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Tehreek-E-Labbaik Pakistan Forum Islam und Naher Osten FINO-Info Nr. 4 November 2018 Tehreek-e-Labbaik Pakistan Die Tehreek-e-Labbaik Pakistan (TLP, «‘Hier bin ich’-Bewegung von Pakistan») ist eine rechts- radikale, islamische politische Splitterpartei, die der Prediger Khadim Hussain Rizvi (Ḫādim Ḥus- sayn Riḍwī) 2015 im Milieu der pakistanischen islamischen Barelwī-Konfession gegründet hat und die als politischer Arm der «Bewegung ‘Hier bin ich, oh Gesandter Gottes’» (Tehreek Lab- baik Ya Rasool Allah) gilt. Barelwī-Konfession Lehre Die Sekte gehört zum indisch-pakistanischen Kernpunkt der Lehre der Barelwi, die sich selbst konfessionellen Milieu der Barelwī-Tradition. ahl-e sunnat wa-l-dschama’a (ahl-e sunnat wa- Darauf deutet auch der Name der Sekte hin: er l-ǧamāʿa) nennen, ist die Verehrung des Pro- enthält die für die Barelwi-Konfession typische pheten Muḥammad in doppelter Existenzform: Anrufung des Propheten Muḥammad «Hier als Mensch und als Licht. In seiner Lichtgestalt bin ich, oh Gesandter Gottes». Die Bezeich- sei Muḥammad schon vor der Schöpfung exis- nung der Konfession leitet sich von der indi- tent und aus reiner Gottesliebe erschaffen wor- schen Stadt Bareilly (Uttar Pradesh) her, die als den. Weiter gelte, dass Muḥammad omniprä- Heimat der von dem paschtunischen Prediger sent und als Träger allen esoterischen Wissens Ahmad Riza Khan Barelwi (1856–1911) An- anzusehen sei. Durch eine kultische Verehrung fang des 20. Jahrhunderts gegründeten ortho- Muḥammads sei der Zugang zum Heil gewiss. dox-sunnitischen Schulbewegung galt. Dieser Muḥammadanismus nutzt eine vielfäl- Die Barelwī-Tradition vereinheitlichte und mo- tige sufische Tradition, die bis in das 9. Jahrhun- dernisierte eine vielfältige sufisch-orthodoxe dert zurückreicht und die besonders im Kontext Frömmigkeitskultur, in der die Verehrung des der puritanischen Bewegungen des 17. und 18. Propheten Muḥammad bisweilen den Charakter Jahrhunderts grössere soziale Bedeutsamkeit einer Vergöttlichung annahm. Ahmad Riza erlangte. Mit ihrer engen Anbindung an sufische Khan gelang eine weitgehende Standardisie- Gemeindeführer (pīr) wurde die Lehre zum rung der heterogenen sufischen Muḥammad- Sammelbecken einer islamischen konfessionel- Frömmigkeit und ihre Kanonisierung, sodass len Identität, die die orthodoxe Frömmigkeit vor sich die Muḥammad-Frömmigkeit mehr und der Hegemonie von Modernisten (Schule von mehr als eigenständige islamische Konfession Aligarh), orthodoxen Reformisten (ahl-e hadith) in Indien und ab 1947/8 in Pakistan etablierte. und Unitariern («Fundamentalisten», Schule Heute gehören angeblich etwa 60–70% der pa- von Deoband) zu bewahren suchte. kistanischen Bevölkerung und grosse Teile der Hauptgegner der Barelwis sind daher Puritaner, muslimischen Bevölkerung in Indien der Taliban und politische Islamisten jeglicher Cou- Barelwī-Konfession an. leur. Die Gegnerschaft zwischen Barelwis und ihren Konkurrenten hat inzwischen den Charak- ter eines auch militant ausgetragenen Konfessi- onskonflikts angenommen. Politische Repräsentation ordnungen wurde im November 2010 die christ- Wahhabiten, Taliban und Deobandis betrachten liche Landarbeiterin Asia Noreen «Bibi» zum ihrerseits die Barelwis als «Abtrünnige». Träger Tode verurteilt, da sie angeblich lästerlich über der Barelwī-Tradition sind zum einen sufische den Propheten Muḥammad gesprochen habe. Orden (v.a. die Qadiriya) und lokale sufische Rizvi gründete seine Bewegung im August Gemeinschaften der pīr, zum anderen quasi-po- 2015, um die Hinrichtung von Mumtaz Hussain litische Gruppierungen wie die Gemeinschaft Qadri, der 2011 als Leibwächter den Gouver- der Gelehrten Pakistans (Jamiat Ulema-e-Pa- neur der Provinz Punjab und Verteidiger von kistan) oder der Rat der sunnitischen Einheit «Bibi», Salman Taseer, ermordet hatte, zu ver- (Sunni Ittehad Council). Ausserdem wird die hindern. Qadri, 2016 hingerichtet, wurde als- Barelwī-Tradition durch eine Vielzahl kleinerer bald zu einer Heilsfigur der Barelwis, und Rizvis NGOs vertreten (z.B. Sunni Tehreek, Minhaj-ul- Bewegung selbst gewann mehr und mehr An- Quran). Die Muḥammad-Verehrung provozierte hänger. eine besondere Anfälligkeit für jedwedes Ge- Obwohl ihre politische Mobilisationskraft eher schehen, das die Barelwis als «Beleidigung des gering ist, verfügt die Splitterpartei TLP über ei- Propheten Muḥammad» auslegen können. Für nen nicht unerheblichen politischen Einfluss. sie ist eine vermutete Beleidigung oder Schmä- Offenbar gelingt es ihr, in kritischen Momenten hung identisch mit einer Gotteslästerung, gegen die etablierten politischen Barelwī-Parteien in die vorzugehen gleichbedeutend ist mit einem der Öffentlichkeit auszustechen und sogar die Heilsweg. Regierung (hier von Premier Imran Khan) zu Zugeständnissen zu zwingen. Auf die Revision des Todesurteils von Asia Noreen «Bibi» im Ok- Der Fall Asia Bibi 2010–2018 tober 2018 reagierte die TLP mit wohl inszenier- Die 2015 gegründete Tehreek Labbaik Ya ten Strassenprotesten, worauf die Regierung Rasool Allah, deren politische Partei TLD im- zunächst die Freilassung von «Bibi» bis zu ei- merhin zwei Sitze im Regionalparlament der ner abschliessenden Überprüfung der Beurtei- Provinz Sindh innehat, ist eine Ein-Punkt-Pro- lung durch das Oberste Gericht sistierte. Auch grammpartei: sie versteht sich als Verteidigerin um den Verdacht der Erpressbarkeit abzuweh- der pakistanischen Blasphemie-Gesetze und ren und die Rechtstaatlichkeit des Verfahrens der 1979 erlassenen Strafrechtsordnungen zu sichern, wurde sie am 8.11.2018 schliesslich (Hudood-Verordnungen). Aufgrund dieser Ver- nach achtjähriger Haft doch freigelassen. Seite 2/2 .
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