RELIGIOUS MOVEMENT

Religious Movement – &

• The 6th Century B.C. was a period of great religious upheaval (uncertainty). • In , who founded Jainism and Gautam Buddha, who gave birth to Buddhism infused a new life into the old and shattered society. • They protested against ritualistic form of , brutality of caste and dominance of brahmanas. They advocated social equality, justice and freedom for both men and women. • They rejected the and vedic rituals, denounced sacrifices and propagated the doctrine of non-violence. • They were motivated by the philosophy of the Upanishads. Their ideas about , Soul, , and Ahimsa were inspired by Upanishads. Causes Of New Movements The condition of the then society favoured the rise and growth of Jainism and Buddhism. A few of these causes were: 1. The Vedic philosophy had lost its original purity and in 6th Cen B.C. Rituals had become more complex, ceremonies were painful and awfully expensive. 2. The caste system had become rigid and brutal (cruel/inhuman); there were strict restriction on food, drinks and marriage. Interchange of caste was impossible.Jainism and Buddism offered people of low caste an honoured place. 3. The supremacy of brahmanas created unrest. 4. All the religious treatises (texts/thesis/articles/papers/essays) were written in which was the language of elite class and not the masses. Both the religion have used common language of the people i.e. Pali and Prakrit.

JAINISM Important Literature:

• Aacharanga – Rules and regulations related with Jaina . • Bhagawati Sutra –Biography of Mahavira Swami • Sutra –Biography of 23 (Prophets or Gurus) • Nyayadhamma Katha – Teachings of Lord Mahavira Important Tirthankaras: Rishabhadeva / Adinatha – He was first and mentioned in Rigveda.In Dilwara (Mt. Abu, Rajasthan) which was built by Vimal (the minister of Kumarapala) we find the statue of Adinatha. • Ajeetnatha – 2ndTirthankara • Sambhavanatha – 3rd Tirthankara • Mallinatha – 19th Tirthankara. He was considered as afemale Tirthankara by Shwetambaras and as a male Tirthankara by . • / Arishtnemi –22nd Tirthankara. He was contemprorary to Lord and mentioned in Rigveda. • Parshwanatha – 23rd Tirthankara • MahaviraSwami – 24th Tirthankara Jaina Tirthankara and their Symbols: • Rishabhadeva – Bull • Ajithnatha –Elephant • Parshwanatha – Snake • Mahavira Swami – Lion Mahavira Swami’s Li f e History ➢ Birth – 540 B.C. / 599 B.C. ➢ Birthplace–Kundagram (Near , Mujjaffarpur ) ➢ Mother – (Sister of , the king of Lichhavis) SHIELD DEFENCE ACADEMY Page 1

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➢ Father – Siddhartha, Wife – Yashoda ➢ Daughter – Annojya or Priyadarshana, Son-In-Law – Jamali ➢ Clan – Jnatrika • At the age of 30, after the death of his parents he renounced (left) his family by the permission of his elder brother Nandivardhana. • In the 42nd year of his age Mahavira attained Kaivalya (supreme knowledge) at the river bank of Rijupalika under Shala tree (Jrimbhikgrama Region, Bihar). From now onwards he was called Jaina or Jitendriya (one who has conquered his senses). • Titles of Mahavira –Mahavira (the brave), Nirgrantha (free from all bounds), Jina (the victor), Kaivalin (who has attained knowledge), Arhanta (Yogya/able). • Jamali was the first disciple of Mahavira and first who revolted against Mahavira.

➢ Year of Death (at the age 72 years) – 527 B.C. / 468 B.C. ➢ Place of Death(Kaivalya / / Moksha) – (Near , Bihar) Teachings of Mahavira: 1. Mahavira rejected the authority of the Vedas and the vedic rituals. He advocated simple life with the ultimate aim to attain Kaivalya (Nirvana / Moksha). 2. Mahavira did not believe in the existence of God. Man’s salvation does not depend upon the mercy of God but on his own acts. 3. Mahavira believed in Karmaand the transmigration of soul (atma). The body dies but the soul is immortal. 4. Jains lay great emphasis on equality. 5. Mahavira accepted caste system, though he did not approve the restrictions on food or drinks. He said that man may be good or bad according to his Karmaand not on account of his birth. 6. The world consists of two elements: Jiva (conscious being) and atma (the unconcious). The ultimate aim of Jiva should to get rid of the cycle of birth and rebirth and attain nirvana. 7. Triratna of Jainism Samyaka Vishwas – Right Faith Samyaka Jnan (Gyan) – Right Knowledge Samyaka Karma – Right Conduct 8. Panch – Anuvrata (Five vows/shapath) Ahimsa–Non-Violence – Truth Asateya – Non-Stealing Aparigriha – Non-Possession (not to store more than need) Brahmacharya– Chastity • First four Anuvratas were introduced by Parshwanatha while fifth one was added by Mahavira. • All these Anuvratas were followed by Grahasthas (people engaged in normal social life).

➢ Mahavira along with his 11 disciples formed a council called . ➢ Arya Sudharmana was the only Ganadhara who survived after the death of Mahavira and became the first Thera (pontiff). ➢ Thera – who propagated teachings of Jainism after the death of Mahavira. ➢ (6th Thera) was contemporary of Chandragupta Maurya. Note: The Jaina philosophy was very similar to Sankhya Philosophy. An important Jaina philosophy was known as / Syadavada / Saptabhanginaya. By this theory Jains describe eternal (param / endless) elements. Jaina Councils: 1st Council Time – 300 B.C. Place – Pataliputra

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President – Sthoolbahu / Sthoolbhadra Aim –To find out solution of disputes among Jaina monks Importance –Jaina canons (principles) were compiled in 12 Angas(parts). ➢ Jainism divided in two sects: Shwetambara and Shwetambara: Disciples of Sthoolbhadra Those who put on white robes/clothes Idol-Worship of Mahavira as God Liberal in beliefs (ideology) Digambaras: Disciples of Bhadrabahu Those who were stark naked Worshipof Symbols of Mahavira like Kharaau and Kamandal Orthodox in ideology 2nd Council Time – 512 A.D. Place – Vallabhi () President – Devadhideva Kshamashramana Aim –Recompilation of 12 angas because they were missing. Among these 12 angas ‘’ and ‘Bhagawati Sutra’ are most important.

Important Facts of Jainism • They used Prakrit language in their teachings which was the language of common people. • Parshishtaparavana was an imp Jaina text written by . • Jainism is the second oldest religion after Vedic religion. • Mahavira and Parshwanath both allowed women to enter in Jainism. • In Jainism after death people can achieve moksha by two types – Kayaklesh and Samlekhana. • Rulers who patronized Jainism – , Chandragupta Maurya, Samprati (grandson of Asoka), Kharavela (Kalinga), Amoghavarsha (Rashtrakuta) etc.

Ex. Of Jaina Architecture 1. Statue of , also known as Gomateshwara Place - , Karnataka Made by – Chamundaroy (minister of Ganga Dynasty) Made of – Granite 2. Udayagiri – Khandagiri Caves (Orissa) Elephant Inscription of Kharavela, ruler of Kalinga 3. by Rashtrakuta ruler 4. Dilwara Jaina Temple

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BUDDHISM Buddhist Literature

• All the literature related to Buddhism, complete philosophy and teachings of Buddha were compiled together in different and given the name as ‘Pitaka’ (basket). • These pitakas are collectively known as ‘Tripitakas’: 1. Pitaka 2. Sutta Pitaka 3. Abhidhamma Pitaka Vinaya Pitaka:- • Compiled by Buddha’s disciple Upali. • Related with rules and regulations of Buddhist (church) and discipline of Buddhist monks. Sutta Pitaka:- • Compiled by Buddha’s disciple Aanand. • Most exhaustive/comprehensive and important. • Related with Buddhist principles and ideology. Abhidhamma Pitaka:- • Related with . • It is in Question-Answer form. • Last text written in Pali language.

➢ In Singhalovaadsutta description of Dhamma is found. ➢ Mahavastu, written in Sanskrit,is the biograpy of Lord Buddha. It is related with sect. ➢ Lalita-Vistar,written in Sanskrit,also a biograpy of Lord Buddha. Note:Edwin Arnold wrote an epic ‘The Light of Asia’ which is based on Lalita-Vistar. Famous Buddhist Scholar & Philosophers:- • Ashvaghosh:He was court poet in the rule of Kushana ruler Kanishka. His works (books)are – Buddhacharita, Saundarananda and Saariputra-Prakaran. All these are written in Sanskrit.Note:Saundarananda is the oldest epic written in Sanskrit. • : In Milinda-Panho (a Pali text) a conversation between Nagasena and Menander is found. • :He was contemporary and friend of Satavahana ruler YajnaShri Gautamputra Shatkarni.He propounded the theory of ‘Shunyavada’. He wrote ‘Madhyamika Karika’ is Sanskrit.Note:He is called as ‘Einstein of India’. • Maitreyinatha: Founder of ‘Vigyanvada/Yogachar’. • Dharmakirti: He is called as ‘Kant (an European philosopher) of India’. • Dinanaga:He is called as ‘Father of Nyaya-Darshan’ • :Wrote a book Ábhidhammakosha’ known as Encyclopedia of Buddism. Life History of ➢ Birth–563 B.C. / Day – Vaishakha Purnima ➢ Symbol of Birth–Lotus and Ox ➢ Birth Place– (Kapilvastu) ➢ Clan/Gotra–Shakya ➢ Father – Shuddhodhana, Mother – Mahamaya ➢ Wife – Yashodhara, Son - Rahul ➢ Death (also known as Mahaparinirvana)–483 B.C. ➢ Place of Death–Kushinara, capital of Malla ➢ Symbol of Death - • He renounced (left) his home at the age of 29. This event is known as ‘Mahabhinishkramana’. • After leaving his home he went to two teachers –Rudraka and Alar Kalaam. • Then he went to Gaya and after the plea(sadhna) of 49 days Buddha got enlightenment under the tree of Ashwath (Pipal) at

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the age of 35 years. • Buddha went to (Mrigadavapattan/Rishipattan) from Gaya. Here he delivered his first sermon (lesson). This event is known as ‘DharmachakraPravartana’. • Titles of Buddha – Tathagata, Shakyamuni, Gautama, Siddhartha, Koshalana. • Important events of Lord Buddha’s life on the day of Vaishakha Poornima: i) Birth ii)Gyan-Prapti (Enlightenment) iii)Mahaparinirvana (Death) • Buddha visited following : , Koshala, and Avanti. Teachings of Buddha • Buddhist philosophy was influenced by Upnishads, but he denied Vedas. • Buddha accepted theory of Re-Birth. • He did not believe in the existence of God. • He is silent on the question of Soul. • He opposed Caste system based on birth. • Buddha advocated the Middle Path in which extremes are avoided. • (Arya-Satya): 1. The world is full of Sorrows - Dukkha 2. Desires are causes of Sorrows – Dukkha Samuddaya 3. Sorrows can be stopped by ending desires – Dukkha Nirodha 4. Desires can be ended by following Eight Fold Path (Ashtangik Marg) • Eight Fold Path or the Middle Path (Ashtangik Marg) 1. Right Understanding (Samyak Drishti) 2. Right Thought (Samyak Sankalpa) 3. Right Speech (Samyak Vaani) 4. Right Action (Samyak Karma) 5. Right Livelihood (Samyak Aziva) 6. Right Efforts (Samyak Vyayama) 7. Right (Samyak Smriti) 8. Right Concentration (Samyak ) ➢ In some places Buddha is said to have summarized the whole process in three words: i) Sila (Right Conduct), ii) Samadhi (Right Concentration) and iii) Prajna (Right Knowledge). • According to Buddha the ultimate aim of life is to attain Nirvana. ➢ Sources of Buddhist philosophy –Vedantas and Sankhya Darshana. • Pratitya Samuttappada (Dependent Origination) - In this theory the process of rebirth is explained. Buddha also defines how one event (karma) is related to the other by which continuity is built in the life. • Triratna–i) Buddha, ii) Dhamma and iii) (Church) Buddhist Councils 1st Council ➢ Date – 483 B.C. (During the reign of Ajatshatru) ➢ Place – Saptaparni Caves (Rajagriha) ➢ President –Mahakassapa Upali ➢ Importance – Compilation of Vinaya Pitaka and Sutta Pitaka 2nd Council ➢ Date –383 B.C. (During the reign of Kalashoka) ➢ Place –Vaishali ➢ President –Sawakami / Sarwakami or Mahasthavira Yasha ➢ Importance –Division of Buddhism in two sects: Sthaviras (Pakudha Mahakachchayana) and Mahasanghikas (Mahakassapa)

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RELIGIOUS MOVEMENT 3rd Council ➢ Date–250 B.C. (During the reign of Asoka) ➢ Place–Pataliputra ➢ President – Mogaliputtatissa/ ➢ Importance–i) Compilation of Abhidhamma Pitaka, ii) Mogaliputtatissa wrote biography of Buddha named Kathavastu, iii) Religious missionaries were sent to foreign countries to preach and propagate Buddhism. 4th Council ➢ Date – 1st Cen. A.D. (During the reign of Kanishka) ➢ Place – Kundalavan (Kasmir) ➢ President – Vasumitra ➢ Vice President - Ashwaghosha ➢ Importance –Second major division of Buddhism between Hinayana and . Difference between Hinayana and Mahayana Hinayana • Believes Buddha as a great man. • Don’t believe in idol worship. • Prohibition on non-vegetarian food. • Don’t believe in any Teertha (holy place). • Texts were written in generally in Pali language. Mahayana • Believed Buddha as a Lord. • Believed in idol worship. • No boundation for non-vegetarian food. • Believe in pilgrimage (holy place) – Lumbini, Bodhgaya, Sarnath, • Texts were written in generally in Sanskrit language. Some Other Important Sects of Buddhism /Tantrika Buddhism–Related with - (Black Magic) • Influenced Place – Bengal, Bihar. Patronised by Pal rulers of Bengal. • At present Vajrayana is prevalent in Tibbet. Nichrin - Prevelent in Japan Important Female Disciples of Buddism • Mahaprajapti Gautami – First woman who entered in Sangha. • Yashodhara – Wife of Gautam Buddha • Kshema – Wife of Bimbisara • –Ganika of Vaishali Some Important Terms • Sangha –Place where all the important decisions were taken regarding Buddhism. • Chaitya –Place of worship of Buddhist monks • Viharas –Guest houses of Buddhist monks • Upasaka –Those who followed Buddhism along with their normal social life. • Kasheya – Orange colour clothesworn by Buddhist monks. • –Fast by Buddhist monks / discussion on Buddhism. Important Facts • Vikramashila (Bihar) – Last Buddhist University related with Vajrayana. • (Bihar) – Famous Buddhist University related with Mahayana. • Shrivijaya (Ruler of Shailendra Dynasty of Indonesia) built two Buddhist Mathas (temples) Nalanda and Negapattanam. • Most of the Buddhist buildings are situated in Nagarjunakonda (Andhra Pradesh) which was the capital of Ikshavaku Dynasty. • Important disciples of Buddha – Ananda, Upali, Suneeti, Aniruddha, Subhadda (last disciple of Buddha).

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