DOCSLIB.ORG

Optimized Polybutylene Terephthalate Powders for Selective Laser Beam Melting

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Optimized Polybutylene Terephthalate Powders for Selective Laser Beam Melting Chemical Engineering Science 156 (2016) 1–10 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Chemical Engineering Science journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/ces Optimized polybutylene terephthalate powders for selective laser beam melting Jochen Schmidt a,b,n, Marius Sachs a,b, Stephanie Fanselow a,b, Meng Zhao c, Stefan Romeis a,b, Dietmar Drummer b,c, Karl-Ernst Wirth a,b, Wolfgang Peukert a,b a Institute of Particle Technology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Cauerstraße 4, D-91058, Erlangen, Germany b Interdisciplinary Center for Functional Particle Systems, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Haberstraße 9a, D-91058, Erlangen, Germany c Institute of Polymer Technology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Am Weichselgarten 9, D-91058, Erlangen, Germany HIGHLIGHTS GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT Process chain for producing poly- butylene terephthalate (PBT) pow- ders for selective laser beam melting (LBM). Processability of powders is assessed by characterization of sintered thin layers. Influence of particle shape and size on processability in LBM is studied. Good LBM processability is observed for PBT powders of good flowability. Device quality is remarkably influ- enced by powder flowability and bulk density. article info abstract Article history: Additive manufacturing processes like selective laser beam melting of polymers (LBM) are established for Received 7 April 2016 production of prototypes and individualized parts. The transfer to serial production currently is hindered Received in revised form by the limited availability of polymer powders with good processability. 23 July 2016 Within this contribution the effect of powder properties, such as particle size, shape and flowability Accepted 5 September 2016 on the processability in LBM and their influence on device quality is exemplified for polybutylene ter- Available online 5 September 2016 ephthalate (PBT) materials. A process chain for the production of spherical polymer microparticles has Keywords: been developed to obtain PBT powder materials. The process chain consists of three steps: first, polymer Poly butylene terephthalate microparticles are produced by wet grinding. Second, the particle shape is engineered by rounding in a Wet grinding heated downer reactor to improve the flowability of the product. Third, a further improvement of Downer reactor flowability of the still cohesive spherical PBT particles is realized by dry coating with fumed silica. Dry particle coating Flowability Moreover, properties of the PBT powders obtained along the process chain are thoroughly char- Selective laser beam melting acterized with respect to structure and crystallinity by infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction and dif- ferential scanning calorimetry. The effect of flowability, shape and bulk density on the powders’ pro- cessabilities in LBM is assessed by characterization of the quality of thin layers built in a LBM device. It is demonstrated that the device quality is strongly determined by particle properties: powders of good flowability and high bulk density are mandatory to obtain dense devices. & 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. n Corresponding author at: Institute of Particle Technology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Cauerstraße 4, D-91058, Erlangen, Germany. E-mail addresses: [email protected] (J. Schmidt), [email protected] (M. Sachs), [email protected] (S. Fanselow), [email protected] (M. Zhao), [email protected] (S. Romeis), [email protected] (D. Drummer), [email protected] (K.-E. Wirth), [email protected] (W. Peukert). http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ces.2016.09.009 0009-2509/& 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. 2 J. Schmidt et al. / Chemical Engineering Science 156 (2016) 1–10 Nomenclature TMeasured measured temperature (downer reactor) / °C Tmelt melting temperature / °C ° af final particle radius (viscous flow sintering model, TSet set temperature (heating of downer reactor) / C Kirchhof et al. (2009)) / m vs scan speed / m/s df focal diameter / m vtip stirrer tip speed / m/s 2 dGM Ebeam laser energy input / J/m grinding media dia- x particle size / m meter / m LBM laser beam melting Greek letters PL laser power / W PA polyamide ΔHf (mass-specific) heat of fusion / J/kg PBT polybutylene terephthalate η viscosity / Pa s PEEK poly ether ether ketone λ wavelength / m – 3 Q3 volume sum distribution / ρGM grinding media density / kg/m RRMS root mean square roughness s surface tension / N/m SE stress energy / J θ angle of diffraction / ° t sintering time / s 1. Introduction further modification. Therefore, a process route for production of spherical polymer microparticles with good flowability consisting Additive manufacturing methods allow the tool-free and of wet grinding (Schmidt et al., 2012; Wolff et al., 2014; Schäfer formless production of complex structures. Especially selective et al., 2016), rounding of the irregular-shaped comminution pro- laser beam melting (LBM) of polymers as a generative powder- duct in a heated downer reactor and a dry coating step (Pfeffer and beam-based manufacturing process is promising. Several et al., 2001; Yang et al., 2005; Blümel et al., 2015) has been pro- years ago, generative manufacturing methods have been almost posed and successfully applied to polystyrene (Schmidt et al., exclusively applied in the production of parts at low piece num- 2014). Compared to dry grinding, wet grinding of polymers allows bers in applications where mechanical properties of the built de- for much smaller product particles giving the opportunity to lower vices typically were of minor importance (rapid prototyping). With the size range of LBM materials. If appropriate process conditions, the advent of additive manufacturing, i.e. the application of gen- i.e. low-viscous solvents and a moderately reduced process tem- erative methods in mass production – commonly referred to as ‘3D perature are chosen, particles smaller than 10 mm(x50,3) are printing’- new requirements with respect to process stability and readily obtained for a variety of engineering and high performance robustness, mechanical properties of the devices, as well as new plastics. For brittle, amorphous polymers like polystyrene even demands concerning the powder materials used in beam- and smaller product particles (x50,3o2 mm) can be produced (Schmidt powder-based additive manufacturing methods have been defined et al., 2012). LBM materials of small particle size are desirable (Kruth et al., 2003; Wendel et al., 2008; Drummer et al., 2010; because they allow for higher surface qualities (lower surface Goodridge et al., 2012; Schmidt et al., 2014; Wohlers, 2014; roughness) of the obtained parts and better resolution (Kruth Schmid, 2015; Witt, 2016). Preferentially semi-crystalline ther- et al., 2003). However, the commercially available polymer pow- moplasts are applied in the manufacture of functional components ders for additive manufacturing are so far in the size range of 50– via LBM because of their improved mechanical properties as 70 mm(x50,3) due to concerns regarding the processability: with compared to amorphous polymers (Wohlers, 2014; Schmid, 2015). smaller particles inhomogeneous coating during powder deposi- Currently, the spectrum of commercially available LBM powder tion in LBM due to poor flowability may occur. We demonstrate materials is very limited, about 95% of the total market share is that these problems can be overcome by rounding the irregular made up of polyamide (PA) – based materials. PA powders are shaped comminution product and dry coating (Pfeffer et al., 2001) typically produced by bottom-up approaches (c.f. emulsion poly- of the obtained spherical particles. By dry coating the surface merization) or precipitation processes are applied (Wohlers, 2014; roughness is increased on the nanoscale leading to an overall Schmid, 2015). Besides PA, polystyrene and polypropylene as well decrease of interparticulate van der Waals forces (Rumpf, 1974; as thermoplastic elastomers or PEEK (poly ether ether ketone) are Zhou et al., 2003; Götzinger and Peukert, 2004; Linsenbühler and available (Goodridge et al., 2012; Wohlers, 2014). In addition to the Wirth, 2005; Zhou and Peukert, 2008). aforementioned bottom-up processes, also top-down approaches Within this contribution the process chain is applied to pro- like cryogenic (dry) grinding (Wilczek et al., 2004; Bertling and duce spherical polybutylene terephthalate (PBT) powders of good Eloo, 2009), wet grinding of polymers (Schmidt et al., 2012), co- flowability and processability. To our knowledge at present opti- extrusion (Schmid, 2015) or melt emulsification (Fanselow et al., mized PBT powders are not available for laser beam melting of 2016) have been proposed to produce polymer microparticles. polymers. However, this semi-crystalline thermoplastic shows To further extend the applications of LBM new and cheap good mechanical properties (e.g. impact resistance) and, thus, is of materials with good processability must be supplied: device potential interest for LBM in a variety of applications, e.g. in the quality, LBM processability and powder properties (Blümel et al., automotive industries. The PBT product particles are thoroughly 2015; Ziegelmeier et al., 2015) are directly connected. Moreover, characterized with respect to both, powder properties and poly- innovative and versatile processes being applicable to a wide mer structure: Powder flowability is assessed by means of tensile variety of thermoplasts
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Tape-Unyte High Density Ptfe Tape
    TAPE-UNYTE® HIGH DENSITY PTFE TAPE T-TAPE-SPEC PRODUCT DESCRIPTION COLOR/CONSISTENCY TENSILE STRENGTH - LONGITUDINAL 3000 PSI max - ASTM D882 (mod) PRODUCT The tape is white in color. It shall be free of visible voids, cracks, folds, ELONGATION TAPE-UNYTE® High Density PTFE Tape contamination and has consistent physical properties. TAPE-UNYTE® has an 50% min - ASTM D882 (mod) TYPE indefinite shelf life. THICKNESS ® TAPE-UNYTE is a heavy duty, all TEMPERATURE RANGE USE purpose, non-seizing, PTFE thread sealing .0040 ± .0005 Inches - ASTM D374-42 -A compound in tape form that produces a Gases: PACKAGING leakproof seal on all types of metal and -450EF (-268EC) to 500EF (260EC) plastic threaded connections. TAPE- UNYTE® is a high density, 4 MIL PTFE Liquids: U.S. Measure: (polytetrafluoroethylene) Tape supplied on -450EF (-268EC) to 500EF (260EC) finished spools. Stock Code Size PRESSURE RANGE USE F520 ¼" x 520" (.63 cm x 13.2 m) RECOMMENDED USES T260 ½" x 260" (1.27 cm x 6.6 m) Gases: T520 ½” x 520" (1.27 cm x 13.2 m) TAPE-UNYTE® will not transfer any taste up to 10,000 PSI (1450 kPa) T1296 ½” x 1296" (1.27 cm x 32.9 m) or odor to the system being sealed. Liquids: W260 ¾" x 260" (1.9 cm x 6.6 m) Excellent for food and water systems. up to 3,000 PSI (435 kPa) W520 ¾" x 520" (1.9 cm x 13.2 m) TAPE-UNYTE® will never harden, and is an X260 1" x 260" (1.9 cm x 6.6 m) anti-galling tape making it possible to The system may be pressurized disassemble pipes and bolts easily after immediately after assembly.
    [Show full text]
  • Transparent PC/PMMA Blends Via Reactive Compatibilization in a Twin-Screw Extruder
    polymers Article Transparent PC/PMMA Blends Via Reactive Compatibilization in a Twin-Screw Extruder Tobias Bubmann 1, Andreas Seidel 2 and Volker Altstädt 1,3,* 1 Department of Polymer Engineering, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, Bayreuth 95447, Germany; [email protected] 2 Covestro Deutschland AG, Business Unit Polycarbonates, Research & Development, Development Blends, Leverkusen 51365, Germany; [email protected] 3 Bavarian Polymer Institute and Bayreuth Institute of Macromolecular Research; University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, Bayreuth 95447, Germany * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +49-(0)-921-55-7471 Received: 6 November 2019; Accepted: 7 December 2019; Published: 12 December 2019 Abstract: The effect of different catalysts on reactive compatibilization of 50/50 polycarbonate (PC)/polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) blends achieved via transesterification that occurs during compounding in a twin-screw extruder was investigated on a phenomenological (optical and mechanical properties), mesoscopic (phase morphology), and molecular level (PC-graft(g)-PMMA-copolymer formation and polymer molecular weight degradation). Formation of PC-(g)-PMMA-copolymer by transesterification resulting in transparent mono-phase PC/PMMA blends with obviously improved compatibility of the two polymer constituents requires use of a suitable catalyst. As a side-effect, PC-(g)-PMMA-copolymer formation by transesterification is always accompanied by a significant simultaneous decomposition of the molecular weight (Mw) of the PC. For the first time, a colorless, transparent (mono-phase) PC/PMMA 50/50 blend was achieved by a twin-screw extrusion process that can be easily transferred into industrial scale. To achieve this milestone, 0.05 wt% of a weakly acidic phosphonium salt catalyst had to be applied.
    [Show full text]
  • Table of Contents
    Table of Contents Page Page Flare & Compression - Nut Assemblies Coupling for use w/ Copper Flare Outlets Connections .................................................................. 3 74755 Series ........................................................ 16-17 74750 Series ..............................................................17 74750S Series ............................................................17 Straight Couplings 74776 Series ..............................................................17 74753 Series ................................................................ 4 74776S Series ............................................................17 74754 Series ................................................................ 5 74758 Series .............................................................6-9 74755 Series ..............................................................15 Di-Electric Unions 74756 Series ..............................................................21 74755DB Series ..........................................................16 74758DB Series ............................................................ 9 3 Part Union w/ Internal Pipe Stop 74759 Series ..............................................................10 Y-Branches 708Y Series ........................................................... 18-19 Tees 74760 Series ........................................................ 10-11 74762, 74763, & 74764 Series..................................12 U-Branches 708U Series .........................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Tribology of Polymer Blends PBT + PTFE
    materials Article Tribology of Polymer Blends PBT + PTFE Constantin Georgescu 1,* , Lorena Deleanu 1,*, Larisa Chiper Titire 1 and Alina Cantaragiu Ceoromila 2 1 Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, “Dunarea de Jos” University of Galati, 800008 Galati, Romania; [email protected] 2 Department of Applied Sciences, Cross-Border Faculty, “Dunarea de Jos” University of Galati, 800008 Galati, Romania; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] (C.G.); [email protected] (L.D.); Tel.: +40-743-105-835 (L.D.) Abstract: This paper presents results on tribological characteristics for polymer blends made of polybutylene terephthalate (PBT) and polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE). This blend is relatively new in research as PBT has restricted processability because of its processing temperature near the degradation one. Tests were done block-on-ring tribotester, in dry regime, the variables being the PTFE concentration (0%, 5%, 10% and 15% wt) and the sliding regime parameters (load: 1, 2.5 and 5 N, the sliding speed: 0.25, 0.5 and 0.75 m/s, and the sliding distance: 2500, 5000 and 7500 m). Results are encouraging as PBT as neat polymer has very good tribological characteristics in terms of friction coefficient and wear rate. SEM investigation reveals a quite uniform dispersion of PTFE drops in the PBT matrix. Either considered a composite or a blend, the mixture PBT + 15% PTFE exhibits a very good tribological behavior, the resulting material gathering both stable and low friction coefficient and a linear wear rate lower than each component when tested under the same conditions. Keywords: polybutylene terephthalate (PBT); polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE); blend PBT + PTFE; block-on-ring test; linear wear rate; friction coefficient Citation: Georgescu, C.; Deleanu, L.; Chiper Titire, L.; Ceoromila, A.C.
    [Show full text]
  • United States Patent (19) 11 Patent Number: 5,318,854 Hamersma Et Al
    US005318854A United States Patent (19) 11 Patent Number: 5,318,854 Hamersma et al. 45) Date of Patent: Jun. 7, 1994 (54) POLYMER MIXTURE BASED ON A 3,644,574 2/1972 Jackson, Jr. et al. ............... 260/873 POLYBUTYLENE TEREPHTHALATE 3,657,389 4/1972 Caldwell ........... ... 525/176 ESTER AND A S-MA COPOLYMER AND 3,728,212 4/1973 Caldwell ... ... 525/176 4,080,354 3/1978 Kramer ..... ... 260/40R FILMS MADE THEREOF 4,126,602 11/1978 Sakee .................... ... 260/40R 75) Inventors: Wilhelmus J. L. A. Hamersma, 4,346,195 8/1982 Hornbaker et al. ................. 52.5/176 Bergen op Zoom, Netherlands; 4,386,186 5/1983 Maresca et al. ... 525/68 4,429,076 l/1984 Saito et al. ... 52.5/57 Roger W. Avakian, Brasschaat, 4,493,919 1/1987 Durbinet al. ... ... 524/505 Belgium 4,497,924 2/1985 Robeson et al. .. ... 524/151 73) Assignee: General Electric Co., Pittsfield, Mass. 4,526,923 7/1985 Hornbaker et al. ... 525/502 4,582,876 4/1986 Weemes ............ ... 525/64 (21) Appl. No.: 1,949 4,665,122 5/1987 Robeson et al. .. ... 524/504 (22 Filed: Jan. 4, 1993 4,717,752 1/1988 Yates, III et al. ................... 52.5/175 FOREIGN PATENT DOCUMENTS Related U.S. Application Data 1029145 4/1978 Canada . 63 Continuation of Ser. No. 671,638, Mar. 20, 1991, aban 004:2724 12/1981 European Pat. Off. doned, which is a continuation of Ser. No. 518,251, 308179 3/1989 European Pat. Off. May 7, 1990, abandoned, which is a continuation of 359565 3/1990 European Pat.
    [Show full text]
  • Type Material Name Abbreviation Plastic Acrylonitrile Butadiene
    Type Material Name Abbreviation Plastic Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene ABS Plastic Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene - High-Temp ABS - high temp Plastic Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene + Polycarbonate ABS + PC Plastic Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene + Polycarbonate + Glass Fill ABS + PC + GF Plastic Acrylonitrile styrene acrylate ASA Plastic Nylon 6-6 + 10% Glass Fill PA66 + 10% GF Plastic Nylon 6-6 + 20% Glass Fill PA66 + 20% GF Plastic Nylon 6-6 + 30% Glass Fill PA66 + 30% GF Plastic Nylon 6-6 + 50% Glass Fill PA66 + 50% GF Plastic Nylon 6-6 Polyamide PA66 Plastic Polyamide 12 PA12 Plastic Polybutylene terephthalate PBT Plastic Polybutylene terephthalate + 30% Glass Fill PBT+ 30% GF Plastic Polycaprolactam PA6 Plastic Polycaprolactam + 20% Glass Fill PA6 + 20% GF Plastic Polycaprolactam + 30% Glass Fill PA6 + 30% GF Plastic Polycaprolactam + 50% Glass Fill PA6 + 50% GF Plastic Polycarbonate PC Plastic Polycarbonate + Glass Fill PC + GF Plastic Polycarbonate + 10% Glass Fill PC + 10% GF Plastic Polycarbonate + Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene + 20% Glass Fill + 10% Stainless Steel fiber PC + ABS + 20% GF + 10% SS Fiber Plastic Polyether ether ketone PEEK Plastic Polyetherimide + 30% Glass Fill Ultem 1000 + 30% GF Plastic Polyetherimide + 40% Glass Fill (Ultem 2410) PEI + 40% GF (Ultem 2410) Plastic Polyetherimide + Ultem 1000 PEI + Ultem 1000 Plastic Polyethylene PE Plastic Polyethylene - High-Density HDPE, PEHD Plastic Polyethylene - Low-Density LDPE Plastic Polyethylene terephthalate PET Plastic Polymethyl methacrylate PMMA Plastic Polyoxymethylene
    [Show full text]
  • Spherical Polybutylene Terephthalate (PBT)—Polycarbonate (PC) Blend Particles by Mechanical Alloying and Thermal Rounding
    polymers Article Spherical Polybutylene Terephthalate (PBT)—Polycarbonate (PC) Blend Particles by Mechanical Alloying and Thermal Rounding Maximilian A. Dechet 1,2,3,†, Juan S. Gómez Bonilla 1,2,3,†, Lydia Lanzl 3,4, Dietmar Drummer 3,4, Andreas Bück 1,2,3, Jochen Schmidt 1,2,3 and Wolfgang Peukert 1,2,3,* 1 Institute of Particle Technology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Cauerstraße 4, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany; [email protected] (M.A.D.); [email protected] (J.S.G.B.); [email protected] (A.B.); [email protected] (J.S.) 2 Interdisciplinary Center for Functional Particle Systems, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Haberstraße 9a, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany 3 Collaborative Research Center 814—Additive Manufacturing, Am Weichselgarten 9, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany; [email protected] (L.L.); [email protected] (D.D.) 4 Institute of Polymer Technology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Am Weichselgarten 9, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +49-9131-85-29400 † The authors contributed equally. Received: 22 November 2018; Accepted: 7 December 2018; Published: 11 December 2018 Abstract: In this study, the feasibility of co-grinding and the subsequent thermal rounding to produce spherical polymer blend particles for selective laser sintering (SLS) is demonstrated for polybutylene terephthalate (PBT) and polycarbonate (PC). The polymers are jointly comminuted in a planetary ball mill, and the obtained product particles are rounded in a heated downer reactor. The size distribution of PBT–PC composite particles is characterized with laser diffraction particle sizing, while the shape and morphology are investigated via scanning electron microscopy (SEM).
    [Show full text]
  • Polymer Properties and Classification
    Polymer Characterization LDPE Polyethylene low density HDPE Polyethylene high density ABS Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene SAN Styrene-acrylonitrile copolymer EVA Polyethylene co-vinyl acetate PVA Polyvinyl acetate PerkinElmer Solutions for Polymer Characterization Tg(ºC): -130 to 100 Cp (J/g*K): 1,8 to 3,4 Tg(ºC): -130 to 100 Cp (J/g*K): 1,8 to 3,4 Tg(ºC): 110 to 125 CpJ/(g*K): 1,25 to 1,7 Tg(ºC): 95 to 110 CpJ/(g*K): 1,2 Tg(ºC): -45 to 20 CpJ/(g*K): 2,3 Tg(ºC): 25 to 35 CpJ/(g*K): - Tm(ºC): 100 to 120 DHf (J/g): - Tm(ºC): 130 to 140 DHf (J/g): 293 Tm(ºC): - DHf (J/g): - Tm(ºC): - DHf (J/g): - Tm(ºC): 30 to 100 DHf (J/g): 10 to 100 Tm( ºC ): - DHf (J/g): - Td(ºC): 490 to 500 Td(ºC): 490 to 500 Td(ºC): 420 Td(ºC): 420 Td(ºC): 480 Td(ºC): - PP Polypropylene PS PMMA Polymethylmethacrylate PBMA CA Polystyrene Polybuthylmethacrylate Cellulose acetate EP Epoxy resin Molecular Spectroscopy FTIR Differential Scanning Calorimetry Tg(ºC): -20 to -5 CpJ/(g*K): 1,8 Tg(ºC): 90 to 110 Cp (J/g*K): 1,8 to 3,4 Tg(ºC): 85 to 100 CpJ/(g*K): 1,45 to 1,5 Tg(ºC): 15 to 25 CpJ/(g*K): - Tg(ºC): 45 to 60 CpJ/(g*K): - Tg(ºC): 50 to 200 CpJ/(g*K): 1,6 to 2,1 Identify and quantitate organic molecules and compounds, Glass transition & melting temperatures, crystallinity, heat of Understand chemical & physical composition of laminates & fusion, reaction rates, specific heat & heat capacity, curing, Tm(ºC): 165 to 175 DHf (J/g): 207 Tm(ºC): - DHf (J/g): - Tm(ºC): - DHf (J/g): - Tm(ºC): - DHf (J/g): - Tm(ºC): - DHf (J/g): - Tm( ºC): - DHf (J/g): - adhesives , Troubleshoot
    [Show full text]
  • United States Patent (19) 11) E Patent Number: Re
    United States Patent (19) 11) E Patent Number: Re. 31,780 Cooper et al. (45) Reissued Date of Patent: Dec. 25, 1984 54 MULTILAYER LIGHT-REFLECTING FILM 56) References Cited (75) Inventors: Scott A. Cooper, Yorktown Heights; U.S. PATENT DOCUMENTS Ramakrishna Shetty, White Plains, 3,479,425 l/1969 Lefevre et al. ..................... 264/171 both of N.Y.; Jules Pinsky, 3,511,903 5/1970 Glass et al. ....... ... 264/73 X Bloomfield, Conn. 3,565,985 2/1971 Schrenk et al. ..................... 264/171 3,759,647 9/1973 Schrenk et al. ... ... 264/7 X 73) Assignee: The Mearl Corporation, Ossining, 3,773,882 1 1/1973 Schrenk .............................. 264/171 N.Y. 3,801,429 4/1974 Schrenk et al. ..................... 428392 (21) Appl. No.: 521,127 4,218,510 8/1980 Willson ........................... 428/483 X 22 Filed: Aug. 8, 1983 FOREIGN PATENT DOCUMENTS 114 1981 2/1969 United Kingdom ................ 428/22 Related U.S. Patent Documents Primary Examiner-Thomas J. Herbert Reissue of: Attorney, Agent, or Firm-Ostrolenk, Faber, Gerb & (64) Patent No.: 4,310,584 Soffen Issued: Jan. 12, 1982 Appl. No.: 107,351 57 ABSTRACT Filed: Dec. 26, 1979 Improvements in multilayer light-reflecting film are 51) Int. Cl. ........................ B32B 7/02; B32B 27/06; effected by the use of thermoplastic polyester as the B32B 27/36 high refractive index component of a system in which (S2) U.S. Cl. .................................... 428/212; 264/171; two or more resinous materials form a plurality of lay 264/173; 350/166; 428/213; 428/480; 428/483 es. 58) Field of Search ..............
    [Show full text]
  • What Is the Difference Between PEX and PB Pipes
    Differences Between Crosslinked Polyethylene (PEX) and Polybutylene (PB) Piping Systems for Potable Water Plumbing Applications TN-31 2017 Foreword DIFFERENCES BETWEEN CROSSLINKED POLYETHYLENE (PEX) AND POLYBUTYLENE (PB) PIPING SYSTEMS FOR POTABLE WATER PLUMBING APPLICATIONS This technical note was developed and published with the technical help and financial support of the members of the Plastics Pipe Institute (PPI). These members have shown their commitment to developing and improving quality products by assisting standards development organizations in the development of standards, and also by developing design aids and reports to help engineers, code officials, specifying groups, contractors and users. The purpose of this technical note is to provide information regarding the material and performance differences between PEX and PB piping systems for potable water applications. The PPI has prepared this technical note as a service to the industry. The information in this note is offered in good faith and believed to be accurate at the time of its preparation, but is offered “as is” without any express or implied warranty, including WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. Additional information may be needed in some areas, especially with regard to unusual or special applications. Consult the manufacturer or material supplier for more detailed information. A list of member manufacturers is available on the PPI website. PPI does not endorse the proprietary products or processes of any manufacturer and assumes no responsibility for compliance with applicable laws and regulations. PPI intends to revise this technical note within 5 years or sooner if required, from the date of its publication, in response to comments and suggestions from users of the document.
    [Show full text]
  • Preparation of Maleic Anhydride Grafted Poly(Trimethylene Terephthalate) (PTT-G-MA) by Reactive Extrusion Processing
    Journal of Manufacturing and Materials Processing Article Preparation of Maleic Anhydride Grafted Poly(trimethylene terephthalate) (PTT-g-MA) by Reactive Extrusion Processing Natália F. Braga 1,* , Henrique M. Zaggo 1, Thaís L. A. Montanheiro 2 and Fabio R. Passador 1 1 Laboratório de Tecnologia de Polímeros e Biopolímeros, Universidade Federal de São Paulo - UNIFESP, São José dos Campos, SP 12231-280, Brazil; [email protected] (H.M.Z.); [email protected] (F.R.P.) 2 Laboratório de Plasmas e Processos, Divisão de Ciências Fundamentais, Instituto Tecnológico de Aeronáutica – ITA, São José dos Campos, SP 12228-900, Brazil; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 5 March 2019; Accepted: 29 April 2019; Published: 4 May 2019 Abstract: Maleic anhydride (MA) grafted with poly(trimethylene terephthalate) (PTT)—abbreviated as PTT-g-MA—can be used as a compatibilizing agent to improve the compatibility and dispersion of nanofillers and a dispersed polymer phase into PTT matrix. This work suggests the preparation of PTT-g-MA using a mixture of PTT, MA, and benzoyl peroxide (BPO) by a reactive extrusion process. PTT-g-MA was characterized to confirm the grafting reaction of maleic anhydride on PTT chains by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. Thermal properties (differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA)) and rheological analysis (parallel plates rheology) were used to prove the changes that occurred after the graphitization reaction. The reactive processing route allowed the production of the compatibilizing agent (PTT-g-MA) with good thermal properties and with lower viscosity compared to neat PTT, and this could be an alternative for the compatibilization of polymer blends, as example for PTT/ABS (acrylonitrile butadiene styrene) blends and nanocomposites based on PTT matrix.
    [Show full text]
  • Modified PC/ASA/PMMA Blends with Improved Compatibility, Mechanical Properties and Biocompatible Synergistic Effects with Natural Rubber
    Modified PC/ASA/PMMA blends with improved compatibility, mechanical properties and biocompatible synergistic effects with natural rubber Wenfa Dong1, Dingfang Chen1, Ruogu Tang2,3 1. Beishi Petrol Co.LTD. Ningbo, China. 315204 2. Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Science. Ningbo, China. 315204 3. Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts, Lowell. Lowell, USA.01854 Abstract In this study, ABS-g-MAH was used as compatibilizer in poly carbonate/acrylonitrile styrene acrylate/poly(methyl methacrylate) blends. The polymer blends were prepared via a two- step method, raw PC, ASA, PMMA resins and ABS-g-MAH additives were mixed and granulated by extrusion molding and then the standard samples were obtained by injection molding. A comprehensive characterizations were performed on the PC/ASA/PMMA blends of their morphologies, mechanical properties and thermal properties. The results showed that the addition of ABS-g-MAH could promote the compatibilities among PC, ASA and PMMA, and ABS- g-MAH would significantly alter the mechanical and thermal properties of blends. In addition, the modified blend was compatible when mixing with natural rubber. The biocompatibility XTT test showed the ABS-g-MAH compatibilized PC derivatives were not cytotoxic. It could be concluded that the appropriate usage of ABS-g-MAH could bring expected benefits on PC/ASA/PMMA blends. Key words: polymer blends, ABS-g-MAH, mechanical strength, stress, segment relaxation, compatibility, cytotoxicity 1. Introduction Poly(carbonate/acrylonitrile styrene acrylate) is a relative new types of polymer blends and it has proved to be a good supplement and alternative to PC/ABS[1-3], this blend combines the advantages of polycarbonate and ASA, however, like many other polymer blends, the compatibility and related mechanical properties are not negligible[4,5].
    [Show full text]