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Strategic Narratives and Alliances: the Cases of Intervention in Libya (2011) and Economic Sanctions Against Russia (2014) Laura Roselle 99–110

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Strategic Narratives and Alliances: the Cases of Intervention in Libya (2011) and Economic Sanctions Against Russia (2014) Laura Roselle 99–110 Politics and Governance Open Access Journal | ISSN: 2183-2463 Volume 5, Issue 3 (2017) NarrativesNarratives ofof GlobalGlobal OrderOrder Editors Matthew Levinger and Laura Roselle Politics and Governance, 2017, Volume 5, Issue 3 Narratives of Global Order Published by Cogitatio Press Rua Fialho de Almeida 14, 2º Esq., 1070-129 Lisbon Portugal Academic Editors Matthew Levinger, George Washington University, USA Laura Roselle, Elon University, USA Editors-in-Chief Amelia Hadfield, Canterbury Christ Church University, UK Andrej J. Zwitter, University of Groningen, The Netherlands Available online at: www.cogitatiopress.com/politicsandgovernance This issue is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY). Articles may be reproduced provided that credit is given to the original andPolitics and Governance is acknowledged as the original venue of publication. Table of Contents Narrating Global Order and Disorder Matthew Levinger and Laura Roselle 94–98 Strategic Narratives and Alliances: The Cases of Intervention in Libya (2011) and Economic Sanctions against Russia (2014) Laura Roselle 99–110 Russia’s Narratives of Global Order: Great Power Legacies in a Polycentric World Alister Miskimmon and Ben O’Loughlin 111–120 Study of Strategic Narratives: The Case of BRICS Carolijn van Noort 121–129 Genocide Discourses: American and Russian Strategic Narratives of Conflict in Iraq and Ukraine Douglas Irvin-Erickson 130–145 Normal Peace: A New Strategic Narrative of Intervention Nicolas Lemay-Hébert and Gëzim Visoka 146–156 Politics and Governance (ISSN: 2183–2463) 2017, Volume 5, Issue 3, Pages 94–98 DOI: 10.17645/pag.v5i3.1174 Editorial Narrating Global Order and Disorder Matthew Levinger 1,* and Laura Roselle 2 1 Elliott School of International Affairs, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA; E-Mail: [email protected] 2 Department of Political Science, Elon University, Elon, NC 27249, USA; E-Mail: [email protected] * Corresponding author Submitted: 25 September 2017 | Published: 29 September 2017 Abstract This thematic issue addresses how strategic narratives affect international order. Strategic narratives are conceived of as stories with a political purpose or narratives used by political actors to affect the behavior of others. The articles in this issue address two significant areas important to the study of international relations: how strategic narratives support or undermine alliances, and how they affect norm formation and contestation. Within a post-Cold War world and in the midst of a changing media environment, strategic narratives affect how the world and its complex issues are understood. This special issue speaks to the difficulties associated with creating creative and committed international cooperation by noting how strategic narratives are working to shape the Post-Cold War international context. Keywords BRICS; genocide; intervention; narratives; politics; R2P; Russia; Ukraine; world order Issue This editorial is part of the issue “Narratives of Global Order”, edited by Matthew Levinger (George Washington University, USA) and Laura Roselle (Elon University, USA). © 2017 by the authors; licensee Cogitatio (Lisbon, Portugal). This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribu- tion 4.0 International License (CC BY). 1. Introduction the stakes of its struggles. Interest in strategic narratives builds on the narrative turn in international relations For this issue of Politics and Governance, we issued an that emphasizes the importance of narratives in shap- invitation to examine new strategic narratives for 21st- ing how international order is imagined and constructed, century global challenges. As we noted in our call for and the recognition that political actors attempt, under papers, the contemporary world confronts civilizational particular circumstances and in different ways, to shape challenges of unprecedented complexity, which can only the narratives through which sense is made of the in- be addressed through creative and committed interna- ternational system, international relations, and policy. tional cooperation. Yet, twenty-five years after the end Most of the articles found here build on Miskimmon, of the Cold War, governments and political movements O’Loughlin and Roselle’s(2013, 2017)definitionof strate- around the globe are retreating into threadbare, exclu- gic narrative. sionary ethnic and nationalist narratives forged in the We welcomed paper submissions on a range of eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. methodological and thematic topics. We hoped to ex- We defined strategic narrative as a story with a politi- plore questions including: cal purpose—often a story that can be crystallized into a single word or phrase, such as “containment”, “democ- • What are the linguistic, political, and institu- ratization”, or “the global war on terror”. Such stories tional processes by which strategic narratives take provide an organizing framework for collective action, shape? To what extent do narratives play a genera- defining a community’s identity, its values and goals, and tive role in shaping strategic decisions, as opposed Politics and Governance, 2017, Volume 5, Issue 3, Pages 94–98 94 to reflecting other driving forces such as economic alliance’s imposition of punitive sanctions against Russia self-interest? during the Ukraine crisis of 2014. • What factors enable certain narratives to “stick” In the Libyan case, France and the UK attempted as organizing principles for strategic cooperation to persuade the US to cooperate in part by focusing while others fail to translate into sustained coop- on system and identity narratives that emphasized com- erative action? mon values and the need to shape the international sys- • Why, at the present historical moment, are divisive tem. By situating the Libyan crisis within a “broader nar- nationalist narratives more powerful than inclu- rative of a liberal order in which states have responsi- sive ones seeking to advance regional and global bilities to individuals faced with authoritarian machina- integration? tions”, British and French leaders implied that “if the US • What new narratives—and new strategies for col- did not go along, it would be outside the liberal order”. lective action—might help improve international Despite serious reservations about the wisdom of mil- cooperation to address pressing challenges such itary intervention on the part of President Obama and as global climate change, nuclear proliferation, most of his top advisers, the fear of being “left behind” and the protection of vulnerable civilians from vio- by America’s allies ultimately convinced Obama to autho- lence and humanitarian disasters? rize military action. While the example of Libya shows how the use of The articles in this issue address the first three set of strategic narratives can reinforce alliance cohesion by ac- questions more robustly than the fourth. The papers cho- centuating fears of abandonment, the Ukraine crisis illus- sen for inclusion address the dynamics of strategic nar- trates the converse phenomenon: an adversary’s deploy- rative construction and their role in policymaking in al- ment of narratives in order to undermine alliance cohe- liances (Roselle, 2017), how Russian strategic narratives sion by emphasizing the risks of entrapment. In the after- clash with Western European narratives of global order math of Russia’s annexation of Crimea in 2014, Russian (Miskimmon & O’Loughlin, 2017), what factors under- President Vladimir Putin sought to challenge US author- mine BRICS strategic narrative (van Noort, 2017), how ity in the international system and undermine Western characteristics of genocide discourses shape strategic sanctions efforts by refuting NATO’s system and identity responses (Irvin-Erickson, 2017), and the implications narratives. Putin argued that “in a post-bipolar world, the of strategic narratives associated with “normalization” West, led by the US, acted selfishly, hypocritically, and for decisions concerning international intervention or without regard for international law”. Putin’s narratives non-intervention in civil wars and transnational conflicts found resonance in some Eastern European NATO mem- (Lemay-Hébert & Visoka, 2017). ber states, where political leaders opposed sanctions on Strikingly, we did not receive any submissions that Russia, arguing that “the US and NATO take advantage examined narrative strategies to enhance international of those who are weaker” and calling for “the support of cooperation or to address pressing global challenges. In- Christian values” as championed by Putin. deed, the issue might be more aptly entitled “Narratives Alister Miskimmon and Ben O’Loughlin’s (2017) essay of Global Disorder” rather than “Narratives of Global Or- probes in greater depth the “misalignment of narratives der”, because the papers included here seek to under- about world order projected by Russia and its Western stand narrative contestation and the sometimes unexam- interlocutors”. Since the beginning of Putin’s first presi- ined effects of strategic narratives. This makes sense to dency in 2000, Russian leaders have consistently sought us as the post-Cold War international system is in tran- to counteract the Western unipolar system narrative that sition as is the communication technology ecology. Con- depicts the US as the “sole remaining superpower” with testation is front and center. a narrative of a “polycentric world”, in which Russia main- tains great power
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