspora and the Atlantic Slavery Experience .............................................................................................. 31 Native Depopulation in La Florida: Westos and the Evolution of the Indian Slave Trade Epidemic ................................................................................................... 43 Race and Population in the Southeastern Borderlands .......................................... 47 3 THE SOUTHEASTERN BORDERLANDS: CONCEPTIONS AND COMPETITION ....................................................................................................... 49 The Southeastern Borderlands ............................................................................... 49 Borderland Conceptions ................................................................................... 49 Providence in the Promised Land: Invasion and Migration ............................... 52 Differing Goals .................................................................................................. 54 Indigenous Perspectives .................................................................................. 55 Oceans Apart: Distance and Distortion of English Borderland Goals ..................... 57 Carolinian Colonists ......................................................................................... 61 View from London ............................................................................................ 68 The Lords Proprietors ....................................................................................... 71 The Borderlands Slave Trade ................................................................................. 73 Borderland Cultural Connections ...................................................................... 77 Borderland Migrations ...................................................................................... 78 6 Indians, Africans, and Borderland Opportunities .............................................. 81 4 THE BORDERLANDS GOSPEL ............................................................................. 90 Baptized into Captivity ............................................................................................ 90 Borderland Religion ................................................................................................ 93 To Abjure Popish Heresies: Francis LeJau and Imperial Religion in the Southeastern Borderlands ................................................................................. 106 Whether or Not We Are to Answer for Grievous Sins ........................................... 108 African and Native Responses to the SPG in South Carolina ............................... 117 Conclusions .......................................................................................................... 123 5 COERCED COMBAT............................................................................................ 130 Necessary Risks ................................................................................................... 130 Coerced Combat in Spanish America ................................................................... 131 Foundations of English–Native Military Alliance ................................................... 135 English Use of African Soldiers: Justification and Results .................................... 138 In Times of Alarm and Invasion: The Multiethnic Militia ........................................ 140 The Yamasee War ................................................................................................ 142 Yamasee War Aftermath, African Slaves, and Borderland Relations ................... 144 The Military Aspects of the Black Majority in South Carolina ................................ 147 A Buffer for the Garrison ....................................................................................... 149 The War of Jenkins’ Ear and the Development of Anglo Identity .......................... 152 Unified through Domination: Coerced Combat and the Formation of a Southern Colonial Identity ................................................................................................
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