Islamic State of and the Levant From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

"ISIL", "ISIS", "Daesh", and "Islamic State group" redirect here. For other uses, see ISIL (disambiguation), ISIS (disambiguation), Daish (disambiguation), andIslamic state (disambiguation).

Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant

الدولة اللسليمية في العراق والشام

ad-Dawlah al-Islāmiyah fī 'l-ʿ Irāq wa-sh-Shām

Participant in the Syrian Civil , (2003–2011),Iraqi , Iraq War (2014–present), , insurgency, War in North-West

Pakistan, War in , , and other conflicts

Primary target of Operation Inherent Resolve and of the military

intervention against ISIL: in , Iraq, , and Nigeria.

Flag

Active 1999–present

 Joined al-Qaeda: October 2004

 Declaration of an Islamic state in

Iraq: 13 October 2006

 Claim of territory in the Levant: 8

April 2013  Separated from al-Qaeda:[1][2] 3

February 2014[3]

 Declaration of : 29 June

2014

 Claim of territory in: Libya, ,

Algeria, Saudi Arabia, Yemen: 13 November 2014

 Afghanistan, and

parts of India: 29 January 2015[4]

 Nigeria: 12 March 2015[5][6]

: 23 June

2015[7]

Ideology  Salafism [8][9][10]

 Salafi [10][11]

[11][12]

Leaders  Leader: Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi,[13]

 Deputy leader: Abu Ala al-Afri still

unconfirmed †,[14][15]

 Deputy leader in Syria: Abu Ali al-

Anbari,[16]

 Deputy leader in Iraq: Abu Muslim

al-Turkmani †,[16][17]

 Military chief: Abu Suleiman al-

Naser,[18][19]

 Head of the Shura Council: Abu

Arkan al-Ameri,[20]  Chief spokesperson: Abu

Mohammad al-Adnani,[18][21][22]

 Chief of Syrian military

operations: Abu Omar al-Shishani [18][23]

Headquarters Ar-Raqqah, Syria

(de facto capital)

Area of operations

Military situation as of 25 November 2015, in the Iraqi, Syrian, and Lebaneseconflicts. Controlled by the Iraqi government Controlled by the Syrian government Controlled by the Lebanese government Controlled by the and

the Levant Controlled by forces Controlled by forces Controlled by forces Controlled by al-Nusra Front Controlled by

Note: Iraq and Syria contain large desert areas with limited populations. These areas are mapped as under the control of forces holding roads and towns within them. Detailed map of the Detailed map of the Iraqi insurgency Detailed map of the Lebanese insurgency Detailed map of the Libyan Civil War Detailed map of the Nigerian insurgency Detailed map of the Detailed map of the Yemeni Civil War Strength Inside Syria and Iraq

200,000[24] (Kurdish claim)

100,000[25] (Jihadist claim)

20,000–31,000[26] (CIA estimate) Outside Syria and Iraq 32,600–57,900 (See Military of ISIL for more detailed estimates.) Estimated total 52,600–257,900

Originated as Jamāʻ at al-Tawh ḥīd wa-al-Jihād (1999)[27]

also known ,(الدولة اللسليمية في العراق والشام :The Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL; Arabic as theIslamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS, /ˈ a ɪ s ɨ s/), the Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham, [28] Daesh, or simplyIslamic State (IS),[29] is a Wahhabi/Salafi jihadist extremist militant group. It is led by and mainly composed ofSunni from Iraq and Syria. As of March 2015, it has control over territory occupied by 10 million people in Iraq and Syria, and through loyal local groups, has control over small areas of Libya, Nigeria andAfghanistan. The group also operates or has affiliates in other parts of the world, including andSouth Asia.[30][31][32][33][34][35] The group is known in Arabic as ad-Dawlah al-Islāmiyah fī 'l-ʿ Irāq wa-sh-Shām, leading to the Arabic pronunciation: [ˈ da ːʕ i ʃ ]),[36][37] the Arabic equivalent of "ISIL". On ,داعش) acronym Da'ishor Daesh 29 June 2014, the group proclaimed itself to be an Islamic state and , with Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi being named itscaliph, and renamed itself ad-Dawlah al-Islāmiyah ( Islamic State" (IS). As a caliphate, it claims religious, political and military authority" ,الدولة اللسليمية over all Muslims worldwide, and that "the legality of all emirates, groups, states, and organisations, becomes null by the expansion of the khilāfah's [caliphate's] authority and arrival of its troops to their areas".[28][38][39][40] The has held ISIL responsible for human rights abuses and war crimes, and Amnesty International has reported ethnic cleansing by the group on a "historic scale". The group has been designated a terrorist organisation by the United Nations, the European Unionand member states, the , India, Indonesia, , Turkey, Saudi Arabia, Syria and other countries. Over 60 countries are directly or indirectly waging war against ISIL. The group originated as Jama'at al-Tawhid wal- in 1999, which pledged allegiance to al- Qaeda in 2004. The group participated in the Iraqi insurgency that followed the March by Western forces. In January 2006, it joined other Sunni insurgent groups to form the Mujahideen Shura Council, which proclaimed the formation of the Islamic State of Iraq (ISI) in October 2006. After the Syrian Civil War began in March 2011, the ISI, under the leadership of al-Baghdadi, sent delegates into Syria in August 2011. These fighters named themselves Jabhat an-Nusrahṣ li-Ahli ash-Shām—al-Nusra Front—and established a large presence in Sunni-majority areas of Syria, within the governorates of Ar-Raqqah, Idlib, Deir ez- Zor, andAleppo. In April 2013, al-Baghdadi announced the merger of the ISI with al-Nusra Front and that the name of the reunited group was now the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL). However, Abu Mohammad al-Julani and Ayman al-Zawahiri, the leaders of al-Nusra and al- Qaeda respectively, rejected the merger. After an eight-month power struggle, al-Qaeda cut all ties with ISIL on 3 February 2014, citing its failure to consult and "notorious intransigence". In Syria, the group has conducted ground attacks on both government forces and rebel factions in the Syrian Civil War. The group gained prominence after it drove Iraqi government forces out of key cities in western Iraq in an offensive initiated in early 2014. Iraq's territorial loss almost caused a collapse of the Iraqi government and prompted a renewal of US military action in Iraq.[3] [41][42][43]

ISIL is adept at social media, posting Internet videos of beheadings of soldiers, civilians, journalists and aid workers, and is known for its destruction of cultural heritage sites. Muslim leaders around the world have condemned ISIL's ideology and actions, arguing that the group has strayed overwhelmingly from the path of true and that its actions do not reflect the religion's true teachings or virtues.[44][45] The group's adoption of the name "Islamic State" and idea of a caliphate have been widely criticised, with the United Nations, NATO, various governments, and mainstream Muslim groups rejecting both.

Contents [hide]

 1Names

 2History

o 2.1Foundation, 1999–2006

o 2.2As Islamic State of Iraq , 2006–13

. 2.2.1Syrian Civil War

o 2.3As Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant , 2013–14

o 2.4As Islamic State , 2014–present

 3Worldwide caliphate aims

o 3.1Goals

o 3.2Ideology and beliefs

. 3.2.1Eschatology

o 3.3Territorial claims and international presence

. 3.3.1Libyan Provinces

. 3.3.2Sinai Province

. 3.3.3Algerian Province

. 3.3.4Khorasan Province

. 3.3.5Yemen Provinces

. 3.3.6West African Province

. 3.3.7North Caucasus Province

. 3.3.8Southeast Asia

o 3.4Other areas of operation

o 3.5Leadership and governance o 3.6Monetary system

o 3.7Non-combatants

o 3.8Strategy

 4Designation as a terrorist organisation

 5Human rights abuse and war crime findings

o 5.1Religious and minority group

o 5.2Treatment of civilians

o 5.3Child soldiers

o 5.4Sexual violence and slavery

o 5.5Attacks on members of the press

o 5.6Beheadings and mass executions

o 5.7Use of chemical weapons

o 5.8Destruction of cultural and religious heritage

 6Criticism

o 6.1Islamic criticism

o 6.2International criticism

o 6.3Criticism of the name "Islamic State" and "caliphate" declaration

 7In the media

o 7.1Conspiracy theories

 8Countries and groups at war with ISIL

o 8.1Opposition within Asia and Africa

o 8.2The Global Coalition to Counter the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant

o 8.3Other state opponents not part of the Counter-ISIL Coalition

o 8.4Other non-state opponents

o 8.5Al-Qaeda  9Supporters

o 9.1Iraq and Syria nationals

o 9.2Foreign nationals

o 9.3Groups with expressions of support

o 9.4Allegations of Turkish support

o 9.5Allegations of Qatari support

o 9.6Allegations of Saudi Arabian support

o 9.7Allegations of Syrian support

 10Military and resources

o 10.1Military

. 10.1.1Foreign fighters in Syria and Iraq

o 10.2Weapons

. 10.2.1Conventional weapons

. 10.2.2Non-conventional weapons

o 10.3Propaganda and social media

. 10.3.1Anonymous

o 10.4Finances

. 10.4.1Oil revenues

. 10.4.2Sale of antiques and artifacts

. 10.4.3Taxation and extortion

. 10.4.4Illegal drug trade

. 10.4.5Farming

. 10.4.6Donations by Saudi Arabia and Gulf states

 11Timeline of events

 12See also

 13References  14Bibliography

 15External links Names

The group has had various names since it began.[46]

1. The group was founded in 1999 by Jordanian radical Abu Musab al-Zarqawi as Jamāʻat al-Tawhīdṣ wa-al-Jihād, "The Organisation of Monotheism and Jihad" (JTJ).[27]

2. In October 2004, al-Zarqawi swore loyalty to Osama bin Laden and changed the group's name to Tanẓīmṣ Qāʻidat al- Jihād fī Bilād al-Rāfidayn, "The Organisation of Jihad's Base in Mesopotamia", commonly known as al-Qaeda in Iraq (AQI).[46][47] Although the group has never called itself al- Qaeda in Iraq, this has been its informal name over the years.[48]

3. In January 2006, AQI merged with several other Iraqi insurgent groups to form the Mujahideen Shura Council. [49] Al-Zarqawi was killed in June 2006.

4. On 12 October 2006, the Mujahideen Shura Council merged with several more insurgent factions, and on 13 October the establishment of the ad-Dawlah al-ʻIraq al-Islāmiyah, also known as the Islamic State of Iraq (ISI), was announced. [50] The leaders of this group were Abu Abdullah al-Rashid al- Baghdadi andAbu Ayyub al-Masri.[51] After they were killed in a US–Iraqi operation in April 2010, Abu Bakr al- Baghdadi became the new leader of the group.

5. On 8 April 2013, having expanded into Syria, the group adopted the name Islamic State of Iraq and al-Sham, which more fully translates as Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant[citation needed] or Islamic State of Iraq and Syria.[52][53] [54] These names are translations of the Arabic name ad- Dawlah al-Islāmīyah fī-l-ʻIrāq wa-sh-Shām,[55][56] al- Shām being a description of the Levant or Greater Syria. [28] The translated names are commonly abbreviated as ISIL or ISIS, with a debate over which of these acronyms should be used.[28][56] The Post concluded that the distinction between the two "is not so great".[28]

6. The name Da'ish is often used by ISIL's Arabic-speaking detractors. It is based on the Arabic letters Dāl, alif, ʻayn, of ISIL's Arabic (داعش) and shīn, which form the acronym name al-Dawlah al-Islamīyah fī al-ʻIrāq wa-al-Shām.[57] [58] There are many spellings of this acronym, with "Daesh" gaining acceptance. ISIL considers the acronym Da'ish derogatory because with the appropriate grammatical conjugation it sounds similar to the Arabic words Daes, "one who crushes something underfoot", and Dahes, "one who sows discord".[36][59] ISIL reportedly uses flogging[60][61] and the cutting out of tongues[62] to punish those who use the term in areas under its control. In 2015, over 120 British parliamentarians asked the BBC to use the name Daesh, following the example of John Kerry and Laurent Fabius.[36][63]

7. On 14 May 2014, the United States Department of State announced its decision to use Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) as the group's primary name. [57] However, in late 2014, top US officials shifted toward using Daesh, since this was the name that their Arab allies preferred to use.[36]

8. On 29 June 2014, the group renamed itself ad-Dawlah al- Islamic State (IS)), and declared ,الدولة اللسليمية) Islāmiyah itself a worldwide caliphate.[38][64][65]Accordingly, "Iraq and Shām" was removed from all official deliberations and communications, and the official name became the Islamic State from the date of the declaration. The name Islamic State and the claim of a caliphate have been widely criticised, with the UN, various governments, and mainstream Muslim groups refusing to use the new name.[63] [66][67][68][69][70][71][72]

History

Part of a series on the

Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant history

Jama'at al-Tawhid wal-Jihad (1999–2004)

Tanzim Qaidat al-Jihad fi Bilad

al-Rafidayn (2004–06)

Mujahideen Shura Council (2006)

Islamic State of Iraq (2006–13)

Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (2013–14)

Islamic State (June 2014–present)

By topic  Beheadings   Ideology  Destruction of cultural heritage  Human rights  List of battles  Terrorist incidents  Members  Military  Territorial claims  Timeline  Administrative divisions  Claimed oil fields

 Category  Portal

 v  t  e See also: Timeline of ISIL related events, Islamic State of Iraq § Timeline, Syrian Civil War § Course of events andTerrorist incidents in Iraq in 2014 Foundation, 1999–2006 Main articles: Jama'at al-Tawhid wal-Jihad, Tanẓim Qaidat al-Jihad fi Bilad al- Rafidayn and Mujahideen Shura Council (Iraq) Following the 2003 invasion of Iraq, the Jordanian Salafi jihadist Abu Musab al-Zarqawi and his militant group Jama'at al-Tawhid wal-Jihad, founded in 1999, achieved notoriety in the early stages of the Iraqi insurgency for the suicide attacks on Shia Islamic mosques, civilians, Iraqi government institutions and Italian soldiers partaking in the US-led 'Multi-National Force'. Al- Zarqawi's group officially pledged allegiance to Osama bin Laden's al-Qaeda network in October تنظيم قاعدة الجهاد في بلد ) changing its name to Tanzim Qaidat al-Jihad fi Bilad al-Rafidayn ,2004 [Organisation of Jihad's Base in Mesopotamia"), also known as al-Qaeda in Iraq (AQI).[1][73" ,الرافدين [74] Attacks by the group on civilians, Iraqi government and security forces, foreign diplomats and soldiers, and American convoys continued with roughly the same intensity. In a letter to al- Zarqawi in July 2005, al-Qaeda's then deputy leader Ayman al-Zawahirioutlined a four-stage plan to expand the Iraq War. The plan included expelling US forces from Iraq, establishing an Islamic authority as a caliphate, spreading the conflict to Iraq's secular neighbours, and clashing with Israel, which the letter says "was established only to challenge any new Islamic entity".[75] In January 2006, AQI joined with several smaller Iraqi insurgent groups under an umbrella organisation called the Mujahideen Shura Council (MSC). According to Brian Fishman, this was little more than a media exercise and an attempt to give the group a more Iraqi flavour, and perhaps to distance al-Qaeda from some of al-Zarqawi's tactical errors, more notably the 2005 bombings by AQI of three hotels in Amman.[76] On 7 June 2006, a US airstrike killed al-Zarqawi, who was succeeded as leader of the group by the Egyptian militant Abu Ayyub al-Masri.[77][78] On 12 October 2006, the MSC united with three smaller groups and six Sunni Islamic tribes to form the "Mutayibeen Coalition". It swore by Allah "to rid Sunnis from the oppression of the rejectionists (Shi'ite Muslims) and the crusader occupiers ... to restore rights even at the price of our own lives ... to make Allah's word supreme in the world, and to restore the glory of Islam".[79] [80] A day later, the MSC declared the establishment of the Islamic State of Iraq (ISI), comprising Iraq's six mostly Sunni Arab governorates.[81] Abu Omar al-Baghdadi was announced as its emir, [50][82] and al-Masri was given the title of Minister of War within the ISI's ten-member cabinet.[83] As Islamic State of Iraq, 2006–13 Main article: Islamic State of Iraq According to a study compiled by United States intelligence agencies in early 2007, the ISI—also known as AQI—planned to seize power in the central and western areas of Iraq and turn it into a Sunni caliphate.[84] The group built in strength and at its height enjoyed a significant presence in the Iraqi governorates of Al Anbar,Diyala and , claiming Baqubah as a capital city.[85][86][87] [88]

The Iraq War troop surge of 2007 supplied the United States military with more manpower for operations targeting the group, resulting in dozens of high-level AQI members being captured or killed.[89] Between July and October 2007, al-Qaeda in Iraq was reported to have lost its secure military bases in Al Anbar province and the Baghdad area.[90] During 2008, a series of US and Iraqi offensives managed to drive out AQI-aligned insurgents from their former safe havens, such as the Diyala and Al Anbar governorates, to the area of the northern city of .[91] By 2008, the ISI was describing itself as being in a state of "extraordinary crisis".[92] Its violent attempts to govern its territory led to a backlash from Sunni Arab Iraqis and other insurgent groups and a temporary decline in the group, which was attributable to a number of factors, [93] notably the Anbar Awakening. In late 2009, the commander of US forces in Iraq, General Ray Odierno, stated that the ISI "has transformed significantly in the last two years. What once was dominated by foreign individuals has now become more and more dominated by Iraqi citizens".[94] On 18 April 2010, the ISI's two top leaders, Abu Ayyub al-Masriand Abu Omar al-Baghdadi, were killed in a joint US-Iraqi raid near Tikrit.[95] In a press conference in June 2010, General Odierno reported that 80% of the ISI's top 42 leaders, including recruiters and financiers, had been killed or captured, with only eight remaining at large. He said that they had been cut off from al-Qaeda's leadership in Pakistan.[96][97] [98]

On 16 May 2010, Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi was appointed the new leader of the Islamic State of Iraq.[99][100] Al-Baghdadi replenished the group's leadership, many of whom had been killed or captured, by appointing former Ba'athist military and intelligence officers who had served during 's rule.[101] These men, nearly all of whom had spent time imprisoned by the US military, came to make up about one third of Baghdadi's top 25 commanders. One of them was a former colonel, Samir al-Khlifawi, also known as , who became the overall military commander in charge of overseeing the group's operations.[102][103] Al-Khlifawi was instrumental in doing the ground work that led to the growth of ISIL.[104] In July 2012, al-Baghdadi released an audio statement online announcing that the group was returning to former strongholds from which US troops and the Sons of Iraq had driven them in 2007 and 2008.[105] He also declared the start of a new offensive in Iraq called Breaking the Walls, aimed at freeing members of the group held in Iraqi prisons.[105] Violence in Iraq had begun to escalate in June 2012, primarily with AQI's car bomb attacks, and by July 2013, monthly fatalities exceeded 1,000 for the first time since April 2008.[106] Syrian Civil War In March 2011, protests began in Syria against the Syrian government of Bashar al-Assad. In the following months, violence between demonstrators and security forces led to a gradual militarisation of the conflict.[107] In August, al-Baghdadi began sending Syrian and Iraqi ISI members experienced in guerilla warfare across the border into Syria to establish an organisation there. Led by a Syrian known as Abu Muhammad al-Julani, this group began to recruit fighters and establish cells throughout the country.[108][109] In January 2012, the group announced its formation as Jabhat al-Nusra li Ahl as-Sham—Jabhat al-Nusra—more commonly known as al-Nusra Front. Al-Nusra grew rapidly into a capable fighting force, with popular support among Syrians opposed to the Assad government.[108] As Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant, 2013–14 Main article: Timeline of events related to the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant On 8 April 2013, al-Baghdadi released an audio statement in which he announced that al-Nusra Front had been established, financed, and supported by the Islamic State of Iraq,[110] and that the two groups were merging under the name "Islamic State of Iraq and Al-Sham".[52] Al-Julani issued a statement denying the merger, and complaining that neither he nor anyone else in al-Nusra's leadership had been consulted about it.[111] In June 2013, reported that it had obtained a letter written by al-Qaeda's leader Ayman al-Zawahiri, addressed to both leaders, in which he ruled against the merger, and appointed an emissary to oversee relations between them to put an end to tensions.[112] That same month, al-Baghdadi released an audio message rejecting al- Zawahiri's ruling and declaring that the merger was going ahead.[113] Meanwhile, the ISIL campaign to free imprisoned ISIL members culminated in July 2013, with the group carrying out simultaneous raids on Taji and Abu Ghraib prisons, freeing more than 500 prisoners, many of them of the Iraqi insurgency.[106][114] In October 2013, al-Zawahiri ordered the disbanding of ISIL, putting al-Nusra Front in charge of jihadist efforts in Syria,[115] but al-Baghdadi contested al-Zawahiri's ruling on the basis of Islamic jurisprudence,[113] and his group continued to operate in Syria. In February 2014, after an eight-month power struggle, al-Qaeda disavowed any relations with ISIL.[42] According to journalist Sarah Birke, there are "significant differences" between al-Nusra Front and ISIL. While al-Nusra actively calls for the overthrow of the Assad government, ISIL "tends to be more focused on establishing its own rule on conquered territory". ISIL is "far more ruthless" in building an Islamic state, "carrying out sectarian attacks and imposing sharia law immediately". While al-Nusra has a "large contingent of foreign fighters", it is seen as a home-grown group by many Syrians; by contrast, ISIL fighters have been described as "foreign 'occupiers'" by many Syrian refugees.[116] It has a strong presence in central and northern Syria, where it has instituted sharia in a number of towns.[116] The group reportedly controlled the four border towns of Atmeh, al-Bab, Azaz and Jarablus, allowing it to control the entrance and exit from Syria into Turkey.[116] Foreign fighters in Syria include Russian-speaking jihadists who were part of Jaish al- Muhajireen wal-Ansar(JMA).[117] In November 2013, the JMA's Chechen leader Abu Omar al- Shishani swore an oath of allegiance to al-Baghdadi;[118] the group then split between those who followed al-Shishani in joining ISIL and those who continued to operate independently in the JMA under new leadership.[119] In January 2014, rebels affiliated with the and the US-trained Free [120] launched an offensive against ISIL militants in and around the city of .[121][122] In May 2014, Ayman al-Zawahiri ordered the al-Nusra Front to stop its attacks on its rival, ISIL.[123][not in citation given] In June 2014, after continued fighting between the two groups, al-Nusra's branch in the Syrian town of Al-Bukamal pledged allegiance to ISIL.[124][125] In mid-June 2014, ISIL captured the Trabil crossing on the Jordan–Iraq border,[126] the only border crossing between the two countries. [127] ISIL has received some public support in Jordan, albeit limited, partly owing to state repression there.[128] ISIL has undertaken a recruitment drive in Saudi Arabia,[129] where tribes in the north are linked to those in western Iraq and eastern Syria.[130] As Islamic State, 2014–present See also: ISIL beheading incidents, American-led intervention in Syria, American-led intervention in Iraq (2014–present), Iranian intervention in Iraq (2014–present), Military intervention against ISIL, Northern Iraq offensive (June 2014) and Turkish involvement in the Syrian Civil War On 29 June 2014, the organisation proclaimed itself to be a worldwide caliphate.[131] Abu Bakr al- Baghdadi—known by his supporters as Amir al-Mu'minin, Caliph Ibrahim—was named its caliph, Islamic State" (IS)).[38] As a" ,الدولة اللسليمية) and the group renamed itself ad-Dawlah al-Islāmiyah "Caliphate", it claims religious, political and military authority over all Muslims worldwide.[40][132] The concept of it being a caliphate and the name "Islamic State" have been rejected by governments and Muslim leaders worldwide.[66][67][68][69][70][71][72] In June and July 2014, Jordan and Saudi Arabia moved troops to their borders with Iraq, after Iraq lost control of, or withdrew from, strategic crossing points that then came under the control of ISIL, or tribes that supported ISIL.[127][133] There was speculation that Iraqi Prime Minister Nouri al- Maliki had ordered a withdrawal of troops from the Iraq–Saudi crossings in order "to increase pressure on Saudi Arabia and bring the threat of ISIS over-running its borders as well".[130] In July 2014, ISIL recruited more than 6,300 fighters, according to the Syrian Observatory for Human Rights, some of whom were thought to have previously fought for the . [134] On 23 July 2014, leader Isnilon Totoni Hapilon and some masked men swore loyalty to al-Baghdadi in a video, giving ISIL a presence in the Philippines.[35][135] In September 2014, the group began people for ransoming, in the name of ISIL.[136]

Yazidi refugees and American aid workers on Mount in August 2014 On 3 August 2014, ISIL captured the cities of Zumar, Sinjar, and Wana in northern Iraq. [137] Thousands of fled upMount Sinjar, fearful of the approaching hostile ISIL militants. The stranded Yazidis' need for food and water, the threat ofgenocide to them and to others announced by ISIL, along with the desire to protect US citizens in Iraq and support Iraq in its fight against ISIL, were all reasons for the 2014 American intervention in Iraq on 7 August[138] and an aerial bombing campaign in Iraq which started on 8 August. On 11 October 2014, it was reported that ISIL had dispatched 10,000 militants from Syria and Mosul to capture the Iraqi capital city of Baghdad,[139] and Iraqi Army forces and Anbar tribesmen threatened to abandon their weapons if the US did not send in ground troops to halt ISIL's advance.[140] On 13 October, ISIL fighters advanced to within 25 kilometres (16 mi) of Baghdad Airport.[141] At the end of October 2014, 800 radical militants gained partial control of the Libyan city of Derna and pledged their allegiance to Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi, thus making Derna the first city outside Syria and Iraq to be a part of the "Islamic State Caliphate".[142] On 2 November 2014, according to the Associated Press, in response to the coalition airstrikes, representatives from Ahrar ash-Sham attended a meeting with al-Nusra Front, the Khorasan Group, ISIL, and Jund al-Aqsa, which sought to unite these hard-line groups against the US-led coalition and moderate Syrian rebel groups.[143] However, by 14 November 2014, it was revealed that the negotiations had failed.[144] On 10 November 2014, a major faction of the Egyptian militant group Ansar Bait al-Maqdis also pledged its allegiance to ISIL.[145]

Coalition airstrike on ISIL position, October 2014 ISIL has often used water as a weapon of war. The closing of the gates of the smaller Nuaimiyah dam in in April 2014, resulted in the flooding of surrounding regions, while water supply was cut to the Shia-dominated south. Around 12,000 families lost their homes and 200 km² of villages and fields were either flooded or dried up. The economy of the region also suffered with destruction of cropland and electricity shortages.[146] In mid-January 2015, a Yemeni official said that ISIL had "dozens" of members in Yemen, and that they were coming into direct competition with al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula with their recruitment drive.[147] In January 2015, Afghan officials confirmed that ISIL had a military presence in Afghanistan, [148] recruiting over 135 militants by late January. However, by the end of January 2015, 65 of the militants were either captured or killed by the , and ISIL's top Afghan recruiter, Mullah Abdul Rauf, was killed in a US drone strike in February 2015.[149][150][151] In late January 2015, it was reported that ISIL members had infiltrated the European Union and disguised themselves as civilian refugees who were emigrating from the war zones of Iraq and the Levant.[152] An ISIL representative claimed that ISIL had successfully smuggled 4,000 fighters, and that the smuggled fighters were planning attacks in Europe in retaliation for the airstrikes carried out against ISIL targets in Iraq and Syria. However, experts believe that this claim was exaggerated to boost their stature and spread fear, although they acknowledged that some Western countries were aware of the smuggling.[153] In early February 2015, ISIL militants in Libya managed to capture part of the countryside to the west of Sabha, and later, an area encompassing the cities of ,Nofolia, and a military base to the south of both cities. In February 2015, it was reported that some Ansar al-Sharia in Yemen members had broken from al-Qaeda and pledged allegiance to ISIL.[154] On 16 February 2015, Egypt conducted airstrikes in Libya, in retaliation against ISIL's beheading of 21 Egyptian Christians. By the end of that day, 64 ISIL militants in Libya had been killed by the airstrikes, including 50 militants in Derna.[155] However, by early March, ISIL had captured additional Libyan territory, including a city to the west of Derna, additional areas near Sirte, a stretch of land in southern Libya, some areas around Benghazi, and an area to the east of . On 7 March 2015, Boko Haram swore formal allegiance to ISIL, giving ISIL an official presence in Nigeria, Niger, Chad and Cameroon.[6][156][157] On 13 March 2015, a group of militants from the Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan swore allegiance to ISIL;[158] the group released another video on 31 July 2015 containing its spiritual leader also pledging allegiance.[159] On 30 March 2015, the senior sharia official of Ansar al-Sharia in Libya, Abdullah Al-Libi, defected to ISIL.[160] From March through mid-April 2015, advances by Iraqi forces into ISIL-controlled territory were focused on Tikrit and the Saladin Governorate.[161] In June 2015, the US Deputy Secretary of State announced that ISIL had lost more than 10,000 members in airstrikes over the preceding nine months.[162] In the same month, three simultaneous attacks occurred: two hotels were attacked by gunmen in Tunisia, a man was decapitated in , and a bomb was detonated at a Shia mosque in Kuwait. ISIL claimed responsibility for the attacks in Kuwait and Tunisia. ISIL flags were present at the crime scene in France, but ISIL has not claimed responsibility for the attack. Responsibility for the November 2015 attacks was also claimed by ISIL.[163] Worldwide caliphate aims Goals Since at least 2004, a significant goal of the group has been the foundation of a Sunni Islamic state.[164][165] Specifically, ISIL has sought to establish itself as acaliphate, an Islamic state led by a group of religious authorities under a supreme leader—the caliph—who is believed to be the successor to ProphetMuhammad.[166] In June 2014, ISIL published a document in which it claimed to have traced the lineage of its leader al-Baghdadi back to Muhammad,[166] and upon proclaiming a new caliphate on 29 June, the group appointed al-Baghdadi as its caliph. As caliph, he demands the allegiance of all devout Muslims worldwide, according to Islamic jurisprudence (fiqh).[167] ISIL has detailed its goals in its Dabiq magazine, saying it will continue to seize land and take over the entire Earth until its: Blessed flag...covers all eastern and western extents of the Earth, filling the world with the truth and justice of Islam and putting an end to the falsehood and tyranny of jahiliyyah [state of ignorance], even if American and its coalition despise such.

— 5th edition of Dabiq, the Islamic State’s English-language magaẓine [168] According to German journalist Jürgen Todenhöfer, who spent ten days embedded with ISIL in Mosul, the view that he kept hearing was that ISIL wants to “conquer the world” and all who do not believe in the group’s interpretation of the Koran will be killed. Todenhöfer was struck by the ISIL fighters' belief that “all religions who agree with democracy have to die”,[169] and by their "incredible enthusiasm"—including enthusiasm for killing "hundreds of millions" of people.[170] A map circulated around the internet purporting to show historical areas of former Islamic states in Europe, the Middle East, and Africa, that ISIL planned to expand to, was created by outside supporters and had no official connection to ISIL.[171][172][173][174][175][176][177] When the caliphate was proclaimed, ISIL stated: "The legality of all emirates, groups, states and organisations becomes null by the expansion of the khilafah's [caliphate's] authority and arrival of its troops to their areas."[166] This was a rejection of the political divisions in the Middle East that were established by European countries during in the Sykes–Picot Agreement.[178][179] [180] Ideology and beliefs Main article: Ideology of the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant ISIL is a Salafi or Wahhabi group.[11][181][182] It follows an extremist interpretation of Islam, promotes religious violence, and regards Muslims who do not agree with its interpretations as infidels or apostates.[8] According to Hayder al Khoei, ISIL's philosophy is represented by the symbolism in the Black Standard variant of the legendary battle flag of Prophet Muhammad that it has adopted: the flag shows the Seal of Muhammad within a white circle, with the phrase above it, "There is no God but Allah".[183] Such symbolism has been said to point to ISIL's belief that it represents the restoration of the caliphate of early Islam, with all the political, religious and eschatological ramifications that this would imply.[184] According to some observers, ISIL emerged from the ideology of the , the first post-Ottoman Islamist group dating back to the late 1920s in Egypt.[185] It adheres to global jihadist principles and follows the hard-line ideology of al-Qaeda and many other modern- day jihadist groups.[8][3] However, other sources trace the group's roots to Wahhabism. For their guiding principles, the leaders of the Islamic State ... are open and clear about their almost exclusive commitment to the Wahhabi movement of . The group circulates images of Wahhabi religious textbooks from Saudi Arabia in the schools it controls. Videos from the group’s territory have shown Wahhabi texts plastered on the sides of an official missionary van.

— David D. Kirkpatrick, [12] According to The Economist, dissidents in the ISIL capital of Ar-Raqqah report that "all 12 of the judges who now run its court system ... are Saudis". Saudi Wahhabi practices also followed by the group include the establishment of religious to root out "vice" and enforce attendance at salat prayers, the widespread use of capital punishment, and the destruction or re-purposing of any non-Sunni religious buildings.[186] Bernard Haykel has described al-Baghdadi's creed as "a kind of untamed Wahhabism".[12] ISIL aims to return to the early days of Islam, rejecting all innovations in the religion, which it believes corrupts its original spirit. It condemns later and theOttoman Empire for deviating from what it calls pure Islam,[171] and seeks to revive the original Wahhabi project of the restoration of the caliphate governed by strict Salafist doctrine. Following Salafi-Wahhabi tradition, ISIL condemns the followers of secular law as disbelievers, putting the current Saudi Arabian government in that category.[187] Salafists such as ISIL believe that only a legitimate authority can undertake the leadership of jihad, and that the first priority over other areas of combat, such as fighting non-Muslim countries, is the purification of Islamic society. For example, ISIL regards the Palestinian Sunni group as apostates who have no legitimate authority to lead jihad and see fighting Hamas as the first step toward confrontation by ISIL with Israel.[12][188] Eschatology One difference between ISIL and other Islamist and jihadist movements, including al-Qaeda, is the group's emphasis on eschatology and apocalypticism—that is, a belief in a final Day of Judgment by God, and specifically, a belief that the arrival of one known as Imam Mahdi is near. ISIL believes that it will defeat the army of "Rome" at the town of Dabiq, in fulfilment of prophecy. [189] Following its interpretation of the Hadith of the Twelve Successors, ISIL also believes that after al-Baghdadi there will be only four more legitimate caliphs.[189] The noted scholar of militant William McCants writes: References to the End Times fill Islamic State propaganda. It's a big selling point with foreign fighters, who want to travel to the lands where the final battles of the apocalypse will take place. The civil raging in those countries today [Iraq and Syria] lend credibility to the prophecies. The Islamic State has stoked the apocalyptic fire. [...] For Bin Laden's generation, the apocalypse wasn't a great recruiting pitch. Governments in the Middle East two decades ago were more stable, and sectarianism was more subdued. It was better to recruit by calling to arms against corruption and tyranny than against the Antichrist. Today, though the apocalyptic recruiting pitch makes more sense.

— William McCants, The ISIS Apocalypse: The History, Strategy, and Doomsday Vision of the Islamic State: [190] Territorial claims and international presence Main article: ISIL territorial claims

Areas controlled (as of 21 October 2015) Remaining territory in countries with ISIL presence In Iraq and Syria, ISIL uses many of those countries' existing governorate boundaries to subdivide its claimed territory; it calls these divisions wilayah or provinces.[191] As of June 2015, it had established official branches in Libya, Egypt (), Saudi Arabia, Yemen, Algeria, Afghanistan, Pakistan, Nigeria and the North Caucasus.[192] Outside Iraq and Syria, it controls territory only in Sinai, Afghanistan, and Libya.[32] ISIL also has members in Morocco, Lebanon, Jordan, Turkey & Israel, but does not have official branches in those areas.[193] Libyan Provinces Main article: Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant in Libya Current military situation in Libya: Under the control of ISIL and Ansar al-Sharia ISIL divides Libya into three historical provinces, claiming authority over Cyrenaica in the east, Fezzan in the desert south, and Tripolitania in the west, around its capital Tripoli.[194] On 5 October 2014, the Shura Council of Islamic Youth and other militants in Libya were absorbed and designated the Cyrenaica Province of ISIL.[195][196] The Libyan branch of ISIL has been the most active and successful of all ISIL branches outside Iraq and Syria. It has been active mainly around Derna and Gaddafi's hometown Sirte.[197][198] On 4 January 2015, ISIL forces in Libya seized control of the eastern countryside of Sabha, executing 14 Libyan soldiers in the process.[199][200] They temporarily controlled part of Derna before being driven out in mid-2015.[201] Reports from Sirte suggest ISIL militants based there are a mixture of foreign fighters and ex-Gaddafi loyalists.[202] An initiative between pro-Dawn forces associated with and Operation Dawn clashed with these IS militants in Sirte.[citation needed][203][204]Fighting between Libya Dawn forces and ISIL militants was also reported in the Daheera area west of the city of Sirte, and at the vicinity east of Sirte.[205] One unconfirmed source has claimed that ISIL uses its bases in Libya to smuggle its fighters into the European Union posing as refugees.[206][207] Sinai Province Main article: Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant – Sinai Province On 10 November 2014, many members of the group Ansar Bait al-Maqdis took an oath of allegiance to al-Baghdadi.[145]Following this, the group assumed the designation Sinai Province (Wilayat Sinai).[195][208][209][210] They are estimated to have 1,000–2,000 fighters.[35][211] A faction of the Sinai group also operates in the , calling itself the Islamic State in Gaẓa. [212] On 19 August 2015, members of the group bombed an Egyptian security headquarters building in northern , injuring 30 people.[213] It is also speculated to be behind the crash of RussianMetrojet Flight 9268, which killed all 224 people on board. The group has claimed responsibility for the attack in audio recordings, though Egyptian officials deny there is enough evidence for the claim.[214] Algerian Province Members of Jund al-Khilafah swore allegiance to ISIL in September 2014.[215] ISIL in Algeria gained notoriety when it beheaded French tourist Herve Gourdel in September 2014. Since then, the group has largely been silent, with reports that its leader Khalid Abu-Sulayman was killed by Algerian forces in December 2014.[192] Khorasan Province Main article: Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant – Khorasan Province On 26 January 2015, Khorasan Province (Wilayat Khorasan) was established, with named as Wāli (Governor) and Abdul Rauf as his deputy after both swore an oath of allegiance to al-Baghdadi. The name Khorasan refers to a historical region that includes Afghanistan, Pakistan, and "other nearby lands".[4][151][216][217] On 9 February 2015, Mullah Abdul Rauf was killed by a NATO airstrike.[151] On 18 March 2015, Hafiz Wahidi, ISIL's replacement deputy Emir in Afghanistan, was killed by the Afghan Armed Forces, along with nine other ISIL militants who were accompanying him.[218] In June, received reports that villages in several districts of Afghanistan's eastern Nangarhar Province had been captured from the Taliban by ISIL sympathisers.[32] On 10 July 2015, Hafiz Saeed Khan, the Emir of ISIL's Khorasan Province, was reportedly killed in U.S. drone strike in eastern Afghanistan.[219] However Khorasan Province released an audio tape claimed to be of Hafiz Saeed Khan on 13 July 2015,[220] and he was sanctioned by the US Department of the Treasury on 29 September 2015.[221] Yemen Provinces On 13 November 2014, unidentified militants in Yemen pledged allegiance to ISIL.[215] By December of that year, ISIL had built an active presence inside Yemen, with its recruitment drive bringing it into direct competition with al-Qaeda-affiliated al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula (AQAP).[147][222] In February 2015, it was reported that some members of Ansar al-Sharia in Yemen had split from AQAP and pledged allegiance to ISIL.[223] As the Yemeni Civil War escalated in March 2015, at least seven ISIL Wilayat, named after existing provincial boundaries in Yemen, claimed responsibility for attacks against the Houthis, including theHadhramaut Province, the Shabwah Province, and the Sana'a Province.[224][225] Shi'a Houthis (Revolutionary Committee) are principal enemies of Yemen's ISIL branch.[226][227] U.S. supports the Saudi-led military intervention in Yemen against the Houthis,[228] but many in U.S. SOCOM reportedly favor Houthis, as they have been an effective force in rolling back al-Qaeda and recently ISIL in Yemen, "something that hundreds of U.S. drone strikes and large numbers of advisers to Yemen’s military had failed to accomplish".[229] reported: "As another 50 civilians die in the forgotten war, only Isis and al-Qaida are gaining from a conflict tearing Yemen apart and leaving 20 million people in need of aid."[230] West African Province Main article: Boko Haram On 7 March 2015, Boko Haram's leader pledged allegiance to the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant via an audio message posted on the organisation's account. [231][232] On 12 March 2015, ISIL's spokesman Abu Mohammad al-Adnani released an audio tape in which he welcomed the pledge of allegiance, and described it as an expansion of the group's caliphate into .[5] ISIL publications from late March 2015 began referring to members of Boko Haram as part of Wilayat Gharb Afriqiya (West Africa Province).[225] North Caucasus Province Some commanders of the in Chechnya and Dagestan switched their allegiance to ISIL in late 2014 and early 2015.[233] On 23 June 2015, ISIL spokesman Abu Mohammad al-Adnani accepted the pledges of allegiance and announced a new Caucasus Province (Wilayat al-Qawqaẓ) under the leadership ofRustam Asildarov.[7][192] Main article: Abu Sayyaf On 23 July 2014, Abu Sayyaf leader Isnilon Totoni Hapilon in the Philippines swore an oath of loyalty to Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi, the leader of ISIL.[135] In September 2014, the group began kidnapping people to ransom, in the name of ISIL.[136] Other areas of operation

 Unidentified militants in Saudi Arabia pledged allegiance to ISIL – designated as a province of ISIL.[215]  The Free Sunnis of Baalbek Brigade (Lebanon) pledged allegiance to ISIL.[35]

 Sons of the Call for Tawhid and Jihad (Jordan) pledged allegiance to ISIL.[234] Leadership and governance Further information: List of Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant members

Mugshot of al-Baghdadi by U.S. armed forces while in detention at Camp Bucca in 2004 The group is headed and run by Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi, with a cabinet of advisers. There are two deputy leaders, Abu Muslim al-Turkmani (KIA) for Iraq and Abu Ali al-Anbari for Syria, and 12 local governors in Iraq and Syria. A third man, Abu Ala al-Afri, is also believed to hold a prominent position within the group, having been rumored to be the deputy leader of ISIL. All three are believed to be ethnic Turkmen. The former Iraqi strongman Saddam Hussein was also said to have had senior Turkmen within his inner circle.[235][236] While al-Baghdadi has told followers to "advise me when I err" in sermons, according to observers "any threat, opposition, or even contradiction is instantly eradicated".[237] Beneath the leaders are councils on finance, leadership, military matters, legal matters—including decisions on executions—foreign fighters' assistance, security, intelligence and media. In addition, a shura council has the task of ensuring that all decisions made by the governors and councils comply with the group's interpretation of sharia. [238] The majority of ISIL's leadership is dominated by Iraqis, especially former members of Saddam Hussein's Ba'athgovernment who lost their jobs and pensions in De- Ba'athification when his regime was overthrown.[103][239] It has been reported that Iraqis and Syrians have been given greater precedence over other nationalities within ISIL because the group needs the loyalties of the local Sunni populations in both Syria and Iraq in order to be sustainable.[240][241] However, other reports have indicated that Syrians are at a disadvantage to foreign members of ISIL, with some native Syrian fighters resenting "favoritism" allegedly shown towards foreigners over pay and accommodation.[242][243] In September 2014, estimated that eight million Iraqis and Syrians live in areas controlled by ISIL.[244] Ar-Raqqah in Syria is the de facto capital, and is said to be a test case of ISIL governance.[245] As of September 2014, governance in Ar-Raqqah has been under the total control of ISIL where it has rebuilt the structure of modern government in less than a year. Former government workers from the Assad government have maintained their jobs after pledging allegiance to ISIL. Institutions, restored and restructured, provide their respective services. The Ar-Raqqah dam continues to provide electricity and water. Foreign expertise aids Syrian officials in the running of civilian institutions. Only the police and soldiers are ISIL fighters, who receive confiscated lodging previously owned by non-Sunnis and others who have fled. Welfare services are provided, price controls are established, and taxes are imposed on the wealthy. ISIL runs a soft power programme in the areas under its control in Iraq and Syria, which includes social services, religious lectures andda'wah—proselytising—to local populations. It also performs public services, such as repairing roads and maintaining the electricity supply.[246] British security expert Frank Gardner concluded that ISIL's prospects of maintaining control and rule were greater in 2014 than they had been in 2006, and that despite being as brutal as before, ISIL had become "well entrenched" among the population and was not likely to be dislodged by ineffective Syrian or Iraqi forces. It has replaced corrupt governance with functioning locally controlled authorities, services have been restored and there are adequate supplies of water and oil. With Western-backed intervention being unlikely, the group will "continue to hold their ground" and rule an area "the size of Pennsylvania for the foreseeable future", he said.[191][247] ISIL has maintained food production, crucial to governance and popular support,[248] and its 40% control of Iraq's wheat production has further solidified its rule. Monetary system Main article: Modern gold dinar On 11 November 2014, ISIL announced its intent to mint its own gold, silver, and copper coins, based on the coinage used by the Umayyad Caliphate in the 7th century. Following the announcement, the group began buying up gold, silver, and copper in markets throughout northern and western Iraq, according to precious metal traders in the area. Members of the group also reportedly began stripping the insulation off electrical power cables to obtain the copper wiring.[249][250] The announcement included designs of the proposed coins, which displayed imagery including a map of the world, a sword and shield, the Al-Aqsa Mosque inJerusalem, and a crescent moon. Economics experts, such as Professor Steven H. Hanke of Johns Hopkins University, were skeptical of the plans.[250][251] A subsequent report alleged that coins released in Mosul were only gold plated and not worth their stated value in precious metal.[252] Non-combatants Although ISIL attracts followers from different parts of the world by promoting the image of holy war, not all of its recruits end up in combatant roles. There have been several cases of new recruits expecting to be mujahideen who have returned from Syria disappointed by the everyday jobs that were assigned to them, such as drawing water or cleaning toilets, or by the ban imposed on use of mobile phones during military training sessions.[253] ISIL publishes material directed at women. Although women are not allowed to take up arms, media groups encourage them to play supportive roles within ISIL, such as providing first aid, cooking, nursing and sewing skills, in order to become "good wives of jihad".[254] In a document entitled Women in the Islamic State: Manifesto and Case Study released by the media wing of ISIL's all-female Al-Khanssaa Brigade, emphasis is given to the paramount importance of and motherhood (as early as nine-years-old). Women should live a life of "sedentariness", fulfilling her "divine duty of motherhood" at home, with a few exceptions like teachers and doctors.[255][256] Equality for women is opposed, as is education on non-religious subjects, the "worthless worldly sciences"[256] Strategy

This section requires expansion.

(November 2015)

A 2004 work published online entitled Management of Savagery [257] (Idarat at Tawahoush), described by several media outlets as influential on ISIL,[258][259][260] and intended to provide a strategy to create a new Islamic caliphate,[261] recommended a strategy of attack outside its territory in which fighters would: Diversify and widen the vexation strikes against the Crusader-Zionist enemy in every place in the Islamic world, and even outside of it if possible, so as to disperse the efforts of the alliance of the enemy and thus drain it to the greatest extent possible.

— Scott Atran, Paris: The War ISIS Wants[262] Terror attacks on soft targets like resorts will require expenditures for security that will weaken the "crusaders". If a tourist resort that the Crusaders patronize…is hit, all of the tourist resorts in all of the states of the world will have to be secured by the work of additional forces, which are double the ordinary amount, and a huge increase in spending,

— Scott Atran, Paris: The War ISIS Wants[262] while inspiring disaffected youth who are naturally rebellious and energetic. The terror will motivate crowds drawn from the masses to fly to the regions which we manage, particularly the youth… [For] the youth of the nation are closer to the innate nature [of humans] on account of the rebelliousness within them.

— Scott Atran, Paris: The War ISIS Wants[262] and will also draw the "Crusaders" into a quagmire of military conflict: Work to expose the weakness of America’s centralized power by pushing it to abandon the media psychological war and war by proxy until it fights directly.

— Scott Atran, Paris: The War ISIS Wants[262] One observer has described ISIL's publicizing of its mass executions and killing of civilians as part of "a conscious plan designed to instill among believers a sense of meaning that is sacred and sublime, while scaring the hell out of fence-sitters and enemies."[262] Another describes it purpose as to "break" psychologically those under its control "so as to ensure their absolute allegiance through fear and intimidation", while generating "outright hate and vengeance" by its enemies.[263] Designation as a terrorist organisation Main articles: List of designated terrorist organiẓations and Terrorism

Organisation Date Body References

Multinational organisations

18 October 2004 (as al-Qaeda in United Nations Iraq) United Nations Security Council [264][265][266] 30 May 2013 (after separation from al - Qaeda)

2004 EU Council (via adoption of UN al- [267] European Union Qaeda Sanctions List)

Nations

March 2001 (as part of al-Qaeda) Home Secretary of the Home [268] 20 June 2014 (after separation from Office al-Qaeda)

[269] United States 17 December 2004 (as al-Qaeda in United States Department of Iraq) State

2 March 2005 (as al-Qaeda in Iraq) [270] 14 December 2013 (after Attorney-General for Australia separation from al-Qaeda)

Canada 20 August 2012 Parliament of Canada [271]

Grand National Assembly of Turkey 30 October 2013 [272][273] Turkey

Royal decree of the King of Saudi Arabia 7 March 2014 [274] Saudi Arabia

National Counter-terrorism Indonesia 1 August 2014 [275] Agency BNPT

United Arab 20 August 2014 Cabinet [276] Emirates

Malaysia 24 September 2014 Ministry of Foreign Affairs [277]

The Cairo Court for Urgent Egypt 30 November 2014 [278][279] Matters

India 16 December 2014 Ministry of Home Affairs [280][281]

Russia 29 December 2014 Supreme Court of Russia [282]

Kyrgyz State Committee of Kyrgyzstan 25 March 2015 [283] National Security

Syria [284]

Jordan [285] Pakistan 29 August 2015 Ministry of Interior [286]

The United Nations Security Council in its Resolution 1267 (1999) described Osama bin Laden and his al-Qaeda associates as operators of a network of terrorist training camps.[287] The UN's Al-Qaida Sanctions Committee first listed ISIL in its Sanctions List under the name "Al- Qaida in Iraq" on 18 October 2004, as an entity/group associated with al-Qaeda. On 2 June 2014, the group was added to its listing under the name "Islamic State in Iraq and the Levant". The European Union adopted the UN Sanctions List in 2002.[267]

People lay flowers outside theFrench embassy in Moscow in memory of the victims of the November 2015 Paris attacks. Many world leaders and government spokespeople have called ISIL a terrorist group or banned it, without their countries having formally designated it as such. The following are examples: The Government of Germany banned ISIL in September 2014. Activities banned include donations to the group, recruiting fighters, holding ISIL meetings and distributing its propaganda, flying ISIL flags, wearing ISIL symbols and all ISIL activities. "The terror organisation Islamic State is a threat to public safety in Germany as well", said German politician Thomas de Maizière. He added, "Today’s ban is directed solely against terrorists who abuse religion for their criminal goals." The ban does not mean that ISIL has been outlawed as a foreign terrorist organisation in Germany, as that requires a court judgement.[288] In October 2014, Switzerland banned ISIL's activities in the country, including propaganda and financial support of the fighters, with prison sentences as potential penalties.[289] In mid-December 2014, India banned ISIL after the arrest of an operator of a pro-ISIL Twitter account.[290] Pakistan designated ISIL as a banned organisation in late August 2015, under which all elements expressing sympathy for the group would be blacklisted and sanctioned.[286] Media sources worldwide have described ISIL as a terrorist organisation.[28][103][275][291][292][293] Human rights abuse and war crime findings In July 2014, the BBC reported the United Nations' chief investigator as stating: "Fighters from the Islamic State in Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) may be added to a list of war crimes suspects in Syria."[294] By June 2014, according to United Nations reports, ISIL had killed hundreds of prisoners of war[295] and over 1,000 civilians. In November 2014, the UN Commission of Inquiry on Syria said that ISIL was committing crimes against humanity.[296][297] A report by in November 2014 accused ISIL groups in control of Derna, Libya of war crimes and human rights abuses and of terrorizing residents. Human Rights Watch documented three apparent summary executions and at least ten public floggings by the Islamic Youth Shura Council, which joined ISIL in November. It also documented the beheading of three Derna residents and dozens of seemingly politically motivated assassinations of judges, public officials, members of the security forces and others. Sarah Leah Watson, Director of HRW Middle East and North Africa, said: "Commanders should understand that they may face domestic or international prosecution for the grave rights abuses their forces are committing."[298] Speaking of ISIL's methods, the United Nations Commission on Human Rights has stated that the group "seeks to subjugate civilians under its control and dominate every aspect of their lives through terror, indoctrination, and the provision of services to those who obey".[299] Religious and minority group persecution See also: Persecution of Assyrians by ISIL, Persecution of Yaẓidis by ISIL and Arabiẓation

Yazidi refugees on Mount Sinjar in August 2014 ISIL compels people in the areas that it controls to live according to its interpretation of sharia law.[291][300] There have been many reports of the group's use of death threats, torture and mutilation to compel conversion to Islam,[291][300] and of clerics being killed for refusal to pledge allegiance to the so-called "Islamic State".[301] ISIL directs violence against Shia Muslims,Alawites, Assyrian, Chaldean, Syriac and Armenian Christians, Yazidis, Druze, Shabaks and Mandeans in particular.[302] ISIL fighters are targeting Syria's minority Alawite sect.[303][304] The Islamic State and affiliated jihadist groups reportedly took the lead in an offensive on Alawite villages in Latakia Governorate of Syria in August 2013.[305][306] Amnesty International has held ISIL responsible for the ethnic cleansing of ethnic and religious minority groups in northern Iraq on a "historic scale". In a special report released on 2 September 2014, it describes how ISIL has "systematically targeted non-Arab and non-Sunni Muslim communities, killing or abducting hundreds, possibly thousands, of individuals and forcing more than 830,000 others to flee the areas it has captured since 10 June 2014". Among these people are Assyrian Christians, Turkmen Shia, Shabak Shia, Yazidis, Kaka'i and Sabean Mandeans, who have lived together for centuries in province, large parts of which came under ISIL's control.[307][308] Among the known killings of religious and minority group civilians carried out by ISIL are those in the villages and towns of Quiniyeh (70–90 Yazidis killed), Hardan (60 Yazidis killed), Sinjar (500– 2,000 Yazidis killed), Jabal (60–70 Yazidis killed), Dhola (50 Yazidis killed), Khana Sor (100 Yazidis killed), Hardan (250–300 Yazidis killed), al-Shimal (dozens of Yazidis killed), Khocho (400 Yazidis killed and 1,000 abducted), Jadala (14 Yadizis killed)[309] and Beshir (700 Shia Turkmen killed),[310] and others committed near Mosul (670 Shia inmates of the Badush prison killed),[310] and in Tal Afar prison, Iraq (200 Yazidis killed for refusing conversion).[309] The UN estimated that 5,000 Yazidis were killed by ISIL during the takeover of parts of northern Iraq in August 2014.[311] In late May 2014, 150 Kurdish boys from Kobani aged 14–16 were abducted and subjected to torture and abuse, according to Human Rights Watch.[312] In the Syrian towns of Ghraneij, Abu Haman and Kashkiyeh 700 members of the Sunni Al-Shaitat tribe were killed for attempting an uprising against ISIL control.[313][314] The UN reported that in June 2014 ISIL had killed a number of Sunni Islamic clerics who refused to pledge allegiance to it.[301] Christians living in areas under ISIL control who want to remain in the "caliphate" face three options: converting to Islam, paying a religious levy—jizya—or death.[315][316] "We offer them three choices: Islam; the dhimma contract – involving payment of jizya; if they refuse this they will have nothing but the sword", ISIL said.[317] ISIL had already set similar rules for Christians in Ar-Raqqah, once one of Syria's more liberal cities.[318][319] On 23 February 2015, in response to a major Kurdish offensive in the Al-Hasakah Governorate, ISIL abducted 150 Assyrian Christians from villages near Tal Tamr (Tell Tamer) in northeastern Syria, after launching a large offensive in the region.[320][321] It was claimed that ISIL campaigns against Kurdish and Yezidi enclaves in Iraq and Syria were a part of organised Arabization plans. For instance, a Kurdish official in Iraqi Kurdistan claimed that the ISIL campaign in Sinjar was a case of Arabization campaign.[322] Treatment of civilians See also: Killing of captives by ISIL During the Iraqi conflict in 2014, ISIL released dozens of videos showing its ill treatment of civilians, many of whom had apparently been targeted on the basis of their religion or ethnicity. Navi Pillay, UN High Commissioner for Human Rights, warned of war crimes being committed in the Iraqi war zone, and disclosed a UN report of ISIL militants murdering Iraqi Army soldiers and 17 civilians in a single street in Mosul. The UN reported that in the 17 days from 5 to 22 June, ISIL killed more than 1,000 Iraqi civilians and injured more than 1,000.[323][324][325] After ISIL released photographs of its fighters shooting scores of young men, the UN declared that cold-blooded "executions" by militants in northern Iraq almost certainly amounted to war crimes.[326] ISIL's advance in Iraq in mid-2014 was accompanied by continuing violence in Syria. On 29 May, ISIL raided a village in Syria and at least 15 civilians were killed, including, according to Human Rights Watch, at least six children.[327] A hospital in the area confirmed that it had received 15 bodies on the same day.[328] TheSyrian Observatory for Human Rights reported that on 1 June, a 102-year-old man was killed along with his whole family in a village in province. [329]According to Reuters, 1,878 people were killed in Syria by ISIL during the last six months of 2014, most of them civilians.[330] In Mosul, ISIL has implemented a sharia school curriculum which bans the teaching of art, music, national history, literature and Christianity. Although Charles Darwin's theory of evolution has never been taught in Iraqi schools, the subject has been banned from the school curriculum. Patriotic songs have been declared blasphemous, and orders have been given to remove certain pictures from school textbooks.[331][332][333][334] Iraqi parents have largely boycotted schools in which the new curriculum has been introduced.[335] After capturing cities in Iraq, ISIL issued guidelines on how to wear clothes and veils. ISIL warned women in the city of Mosul to wear full-face veils or face severe punishment.[336] A cleric told Reuters in Mosul that ISIL gunmen had ordered him to read out the warning in his mosque when worshippers gathered. ISIL ordered the faces of both male and female mannequins to be covered, in an order which also banned the use of naked mannequins.[337] In Ar-Raqqah the group uses its two battalions of female fighters in the city to enforce compliance by women with its strict laws on individual conduct.[338] ISIL released 16 notes labelled "Contract of the City", a set of rules aimed at civilians in Nineveh. One rule stipulated that women should stay at home and not go outside unless necessary. Another rule said that stealing would be punished by amputation.[246][339] In addition to the Muslim custom of banning the sale and use of alcohol, ISIL has banned the sale and use of cigarettes and hookah pipes. It has also banned "music and songs in cars, at parties, in shops and in public, as well as photographs of people in shop windows".[340] According to The Economist, Saudi practices also followed by the group include the establishment of religious police to root out "vice" and enforce attendance atsalat prayers, the widespread use of capital punishment, and the destruction of Christian churches and non-Sunni mosques or their conversion to other uses.[186] ISIL carried out executions on both men and women who were accused of various acts and found guilty of crimes against Islam such as homosexuality, adultery, watching pornography, usage and possession of contraband, , blasphemy, witchcraft,[341] renouncing Islam and murder. Before the accused are executed their charges are read toward them and the spectators. Executions take various forms, including stoning to death, crucifixions, beheadings, burning people alive, and throwing people from tall buildings.[342][343][344][345] Child soldiers See also: Military use of children According to a report by the magazine Foreign Policy, children as young as six are recruited or kidnapped and sent to military and religious training camps, where they practice beheading with dolls and are indoctrinated with the religious views of ISIL. Children are used as human shields on front lines and to provide blood transfusions for Islamic State soldiers, according to Shelly Whitman of the Roméo Dallaire Child Soldiers Initiative. The second installment of a Vice Newsdocumentary about ISIL focused on how the group is specifically grooming children for the future. A spokesman told VICE News that those under the age of 15 go to sharia camp to learn about religion, while those older than 16 can go to military training camp. Children are also used for propaganda. According to a UN report, "In mid-August, ISIL entered a cancer hospital in Mosul, forced at least two sick children to hold the ISIL flag and posted the pictures on the internet." Misty Buswell, a Save the Children representative working with refugees in Jordan, said, "It's not an exaggeration to say we could lose a whole generation of children to trauma."[346] and slavery Main articles: Sexual violence in the Iraqi insurgency and Slavery in 21st-century Islamism See also: Islamic views on slavery, Ma malakat aymanukum, Raptio and Sexual violence perpetrated by ISIL includes: using rape as a weapon of war;[347] instituting forced to its fighters;[348] and trading women and girls as sex slaves.[349] There are many reports of and enslavement in ISIL-controlled areas of women and girls, predominantly from the minority Christian and Yazidi communities.[350][351] Fighters are told that they are free to have sex with or rape non-Muslim captive women.[352] Haleh Esfandiari from the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars has highlighted the abuse of local women by ISIL militants after they have captured an area. "They usually take the older women to a makeshift slave market and try to sell them. The younger girls ... are raped or married off to fighters", she said, adding, "It's based on temporary marriages, and once these fighters have had sex with these young girls, they just pass them on to other fighters."[353] The capture of Iraqi cities by the group in June 2014 was accompanied by an upsurge in crimes against women, including kidnap and rape.[354][355][356] According to Martin Williams in The Citiẓen, some hard-line Salafists apparently regard extramarital sex with multiple partners as a legitimate form of holy war and it is "difficult to reconcile this with a religion where some adherents insist that women must be covered from head to toe, with only a narrow slit for the eyes".[357] As of August 2015, the trade in sex slaves appeared to remain restricted to Yazidi women and girls.[349] It has reportedly become a recruiting technique to attract men from conservative Muslim societies, where dating and casual sex are not allowed.[349] Nazand Begikhani said of the Yazidi victims, "These women have been treated like cattle ... They have been subjected to physical and sexual violence, including systematic rape and sex slavery. They've been exposed in markets in Mosul and in , Syria, carrying price tags."[358] According to UN Reports the price list for IS sex slaves range from 40 to 160 US-Dollars. The younger the slave the more expensive. Girls and boys between the age 1–9 are referred to as the most expensive, with the cheapest being women between 40 to 50 years old.[359]According to another source the price of a slave equals the price of an AK-47.[360] A United Nations report issued on 2 October 2014, based on 500 interviews with witnesses, said that ISIL took 450–500 women and girls to Iraq's Nineveh region in August, where "150 unmarried girls and women, predominantly from the Yazidi and Christian communities, were reportedly transported to Syria, either to be given to ISIL fighters as a reward or to be sold as sex slaves".[351] In mid-October, the UN confirmed that 5,000–7,000 Yazidi women and children had been abducted by ISIL and sold into slavery.[311][361] In November 2014 The New York Times reported on the accounts given by five who escaped ISIL of their captivity and abuse.[362]In December 2014, the Iraqi Ministry of Human Rights announced that ISIL had killed over 150 women and girls in Fallujah who refused to participate in sexual jihad.[363][364] Non-Muslim women have reportedly been married off to fighters against their will. ISIL claims the women provide the new converts and children necessary to spread ISIL's control.[365] Shortly after the death of US hostage was confirmed on 10 February 2015, [366] several media outlets reported that the US intelligence community believed she may have been given as a wife to an ISIL fighter.[367][368][369] In August 2015 it was confirmed that she had been forced into marriage[370] to Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi, who raped her repeatedly.[371][372][373][374][375][376][377] The Mueller family was informed by the U.S. Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) that Abu Bakr al- Baghdadi had sexually abused Ms. Mueller, and that Ms. Mueller had also been tortured.[376] Abu Sayyaf's widow, , confirmed that it was her husband who had been Mueller's primary abuser.[378] In its digital magazine Dabiq, ISIL explicitly claimed religious justification for enslaving Yazidi women.[379][380][381] According to The Wall Street Journal, ISIL appeals to apocalyptic beliefs and claims "justification by a Hadith that they interpret as portraying the revival of slavery as a precursor to the end of the world".[382] ISIL appeals to the Hadith and Qur'an when claiming the right to enslave and rape captive non-Muslim women.[379][383][384] According to Dabiq, "enslaving the families of the kuffar and taking their women as concubines is a firmly established aspect of the Sharia's that if one were to deny or mock, he would be denying or mocking the verses of the Qur'an and the narration of the Prophet ... and thereby apostatizing from Islam." Captured Yazidi women and children are divided among the fighters who captured them, with one fifth taken as a tax.[384][385] ISIL has received widespread criticism from Muslim scholars and others in the Muslim world for using part of the Qur'an to derive a ruling in isolation, rather than considering the entire Qur'an and Hadith.[379][383][384] According to Mona Siddiqui, ISIL's "narrative may well be wrapped up in the familiar language of jihad and 'fighting in the cause of Allah', but it amounts to little more than destruction of anything and anyone who doesn't agree with them"; she describes ISIL as reflecting a "lethal mix of violence and sexual power" and a "deeply flawed view of manhood". [365] Dabiq describes "this large-scale enslavement" of non-Muslims as "probably the first since the abandonment of Shariah law".[384][385] In late 2014, ISIL released a pamphlet that focused on the treatment of female slaves.[386][387] It claims that the allows fighters to have sex with captives, including adolescent girls, and to beat slaves as discipline. The pamphlet's guidelines also allow fighters to trade slaves, including for sex, as long as they have not been impregnated by their owner.[386][387][388] Charlie Winter, a researcher at the counter-extremist think tank Quilliam, described the pamphlet as "abhorrent".[388] [389] In response to this document Abbas Barzegar, a religion professor at Georgia State University, said Muslims around the world find ISIL's "alien interpretation of Islam grotesque and abhorrent".[390] Muslim leaders and scholars from around the world have rejected the validity of ISIL's claims, claiming that the reintroduction of slavery is un-Islamic, that they are required to protect "People of the Scripture" including Christians, Jews, Muslims and Yazidis, and that ISIL's fatwas are invalid due to their lack of religious authority and the fatwas' inconsistency with Islam. [391][392]

The Independent reported in 2015 that the usage of Yazidi sex slaves had created ongoing friction among fighters within ISIL. Sajad Jiyad, a Research Fellow and Associate Member at the Iraqi Institute for Economic Reform, told the newspaper that many ISIL supporters and fighters had been in denial about the trafficking of kidnapped Yazidi women until a Dabiq article justifying the practice was published.[393][394] The New York Times said in August 2015 that "[t]he systematic rape of women and girls from the Yazidi religious minority has become deeply enmeshed in the organization and the radical theology of the Islamic State in the year since the group announced it was reviving slavery as an institution."[349] The article claims that ISIL is not merely exonerating but sacralising rape, and illustrated this with the testimony of escapees. One 15-year-old victim said that, while she was being assaulted, her rapist "kept telling me this is ibadah"; a 12-year-old victim related how her assailant claimed that, "by raping me, he is drawing closer to God";[349] and one adult prisoner told how, when she challenged her captor about repeatedly raping a 12 year old, she was met with the retort, "No, she's not a little girl, she's a slave and she knows exactly how to have sex and having sex with her pleases God."[349] Attacks on members of the press The Committee to Protect Journalists states: "Without a free press, few other human rights are attainable."[395] ISIL has tortured and murdered local journalists,[396][397] creating what Reporters Without Borders calls "news blackholes" in areas controlled by ISIL. ISIL fighters have reportedly been given written directions to kill or capture journalists.[398] In December 2013, two suicide bombers stormed the headquarters of TV station Salaheddin and killed five journalists, after accusing the station of "distorting the image of Iraq's Sunni community". Reporters Without Borders reported that on 7 September 2014, ISIL seized and on 11 October publicly beheaded Raad al-Azzawi, a TV Salaheddin cameraman from the village of Samra, east of Tikrit.[399] As of October 2014, according to the Journalistic Freedoms Observatory, ISIL is holding nine journalists and has nine others under close observation in Mosul and Salahuddin province.[398] During 2013 and part of 2014, an ISIL unit nicknamed the Beatles acquired and held 12 Western journalists hostage, along with aid workers and other foreign hostages, totalling 23 or 24 known hostages. A Polish journalist Marcin Suder was captured in July 2013 but escaped four months later.[400] The unit executed American journalists and and released beheading videos. Eight of the other journalists were released for ransom: Danish journalist Daniel Rye Ottosen, French journalists Didier François, Edouard Elias, Nicolas Hénin, and Pierre Torres, and Spanish journalists Marc Marginedas, Javier Espinosa, and Ricardo García Vilanova. The unit continues to hold hostage British journalist John Cantlie and a female aid worker.[401] Cyber-security group the Citizen Lab released a report finding a possible link between ISIL and a digital attack on the Syrian citizen media group Raqqa Is Being Slaughtered Silently (RSS). Supporters of the media group received an emailed link to an image of supposed airstrikes, but clicking on the link introduced malware to the user's computer that sends details of the user's IP address and system each time it restarts. That information has been enough to allow ISIL to locate RSS supporters. "The group has been targeted for , house raids, and at least one alleged targeted killing. At the time of that writing, ISIL was allegedly holding several citizen journalists in Raqqa", according to the Citizen Lab report.[402] On 8 January 2015, ISIL members in Libya claimed to have executed Tunisian journalists Sofiene Chourabi and Nadhir Ktari who disappeared in September 2014.[403] Also in January 2015, Japanese journalist Kenji Goto was kidnapped and beheaded, after a demand for a $200 million ransom payment was not met.[404] Beheadings and mass executions Main article: ISIL beheading incidents See also: Beheading video and Beheading in Islamism An unknown number of Syrians and Iraqis, several Lebanese soldiers, at least ten , two American journalists, one American and two British aid workers, and three Libyans have been beheaded by the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant.[citation needed] ISIL uses beheadings to intimidate local populations and has released a series of propaganda videos aimed at Western countries.[405] They also engage in public and mass executions of Syrian and Iraqi soldiers and civilians,[304]sometimes forcing prisoners to dig their own graves before shooting lines of prisoners and pushing them in.[406][407] ISIL was reported to have beheaded about 100 foreign fighters as deserters who tried to leave Raqqa.[408] Use of chemical weapons Kurds in northern Iraq reported being attacked by ISIS with chemical weapons in August 2015. [409] At Kobanî, it is highly likely that ISIS used chlorine gas there. These chemical weapons may be from a chemical weapons storage site at Al-Muthanna, which contained 2,500 chemical rockets. Although the rockets' chemical contents were deteriorated, ISIS may have used them in a concentrated manner.[410] Destruction of cultural and religious heritage Main article: Destruction of cultural heritage by ISIL UNESCO's Director-General Irina Bokova has warned that ISIL is destroying Iraq's cultural heritage, in what she has called "cultural cleansing". "We don't have time to lose because extremists are trying to erase the identity, because they know that if there is no identity, there is no memory, there is no history", she said. Referring to the ancient cultures of Christians, Yazidis and other minorities, she said, "This is a way to destroy identity. You deprive them of their culture, you deprive them of their history, their heritage, and that is why it goes hand in hand with . Along with the physical persecution they want to eliminate – to delete – the memory of these different cultures. ... we think this is appalling, and this is not acceptable."[411] Saad Eskander, head of Iraq's National Archives said, "For the first time you have cultural cleansing... For the Yazidis, religion is oral, nothing is written. By destroying their places of worship ... you are killing cultural memory. It is the same with the Christians – it really is a threat beyond belief."[412]

In July 2014, ISIL demolished the mosque dedicated to Jonah in Mosul

To finance its activities, ISIL is stealing artifacts from Syria[413] and Iraq and sending them to Europe to be sold. It is estimated that ISIL raises US$200 million a year from cultural looting. UNESCO has asked for United Nations Security Council controls on the sale of antiquities, similar to those imposed after the 2003 Iraq War. UNESCO is working withInterpol, national customs authorities, museums, and major auction houses in attempts to prevent looted items from being sold.[412] ISIL occupied Mosul Museum, the second most important museum in Iraq, as it was about to reopen after years of rebuilding following the Iraq War, saying that the statues were against Islam and threatening to destroy the museum's contents.[414][415] ISIL considers worshipping at graves tantamount to idolatry, and seeks to purify the community of unbelievers. It has used bulldozers to crush buildings and archaeological sites.[415] Bernard Haykel has described al-Baghdadi's creed as "a kind of untamed Wahhabism", saying, "For Al Qaeda, violence is a means to an ends; for ISIS, it is an end in itself".[12] The destruction by ISIL in July 2014 of the tomb and shrine of the prophet Yunus—Jonah in Christianity—the 13th-century mosque of Imam Yahya Abu al-Qassimin, the 14th-century shrine of prophet Jerjis—St George to Christians—and the attempted destruction of the Hadba minaret at the 12th-century Great Mosque of Al-Nuri have been described as "an unchecked outburst of extreme Wahhabism". [416] "There were explosions that destroyed buildings dating back to theAssyrian era", said National Museum of Iraq director Qais Rashid, referring to the destruction of the shrine of Yunus. He cited another case where "Daesh (ISIL) gathered over 1,500 manuscripts from convents and other holy places and burnt all of them in the middle of the city square".[417] In March 2015, ISIL reportedly bulldozed the 13th-century BC Assyrian city ofNimrud, believing its sculptures to be idolatrous. UNESCO head, Irina Bokova, deemed this to be a war crime.[418] Criticism Islamic criticism Main article: Khawarij Extremism within Islam goes back to the 7th century to the Kharijites. From their essentially political position, they developed extreme doctrines that set them apart from both mainstream Sunni and Shiʿ a Muslims. The Kharijites were particularly noted for adopting a radical approach to Takfir, whereby they declared other Muslims to be unbelievers and therefore deemed them worthy of death.[419][420][421] ISIL has received severe criticism from other Muslims, especially religious scholars and theologians. In late August 2014, the Grand Mufti of Saudi Arabia, Abdul-Aziz ibn Abdullah Al ash-Sheikh, condemned the Islamic State and al-Qaeda saying, "Extremist and militant ideas and terrorism which spread decay on Earth, destroying human civilization, are not in any way part of Islam, but are enemy number one of Islam, and Muslims are their first victims".[422] In late September 2014, 126 Sunni imams and Islamic scholars—primarily Sufi [423]—from around the Muslim world signed an open letter to the Islamic State's leader al-Baghdadi, explicitly rejecting and refuting his group's interpretations of Islamic scriptures, the Qur'an and hadith, used by it to justify its actions.[392][424] "[You] have misinterpreted Islam into a religion of harshness, brutality, torture and murder ... this is a great wrong and an offence to Islam, to Muslims and to the entire world", the letter states.[391] It rebukes the Islamic State for its killing of prisoners, describing the killings as "heinous war crimes" and its persecution of the Yazidis of Iraq as "abominable". Referring to the "self-described 'Islamic State'", the letter censures the group for carrying out killings and acts of brutality under the guise of jihad—holy struggle—saying that its "sacrifice" without legitimate cause, goals and intention "is not jihad at all, but rather, warmongering and criminality".[391][425] It also accuses the group of instigating fitna—sedition—by instituting slavery under its rule in contravention of the anti-slavery consensus of the Islamic scholarly community. [391] Other scholars have described the group as not Sunnis, but Khawarij.[419]

Kurdish demonstration against ISIL in Vienna, Austria, 10 October 2014 According to The New York Times, "All of the most influential jihadist theorists are criticizing the Islamic State as deviant, calling its self-proclaimed caliphate null and void" and have denounced it for its beheading of journalists and aid workers.[12]ISIL is widely denounced by a broad range of Islamic clerics, including al-Qaeda-oriented and Saudi clerics.[11][12] Sunni critics, including Salafi and jihadist muftis such as Adnan al-Aroor and Abu Basir al-Tartusi, say that ISIL and related terrorist groups are not Sunnis, but modern-day Khawarij—Muslims who have stepped outside the mainstream of Islam—serving an imperial anti-Islamic agenda.[426] [427] Other critics of ISIL's brand of Sunni Islam include Salafists who previously publicly supported jihadist groups such as al-Qaeda, for example the Saudi government official Saleh Al-Fawzan, known for his extremist views, who claims that ISIL is a creation of "Zionists, Crusaders and Safavids", and the Jordanian-Palestinian writer Abu Muhammad al-Maqdisi, the former spiritual mentor to Abu Musab al-Zarqawi, who was released from prison in Jordan in June 2014 and accused ISIL of driving a wedge between Muslims.[427] The group's declaration of a caliphate has been criticised and its legitimacy disputed by Middle Eastern governments, other jihadist groups,[428] and Sunni Muslimtheologians and historians. Qatar-based TV broadcaster and theologian Yusuf al-Qaradawi stated: "[The] declaration issued by the Islamic State is void undersharia and has dangerous consequences for the Sunnis in Iraq and for the revolt in Syria", adding that the title of caliph can "only be given by the entire Muslim nation", not by a single group.[429] The group's execution of Muslims for breach of traditional sharia law while violating it itself (encouraging women to emigrate to its territory, traveling without a Wali—male guardian—and in violation of his wishes) has been criticized;[430] as has its love of archaic imagery (horsemen and swords) while engaging in bid‘ah (religious innovation) in establishing female religious police (known as Al-Khansaa Brigade).[431] Two days after the beheading of Hervé Gourdel, hundreds of Muslims gathered in the Grand Mosque of Paris to show solidarity against the beheading. The protest was led by the leader of the French Council of the Muslim Faith, Dalil Boubakeur, and was joined by thousands of other Muslims around the country under the slogan "Not in my name".[432][433] French president François Hollande said Gourdel's beheading was "cowardly" and "cruel", and confirmed that airstrikes would continue against ISIL in Iraq. Hollande also called for three days of national mourning, with flags flown at half-mast throughout the country and said that security would be increased throughout Paris.[432] An Islamic Front Sharia Court Judge in Aleppo Mohamed Najeeb Bannan stated "The legal reference is the Islamic Sharia. The cases are different, from robberies to drug use, to moral crimes. It's our duty to look at any crime that comes to us. . . After the regime has fallen, we believe that the Muslim majority in Syria will ask for an Islamic state. Of course, it's very important to point out that some say the Islamic Sharia will cut off people's hands and heads, but it only applies to criminals. And to start off by killing, crucifying etc. That is not correct at all." In response to being asked what the difference between the Islamic Front's and ISIL's version of sharia would be, he said "One of their mistakes is before the regime has fallen, and before they've established what in Sharia is called Tamkeen [having a stable state], they started applying Sharia, thinking God gave them permission to control the land and establish a Caliphate. This goes against the beliefs of religious scholars around the world. This is what [IS] did wrong. This is going to cause a lot of trouble. Anyone who opposes [IS] will be considered against Sharia and will be severely punished."[434][435] Al-Qaeda & Al-Nusra have been trying to take advantage of ISIL's rise by trying to present itself as "moderate" compared to "extremist" ISIL while it has the same aim of establishing sharia and a caliphate but doing it in a more gradual manner.[436][437][438][439][440] Al-Nusra criticized the way ISIL fully and immediately instituted Sharia since it alienated people too much, with a gradual, slower approach favored by Al-Qaeda by preparing society to accept it and indoctrinating people through education before implementing the hudud aspects of Sharia like tossing gays off buildings, chopping limbs off, and public stoning .[168] Nusra and ISIL are both against the Druze, the difference being the that Nusra is apparently satisfied with destroying Druze shrines and making them become Sunnis while ISIL wants to violently annihilate them like it did to Yazidis.[441] Ayman al-Zawahiri called for the use of consultation (shura) within the "prophetic method" to be used when establishing the caliphate, criticizing Baghdadi for not following the required steps, Zawahiri called upon ISIL members to close ranks and join Al-Qaeda to fight against Assad, Shia, Russia, Europe, and America and stop the infighting between jihadist groups, calling for jihadists to establish Islamic entities in Egypt and the Levant, slowly implementing Sharia before establishing a caliphate and calling for violent assaults against America and the West.[442]

Great Pyramid of Giza lit up by images of the flags of France, Lebanonand Russia in solidarity with victims of recent terrorist attacks, 16 November 2015 The Jaysh al-Islam group within the Islamic Front criticized ISIL, saying: "They killed the people of Islam and leave the idol worshippers" and "They use the verses talking about the disbelievers and implement it on the Muslims".[443] The main criticism of defectors from ISIL has been that the group is fighting and killing other Sunni Muslims,[444] as opposed to just non-Sunnis being brutalized.[445][446] Some defectors from ISIL are in fact spies and operatives who continue working for ISIL and faking their defections.[447] The current Grand Imam of al-Azhar and former president of al-Azhar University, Ahmed el- Tayeb has strongly condemned the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant stating that is acting "under the guise of this holy religion and have given themselves the name 'Islamic State' in an attempt to export their false Islam"[448][449] and (citing the Quran) that: "The punishment for those who wage war against God and his Prophet and who strive to sow corruption on earth is death, crucifixion, the severing of hands and feet on opposite sides or banishment from the land. This is the disgrace for them in this world and in the hereafter they will receive grievous torment." Although El-Tayeb has been criticized for not expressly stating that the Islamic State was heretical,[450][451] the Ash'ari school of Islamic theology - to which El-Tayeb belongs - does not allow calling a person who follows the shahada an apostate.[450] El-Tayeb has strongly come out against the practice of takfirism(declaring a Muslim an apostate) which is used by the Islamic State to "judge and accuse anyone who doesn’t tow their line with apostasy and outside the realm of the faith" declaring "Jihad on peaceful Muslims" using "flawed interpretations of some Qur’anic texts, the prophet’s Sunna, and the Imams’ views believing incorrectly, that they are leaders of Muslim armies fighting infidel peoples, in unbelieving lands."[452] Mehdi Hasan, a political journalist in the UK, said in the New Statesman, Whether Sunni or Shia, Salafi or Sufi, conservative or liberal, Muslims – and Muslim leaders – have almost unanimously condemned and denounced ISIL not merely as un-Islamic but actively anti-Islamic.[453] Hassan Hassan, an analyst at the Delma Institute, wrote in The Guardian that because the Islamic State "bases its teachings on religious texts that mainstream Muslim clerics do not want to deal with head on, new recruits leave the camp feeling that they have stumbled on the true message of Islam".[181] In mid-February 2015, Graeme Wood, a lecturer in political science at Yale University, said in The Atlantic, "The religion preached by its most ardent followers derives from coherent and even learned interpretations of Islam."[189] International criticism The group has attracted widespread criticism internationally for its extremism, from governments and international bodies such as the United Nations and Amnesty International. On 24 September 2014, United Nations Secretary-General Ban Ki-Moon stated: "As Muslim leaders around the world have said, groups like ISIL – or Da’ish – have nothing to do with Islam, and they certainly do not represent a state. They should more fittingly be called the 'Un-Islamic Non- State'."[454] The group was described as a cult in a Huffington Post column by notable cult authority Steven Hassan.[455] Criticism of the name "Islamic State" and "caliphate" declaration The group's declaration of a new caliphate in June 2014 and adoption of the name "Islamic State" have been criticised and ridiculed by Muslim scholars and rival Islamists both inside and outside the territory it controls.[66][67][68][456] In a speech in September 2014, President Obama said that ISIL is not "Islamic" on the basis that no religion condones the killing of innocents and that no government recognises the group as a state,[72] while many object to using the name "Islamic State" owing to the far-reaching religious and political claims to authority which that name implies. The United Nations Security Council, the United States, Canada, Turkey, Australia, Russia, the United Kingdom[69][70][71][72][457][458][459] and other countries generally call the group "ISIL", while much of the Arab world uses the Arabicacronym "Dāʻish". France's Foreign Minister Laurent Fabius said "This is a terrorist group and not a state. I do not recommend using the term Islamic State because it blurs the lines between Islam, Muslims, and Islamists. The Arabs call it 'Daesh' and I will be calling them the 'Daesh cutthroats.'"[460] Retired general John Allen, the U.S. envoy appointed to co-ordinate the coalition, U.S. military Lieutenant General James Terry, head of operations against the group, and Secretary of State John Kerry had all shifted toward use of the term DAESH by December 2014.[461]

Battle of Kobani In late August 2014, a leading Islamic educational institution, Dar al-Ifta al-Misriyyah in Egypt, advised Muslims to stop calling the group "Islamic State" and instead refer to it as "Al-Qaeda Separatists in Iraq and Syria" or "QSIS", because of the militant group's "un-Islamic character".[462] [463] When addressing the United Nations Security Council in September 2014, Australian Prime Minister Tony Abbott summarised the widespread objections to the name "Islamic State" thus: "To use this term [Islamic State] is to dignify a death cult; a death cult that, in declaring itself a caliphate, has declared war on the world".[464]The group is very sensitive about its name. "They will cut your tongue out even if you call them ISIS – you have to say 'Islamic State'", said a woman in ISIL-controlled Mosul.[465] In mid-October 2014, representatives of the Islamic Society of Britain, the Association of British Muslims and the UK'sAssociation of Muslim Lawyers proposed that "'Un-Islamic State' (UIS) could be an accurate and fair alternative name to describe this group and its agenda", further stating, "We need to work together and make sure that these fanatics don't get the propaganda that they feed off."[466][467] The "Islamic State" is mocked on social media websites such as Twitter and YouTube, with the use of hashtags, mock recruiting ads, fake news articles and YouTube videos.[468] In the media

By 2014, ISIL was increasingly being viewed as a militia rather than a terrorist group.[469] As major Iraqi cities fell to ISIL in June 2014, Jessica Lewis, a former U.S. Army intelligence officer at the Institute for the Study of War, described ISIL as not a terrorism problem anymore, [but rather] an army on the move in Iraq and Syria, and they are taking terrain. They have shadow governments in and around Baghdad, and they have an aspirational goal to govern. I don't know whether they want to control Baghdad, or if they want to destroy the functions of the Iraqi state, but either way the outcome will be disastrous for Iraq.[469] Lewis has called ISIL an advanced military leadership. They have incredible command and control and they have a sophisticated reporting mechanism from the field that can relay tactics and directives up and down the line. They are well-financed, and they have big sources of manpower, not just the foreign fighters, but also prisoner escapees.[469] While officials fear that ISIL may inspire attacks in the United States from sympathisers or those returning after joining ISIL, U.S. intelligence agencies have found no specific plots or any immediate threat. Former U.S. Defense Secretary Chuck Hagel saw an "imminent threat to every interest we have", but former top counter-terrorism adviser Daniel Benjamin has derided such alarmist talk as a "farce" that panics the public.[470] Former British Foreign Secretary David Miliband concluded that the 2003 invasion of Iraq caused the creation of ISIL.[471] Some news commentators, such as international newspaper columnist Gwynne Dyer,[472] and samples of American public opinion, such as surveys by NPR,[473]have advocated a strong but measured response to ISIL's recent provocative acts. Writing for The Guardian, Pankaj Mishra rejects that the group is a resurgence of medieval Islam and rather expresses that, In actuality, Isis is the canniest of all traders in the flourishing international economy of disaffection: the most resourceful among all those who offer the security of collective identity to isolated and fearful individuals. It promises, along with others who retail racial, national and religious supremacy, to release the anxiety and frustrations of the private life into the violence of the global.[474] Conspiracy theories Conspiracy theorists in the Arab world have advanced rumours that the U.S. is secretly behind the existence and emboldening of ISIL, as part of an attempt to further destabilize the Middle East. After such rumors became widespread, the U.S. embassy in Lebanon issued an official statement denying the allegations, calling them a complete fabrication.[475] The rumours claim that ISIL leader al-Baghdadi is an Israeli Mossad agent and actor called Simon Elliot and that NSA documents leaked by Edward Snowden reveal this connection. Snowden's lawyer has called the story "a hoax."[476] According to The New York Times, many in the Middle East believe that an alliance of the United States, Israel, and Saudi Arabia is directly responsible for the creation of ISIL. Egyptian, Tunisian, Palestinian, Jordanian and Lebanese news organisations have reported on the conspiracy theory.[477][478] Countries and groups at war with ISIL ISIL's expanding claims to territory have brought it into armed conflict with many governments, militias and other armed groups. International rejection of ISIL as a terrorist entity and rejection of its claim to even exist have placed it in conflict with countries around the world. Opposition within Asia and Africa

Iraq and the Levant Africa

Iraq-based opponents Syria-based opponents North Africa-based opponents [488] Iraqi Armed Forces [499]

 Syrian Army  Iraqi Army 

 Syrian Air Force   Egyptian Rapid National Defence Force Deployment Forces Special Operations Forces  Ba'ath Brigades Libyan Armed Forces  Iraqi Police Service  Libyan Air Force [500] Iraqi Kurdistan Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine – General Command  Libyan Ground Forces  Palestine Liberation Army Abu Salim Martyrs Brigade (Libyan militia)[502] Protection Force of Sinjar(HPŞ)[479] Fatah al-Intifada Liwa Abu al-Fadhal al-Abbas Fajr Libya battalion (Libyan militia) Koma Civakên Kurdistan [503] Syrian Opposition [489][490][491] Algerian Armed Forces [504]  People's Defence Forces(PKK) [480][481] West Africa-based opponents  Free Syrian Army [490] Nigerian Armed Forces [157]  Free Women's Units (PKK) Niger Armed Forces [505]  Islamic Front Chadian Armed Forces [506] (YBŞ)[479]  Cameroonian Armed Forces [505]  Army of Mujahedeen Popular Mobilization Forces Benin Armed Forces [505]  Islamic Union of the  Badr Organisation Soldiers of the Levant

Asa'ib Ahl al-Haq  

 Peace Companies  Criterion Brigades [492]

 Kata'ib Hezbollah  Syrian Turkmen Brigades

 Kata'ib Sayyid al-Shuhada Syrian Kurdistan [493]

 Kata'ib al-Imam Ali  People's Protection Units(YPG)  Abu al-Fadl al-Abbas Forces  Women's Protection Iraqi Turkmen Front [482] Units(YPJ) Shabak Militia [483]  [494] Other Levant-based opponents Hezbollah [484]  [495] Lebanese Armed Forces [485]  Local guerrillas[496]  Lebanese Army al-Qaeda

 Internal Security Forces  al-Nusra Front [497] with Jordanian Armed Forces [486] localised truces and co-operation at times[498]

Turkish Armed Forces [487]

The Global Coalition to Counter the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant See also: Military intervention against ISIL § International coalitions against ISIL and Combined Joint Task Force – Operation Inherent Resolve

Airstrikes in Syria by 24 September 2014 The Global Coalition to Counter the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL), also referred to as the Counter-ISIL Coalition or Counter-DAESH Coalition,[518] is a US-led group of nations and non-state actors that have committed to "work together under a common, multifaceted, and long-term strategy to degrade and defeat ISIL/Daesh". According to a joint statement issued by 59 national governments and the European Union on 3 December 2014, participants in the Counter-ISIL Coalition are focused on multiple lines of effort:[519]

1. Supporting military operations, capacity building, and training;

2. Stopping the flow of foreign terrorist fighters;

3. Cutting off ISIL/Daesh's access to financing and funding;

4. Addressing associated humanitarian relief and crises; and

5. Exposing ISIL/Daesh's true nature (ideological delegitimisation). Operation Inherent Resolve is the operational name given by the US to military operations against ISIL and Syrian al-Qaeda affiliates. Combined Joint Task Force – Operation Inherent Resolve (CJTF–OIR) is co-ordinating the military portion of the response. The following multi-national organisations are part of the Counter-ISIL Coalition:[519] — coordinating member response[520] European Union – declared to be part, 27 members are participating, Malta not participating; [519] NATO – all 28 members are taking part; Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the Gulf or GCC – all six current members and the two pending members, Jordan and Morocco, are taking part.

Supplying military equipment to Military operations in or over Iraq and/or Syria opposition forces Humanitarian and other contributions airstrikes, air support, and ground forces performing within Iraq and/or Syria in co- training operation with EU/NATO/partners

NATO members: NATO members: (also EU members NATO members: (who are also EU members, except Iceland) except Albania)  United States[521][522][523]  Czech Republic  Albania[538]  Belgium[521]  Iceland  Bulgaria[539]  Canada[521]  Latvia  Croatia[540]  Denmark[521]  Lithuania  Czech Republic[524][525]  France[521]  Luxembourg  Estonia[524][525]  Germany[521][524]  Romania  Greece[541]  [521]  Hungary[524][525]  Slovakia

 Netherlands[525]  Poland[521]  Slovenia Bosnia and Herzegovina[542] European Union members (not in NATO)  Norway[526] Note: These countries may also be supplying humanitarian aid and  Austria [519][527]  Portugal contributing to group objectives in other ways.  Finland  Spain[528]  Ireland  Turkey[521][529][530]  Sweden  United Kingdom[521][531] CCASG members: CCASG members and pending members:  Kuwait  Bahrain[524]  Oman  Jordan (pending CCASG member)[486][524] Other

 Morocco[532][533][519] (pending CCASG member)  Georgia

 Saudi Arabia[133]  Japan  UAE[524]  South Korea Other:  Kosovo  Australia[521]  Macedonia  New Zealand[519][534] (humanitarian aid and Iraqi Army training)[524][535][536]  Moldova

 Singapore[537] (announced)  Montenegro Part of the anti-ISIL coalition engaged in anti-ISIL military [519] operations within their own borders  Serbia

[524]  Iraq  Somalia

[524]  Lebanon  Switzerland (humanitarian aid)

[524]  Egypt  Taiwan Note: Listed countries in this box may also be supplying military and humanitarian aid, and contributing to group  Ukraine objectives in other ways.

Other state opponents not part of the Counter-ISIL Coalition [545][546] – ground troops, training and air power (see Iranian intervention in Iraq) Russia[547][548] – arms supplier to Iraqi and Syrian governments. In June 2014, the Iraqi army received Russian Sukhoi Su-25 and Sukhoi Su-30 fighter aircraft to combat the ISIL.[549] Security operations within state borders in 2015.[550][551] Airstrikes in Syria (see Russian military intervention in the Syrian Civil War).[552][553][554] Azerbaijan[555][556] – security operations within state borders Pakistan – Military deployment over Saudi Arabia-Iraq border. Arresting ISIL figures in Pakistan.[557][558][559] Other non-state opponents al-Qaeda [560]

 al-Nusra Front [497]—with localised truces and co-operation at times

 al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula [147]

 al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb [561]

 Al-Shabaab [562]

Taliban [511] Hamas [563] Kurdistan Workers' Party—ground troops in Iraqi Kurdistan and in Syrian Kurdistan[564] Democratic Party of —ground troops in Iraqi Kurdistan[564] Houthis—Shia faction in Yemen, fighting for control of the country [509] Al-Qaeda Al-Nusra Front is a branch of al-Qaeda operating in Syria. Al-Nusra launched many attacks and bombings, mostly against targets affiliated with or supportive of the Syrian government. [565] There were media reports that many of al-Nusra's foreign fighters had left to join al- Baghdadi's ISIL.[566] In February 2014, after continued tensions, al-Qaeda publicly disavowed any relations with ISIL, [42] but ISIL and al-Nusra Front are still able to occasionally cooperate with each other when they fight against the Syrian government.[567][568][569] The two groups share a nihilistic worldview, a loathing for modernity, and for the West. They subscribe to the same perverted interpretations of Islam. Other common traits include a penchant for suicide attacks, and sophisticated exploitation of the internet and social media. Like ISIL, several Al Qaeda franchises are interested in taking and holding territory; AQAP has been much less successful at it. The main differences between Al Qaeda and ISIL are largely political—and personal. Over the past decade, Al Qaeda has twice embraced ISIL (and its previous manifestations) as brothers-in-arms.

— Bobby Ghosh, "ISIL and Al Qaeda: Terror’s frenemies", Quartẓ [570] On 10 September 2015, an audio message was released by Al-Qaeda's leader Ayman al- Zawahiri criticizing ISIL's self-proclaimed caliphate and accusing it of "sedition". This was described by some media outlets as a "".[571] However, although al-Zawahiri denied ISIL's legitimacy, he suggested that there was still room for cooperation against common enemies, and said that if he were in Iraq he would fight alongside ISIL.[572] Supporters Top locations supporting ISIS inTwitter - 2015 Iraq and Syria nationals According to a Reuters report that cited "jihadist ideologues" as a source, 90% of ISIL's fighters in Iraq are Iraqi, and 70% of its fighters in Syria are Syrian. The article stated that the group has 40,000 fighters and 60,000 supporters across its two primary strongholds in Iraq and Syria.[25] Foreign nationals According to a report to the UN Security Council filed in late March 2015, 22,000 foreign fighters from 100 nations have travelled to Syria and Iraq, most to support ISIL. It warned that Syria and Iraq had become a "finishing school for extremists".[573] In mid-2014, ISIL's leader Abu Bakr al- Baghdadi had issued a call, "Rush O Muslims to your state ...".[574] A UN report from May 2015 shows that 25,000 "foreign terrorist fighters" from 100 countries have joined "Islamist" groups, many of them working for ISIL or al-Qaeda.[575] Groups with expressions of support One source (Terrorism Research and Analysis Consortium (TRAC) has identified 60 jihadist groups in 30 countries that have pledged allegiance or support to ISIL as of mid-November 2014. Many of these groups were previously affiliated with al-Qaeda, indicating a shift in global jihadist leadership toward ISIL.[576] Memberships of the following groups have declared support for ISIL, either fully or in part.

 Boko Haram [577]

 Bangsamoro Islamic Freedom Fighters [578]

 Jemaah Islamiyah [579]

 Ansar al-Sharia (Tunisia) [580][581]

 Jund al-Khilafah [582]

 Abu Sayyaf [35][583]

 Mujahideen Shura Council in the Environs of Jerusalem [584]

 Jamaah Ansharut Tauhid [585] – (pledged support to ISIL; the majority of the group split off after its leader pledged allegiance to ISIL)[585][586]

 Ansar Bait al-Maqdis [145]

 Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan [587][588]  Jundallah (Pakistan) [34]

 Caucasus Emirate (At least two Caucasus Emirate walis and several commanders had declared pledge of allegiance to ISIL)[589][590][591]

 Army of the Islamic State [592] Allegations of Turkish support Further information: Turkish involvement in the Syrian Civil War § Related criticism of Turkey Turkey has long been accused by experts, Syrian Kurds, and even U.S. Vice-President Joe Biden of supporting or colluding with ISIL.[593][594][595] According to journalist Patrick Cockburn, there is "strong evidence for a degree of collaboration" between the Turkish intelligence services and ISIL, although the "exact nature of the relationship ... remains cloudy".[596] David L. Phillips of Columbia University's Institute for the Study of Human Rights, who compiled a list of allegations and claims accusing Turkey of assisting ISIL, writes that these allegations "range from military cooperation and weapons transfers to logistical support, financial assistance, and the provision of medical services".[597] Several ISIL fighters and commanders have claimed that Turkey supports ISIL.[598][599][600] Within Turkey itself, ISIL is believed to have caused increasing political polarisation between secularists and Islamists.[601] In July 2015, a raid by US special forces on a compound housing the Islamic State's "chief financial officer", Abu Sayyaf, produced evidence that Turkish officials directly dealt with ranking ISIS members. According to a senior Western official, documents and flash drives seized during the Sayyaf raid revealed links "so clear" and "undeniable" between Turkey and ISIS "that they could end up having profound policy implications for the relationship between us and Ankara".[593] Turkey has been further criticised for allowing individuals from outside the region to enter its territory and join ISIL in Syria.[602][603] With many Islamist fighters passing through Turkey to fight in Syria, Turkey has been accused of becoming a transit country for such fighters and has been labelled the "Gateway to Jihad".[604]Turkish border patrol officers are reported to have deliberately overlooked those entering Syria, upon payment of a small bribe.[604] A report by Sky News exposed documents showing that passports of foreign Islamists wanting to join ISIL by crossing into Syria had been stamped by the Turkish government.[605] An ISIL commander stated that "most of the fighters who joined us in the beginning of the war came via Turkey, and so did our equipment and supplies",[597][600] adding that ISIL fighters received treatment in Turkish hospitals.[600] According to Vladimir Putin, Russia has for a long time been aware of oil going from Syria under the control of terrorists to Turkey, Putin said. The money finances terrorist groups. “IS has big money, hundreds of millions or even billions of dollars, from selling oil. In addition they are protected by the military of an entire nation. One can understand why they are acting so boldly and blatantly. Why they kill people in such atrocious ways. Why they commit terrorist acts across the world, including in the heart of Europe,” the Russian leader said.[606] The Russian president also said that current Turkish government is purposely leading the country toward . [607] Russian Prime Minister Dmitry Medvedev said “Turkey’s actions are de facto protection of Islamic State,” Medvedev said, calling the group formerly known as ISIS by its new name. “This is no surprise, considering the information we have about direct financial interest of some Turkish officials relating to the supply of oil products refined by plants controlled by ISIS.”[608] Former US Under Secretary for Terrorism and Financial Intelligence David Cohen (currently Deputy Director of the Central Intelligence Agency) said Islamic State was earning $1 million a day from oil sales. “According to our information, as of last month, ISIL [now more commonly known as ISIS] was selling oil at substantially discounted prices to a variety of middlemen, including some from Turkey, who then transported the oil to be resold. It also appears that some of the oil emanating from territory where ISIL operates has been sold to Kurds in Iraq, and then resold into Turkey,”.[609] Allegations of Qatari support The State of Qatar has long been accused of acting as a conduit for the flow of funds to ISIL. While there is no proof that the Qatari government is behind the movement of funds from the gas-rich nation to ISIL, it has been criticized for not doing enough to stem the flow of financing. Private donors within Qatar, sympathetic to the aims of radical groups such as al-Nusra Front and ISIL, are believed to be channeling their resources to support these organisations.[610] [611]According to the U.S. Treasury Department, a number of terrorist financiers have been operating in Qatar. Qatari citizen Abd al Rahman al Nuaymi has served as an interlocutor between Qatari donors and leaders of al-Qaeda in Iraq (AQI). Nuaymi reportedly oversaw the transfer of US$2 million per month to AQI over a period of time. Nuaymi is also one of several of Qatar-based al-Qaeda financiers sanctioned by the U.S.Treasury in recent years. According to some reports, U.S. officials believe that the largest portion of private donations supporting ISIS and al-Qaeda-linked groups now comes from Qatar rather than Saudi Arabia.[612] In August 2014, a German minister Gerd Müller accused Qatar of having links to ISIL, stating "You have to ask who is arming, who is financing ISIS troops. The keyword there is Qatar". Qatari foreign minister Khalid bin Mohammad Al Attiyah reiterated this stance when he stated: "Qatar does not support extremist groups, including [ISIL], in any way. We are repelled by their views, their violent methods and their ambitions."[613][614][615][616] Allegations of Saudi Arabian support Although Saudi Arabia's government rejected the claims,[617] former Iraqi Prime Minister Nouri al- Maliki accused Saudi Arabia of funding ISIL.[618] Some media outlets, such as NBC, the BBC and The New York Times, and the U.S.-based think tank Washington Institute for Near East Policy have written about individual Saudi donations to the group and the Saudi state's decade-long sponsorship of Wahhabism around the world, but have concluded that there is no evidence of direct Saudi state support for ISIL.[619][620] Allegations of Syrian support Further information: Bashar al-Assad § Al-Qaeda and ISIL

ISIL attacks in Syria: 1 Jan – 21 November 2014[621][undue weight? – discuss]

Attacks against Syrian government forces (13%) Attacks against other groups (FSA, etc.) (64%) Other (23%) During the ongoing Syrian Civil War, even though ISIL has repeatedly massacred Alawite civilians and executed capturedSyrian Army Alawite soldiers,[303][305][622] with most Alawites supporting President Bashar al-Assad, himself an Alawite,[304] manyopposition and anti-Assad parties in the conflict have accused the Syrian leadership of Bashar Assad of some form of collusion with ISIL,[623][624] whose dominance in the opposition against the Bashar al- Assad government would give that government a basis for its claim to being under attack by "terrorists" and "a secular bulwark against al-Qaida and jihadi fanaticism".[625]Several sources have claimed that ISIL prisoners were strategically released from Syrian prisons at the beginning of the Syrian Civil War in 2011.[626] The Syrian government has bought oil directly from ISIL,[627] and in March 2015 a European Union report brought to light that the Syrian government and ISIL jointly run a HESCO gas plant in Tabqa, central Syria; the facility continues to supply government-held areas, and electricity continues to be supplied to ISIL-held areas from government-run power plants.[628] United States Secretary of State John Kerry has stated that the Syrian government has tactically avoided ISIL forces in order to weaken moderate opposition such as the Free Syrian Army (FSA),[624] as well as "even purposely ceding some territory to them [ISIL] in order to make them more of a problem so he can make the argument that he is somehow the protector against them".[629] An IHS Jane's Terrorism and Insurgency Center database analysis confirmed that only 6% of Syrian government forces attacks were targeted at ISIL from 1 Jan to 21 November 2014, while in the same period only 13% of all ISIL attacks targeted government forces.[621] The National Coalition for Syrian Revolutionary and Opposition Forces has stated that the Syrian government has operatives inside ISIL,[630] as has the leadership of Ahrar ash-Sham.[631] ISIL members captured by the FSA have claimed that they were directed to commit attacks by Syrian government operatives.[632] On 1 June 2015, the United States stated that the Syrian government was "making air-strikes in support" of an ISIL advance on Syrian opposition positions north of Aleppo.[633] The president of the Syrian National Coalition Khaled Koja accused Assad of acting "as an air force for [ISIL]", [634] with the Defense Minister of the SNC stating that approximately 180 Syrian government officers were serving in ISIL and coordinating the group's attacks with the Syrian Arab Army.[635] A report on 25 June 2015 said that ISIL kept gas flowing to Assad regime-controlled power stations. Furthermore, ISIL allowed grain to pass from the Kurdish-held north-east to regime controlled areas at the cost of a 25% levy.[636] On 28 June 2015, a source close to the Turkish National Intelligence Organization claimed an agreement was made between the Assad regime and ISIL to destroy the FSA in the country's north, continue oil sales, assassinate Zahran Alloush and surrender Tadmur and Sukhna. The sources said that a group of commanders of both sides held a meeting at a gas production plant in Hasaka's al-Shaddadi area on 28 May 2015, not to stop fighting each other, but to focus on destroying a common enemy – the Syrian rebel forces, especially the FSA.[637] Turkish Prime Minister Ahmet Davutoğlu has blamed the rise of ISIL on the international community's inaction towards the Assad regime, which left a vacuum of power in which ISIL was able to grow.[638] Military and resources Military Main article: Military of ISIL

ISIL fighters seen here in Anbar province, Iraq Estimates of the size of ISIL's military vary widely from tens of thousands[639] up to 200,000.[24] Foreign fighters in Syria and Iraq As of early 2015, journalist Mary Anne Weaver estimates that half of ISIL fighters are made up of foreigners.[640] A UN report estimated a total of 15,000 fighters from over 80 countries in ISIL's ranks as of November 2014.[641] US intelligence estimated an increase to around 20,000 foreign fighters in February 2015, including 3,400 from Western countries.[642] List of nations by ISIL fighter origin (500 or more) Country Population Tunisia 3,000 Saudi Arabia 2,500 Russia 1,700 Jordan 1,500 Morocco 1,500 France 1,200 Turkey 1,000 Lebanon 900 Germany 700 Libya 600 United Kingdom 600 Indonesia 500 Uzbekistan 500 Pakistan 500

Statistics gathered by nation indicate up to: 3,000 from Tunisia,[643][644] 2,500 from Saudi Arabia,[643] [644] 1,700 from Russia,[645] 1,500 from Jordan,[644] 1,500 from Morocco,[644] 1,200 from France, [644] 1,000 from Turkey,[646] 900 from Lebanon,[644] 700 from Germany,[647] 600 from Libya,[644] 600 from the United Kingdom,[643][644] 500 from Indonesia,[648] 500 from Uzbekistan,[644] 500 from Pakistan, [644] 440 from Belgium,[644] 360 from Turkmenistan,[644] 360 from Egypt,[644]350 from Serbia,[649] 330 from Bosnia,[644] 300 from China,[650] 300 from Kosovo,[651] 300 from Sweden,[652] 250 from Australia, [653] 250 from Kazakhstan,[644] 250 from the Netherlands,[644] 200-300 from Azerbaijan,[654] 200 from Austria,[655] 200 from Algeria,[644] 200 from Malaysia,[648] 190 from Tajikistan,[644] 180 from the United States,[642] 150 from Norway,[656] 150 from Denmark,[644] 140 from Albania,[649] 133 from Spain,[657] 130 from Canada,[658] 110 from Yemen,[644] 100 from ,[644] 100 from Kyrgyzstan,[644] 80 from Italy, [644] 70–80 from Palestine,[659] 70 from Somalia,[644] 70 from Kuwait,[644] 70 from Finland,[644] 50 from Ukraine,[644] 40–50 from Israel,[659][660] 40 from Ireland,[661] 40 from Switzerland,[644] at least 30 from Georgia,[662] 18 from India,[663] 10–12 from Portugal,[664][665]and 3 from the Philippines.[666] According to a statement of a former senior leader of IS, these fighters receive food, petrol and housing but do not receive payment in wages, unlike Iraqi or Syrian fighters.[667] Weapons See also: Military equipment of ISIL Conventional weapons ISIL relies mostly on captured weapons. Major sources are Saddam Hussein's Iraqi stockpiles from the 2003–11 Iraq insurgency [668] and weapons from government and opposition forces fighting in the Syrian Civil War and during the post-US withdrawal Iraqi insurgency. The captured weapons, including armour, guns, surface-to-air missiles, and even some aircraft, enabled rapid territorial growth and facilitated the capture of additional equipment.[669] Non-conventional weapons The group has a long history of using truck and car bombs, suicide bombers and IEDs, and has used chemical weapons in Iraq and Syria. ISIL captured nuclear materials from Mosul University in July 2014, but is unlikely to be able to turn them into weapons.[670][671] In ISIL's monthly magazine Dabiq, John Cantlie wrote of a hypothetical scenario where ISIL might be able to buy a nuclear weapon from corrupt officials in Pakistan,[672] to which India's Minister of State for Defence said, "With the rise of ISIS in West Asia, one is afraid to an extent that perhaps they might get access to a nuclear arsenal from states like Pakistan".[673] In September 2015 a US official stated that ISIL was manufacturing and using mustard agent in Syria and Iraq, and had an active chemical weapons research team.[674][675] Propaganda and social media It has been suggested that this section be split into a new article titled ISIL propaganda and social media. (Discuss)(November 2015)

The logo of al-Hayat Media Centre, copying the style of Al Jazeera's logo.

ISIL is known for its extensive and effective use of propaganda.[293][676] It uses a version of the Muslim Black Standard flag and developed an emblem which has clear symbolic meaning in the Muslim world.[677] In November 2006, shortly after the group's rebranding as the "Islamic State of Iraq", the group established the Al-Furqan Foundation for Media Production, which produces CDs, DVDs, posters, pamphlets, and web-related propaganda products and official statements.[678] It began to expand its media presence in 2013, with the formation of a second media wing, Al-I'tisam Media Foundation, in March[679][680] and the Ajnad Foundation for Media Production, specializing in Nasheeds and audio content, in August.[681] In mid 2014, ISIL established the Al-Hayat Media Center, which targets Western audiences and produces material in English, German, Russian and French.[682][683] When ISIL announced its expansion to other countries in November 2014 it established media departments for the new branches, and its media apparatus ensured that the new branches follow the same models it uses in Iraq and Syria.[684]

Al Furqan logo In December 2014, FBI Director James Comey stated that ISIL's "propaganda is unusually slick. They are broadcasting... in something like 23 languages".[685] From July 2014, al-Hayat began publishing a digital magazine called Dabiq, in a number of different languages including English. According to the magazine, its name is taken from the town of Dabiq in northern Syria, which is mentioned in a hadith about Armageddon.[686] The group also runs a radio network called Al-Bayan, which airs bulletins in Arabic, Russian and English and provides coverage of its activities in Iraq, Syria and Libya.[687] ISIL's use of social media has been described by one expert as "probably more sophisticated than [that of] most US companies".[293][688] It regularly takes advantage of social media, particularly Twitter, to distribute its message by organising hashtag campaigns, encouraging Tweets on popular hashtags, and utilising software applications that enable ISIL propaganda to be distributed automatically via its supporters' accounts.[688][689] Another comment is that "ISIS puts more emphasis on social media than other jihadi groups... They have a very coordinated social media presence."[690] In August 2014, Twitter administrators shut down a number of accounts associated with ISIL. ISIL recreated and publicized new accounts the next day, which were also shut down by Twitter administrators.[691] The group has attempted to branch out into alternative social media sites, such as Quitter, Friendica and Diaspora; Quitter and Friendica, however, almost immediately worked to remove ISIL's presence from their sites.[692] The release of videos and photographs of beheadings, shootings, caged prisoners being burnt alive or submerged gradually until drowned—has been called "the hallmark" of ISIL. [693] Journalist Abdel Bari Atwan describes ISIL's media content as part of a "systematically applied policy". The escalating violence of its killings "guarantees" the attention of the media and public. Following the plan of al-Qaeda strategist Abu Bakr Naji, ISIL hopes the "savagery" will lead to a period of "vexation and exhaustion" among its Western enemies, where the US will be drawn into a direct fight with ISIS, and lacking the will to fight a sustained war will be "worn down" militarily.[237] Along with images of brutality, ISIL presents itself as "an emotionally attractive place where people 'belong', where everyone is a 'brother' or 'sister'. A kind of slang, melding adaptations or shortenings of Islamic terms with street language, is evolving among the English-language fraternity on social media platforms in an attempt to create a 'jihadi cool'."[237] The "most potent psychological pitch" of ISIL media is the promise of heavenly reward to dead jihadist fighters. Frequently posted in their media are dead jihadists smiling faces, their ISIS 'salute' of a 'right- hand index finger pointing heavenward', and testimonies of their happy widows.[237] ISIL has also attempted to present a more "rational argument" in its series of "press release/discussions" performed by hostage/captive John Cantlie and posted on YouTube. In one "Cantlie presentation", various current and former US officials were quoted, such as US President and former CIA Officer Michael Scheuer.[694] In April 2015 hackers claiming allegiance to ISIL managed to black out 11 global television channels belonging to TV5Monde for several hours, and take over the company's social media pages for nearly a day.[695] U.S. cybersecurity company FireEye later reported that they believed the cyber-attack was actually carried out by a Russian hacking group, called APT28, with alleged links to the Russian government.[696] Anonymous After the November 2015 Paris attacks, the hacktivist group Anonymous announced it had declared "war" on ISIL.[697] Days after the attack, Anonymous tweeted that it had taken down "more than 5,500" Twitter accounts belonging to ISIL supporters. The group also released a "target list" for its members, including "ISIS member Twitter accounts, Syrian Internet Service Providers, and ISIS-related e-mail and Web servers."[698] A Telegram account allegedly linked to ISIL responded by calling them "idiots".[699] A spokesman for Twitter told The Daily Dot that the company is not using the lists of accounts being reported by Anonymous, as they have been found to be “wildly inaccurate” and include accounts used by academics and journalists.[700] Finances Main article: Finances of ISIL According to a 2015 study by the Financial Action Task Force, ISIL's five primary sources of revenue are as followed (listed in order of significance):  proceeds from the occupation of territory (including control of banks, oil and gas reservoirs, taxation, extortion, and robbery of economic assets)

 kidnapping for ransom

 donations from Saudi Arabia and Gulf states, often disguised as meant for "humanitarian charity"

 material support provided by foreign fighters

 fundraising through modern communication networks[701] In 2014 the RAND Corporation analyzed ISIL’s funding sources from documents captured between 2005 and 2010[702] and found outside donations amounted to only 5% of the group’s operating budgets,[702] with cells inside Iraq required to send up to 20% of the income generated from kidnapping, extortion rackets and other activities to the next level of the group's leadership who would then redistribute the funds to provincial or local cells which were in difficulties or which needed money to conduct attacks.[702][702] In mid-2014, Iraqi intelligence obtained information that ISIL had assets worth US$2 billion, [703] making it the richest jihadist group in the world.[704] About three-quarters of this sum said to looted from Mosul’s central bank and commercial banks in Mosul.[705][706] However, doubt was later cast on whether ISIL was able to retrieve anywhere near that sum from the central bank,[707] and even on whether the bank robberies had actually occurred.[708] Since 2012, ISIL has produced annual reports giving numerical information on its operations, somewhat in the style of corporate reports, seemingly in a bid to encourage potential donors.[293] [709]

Oil revenues One US Treasury official estimated that ISIL earns US$1 million a day from the export of oil.[710] In 2014, Dubai-based energy analysts put the combined oil revenue from ISIL's Iraqi-Syrian production as high as US$3 million per day.[711] In 2014, the majority of the group's funding came from the production and sale of energy; it controlled around 300 oil wells in Iraq alone. At its peak, it operated 350 oil wells in Iraq, but lost 45 to foreign airstrikes. It had captured 60% of Syria's total production capacity. About one fifth of its total capacity had been in operation. ISIL earned US$2.5 million a day by selling 50,000–60,000 barrels of oil daily.[710][712]Foreign sales rely on a long-standing black market to export via Turkey. Many of the smugglers and corrupt Turkish border guards who helped Saddam Hussein to evade sanctions are helping ISIL to export oil and import cash.[703][712][713] Other energy sales include selling electric power from captured power plants in northern Syria; some of this electricity is reportedly sold back to the Syrian government.[714] Sale of antiques and artifacts Sales of artifacts may be the second largest source of funding for ISIL.[712] More than a third of Iraq's important sites are under ISIL's control. It looted the 9th century BC grand palace of the Assyrian king Ashurnasirpal II at Kalhu (Nimrud). Tablets, manuscripts and cuneiforms were sold, worth hundreds of millions of dollars. Stolen artifacts are smuggled into Turkey and Jordan. Abdulamir al-Hamdani, an archaeologist from SUNY Stony Brook, has said that ISIL is "looting... the very roots of humanity, artefacts from the oldest civilizations in the world".[712] Taxation and extortion ISIL extracts wealth through taxation and extortion.[710] Regarding taxation, Christians and foreigners are at times required to pay a tax known as jizya. In addition, the group routinely practices extortion, by demanding money from truck drivers and threatening to blow up businesses, for example. Robbing banks and gold shops has been another source of income. [292] The Iraq government indirectly finances ISIL, as it continues to pay the salaries of the thousands of government employees who continue to work in areas controlled by ISIL, which then confiscates as much as half of those Iraqi government employees' pay.[715] Policemen, teachers, and soldiers who had worked for religiously inappropriate regimes are reportedly allowed to continue work if they pay for a repentance ID card that has to be annually renewed.[716] Illegal drug trade According to Victor Ivanov, head of the Russian anti-drug agency, ISIL, like Boko Haram, makes money through trafficking Afghan heroin through its territory.[717]The annual value of this business may be up to $1 billion.[717] Farming The acreage between and has produced half of Syria's annual wheat crop and a third of Iraq's. It is able to produce crops worth possibly US$200 million per year if properly managed.[716] Donations by Saudi Arabia and Gulf states Website The Daily Beast in June 2014 accused Saudi Arabia, Kuwait and Qatar of having funded ISIL in the past,[718][719] and also Iran and Iraqi Prime MinisterNouri al-Maliki have accused Saudi Arabia and Qatar of funding the group.[618][718][720] Ahead of the pro-Iraq, anti-ISIL conference held in Paris on 15 September 2014, France's foreign minister acknowledged that a number of countries at the table (the Saudis, Qatar and Kuwait were present) had "very probably" financed ISIL's advances.[721] According to The Atlantic, ISIL may have been a major part of Saudi Arabian Bandar bin Sultan's covert-ops strategy in Syria.[722] Unregistered charity organisations act as fronts to pass funds to ISIL, disguising funding as donations for "humanitarian charity". Saudi Arabia therefore has imposed a blanket ban on unauthorised donations destined for Syria in order to stop such funding.[712] There are sources, however, that stress that there is no evidence that ISIL has direct support from those countries.[129][617][720] Timeline of events Main article: Timeline of ISIL related events Index to main: 2013 events; 2014 events: January, February, March, April, May, June, July, Au gust, September, October, November, December; 2015 events:January, February, March, April, May, June, July, Au gust, September, October, November. See also: Islamic State of Iraq § Timeline, Syrian Civil War § Course of events, Terrorist incidents in Iraq in 2014 and Terrorist incidents in Iraq in 2015 See also Arab World portal Iraq portal

Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant portal

Syria portal Syrian Civil War portal

Terrorism portal

 2014 American rescue mission in Syria

 Military intervention against ISIL  Operation Inherent Resolve

 Human rights in ISIL-controlled territory

 Iran and ISIL

 Killing of captives by ISIL

 List of armed groups in the Syrian Civil War

 List of wars and battles involving ISIL

 Management of Savagery

 First Battle of Tikrit

 Northern Iraq offensive (August 2014)

 Portrayal of ISIL in American media

 Shia–Sunni relations

 Siege of Kobanî

 Battle of Baiji (October–December 2014)

(2014–15)

 Battle of Baiji (2014–15)

 Sinjar offensive

 Al-Hasakah offensive (February–March 2015)

 Second Battle of Tikrit (March–April 2015)

Campaign (2015)

 Spillover of the Syrian Civil War

 United Kingdom and ISIL

 Oil production in ISIL References

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274. Jump up ^ "Saudi Arabia designates Muslim Brotherhood terrorist group". Reuters. 7 March 2014. Retrieved 31 July 2014.

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278. Jump up ^ "Court affirms ISIS' 'terrorist group' designation". Daily News Egypt.

279. Jump up ^ "Egypt brands jihadist ISIL a 'terrorist group'". Hürriyet Daily News (Istanbul, Turkey). 30 November 2014.

280. Jump up ^ "Banned Organisations". Retrieved 16 December 2014.

281. Jump up ^ "India bans IS". The Hindu (Chennai, India). Press Trust of India. 16 December 2014. Retrieved 16 December 2014.

282. Jump up ^ "Russia calls on all states to put Islamic State, Jabhat al-Nusra on terrorist lists". Russian News Agency TASS. 29 December 2015. Retrieved 29 December2014.

283. Jump up ^ Parasẓcẓuk, Joanna. "Kyrgyẓstan Bans IS, Designates It As Terror Group".Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. Retrieved 26 March 2015.

284. Jump up ^ Manal. "Syria condemns terrorist acts in Iraq, expresses solidarity with Iraqi government, army and people". Syrian Arab News Agency.

285. Jump up ^ "Jordan launches airstrikes against ISIS". News Corp Australia. 6 February 2015. Retrieved 7 August 2015.

286. ^ Jump up to: a b Gishkori, Zahid. "Islamic State listed among proscribed outfits". The Express Tribune (Pakistan).

287. Jump up ^ "Resolution 1267 (1999) Adopted by the Security Council at its 4051st meeting on 15 October 1999". UNHCR. 288. Jump up ^ Roberts, Janette (17 September 2014). "ISIL banned in Germany". Sixth Sense.

289. Jump up ^ "Switẓerland bans ISIL". Anadolu Agency. 8 October 2014.

290. Jump up ^ Pandey, Avaneesh (16 December 2014). "India Bans ISIS After Government Raises Concerns Over Group's Online Presence". International Business Times.

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293. ^ Jump up to: a b c d Khalaf, Roula; Jones, Sam (17 June 2014). "Selling terror: how Isis details its brutality". Financial Times. Retrieved 18 June 2014.

294. Jump up ^ "UN 'may include' Isis on Syrian war crimes list". BBC News. 26 July 2014.

295. Jump up ^ "Video shows Islamic State executes scores of Syrian soldiers". Reuters. 28 August 2014.

296. Jump up ^ "ISIS accused of crimes against humanity". Al Arabiya (Dubai, United Arab Emirates). 14 November 2014.

297. Jump up ^ Larson, Nina (14 November 2014). "UN probe: ISIS committing 'crimes against humanity' in Syria". The Daily Star (Beirut, Lebanon).

298. Jump up ^ "Libya: Extremists Terroriẓing Derna Residents". Human Rights Watch. Retrieved 28 November 2014.

299. Jump up ^ "Rule of Terror: Living under ISIS in Syria" (PDF). United Nations Commission on Human Rights. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 February 2015. Retrieved 29 November 2014.

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301. ^ Jump up to: a b Zarocostas, John (8 July 2014). "U.N.: Islamic State executed imam of mosque where Baghdadi preached". McClatchyDC. Retrieved 10 October 2014.

302. Jump up ^ Abi-Habib, Maria (26 June 2014). "Iraq's Christian Minority Feels Militant Threat". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 6 July 2014 – via Google.(subscription required (help)). 303. ^ Jump up to: a b "Turkey’s Arab Alawites stand at a crossroads". The National. 6 December 2014.

304. ^ Jump up to: a b c "ISIS reportedly massacres doẓens in Syrian village". CBS News. 31 March 2015.

305. ^ Jump up to: a b Sherlock, Ruth (11 August 2013). "Syrian rebels accused of sectarian murders". The Daily Telegraph (London). Hundreds of Alawite civilians have been killed, kidnapped or have disappeared during a rebel offensive on President Bashar al-Assad’s heartland province of Latakia, local residents have reported.

306. Jump up ^ "Syria: Executions, Hostage Taking by Rebels". Human Rights Watch. 10 October 2013.

307. Jump up ^ "Iraq crisis: Islamic State accused of ethnic cleansing". BBC News. 2 September 2014. Retrieved 25 September 2014.

308. Jump up ^ "DOCUMENT – IRAQ: ETHNIC CLEANSING ON HISTORIC SCALE: THE ISLAMIC STATE'S SYSTEMATIC TARGETING OF MINORITIES IN NORTHERN IRAQ". Amnesty International. September 2014. Archived from the original on 12 September 2014. Retrieved 19 October 2014.

309. ^ Jump up to: a b Report on the Protection of Civilians in Armed Conflict in Iraq: 6 July – 10 September 2014 (PDF). ohchr.org (Report) (Human Rights Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights and United Nations Assistance Mission for Iraq).

310. ^ Jump up to: a b "UN: ISIS Massacred 700 Turkmen— Including Women, Children, Elderly". CNS News. Retrieved 20 October 2014.

311.^ Jump up to: a b "UN confirms 5,000 Yaẓidis men were executed and 7,000 women are now sex slaves". Daily Mail (London). 14 October 2014. Retrieved 20 October 2014.

312. Jump up ^ LUCAS, RYAN (4 November 2014). "ISIS Tortured Kurdish Children Captured in Kobani: Group". The Huffington Post. Associated Press. Retrieved 4 November2014.

313. Jump up ^ "Islamic State group 'executes 700' in Syria". Al Jaẓeera. Retrieved 20 October2014.

314. Jump up ^ Sly, Liẓ (20 October 2014). "Syria tribal revolt against Islamic State ignored, fueling resentment". The Washington Post. Retrieved 7 November 2014.

315. Jump up ^ Van, FERNANDE (7 August 2014). "Isis takes Iraq's largest Christian town as residents told – 'leave, convert or die'". The Independent (London). Beirut. Retrieved 5 January 2015. 316. Jump up ^ Jadallah, Ahmed (18 July 2014). "Convert, pay tax, or die, Islamic State warns Christians". Reuters. Retrieved 5 January 2015.

317. Jump up ^ "Convert, pay tax, or die, Islamic State warns Christians". The Guardian. Reuters. 18 July 2014. Retrieved 27 July 2014.

318. Jump up ^ Abedine, Saad; Mullen, Jethro (28 February 2014). "Islamists in Syrian city offer Christians safety – at a heavy price". CNN. Retrieved 27 July 2014.

319. Jump up ^ Hubbard, Ben (23 July 2014). "Life in a Jihadist Capital: Order With a Darker Side". The New York Times. Retrieved 27 July 2014.

320. Jump up ^ Suleiman Al-Khalidi; Oliver Holmes (23 February 2015). Tom Heneghan, ed."Islamic State in Syria abducts at least 150 Christians". Reuters. Retrieved23 February 2015.

321. Jump up ^ "Islamic State 'abducts doẓens of Christians in Syria'". BBC. 23 February 2015. Retrieved 23 February 2015.

322. Jump up ^ "Rudaw Mobile". Rudaw. Retrieved 25 June 2015.

323. Jump up ^ "ISIL Militants Killed More Than 1000 Civilians in Recent Onslaught in recent Onslaught in Iraq: UN". RT News. Retrieved 4 July 2014.

324. Jump up ^ "Iraq violence: UN confirms more than 2000 killed, injured since early June". UN News Centre. 24 June 2014. Retrieved 4 July 2014.

325. Jump up ^ "UN warns of war crimes as ISIL allegedly executes 1,700". Today's Zaman. 15 June 2014. Retrieved 4 July 2014.

326. Jump up ^ Spencer, Richard (16 June 2014). "Iraq crisis: UN condemns 'war crimes' as another town falls to Isis". The Telegraph (London). Retrieved 6 July 2014.

327. Jump up ^ "Syria: ISIS Summarily Killed Civilians". Human Rights Watch. 14 June 2014. Retrieved 5 July 2014.

328. Jump up ^ "Syria conflict: Amnesty says ISIS killed seven children in north". BBC News. 6 June 2014. Retrieved 5 July 2014.

329. Jump up ^ "NGO: ISIS kills 102-year-old man, family in Syria". Al Arabiya. Retrieved 7 July2014.

330. Jump up ^ Holmes, Oliver (28 December 2014). "Islamic State executed nearly 2,000 people in six months: monitor". Reuters. 331. Jump up ^ Bacchi, Umberto. "ISIS Medieval School Curriculum: No Music, Art and Literature for Mosul Kids". International Business Times.

332. Jump up ^ Spencer, Richard (16 September 2014). "Islamic State issues new school curriculum in Iraq". The Telegraph (London).

333. Jump up ^ "ISIS eradicates art, history and music from curriculum in Iraq". CBS News. 15 September 2014.

334. Jump up ^ Sabah, Zaid; Al-Ansary, Khalid (17 September 2014). "Mosul Schools Go Back in Time With Islamic State Curriculum". Bloomberg News.

335. Jump up ^ Philp, Catherine (17 September 2014). "Parents boycott militants' curriculum".The Times (London).

336. Jump up ^ "Islamic State says women in Mosul must wear full veil or be punished". The Irish Times. 26 July 2014. Retrieved 23 August 2014.

337. Jump up ^ McElroy, Damien (23 July 2014). "Islamic State tells Mosul shopkeepers to cover up naked mannequins". The Telegraph (London).

338. Jump up ^ "ISIS Is Actively Recruiting Female Fighters To Brutaliẓe Other Women".Business Insider.

339. Jump up ^ Taylor, Adam (12 June 2014). "The rules in ISIS' new state: Amputations for stealing and women to stay indoors.". The Washington Post. Retrieved 2 August2014.

340. Jump up ^ "ISIS bans music, imposes veil in Raqqa". Al-Monitor. 20 January 2014. Retrieved 13 September 2014.

341. Jump up ^ "IS beheads two civilian women in Syria: monitor". Yahoo News. 30 June 2015.

342. Jump up ^ Saul, Heather (22 January 2015). "Isis publishes penal code listing amputation, crucifixion and stoning as punishments – and vows to vigilantly enforce it".independent.co.uk (London). Retrieved 3 February 2015.

343. Jump up ^ Withnall, Adam (18 January 2015). "Isis throws 'gay' men off tower, stones woman accused of adultery and crucifies 17 young men in 'retaliatory' wave of executions". independent.co.uk (London). Retrieved 3 February 2015.

344. Jump up ^ Rush, James (3 February 2015). "Images emerge of 'gay' man 'thrown from building by Isis militants before he is stoned to death after surviving fall'".independent.co.uk (London). Retrieved 3 February 2015. 345. Jump up ^ Daragahi, Borẓou (25 February 2015). "Isis brutality in Iraq reawakens Sunni resistance". ft.com. Retrieved 25 February 2014.

346. Jump up ^ Brannan, Kate. "Children of the Caliphate". foreignpolicy.com/. Foreign Policy Magaẓine. Retrieved 30 November 2014.

347. Jump up ^ Peritẓ, Aki; Maller, Tara (16 September 2014). "The Islamic State of Sexual Violence". foreignpolicy.com. Retrieved 14 August 2015.

348. Jump up ^ Saul, Heather (18 February 2015). "Isis Raqqa wives subjected to 'brutal' sexual assaults after marrying militants". The Independent (London). Retrieved14 August 2015.

349. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Callimachi, Rukmini (13 August 2015). "ISIS Enshrines a Theology of Rape". nytimes.com. Retrieved 14 August 2015.

350. Jump up ^ Wood, Paul (22 December 2014). "Islamic State: Yaẓidi women tell of sex-slavery trauma". BBC News. Retrieved 4 January 2015.

351. ^ Jump up to: a b Nebehay, Stephanie (2 October 2014). "Islamic State committing 'staggering' crimes in Iraq: U.N. report". Reuters. Retrieved 2 October 2014.

352. Jump up ^ Lagerwall, Katarina (23 September 2014). "Det jag har bevittnat i al-Raqqa kommer alltid förfölja mig" [What I have witnessed in al-Raqqa will always haunt me]. Dagens Nyheter (in Swedish) (Stockholm, Sweden). Retrieved25 September 2014.

353. Jump up ^ Brekke, Kira (8 September 2014). "ISIS Is Attacking Women, And Nobody Is Talking About It". The Huffington Post. Retrieved 11 September 2014.

354. Jump up ^ "Surging in Iraq". Inter Press Service. 27 June 2014. Retrieved 5 July 2014.

355. Jump up ^ Winterton, Clare (25 June 2014). "Why We Must Act When Women in Iraq Document Rape". The Huffington Post. Retrieved 10 July 2014.

356. Jump up ^ Giglio, Mike (27 June 2014). "Fear of Sexual Violence Simmers in Iraq As ISIL Advances". BuẓẓFeed. Retrieved 9 July 2014.

357. Jump up ^ Williams, Martin (25 September 2013). "Sexual jihad is a bit much". The Citiẓen(Gauteng, South Africa). Retrieved 7 July 2014.

358. Jump up ^ Watson, Ivan (30 October 2014). "'Treated like cattle': Yaẓidi women sold, raped, enslaved by ISIS". CNN. Retrieved 14 August 2015. 359. Jump up ^ Yoon, Sangwoon (4 August 2015). "Islamic State Circulates Sex Slave Price List". BloombergBusines. Archived from the original on 7 August 2015.

360. Jump up ^ Todenhöfer, Jürgen (2015). Inside IS- 10 Tage im [Inside IS: 10 days in 'Islamic State'] (in German). Munich, Germany: C. Bertelsmann Verlag.ISBN 978-3-570-10276-3.

361. Jump up ^ Spencer, Richard (14 October 2014). "Isil carried out massacres and mass sexual enslavement of Yaẓidis, UN confirms". The Telegraph (London). Retrieved3 November 2014.

362. Jump up ^ Semple, Kirk (14 November 2014). "Yaẓidi Girls Seiẓed by ISIS Speak Out After Escape". The New York Times.

363. Jump up ^ "ISIS Just Executed More Than 150 Women in Fallujah". Business Insider. NOW News. 17 December 2014.

364. Jump up ^ Chastain, Mary (17 December 2014). "ISIS Slaughters 150 Females in Iraq for Refusing to Marry, Have Sex with Them". Breitbart News.

365. ^ Jump up to: a b Siddiqui, Mona (24 August 2014). "Isis: a contrived ideology justifying barbarism and sexual control". The Observer. Retrieved 1 January 2015.

366. Jump up ^ Callimachi, Rukmini (10 February 2015). "Death of Kayla Mueller, ISIS Hostage, Confirmed by Family and White House". The New York Times.

367. Jump up ^ "U.S. believes hostage was given to ISIS fighter as bride". CBS News. 11 February 2015. Retrieved 17 August 2015.

368. Jump up ^ Meek, James Gordon; Schwartẓ, Rhonda (10 February 2015). "Officials: Kayla Mueller May Have Been Given to ISIS Commander". ABC News.

369. Jump up ^ Wagner, Meg; Siemasẓko, Corky (10 February 2015). "Kayla Jean Mueller, American aid worker held hostage, may have been forced to marry ISIS leader: report". Daily News (New York).

370. Jump up ^ Dilanian, Ken (14 August 2015). "Islamic State Leader Raped American Hostage, US Finds". Yahoo!. Associated Press.

371. Jump up ^ Neurink, Judit (14 August 2015). "Isis leader Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi repeatedly raped US hostage Kayla Mueller and turned Yaẓidi girls into personal sex slaves".The Independent (London). Retrieved 17 August 2015.

372. Jump up ^ "Islamic State leader reportedly raped American hostage". Fox News Channel. Associated Press. 14 August 2015. 373. Jump up ^ "ISIS leader repeatedly raped American hostage, U.S. finds". CBS News. Associated Press. 14 August 2015.

374. Jump up ^ "Islamic State leader Baghdadi 'raped' Kayla Mueller". BBC News. 14 August 2015.

375. Jump up ^ Dilanian, Ken (14 August 2015). "Islamic State Leader Raped American Hostage, US Finds". ABC News.

376. ^ Jump up to: a b Goldman, Adam; Miller, Greg (14 August 2015). "Leader of Islamic State took American hostage as sexual slave". The Washington Post.

377. Jump up ^ "'ISIS leader al-Baghdadi repeatedly raped US hostage Mueller before her death'". The Jerusalem Post. 14 August 2015. We were told Kayla was tortured, that she was the property of al-Baghdadi. Mueller's parents, Carl and Marsha Mueller, told ABC News

378. Jump up ^ Meek, James Gordon (14 August 2015). "ISIS Leader Abu Bakr Al-Baghdadi Sexually Abused American Hostage Kayla Mueller, Officials Say". Washington DC: ABC News. Retrieved 14 August 2015. The information about al-Baghdadi's extraordinary direct role in the captivity and physical abuse of Kayla Mueller was drawn from, among many sources, the U.S. debriefings of at least least two Yeẓedi teenage girls, ages 16 and 18, held as sex slaves in the Sayyaf compound as well as from the interrogation of Abu Sayyaf's wife Umm Sayyaf, who was captured in the U.S. raid, the officials told ABC News.

379. ^ Jump up to: a b c Abdelaẓiẓ, Salma (13 October 2014). "ISIS states its justification for the enslavement of women". CNN. Retrieved 1 January 2015.

380. Jump up ^ Spencer, Richard (13 October 2014). "Thousands of Yaẓidi women sold as sex slaves 'for theological reasons', says Isil". The Telegraph (London). Retrieved3 November 2014.

381. Jump up ^ "Slavery in Islam: To have and to hold". The Economist. 18 October 2014.

382. Jump up ^ Malas, Nour (18 November 2014). "Ancient Prophecies Motivate Islamic State Militants: Battlefield Strategies Driven by 1,400-year-old Apocalyptic Ideas". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 22 November 2014.

383. ^ Jump up to: a b Sypher, Ford (28 August 2014). "Rape and Inside an ISIS Prison". The Daily Beast. Horror. Retrieved 5 January 2015.

384. ^ Jump up to: a b c d Kumar, Anugrah (13 October 2014). "ISIS Claims Islam Justifies Making 'Infidel' Women Sex Slaves". The Christian Post. Retrieved 1 January 2015. 385. ^ Jump up to: a b "ISIL seeks to justify enslaving Yaẓidi women and girls in Iraq". Today's Zaman. abril. 14 October 2014. Retrieved 2 January 2014.

386. ^ Jump up to: a b Smith, Amelia (12 September 2014). "ISIS Publish Pamphlet On How to Treat Female Slaves". Newsweek.

387. ^ Jump up to: a b Taher, Abul (13 December 2014). "Our faith condones raping underage slaves: ISIS publishes shocking guidebook telling fighters how to buy, sell and abuse captured women". Daily Mail (London).

388. ^ Jump up to: a b Withnall, Adam (10 December 2014). "Isis releases 'abhorrent' sex slaves pamphlet with 27 tips for militants on taking, punishing and raping female captives". The Independent.

389. Jump up ^ Lodge, Carey (15 December 2014). "Islamic State issues abhorrent sex slavery guidelines about how to treat women". Christianity Today.

390. Jump up ^ Botelho, Greg (13 December 2014). "ISIS: Enslaving, having sex with 'unbelieving' women, girls is OK". CNN.

391. ^ Jump up to: a b c d "Open Letter to Al-Baghdadi". September 2014. Retrieved 25 September2014.

392. ^ Jump up to: a b Markoe, Lauren (24 September 2013). "Muslim Scholars Release Open Letter to Islamic State Meticulously Blasting Its Ideology". The Huffington Post. Religious News Service. Retrieved 25 September 2014.

393. Jump up ^ Saul, Heather (10 April 2015). "Yaẓidi sex slaves 'gang-raped in public' by Isis fighters, harrowing accounts reveal". The Independent (London). Retrieved11 April 2015.

394. Jump up ^ Saul, Heather (21 February 2015). "Isis infighting: Tensions rise over use of Yaẓidi sex slaves, loss of Kobani and poor services in areas controlled by group".The Independent (London). Retrieved 11 April 2015.

395. Jump up ^ "About CPJ". Committee to Protect Journalists.

396. Jump up ^ Al Fares, Zaid (5 September 2014). "The Forgotten Isis Beheadings: The World Mourns Steven Sotloff, but who Remembers Bassam al-Rayes?". International Business Times UK. Retrieved 17 December 2014.

397. Jump up ^ Kestler-D'Amours, Jillian (6 October 2014). "Syria journalists 'on the margins of history'". Al Jaẓeera. Retrieved 17 December 2014.

398. ^ Jump up to: a b "Areas controlled by Islamic State are news 'black holes'". Reporters Without Borders. 399. Jump up ^ "ISIL 'publicly executes Iraqi journalist'". Al Jaẓeera. 11 October 2014.

400. Jump up ^ Callimachi, Rukmini (25 October 2014). "ISIS Hostages Endured Torture and Dashed Hopes, Freed Cellmates Say". The New York Times.

401. Jump up ^ Yourish, Karen (25 October 2014). "The Fates of 23 ISIS Hostages in Syria".The New York Times.

402. Jump up ^ Johnston, Chris (9 December 2014). "Islamic State suspected of cyber-attack on Raqqa opponents". The Guardian. Retrieved 28 December 2014.

403. Jump up ^ "Libya's ISIS branch claims execution of two Tunisian journalists". Al Akhbar English.

404. Jump up ^ McCurry, Justin (31 January 2015). "Isis video purports to show beheading of Japanese hostage Kenji Goto". The Guardian. Retrieved 1 July 2015.

405. Jump up ^ "A Short History Of ISIS Propaganda Videos". The World Post (The Huffington Post). 11 March 2015.

406. Jump up ^ "Seeking Information: Help Identify Individuals Traveling Overseas for Combat". Federal Bureau of Investigation. 7 October 2014.

407. Jump up ^ "Syrian Soldiers Digging Their Own Graves Before Being Executed by ISIS". YouTube.[dead link]

408. Jump up ^ Solomon, Erika (19 December 2014). "Isis morale falls as momentum slows and casualties mount". Financial Times. Retrieved 20 December 2014.

409. Jump up ^ "Kurdish forces fighting Isis report being attacked with chemical weapons". Agence France-Presse. 13 August 2015. Retrieved 14 August 2015 – via theguardian.com.

410. Jump up ^ "ISIS’s Financial and Military Capabilities". crethiplethi (in en-us). Retrieved2015-11-14.

411. Jump up ^ "Iraq's heritage needs protection from Islamic State – UNESCO". Reuters.

412. ^ Jump up to: a b "Islamic State seeking to 'delete' entire cultures, UNESCO chief warns in Iraq". The Christian Science Monitor.

413. Jump up ^ Franklin Lamb. "SYRIA: "Raqqa is Being Slaughtered Silently"". Retrieved28 December 2014. transcript of an interview conducted by the author at the National Museum of Syria with an employee of the Directorate General of Antiquities and Museums (DGAM). The gentleman had been working in the governorate of Raqqa, in eastern Syria, when armed groups were looting museums and conducting illegal excavations of heritage sites. 414. Jump up ^ "The Plight of Mosul's Museum: Iraqi Antiquities At Risk Of Ruin". NPR. 9 July 2014.

415. ^ Jump up to: a b Dickey, Christopher (7 July 2014). "ISIS Is About to Destroy Biblical History in Iraq". The Daily Beast. Retrieved 1 December 2014.

416. Jump up ^ Al-Alawi, Irfan. "Extreme Wahhabism on Display in Shrine Destruction in Mosul". Gatestone Institute. Retrieved 4 October 2014.

417. Jump up ^ "Islamic State: Jihadists destroying and looting Iraqi heritage sites for artefacts, UNESCO warns". ABC News.

418. Jump up ^ "Nimrud: Outcry as IS bulldoẓers attack ancient Iraq site". BBC News. 6 March 2015. Retrieved 6 March 2015.

419. ^ Jump up to: a b Khan, Sheema (29 September 2014). "Another battle with Islam’s ‘true believers’". The Globe and Mail (Toronto, Canada).

420. Jump up ^ Hasan, Usama (July 2012). The Balance of Islam in Challenging Extremism(PDF) (Report). Quilliam Foundation.

421. Jump up ^ Jebara, Mohamad (6 February 2015). "Imam Mohamad Jebara: Fruits of the tree of extremism". Ottawa Citiẓen.

422. Jump up ^ "Saudi Arabia's Grand Mufti denounces Islamic State group as un-Islamic". Reuters. 25 August 2014. Retrieved 18 November 2014.

423. Jump up ^ Shaikh, Amad (1 October 2014). "Muslim Scholars Letter to al-Baghdadi of ISIS or ISIL – A Missed Opportunity". Muslim Matters. Retrieved 8 November 2014.

424. Jump up ^ Smith, Samuel (25 September 2014). "International Coalition of Muslim Scholars Refute ISIS' Religious Arguments in Open Letter to al- Baghdadi". The Christian Post. Retrieved 18 October 2014.

425. Jump up ^ Milmo, Cahal (25 September 2014). "Isis is 'an offence to Islam', says international coalition of major Islamic scholars". independent (London). Retrieved 8 October 2014. More than 120 Sunni imams and academics, including some of the Muslim world's most respected scholars, signed the 18-page document which outlines 24 separate grounds on which the terror group violates the tenets of Islam.

426. Jump up ^ Parasẓcẓuk, Joanna (7 February 2014). "Syria: Umar Shishani's Second-in-Command in ISIS Slams Scholars Who "Sow Discord" & Don't Fight". EA WorldView. Retrieved 8 July 2014. 427. ^ Jump up to: a b "The slow backlash – Sunni religious authorities turn against Islamic State".The Economist. 6 September 2014.

428. Jump up ^ ""They're delusional": Rivals ridicule ISIS declaration of Islamic state". CBS News. 30 June 2014. Retrieved 4 July 2014.

429. Jump up ^ Strange, Hannah (5 July 2014). "Islamic State leader Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi addresses Muslims in Mosul". The Telegraph (London). Retrieved 6 July 2014.

430. Jump up ^ Creswell, Robyn; Haykel, Bernard (8 June 2015). "Battle Lines". The New Yorker. Retrieved 6 June 2015. In the most recent issue of Dabiq, ISIS’s English- language magaẓine, a female writer encourages women to emigrate to "the lands of the Islamic State" even if it means travelling without a male companion, a shocking breach of traditional Islamic law. This may be a cynical ploy—a lure for runaways. But it is in keeping with the jihadists’ attack on parental authority and its emphasis on individual empowerment, including the power of female believers to renounce families they do not view as authentically Muslim.

431. Jump up ^ Creswell, Robyn; Haykel, Bernard (8 June 2015). "Battle Lines". The New Yorker. Retrieved 6 June 2015. It has also created a female morality police, a shadowy group called the al-Khansa’ Brigades, who insure proper deportment in ISIS-held towns. ... Al-Khansa’ was a female poet of the pre-Islamic era who converted to Islam and became a companion of the Prophet, and her elegies for her male relations are keystones of the genre [of Islamic poetry]. The name therefore suggests an institution with deep roots in the past, and yet there has never been anything like the Brigades in Islamic history, nor do they have an equivalent anywhere else in the Arab world.

432. ^ Jump up to: a b Halleck, Thomas (26 September 2014). "Thousands of French Muslims Protest Herve Gourdel Beheading". International Business Times. Retrieved28 September 2014.

433. Jump up ^ "'Not in my name': French Muslims rally to denounce ISIS beheadings". RT. Retrieved 13 October 2014.

434. Jump up ^ Ghosts of Aleppo (Full Length). YouTube. 30 September 2014.

435. Jump up ^ "Ghosts of Aleppo (Full Length)". VICE News.

436. Jump up ^ Joscelyn, Thomas (25 October 2015). "Al Qaeda appears ‘moderate’ compared to Islamic State, jihadist says". Long War Journal.

437. Jump up ^ Joscelyn, Thomas (26 October 2015). "A rare interview with an experienced Al Qaeda commander shows how the group is using ISIS to make itself look 'moderate'". Business Insider. Retrieved 20 November 2015. 438. Jump up ^ Joscelyn, Thomas (5 June 2015). "The Al Nusrah Front’s ‘inherited jihad’".Long War Journal.

439. Jump up ^ Joscelyn, Thomas (20 July 2015). "Officials from Al Nusrah Front, Ahrar al Sham vow to continue fight against Islamic State". Long War Journal.

440. Jump up ^ Joscelyn, Thomas (9 Feb 2015). "Al Qaeda Uses ISIS to Try to Present Itself as Respectable, Even Moderate". The Weekly Standard.

441. Jump up ^ "Syria Comment » Archives The Plight of Syria's Druẓe Minority and U.S. Options - Syria Comment". Syria Comment.

442. Jump up ^ Joscelyn, Thomas (2 November 2015). "Al Qaeda chief calls for jihadist unity to ‘liberate Jerusalem’". Long War Journal.

443. Jump up ^ Uncover the Mask with Evidence and YouTube. 8 March .كشف القناع بالحجة ولقناع داعش Confidence 2015. Retrieved 4 August 2015.

444. Jump up ^ "Number of ISIS defectors growing, disillusioned with killing fellow Muslims: Study". The Straits Times (London). Agence France-Presse. 21 September 2015. Archived from the original on 25 September 2015.

445. Jump up ^ Neumann, Peter R. (22 September 2015). "Defectors: ISIS is killing Muslims, not protecting them". CNN. Retrieved 13 October 2015.

446. Jump up ^ Robins-Early, Nick (21 September 2015). "New Report Reveals Why Fighters Are Quitting ISIS". The Huffington Post. Retrieved 13 October 2015.

447. Jump up ^ "A ‘disgraceful reality’: Islamic State spies posing as defectors". Syria Direct. 5 November 2015.

448. Jump up ^ "Head of Egypt’s al-Aẓhar condemns ISIS ‘barbarity’". Al Arabiya. 3 December 2014.[dead link]

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451. Jump up ^ Fouad, Ahmed. "Al-Aẓhar refuses to consider the Islamic State an apostate".Al-Monitor. The sheikh of Al-Aẓhar, Ahmed al-Tayeb, repeated his rejection of declaring IS apostates on 1 Jan, during a meeting with editors-in-chief of Egyptian newspapers. This sparked criticism from a number of religious, political and media parties, especially since Al-Aẓhar could have renounced the Nigerian mufti’s statement on IS without addressing the issue of whether or not Al-Aẓhar considers the group apostates 452. Jump up ^ "Sheikh Al-Aẓhar Speech in opening of conference". Muslim World League. 22 February 2015.

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456. Jump up ^ "Iraq's Baghdadi calls for 'holy war'". Al Jaẓeera. 2 July 2014. Retrieved 2 July2014.

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462. Jump up ^ Taylor, Adam (27 August 2014). "Meet 'QSIS': A new twist in what to call the extremist group rampaging in Iraq and Syria". The Washington Post.

463. Jump up ^ Meky, Shounaẓ (24 August 2014). "Egypt's Dar al-Ifta: ISIS extremists not 'Islamic State'". Al Arabiya. Retrieved 27 August 2014.

464. Jump up ^ Vincent, Michael (25 September 2014). "Islamic State: PM Tony Abbott tells UN Australia's response to terrorist group will be 'utterly unflinching'". ABC News (Australia). Retrieved 4 November 2014.

465. Jump up ^ "Islamic State crisis: Mother fears for son at Mosul school". BBC News. 29 September 2014. Retrieved 4 October 2014. 466. Jump up ^ Griffin, Andrew (14 September 2014). "Isis should be called the 'Un-Islamic State': British Muslims call on David Cameron to stop spread of extremist propaganda". The Independent (London). Retrieved 13 November 2014.

467. Jump up ^ "Islamic State: Call Them 'Unislamic State,' Leading Muslims Plead, As Terror Group Murders David Haines". Huntington Post. 14 September 2014. Retrieved13 November 2014.

468. Jump up ^ "Muslims Around The World Are Making Parody Videos To Mock ISIS". Countercurrent News. 2 October 2014. Retrieved 6 October 2014.

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471. Jump up ^ Porter, Tom (10 August 2015). "Iraq War Created Isis, Concedes David Miliband". International Business Times. Retrieved 12 March 2015.

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473. Jump up ^ Horsley, Scott (12 September 2014). "Do Americans Support President Obama's ISIS Plan?". NPR.

474. Jump up ^ Mishra, Pankaj (24 July 2015). "How to think about Islamic State". The Guardian.

475. Jump up ^ "The US, IS and the conspiracy theory sweeping Lebanon". BBC News. 12 August 2014.

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477. Jump up ^ Mackey, Robert (26 August 2014). "Borne by , Conspiracy Theory That U.S. Created ISIS Spreads Across Middle East". The New York Times.

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481. Jump up ^ Beck, John (22 August 2014). "Meet the PKK 'Terrorists' Battling the Islamic State on the Frontlines of Iraq". VICE News. Retrieved 14 November 2014.

482. Jump up ^ "In Pictures: Tension in Kirkuk". Al Jaẓeera. Retrieved 18 July 2014.

483. Jump up ^ "Shabak Community forms military force of 1500 fighters to fight ISIS in Nineveh". IraqiNews. 23 September 2014. Retrieved 2 January 2015.

484. Jump up ^ Mortada, Radwan (19 May 2014). "Heẓbollah fighters and the "jihadis": Mad, drugged, homicidal, and hungry". Al Akhbar. Retrieved 9 June 2014.

485. Jump up ^ Malouf, Carol; Spencer, Richard (4 August 2014). "Islamic State seiẓes territory inside Lebanon". The Daily Telegraph (London).

486. ^ Jump up to: a b "Jordan confirms its planes joined strikes on IS in Syria". The Jordan Times. Retrieved 23 September 2014.

487. Jump up ^ "Turkish army trades fire with ISIL fighters in Syria". Al Jaẓeera.

488. Jump up ^ Karam, Zeina (19 August 2014). "Syria conflict: President Assad finally turns on Isis as government steps up campaign against militant strongholds". The Independent (London).

489. Jump up ^ Mulcaire, Jack (22 April 2014). "Aleppo: Syria's Stalingrad?". The National Interest. Retrieved 29 April 2014.

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491. Jump up ^ Muslim, Hana (13 May 2014). "Syria rebels struggle for control over ISIL-held Raqqa". ARA News. Retrieved 16 May 2014.

492. Jump up ^ "Islamist militias unite under ‘code of honor’". The Daily Star. 19 May 2014. Retrieved 3 March 2015.

493. Jump up ^ Ahmed, Raman (8 July 2014). "ISIL struggles for control over Syrian Kurdish areas". ARA News. Retrieved 9 July 2014.

494. Jump up ^ "Presence of the MFS at the border of Iraq". Syriac International News Agency. 16 June 2014. Retrieved 30 July 2014. 495. Jump up ^ Steinbach, Peter. "Die Christen in Syrien ẓiehen in die Schlacht". Die Welt. Retrieved 2 September 2014.

496. Jump up ^ Duell, Mark (14 October 2014). "Now ISIS is under attack from guerrillas itself: Ultra-secret White Shroud group strike fear into terrorists by picking off fighters one by one". Daily Mail (London). Retrieved 14 October 2014.

497. ^ Jump up to: a b "ISIL, Nusra Clash Fiercely on Qalmoun Barrens: 25 Killed, Injured". Al-Manar News. 17 December 2014. Retrieved 18 December 2014.

498. Jump up ^ "ISIS and Al-Nusra Cooperation: A Possible Sign of Desperation". The News Hub. 22 November 2014. Retrieved 22 September 2015.

499. Jump up ^ Joscelyn, Thomas (15 November 2014). "Murder Vids Help ISIS Lure More Monsters". The Daily Beast. Retrieved 17 November 2014.

500. Jump up ^ Cruickshank, Paul; Robertson, Nic; Lister, Tim; Karadsheh, Jomana (18 November 2014). "ISIS comes to Libya". CNN.

501. Jump up ^ "Two Libyan National Forces Killed as IS attacks checkpoint". Libya Herald. 27 April 2015.

502. Jump up ^ Zelin, Aaron Y. (10 October 2014). "The Islamic State's First Colony in Libya".washingtoninstitute.org/. Washington Institute for Near East Policy.

503. Jump up ^ "Libya ISIS Crisis Libyan Militias Fight Islamic State With Airstrikes Official Says". World News. Retrieved 8 June 2015.

504. Jump up ^ Deaton, Jennifer Z.; Hanna, Jason (23 December 2014). "Algeria: Leader of group that beheaded French hiker is killed". CNN. Retrieved 1 January 2015.

505. ^ Jump up to: a b c Williams, Martin (17 May 2014). "African leaders pledge 'total war' on Boko Haram after Nigeria kidnap". The Guardian.

506. Jump up ^ "Chadian Forces Deploy Against Boko Haram". VOA. 16 January 2015. Retrieved 16 January 2015.

507. Jump up ^ "Saudi Arabia confirms role in strikes against Islamic State in Syria". Reuters. September 2014.

508. Jump up ^ "UAE fighter planes bomb ISIS targest and return to their bases in Jordan". February 2015.

509. ^ Jump up to: a b "Islamic State leader urges attacks in Saudi Arabia: speech". Reuters. 13 November 2014.

510. Jump up ^ "ISIS flag in Kashmir valley worries Army". The Times of India. 511.^ Jump up to: a b "ISIS reportedly moves into Afghanistan, is even fighting Taliban". 12 January 2015. Retrieved 27 March 2015.

512. Jump up ^ "ISIS, Taliban announced Jihad against each other". Khaama Press. 20 April 2015. Retrieved 23 April 2015.

513. Jump up ^ "New video message from The Islamic State: "Targeting the Apostate Pakistānī Military With Mortar Fire in the Area of Khybir – Wilāyat Khurāsān"".JIHADOLOGY. Retrieved 8 June 2015.

514. Jump up ^ "New video message from The Islamic State: "Firing an SPG-9 Cannon Upon the Apostate Pakistani Army in the Area of Khaybar – Wilāyat Khurāsān"".JIHADOLOGY. Retrieved 8 June 2015.

515. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e Liang, Lim Yan (29 May 2015). "ISIS social media post cites Singapore as possible target". The Straits Times. Singapore. Retrieved 8 June 2015.

516. Jump up ^ "14 ISIS militants killed in Philippines". The Nation. 26 February 2015. Retrieved 8 June 2015.

517. Jump up ^ "Manila Standard Today – Latest News in the Philippines". Retrieved 8 June2015.

518. Jump up ^ "Coalition commanders seek plan to counter Daesh advance". Gulf News. Agence France-Presse. 14 October 2014.

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520. Jump up ^ "Arab League issues proclamation on ISIS". CBS/AP. 8 September 2014. Retrieved 20 October 2014.

521. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k Cooper, Helene (5 September 2014). "Obama Enlists 9 Allies". The New York Times. Retrieved 6 September 2014.

522. Jump up ^ Nicks, Denver (5 September 2014). "U.S. Forms Anti-ISIS Coalition at NATO Summit". Time. Retrieved 25 September 2014.

523. Jump up ^ Wintour, Patrick (5 September 2014). "US Forms 'core coalition' to fight ISIS militants in Iraq". The Guardian. Retrieved 6 September 2014.

524. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s Wordsworth, Araminta (26 September 2014)."Anti-ISIS coalition has mobiliẓed up to 62 nations and groups". National Post. Retrieved 28 September 2014. 525. ^ Jump up to: a b c d Young, Sarah (15 August 2014). "Britain ready to supply Kurds with arms". Reuters. Retrieved 18 August 2014.

526. Jump up ^ Sevincer, Vedat (19 September 2014). "Norway is Officially Part of the Military Coalition against ISIS". The Nordic Page.

527. Jump up ^ Ribeiro, Nuno. "Portugal treina militares iraquianos contra o Estado Islâmico".PÚBLICO.

528. Jump up ^ "España enviará unos 300 militares a Irak para instruir a su Ejército". El País. 9 October 2014. Retrieved 12 October 2014.

529. Jump up ^ "Turkey trains Kurdish peshmerga forces in fight against ISIL". world bulletin.net. Retrieved 23 November 2014.

530. Jump up ^ "Turkey launches air strike on Al Qaida convoy in N. Syria". World Tribune.

531. Jump up ^ Stephenson, Emily (23 July 2015). "Turkey lets U.S. strike Islamic State from Incirlik base: U.S.". Reuters.

532. Jump up ^ Schmitt, Eric (26 November 2014). "U.S. Adds Planes to Bolster Drive to Wipe Out ISIS". The New York Times.

533. Jump up ^ "US Air Force's A-10 Warthogs and Reaper drones to blast ISIS from the skies". Daily Mail (London). 27 November 2014.

534. Jump up ^ "John Key: Kiwi forces will help train Iraqis fight ISIS". The New Zealand Herald. 5 November 2014. Retrieved 16 December 2014.

نيوزيلندا تنضم الى التحالف ضد جهاديي تنظيم الدولة " ^ Jump up .535 New Zealand join the coalition against state] "اللسليمية في العراق regulation of Islamic jihadists in Iraq] (in Arabic). al Sharqiya.

New] "نيوزيلندا تشارك في تدريب الجيش العراقي " ^ Jump up .536 Zealand is involved in training the Iraqi Army]. RT Arabic (in Arabic). 24 February 2015.

537. Jump up ^ Xue, Jianyue (3 November 2014). "Singapore to join fight against ISIS". Today(MediaCorp Press Ltd.). Retrieved 3 November 2014.

538. Jump up ^ Likmeta, Besar (27 August 2014). "Albania Starts Shifting Weapons to Iraqi Kurds". Balkan Insight.

539. Jump up ^ Petrova, Elitsa (20 September 2014). "До 2020 година 1.8 млрд. лв. ще бъдат вложени в армията" [By 2020 1.8 billion Lev will be invested in the army] (in Bulgarian). Dir.bg. Retrieved 20 September 2014. 540. Jump up ^ "Hrvatska u borbi protiv islamista: Na ẓahtjev SAD-a šaljemo oružje ẓa iračku vojsku" [Croatia in the fight against the Islamists : At the request of the United States and sending weapons to the Iraqi army]. Jutarnji list (in Croatian). 21 August 2014. Retrieved 22 August 2014.

541. Jump up ^ Kalmouki, Nikoleta (25 September 2014). "Greece Participates in the War Against the Islamic State". Greek Reporter. Retrieved 27 September 2014.

542. Jump up ^ "BH on Coalition List against IS Terrorists – Contributed by OSA and SIPA Efficiency". SIPA. 23 September 2014. Retrieved 3 November 2014.

543. Jump up ^ Sadq, Hoshmand (14 August 2014). "Seven Countries to sell weapons to Kurds". BasNews. Retrieved 28 September 2014.

544. Jump up ^ "Foreign Minister Tuomioja goes to the international Counter-ISIL Coalition meeting in Brussels". Retrieved 16 December 2014.

545. Jump up ^ Dehghanpisheh, Babak (3 August 2014). "Iran's elite Guards fighting in Iraq to push back Islamic State". Reuters.

546. Jump up ^ "Iran Rushes Elite Unit To Iraq To Help Government Stop ISIS Advance". WeaselZippers.us. 11 June 2014. Retrieved 18 June 2014.

547. Jump up ^ Smith, Alexander (26 September 2014). "Russia Tells Iraq It's 'Ready' to Support Fight Against ISIS". NBC News. Retrieved 27 September 2014.

548. Jump up ^ Nordland, Rod (29 June 2014). "Russian Jets and Experts Sent to Iraq to Aid Army". The New York Times. Retrieved 28 September 2014.

549. Jump up ^ "Target ISIS: First batch of Russian fighter jets arrives in Iraq". RT. 30 June 2014. Retrieved 8 June 2015.

550. Jump up ^ "Russia 'kills 8 ISIS militants' in Caucasus raid". The Daily Star (Beirut, Lebanon). Agence France Presse.

551. Jump up ^ Wood, L. Todd (30 June 2015). "Russia declares counter-terror ops regime in North Caucasus". The Washington Times.

552. Jump up ^ Harress, Christopher (24 October 2015). "Russian Islamic State Airstrikes In Iraq: ISIS OK For Russia To Target, Baghdad Says". International Business Times. Retrieved 1 November 2015.

553. Jump up ^ "8 ISIS targets hit during 20 combat flights in Syria – Russian military". RT. 30 September 2015. Retrieved 1 October 2015. 554. Jump up ^ Payne, Ed; Starr, Barbara; Cullinane, Susannah (30 September 2015). "Russia launches first airstrikes in Syria". CNN. Retrieved 30 September 2015.

555. Jump up ^ Lomsadẓe, Giorgi (24 September 2014). "Aẓerbaijan Arrests Alleged ISIS and Other Islamic Fighters". EurasiaNet.org (The Open Society Institute). Retrieved18 February 2015.

556. Jump up ^ "Aẓerbaijani media: Embassy increases security in Baku because of ISIS threatening". Panorama. 26 January 2015. Retrieved 18 January 2015.

557. Jump up ^ Mohan, C. Raja (5 March 2015). "Nawaẓ Sharif in Saudi Arabia: Pakistan’s Leverage in the Gulf". The Indian Express. Retrieved 7 March 2015.

558. Jump up ^ Schram, Jamie (31 October 2014). "Now Pakistan cares about ISIS". New York Post. Retrieved 7 March 2015.

559. Jump up ^ "Security forces arrest local Islamic State commander in Lahore: sources". The Express Tribune (Lahore, Pakistan). Reuters. 21 January 2015. Retrieved 7 March2015.

560. Jump up ^ "The War Between ISIS and al-Qaeda for Supremacy of the Global Jihadist Movement". Washington Institute. June 2014. Retrieved 15 October 2014.

561. Jump up ^ Joscelyn, Thomas (9 July 2015). "Al Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb backs jihadists fighting Islamic State in Derna, Libya". Long War Journal. Retrieved 9 July 2015.

562. Jump up ^ "Suspected Leader of Pro-IS Al-Shabab Faction Reported Killed". Voice of America News. 22 November 2015. Retrieved 23 November 2015.

563. Jump up ^ "ISIL warns Hamas in video message". Al Jaẓeera. 1 July 2015. Retrieved1 July 2015.

564. ^ Jump up to: a b Mohammed, A. Salih (1 September 2014). "PKK forces impress in fight against Islamic State". Al- Monitor. Retrieved 15 October 2014.

565. Jump up ^ Roggio, Bill (11 June 2013). "Suicide bombers kill 14 in Damascus". Long War Journal. Retrieved 3 June 2015.

566. Jump up ^ Spencer, Richard (19 May 2013). "Syria: Jabhat al-Nusra split after leader's pledge of support for al- Qaeda". The Telegraph (London).

567. Jump up ^ Banco, Erin (11 April 2015). "Jabhat Al- Nusra And ISIS Alliance Could Spread Beyond Damascus". International Business Times. 568. Jump up ^ Lilli, Eugenio (14 November 2014). "How would a deal between al-Qaeda and Isil change Syria's civil war?". The Telegraph (London).

569. Jump up ^ Prothero, Mitchell (4 March 2014). "ISIS joins other rebels to thwart Syria regime push near Lebanon". The Sacramento Bee (McClatchy).

570. Jump up ^ Ghosh, Bobby (12 January 2015). "ISIL and Al Qaeda: Terror’s frenemies".Quartẓ (Atlantic Media).

571. Jump up ^ Meek, James Gordon. "Al Qaeda Leader Al- Zawahiri Declares War on ISIS 'Caliph' Al-Baghdadi". Yahoo!. ABC News. Retrieved 11 September 2015.

572. Jump up ^ Fahmy, Omar (9 September 2015). "Al Qaeda calls Islamic State illegitimate but suggests cooperation". Reuters. Retrieved 11 September 2015.

573. Jump up ^ "UN says '25,000 foreign fighters' joined Islamist militants". BBC News. 2 April 2015. Retrieved 2 April 2015.

574. Jump up ^ "Isis leader calls on Muslims to 'build Islamic state'". BBC News. 1 July 2014. Retrieved 6 April 2015.

575. Jump up ^ Burke, Jason (26 May 2015). "Islamist fighters drawn from half the world's countries, says UN". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 26 May 2015. Retrieved 26 May 2015.

576. Jump up ^ Mohammed, Riyadh (16 November 2014). "ISIS Beheads Another American As 60 New Terror Groups Join". The Fiscal Times. Retrieved 28 November 2014.

577. Jump up ^ "ISIS accepts Boko Haram pledge, says would-be recruits can go to Nigeria".CBC News (Canadian Broadcasting Corporation). Associated Press. 13 March 2015.

578. Jump up ^ "BIFF, Abu Sayyaf pledge allegiance to Islamic State jihadists". GMA News Online (Queẓon City, Philippines: GMA Network). Agence France-Presse. 16 August 2014. Retrieved 22 August 2014.

579. Jump up ^ Dean, Sarah (21 August 2014). "PM Tony Abbott warns Australians of threats from Indonesian Jemaah Islamiyah group". Daily Mail (London). Retrieved23 August 2014.

580. Jump up ^ Arfaoui, Jamel (8 July 2014). "Tunisia: Ansar Al-Sharia Tunisia Spokesman Backs Isis". Tunis, Tunisia: AllAfrica. Retrieved 25 September 2014.

581. Jump up ^ Abdallah Suleiman Ali (3 July 2014). "Global jihadists recogniẓe Islamic State". Al-Monitor. Retrieved 25 September 2014. 582. Jump up ^ Chikhi, Lamine (14 September 2014). "Splinter group breaks from al Qaeda in North Africa". Reuters. Retrieved 24 September 2014.

583. Jump up ^ Emasquel II, Paterno (17 September 2014). "Philippines condemns, vows to 'thwart' ISIS". Rappler. Retrieved 19 September 2014.

584. Jump up ^ al-Ghoul, Asmaa (27 February 2014). "Gaẓa Salafists pledge allegiance to ISIS – Al-Monitor: the Pulse of the Middle East". Al-Monitor. Retrieved 25 September2014.

585. ^ Jump up to: a b Witular, Rendi A. (13 August 2014). "Sons, top aides abandon Ba'asyir over ISIL, form new jihadist group". The Jakarta Post.

586. Jump up ^ Rottenberg, Chris (2012). "Jamaah Ansharut Tauhid, The Perpetual threat"(PDF). Osgood Center for International Studies.

587. Jump up ^ "Uẓbek militants declare support for Islamic State". Dawn. Agence France-Presse. 7 October 2014. Retrieved 25 May 2015. "Hereby, on behalf of all members of our movement, in line with our sacred duties, I declare that we are in the same ranks with the Islamic State in this continued war between Islam and [non-Muslims]," Usman Gaẓi wrote in an online statement on Sept 26.

588. Jump up ^ "IMU Declares It Is Now Part Of The Islamic State". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. 6 August 2015. Retrieved 6 August 2015.

589. Jump up ^ "Caucasus Emirate and Islamic State Split Slows Militant Activities in North Caucasus". Jamestown Foundation. 13 February 2014. Retrieved 17 February2015.

590. Jump up ^ Fuller, Liẓ (2 January 2015). "Six North Caucasus Insurgency Commanders Transfer Allegiance To Islamic State". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. Retrieved 17 February 2015.

591. Jump up ^ "What Caused the Demise of the Caucasus Emirate?". Jamestown Foundation. 18 June 2015.

592. Jump up ^ "ISIS: We Are Operating in Gaẓa". Vocative: The extremist terror organiẓation is establishing a toehold inside Gaẓa, despite Hamas' claims to the contrary. 9 June 2014. Retrieved 2 June 2015.

593. ^ Jump up to: a b Bertrand, Natasha (28 July 2015). "Senior Western official: Links between Turkey and ISIS are now 'undeniable'".

594. Jump up ^ Zaman, Amberin (10 June 2014). "Syrian Kurds continue to blame Turkey for backing ISIS militants". Al- Monitor.

595. Jump up ^ Wilgenburg, Wladimir van (6 August 2014). "Kurdish security chief: Turkey must end support for jihadists". Al-Monitor. 596. Jump up ^ Cockburn, Patrick (6 November 2014). "Whose side is Turkey on?". London Review of Books 36 (21): 8–10.

597. ^ Jump up to: a b Phillips, David L. (9 November 2014). "Research Paper: ISIS-Turkey List".The Huffington Post.

598. Jump up ^ Guiton, Barney (7 November 2014). "'ISIS Sees Turkey as Its Ally': Former Islamic State Member Reveals Turkish Army Cooperation". Newsweek.

599. Jump up ^ Ben-Solomon, Ariel (30 July 2014). "Islamic State fighter: 'Turkey paved the way for us'". The Jerusalem Post.

600. ^ Jump up to: a b c Faiola, Anthony; Mekhennet, Souad (12 August 2014). "In Turkey, a late crackdown on Islamist fighters". The Washington Post.

601. Jump up ^ Williams, Lauren (4 January 2015). "ISIS Has Polariẓed Turkey Domestically". Daily Star, Lebanon.

602. Jump up ^ Tattersall, Nick; Karouny, Mariam (26 August 2014). "Turkey's 'Open Border' Policy With Syria Has Backfired As ISIS Recruitment Continues". Business Insider.

603. Jump up ^ Schanẓer, Jonathan (25 September 2014). "Boosting Turkey as it backs terror".New York Post.

604. ^ Jump up to: a b Greenhill, Sam (25 August 2014). "How seven radicalised young Britons a week are taking the Gateway to Jihad". Daily Mail (London).

605. Jump up ^ "New report further exposes Turkey links to ISIL militants". Press TV. 21 October 2014.

606. Jump up ^ https://www.rt.com/news/323262-putin- downing-plane-syria/

607. Jump up ^ http://sputniknews.com/middleeast/20151125/103071414 9/russia-syria-putin-24-.html

608. Jump up ^ https://www.rt.com/news/323373-ankara- defends-isis-medvedev/

609. Jump up ^ https://www.rt.com/business/323391-isis-oil- business-turkey-russia/

610. Jump up ^ "Qatar and ISIS Funding: The U.S. Approach". The Washington Institute. August 2014. Retrieved 8 May 2015.

611. Jump up ^ "Islamic State: Where does jihadist group get its support?". BBC. 1 September 2014. Retrieved 8 May 2015. 612. Jump up ^ "Qatar Is a U.S. Ally. They Also Knowingly Abet Terrorism. What's Going On?".New Republic. 6 October 2014. Retrieved 8 May 2015.

613. Jump up ^ "German minister accuses Qatar of funding Islamic State fighters". Reuters. 20 August 2014. Retrieved 8 May 2015.

614. Jump up ^ "Qatar allows money to flow to Islamic State, other terrorists: report".Washington Times. 10 December 2014. Retrieved 8 May 2015.

615. Jump up ^ "Who funds ISIS? Qatar and state- sponsoring allegations". Security Observer. 23 December 2014. Retrieved 8 May 2015.

616. Jump up ^ "Qatar denies backing Islamic State group". Al Jaẓeera. 24 August 2014. Retrieved 8 May 2015.

617. ^ Jump up to: a b Black, Ian (19 June 2014). "Saudi Arabia rejects Iraqi accusations of Isis support". The Guardian. Retrieved 19 June 2014.

618. ^ Jump up to: a b Parker, Ned; Ireland, Louise (9 March 2014). "Iraqi PM Maliki says Saudi, Qatar openly funding violence in Anbar". Reuters.

619. Jump up ^ Husain, Ed (22 August 2014). "ISIS Atrocities Started With Saudi Support For Salafi Hate". The New York Times.

620. Jump up ^ "Saudi Funding of ISIS". washingtoninstitute.org.

621. ^ Jump up to: a b Vinograd, Cassandra; Omar, Ammar Cheikh (11 December 2014). "Syria, ISIS Have Been 'Ignoring' Each Other on Battlefield, Data Suggests". NBC. Retrieved9 March 2015.

622. Jump up ^ Sly, Liẓ (9 September 2014). "Syria’s Assad thinks he is winning. He could be wrong.". The Washington Post.

623. Jump up ^ "CFR Backgrounders – The Islamic State". Council on Foreign Relations. Retrieved 6 July 2015. Some analysts have even described a tacit nonaggression pact between Islamic State militants and Bashar al-Assad regime, with each focused on fighting the main antigovernment opposition forces for territorial control.

624. ^ Jump up to: a b Baker, Aryn (27 January 2014). "Is the Assad Regime in League with al-Qaeda?". Time. Retrieved 6 July 2015.

625. Jump up ^ Black, Ian (14 July 2015). "Bashar al-Assad is west's ally against Isis extremists, says Syria". The Guardian. Retrieved 6 April 2015. 626. Jump up ^ Cordall, Simon Speakwell (21 June 2014). "How Syria's Assad Helped Forge ISIS". Newsweek. Retrieved 9 March 2015.

627. Jump up ^ Kelley, Michael, B (21 January 2014). "It's Becoming Clear That Assad Fueled The Al-Qaeda Surge That Has Kept Him in Power". Business Insider. Retrieved9 March 2015.

628. Jump up ^ Blair, David (7 March 2015). "Oil middleman between Syria and Isil is new target for EU sanctions". The Daily Telegraph (London). Retrieved 9 March 2015.

629. Jump up ^ "Kerry: There Is Evidence That Assad Has Played "Footsie" With ISIL". Real Clear Politics. 18 September 2014. Retrieved 9 March 2015. JOHN KERRY: Regrettably Congressman, no we're not going to be undercut, because. If Assad's forces indeed do decide to focus on ISIL significantly, which they haven't been doing throughout this period, one of our judgements is there is evidence that Assad has played footsie with them, and he has used them as a tool of weakening the opposition. He never took on their headquarters, which were there and obvious, and other assets that they have. So we have no confidence that Assad is either capable of or willing to take on ISIL."

630. Jump up ^ "Has Assad infiltrated rebel forces inside Syria?". Channel Four News. 24 April 2014. Retrieved 9 March 2015.

631. Jump up ^ Ridley, Yyonne (22 September 2014). "EXCLUSIVE: Shaikh Hassan Abboud's final interview". Middle East Monitor. Retrieved 9 March 2015.

632. Jump up ^ "AlQaeda detainees reveal ties with Assad". Al Arabiya News. 20 January 2014. Retrieved 9 March 2015.

633. Jump up ^ U.S. Embassy Syria [USEmbassySyria] (1 June 2015). "Reports indicate that the regime is making air- strikes in support of #ISIL's advance on #Aleppo, aiding extremists against Syrian population" (Tweet). Retrieved 2 June 2015.

634. Jump up ^ Barnard, Anne (2 June 2015). "Assad's Forces May Be Aiding New ISIS Surge".The New York Times. Retrieved 5 June 2015.

635. Jump up ^ Bar'el, Zvi (3 June 2015). "Assad's cooperation with ISIS could push U.S. into Syria conflict". Haaretẓ. Retrieved 4 June 2015. Salim Idris, defense minister in the rebels’ provisional government, said approximately 180 Syrian Army officers are currently serving with ISIS and coordinating the group’s military operations with the army.

636. Jump up ^ Philps, Alan (25 June 2015). "Rebels are close to Raqqa – but what happens next?". The National. Retrieved 20 August 2015. 637. Jump up ^ Selman İnanc, Yusuf (28 June 2015). "ISIS and Assad cooperate locally on mutual interests to destroy FSA". Daily Sabah. Retrieved 29 June 2015.speaking on the condition of anonymity, told Daily Sabah that President Bashar Assad's Syrian regime and ISIS made an agreement on that day at the gas production plant.

638. Jump up ^ Krever, Mick (27 July 2015). "ISIS exists because world ignored al-Assad in Syria, Turkish leader says". CNN. Retrieved 28 July 2015.

639. Jump up ^ "Sa është numri i xhihadistëve të ISIS-it?" [How Many Jihadists ISIS?] (in Albanian). Tirana, Albania: Top Channel. Retrieved 22 February 2015.

640. Jump up ^ Weaver, Mary Anne (19 April 2015). "Her Majesty’s Jihadists". The New York Times. Retrieved 14 April 2015.

641. Jump up ^ "UN Report on 15,000 Foreigners Joining ISIS Fighters in Syria And Iraq Will Shock You". International Business Times. Archived from the original on 10 November 2014.

642. ^ Jump up to: a b "ISIS By the Numbers: Foreign Fighter Total Keeps Growing". NBC News. 28 February 2015.

643. ^ Jump up to: a b c "The names: Who has been recruited to ISIS from the West". CNN. 25 February 2015.

644. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab "Foreign fighter total in Syria/Iraq now exceeds 20,000; surpasses Afghanistan conflict in the 1980s".ICSR. 26 January 2015.

645. Jump up ^ "Nearly 1,700 Russians Fighting For ISIS in Iraq: Report". International Business Times. 20 February 2015.

646. Jump up ^ Yeginsu, Ceylan (15 September 2014). "ISIS Draws a Steady Stream of Recruits From Turkey". The New York Times.

647. Jump up ^ "100 deutsche ISIS-Kämpfer in Syrien und im Irak getötet". BILD.de.

648. ^ Jump up to: a b Gradot, Julien (21 October 2015). "Why Malaysia has a problem with Islamic State". The Malay Mail. Retrieved 21 October 2015.

649. ^ Jump up to: a b Tomovic, Dusica (17 September 2014). "Hundreds of Balkan Jihadists Have Joined ISIS, CIA Says". Balkan Insight. Retrieved 23 January 2015.

650. Jump up ^ "300 Chinese are fighting alongside ISIS in Iraq, Syria". The New York Post. 15 December 2014. Retrieved 3 January 2015. 651. Jump up ^ "Kosovo Charges Seven With Islamist Terrorism". Balkan Insight. 3 March 2015.

652. Jump up ^ "Fears up to 300 Swedes fighting with Isis". The Local (Sweden). 23 November 2014. Retrieved 7 March 2015.

653. Jump up ^ "HOW many? Authorities claim 'up to 250' Australians are linked to ISIS terrorists". Daily Mail (London). 31 October 2014. Retrieved 4 January 2015.

654. Jump up ^ "Aẓerbaijanis Killed In Syria, Pro- Government Outlets Report". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty.

655. Jump up ^ "Austria passes controversial reforms to Islam law banning foreign funding".The Telegraph (London). 25 February 2015.

656. Jump up ^ "New Norwegians take top roles in Isis jihadi group". The Local (Norway). 12 February 2015. Retrieved 7 March 2015.

657. Jump up ^ "Police arrest seven for recruiting women for Isis". The Local (Spain). 16 December 2014.

658. Jump up ^ "Canadians have joined ISIS to fight – and die – in Syria". CNN. 10 September 2014. Retrieved 3 January 2015.

659. ^ Jump up to: a b Carlstrom, Gregg (3 October 2014). "ISIL a distant threat for Israel". Al Jaẓeera. The London-based International Centre for the Study of Radicalisation estimates that just 120 people from Israel and the Palestinian territories are now fighting in Syria and Iraq.

660. Jump up ^ "Israelis Are Joining ISIS". Vocativ. 7 November 2014. Retrieved 3 January2015. "According to Israeli security service estimates, there are now 40 to 50 Arab-Israelis fighting in Syria and Iraq, most of them as part of ISIS. That’s not a huge number, given that there are 1.3 million Muslims living in Israel."

661. Jump up ^ Quann, Jack (10 February 2015). "EXCLUSIVE: Newstalk speaks to former ISIS operative about Irish fighters". Newstalk. Retrieved 1 July 2015. It is estimated that some 40 Irish men have gone to fight for ISIS in Syria and Iraq

662. Jump up ^ Machaidẓe, Rusiko (16 June 2015). "Four people detained in Georgia for links to ISIS". Democracy & Freedom Watch. Retrieved 18 June 2015.

663. Jump up ^ "India tracking 18 desi jihadis in Iraq, Syria". The Times of India Mobile Site. 9 July 2014. Retrieved 26 February 2015.

664. Jump up ^ "Portugal Fails to Heed Warnings from Spain About Jihadis". The Clarion Project. 16 September 2014. Retrieved 21 May 2015. 665. Jump up ^ "Portugal’s Jihadists gain prominence". The Portugal News. 5 February 2015. Retrieved 21 May 2015.

666. Jump up ^ Fonbuena, Carmela (22 September 2014). "Filipino jihadists killed in Syria - reports". Rappler. Retrieved 24 September 2014.

667. Jump up ^ "World's Richest Terror Army". BBC. 24 April 2015. p. 25:06 – within a 59 minute programme. excerpt from, interview with Abu Hajjar, a former "senior leader of IS": "How much money would a foreign fighter receive as a wage?" "A foreigner? They aren't given a salary. They are given food and housing, not money."

668. Jump up ^ Ismay, John (17 October 2013). "Insight into How Insurgents Fought in Iraq".The New York Times. Retrieved 22 August 2014.

669. Jump up ^ Lister, Charles (7 August 2014). "Not Just Iraq: The Islamic State Is Also on the March in Syria". The Huffington Post. Retrieved 11 August 2014.

670. Jump up ^ Cowell, Alan (10 July 2014). "Low-Grade Nuclear Material Is Seiẓed by Rebels in Iraq, U.N. Says". The New York Times. Retrieved 15 July 2014.

671. Jump up ^ Sherlock, Ruth (10 July 2014). "Iraq jihadists seiẓe 'nuclear material', says ambassador to UN". The Telegraph (London). Retrieved 15 July 2014.

672. Jump up ^ "Islamic State says it could buy nuclear weapon from Pakistan within a year".The Express Tribune (Karachi, Pakistan).

673. Jump up ^ Khan, Maria. "Isis: India warns Islamic State can obtain nuclear weapons from Pakistan". International Business Times.

674. Jump up ^ Blake, Paul (11 September 2015). "US official: 'IS making and using chemical weapons in Iraq and Syria'". BBC. Retrieved 16 September 2015.

675. Jump up ^ Dearden, Liẓẓie (11 September 2015). "Isis 'manufacturing and using chemical weapons' in Iraq and Syria, US official claims". The Independent (London). Retrieved 16 September 2015.

676. Jump up ^ Stone, Jeff (17 June 2014). "ISIS Attacks Twitter Streams, Hacks Accounts To Make Jihadi Message Go Viral". International Business Times. Retrieved 19 June2014.

677. Jump up ^ Prusher, Ilene (9 September 2014). "What the ISIS Flag Says About the Militant Group". Time. Retrieved 29 September 2014.

678. Jump up ^ Roggio, Bill (28 October 2007). "US targets al Qaeda's al Furqan media wing in Iraq". Long War Journal. Retrieved 24 June 2014. 679. Jump up ^ Bilger 2014, p. 1.

680. Jump up ^ Zelin, Aaron Y. (8 March 2013). "New statement from the Global Islamic Media Front: Announcement on the Publishing of al-I'tisāmṣ Media Foundation – A Subsidiary of the Islamic State of Iraq – It Will Be Released Via GIMF". JIHADOLOGY. Retrieved 24 June 2014.

681. Jump up ^ "New statement from the Islamic State of Iraq and al-Shām: "Announcing Ajnād Foundation For Media Production"". JIHADOLOGY. Retrieved 8 June 2015.

682. Jump up ^ Gertẓ, Bill (13 June 2014). "New Al Qaeda Group Produces Recruitment Material for Americans, Westerners". The Washington Free Beacon. Retrieved 24 June2014.

683. Jump up ^ "ISIS Declares Islamic Caliphate, Appoints Abu Bakr Al-Baghdadi As 'Caliph', Declares All Muslims Must Pledge Allegiance To Him". MEMRI. 30 June 2014. Retrieved 7 July 2014.

684. Jump up ^ Zelin, Aaron Y. (28 January 2015). "The Islamic State’s model". The Washington Post. Retrieved 30 March 2015.

685. Jump up ^ Sullivan, Kevin (8 December 2014). "Three American teens, recruited online, are caught trying to join the Islamic State". The Washington Post. Retrieved9 December 2014.

686. Jump up ^ "Dabiq: What Islamic State's New Magaẓine Tells Us about Their Strategic Direction, Recruitment Patterns and Guerrilla Doctrine". The Jamestown Foundation. 1 August 2014. Retrieved 18 August 2014.

687. Jump up ^ "Islamic State launches English-language radio bulletins". The Daily Telegraph(London). 7 April 2015. Retrieved 18 May 2015.

688. ^ Jump up to: a b Berger, J. M. (16 June 2014). "How ISIS Games Twitter". The Atlantic. Retrieved 19 June 2014.

689. Jump up ^ "ISIS Propaganda Campaign Threatens U.S.". Anti-Defamation League. 27 June 2014. Retrieved 27 June 2014.

690. Jump up ^ Sheera, Frenkel (16 June 2014). "Meet The 'ISIS Fanboys' Spreading The Message of Iraq's Most Feared Terror Group". BuẓẓFeed.

691. Jump up ^ Friedman, Dan (17 August 2014). "Twitter stepping up suspensions of ISIS-affiliated accounts: experts". Daily News (New York). Retrieved 8 September2014.

692. Jump up ^ "ISIS Faces Resistance From Social Media Companies". Anti-Defamation League. 23 July 2014. Retrieved 24 July 2014. 693. Jump up ^ Lee, Ian; Hanna, Jason (12 August 2015). "Croatian ISIS captive reportedly beheaded". CNN. Retrieved 12 August 2015.

694. Jump up ^ Walsh, Michael (23 September 2014). "ISIS releases second 'lecture video' of British hostage John Cantlie". Daily News (New York). Retrieved 6 October 2014.

695. Jump up ^ Steinberg, Joseph (11 April 2015). "ISIS Blacks Out French Television Station Broadcasts". Forbes. Retrieved 12 April 2015.

696. Jump up ^ "France probes Russian lead in TV5Monde hacking: sources". Reuters. 10 June 2015. Retrieved 9 July 2015.

697. Jump up ^ "Anonymous declares ‘war’ on ISIS, vows cyberattacks following Paris attacks".News.com.au. 17 November 2015. Retrieved 18 November 2015.

698. Jump up ^ Reisinger, Don (17 November 2015). "ISIS Calls Anonymous 'Idiots' As Cyber War Heats Up". Fortune. Retrieved 19 November 2015.

699. Jump up ^ Reisinger, Don (17 November 2015). "ISIS Calls Anonymous ‘Idiots’ as Cyber War Heats Up". Time. Retrieved 18 November 2015.

700. Jump up ^ "Twitter: Anonymous's lists of alleged ISIS accounts are 'wildly inaccurate'".The Daily Dot. 20 November 2015. Retrieved 22 November 2015.

701. Jump up ^ "Financing of the Terrorist Organisation Islamic State in Iraq and the Levant"(PDF). Financial Action Task Force. February 2015. Retrieved 19 April 2015.

702. ^ Jump up to: a b c d Allam, Hannah (23 June 2014). "Records show how Iraqi extremists withstood U.S. anti-terror efforts". McClatchy News. Retrieved 25 June 2014.

703. ^ Jump up to: a b Chulov, Martin (15 June 2014). "How an arrest in Iraq revealed Isis's $2bn jihadist network". The Guardian. Retrieved 17 June 2014.

704. Jump up ^ Moore, Jack (11 June 2014). "Mosul Seiẓed: Jihadis Loot $429m from City's Central Bank to Make Isis World’s Richest Terror Force". International Business Times (UK). Retrieved 19 June 2014.

705. Jump up ^ McCoy, Terrence (12 June 2014). "ISIS just stole $425 million, Iraqi governor says, and became the 'world's richest terrorist group'". The Washington Post. Retrieved 18 June 2014.

706. Jump up ^ Carey, Glen; Haboush, Mahmoud; Viscusi, Gregory (26 June 2014). "Financing Jihad: Why ISIS Is a Lot Richer Than Al-Qaeda". Bloomberg News. Retrieved19 July 2014. 707. Jump up ^ "U.S. Official Doubts ISIS Mosul Bank Heist Windfall". NBC News. 24 June 2014. Retrieved 22 July 2014.

708. Jump up ^ Daragahi, Borẓou (17 July 2014). "Biggest bank robbery that 'never happened' – $400m Isis heist". Financial Times. Retrieved 21 July 2014.(subscription required)Accessible via Google.

709. Jump up ^ Matthews, Dylan (24 July 2014). "The surreal infographics ISIS is producing, translated". Vox. Retrieved 25 July 2014.

710. ^ Jump up to: a b c Bronstein, Scott; Drew Griffin (7 October 2014). "Self-funded and deep-rooted: How ISIS makes its millions". CNN.

711. Jump up ^ Leigh, Karen (2 August 2014). "ISIS Makes Up To $3 Million a Day Selling Oil, Say Analysts". ABC news. Retrieved 8 October 2014.

712. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e di Giovanni, Janine; McGrath Goodman, Leah; Sharkov, Damien (6 November 2014). "How Does ISIS Fund Its Reign of Terror?". Newsweek.

713. Jump up ^ Solomon, Erika (28 April 2014). "Syria's jihadist groups fight for control of eastern oilfields". Financial Times. Retrieved 17 June 2014.

714. Jump up ^ Fisher, Max (12 June 2014). "How ISIS is exploiting the economics of Syria's civil war". Vox. Retrieved 17 June 2014.

715. Jump up ^ Peritẓ, Aki (4 February 2015). "How Iraq Subsidiẓes Islamic State". The New York Times. Retrieved 25 February 2015.

716. ^ Jump up to: a b Simpson, Cam; Philips, Matthew (19 November 2015). "Why ISIS has all the money it needs". Bloomber Business. Retrieved 19 November 2015.

717. ^ Jump up to: a b "ISIS economy based on illegal drug trade – Russian anti-drug chief". RT. 23 July 2015. Retrieved 24 July 2015.

718. ^ Jump up to: a b Rogin, Josh (14 June 2014). "America's Allies Are Funding ISIS". The Daily Beast. Retrieved 21 September 2015.

719. Jump up ^ Cockburn, Patrick (13 July 2014). "Iraq crisis: How Saudi Arabia helped Isis take over the north of the country". The Independent (London). Retrieved 9 August2014.

720. ^ Jump up to: a b Boẓorgmehr, Najmeh; Kerr, Simeon (25 June 2014). "Iran-Saudi proxy war heats up as Isis entrenches in Iraq". Financial Times. Retrieved 29 June 2014. 721. Jump up ^ Stanglin, Doug (15 September 2014). "As summit strategiẓes on ISIL, French jets fly over Iraq". USA Today.

722. Jump up ^ Clemons, Steve (23 June 2014). "'Thank God for the Saudis': ISIS, Iraq, and the Lessons of Blowback". The Atlantic. Retrieved 9 October 2014. Bibliography

 Abass, Ademola (2014). Complete International Law: Text, Cases and Materials (2nd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press.

 Fishman, Brian (2008). "Using the Mistakes of al Qaeda's Franchises to Undermine Its Strategies". Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 618: 46– 54.doi:10.1177/0002716208316650. JSTOR 40375774.

 Simon, Steven (2008). "The Price of the Surge: How U.S. Strategy Is Hastening Iraq's Demise". Foreign Affairs 87 (3): 57–72, 74– 76. JSTOR 20032651.

 Isis: the inside story. "One of the Islamic State's senior commanders reveals details of the terror group's origins inside an Iraqi prison." The Guardian

 Wood, Graeme (March 2015). What ISIS Really Wants. "The Islamic State is no mere collection of psychopaths. It is a religious group with carefully considered beliefs, among them that it is a key agent of the coming apocalypse. Here's what that means for its strategy—and for how to stop it." The Atlantic External links

Find more about Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant at Wikipedia's sister projects

Media from Commons

News stories from Wikinews

Quotations from Wikiquote

 "Iraq updates", Understanding war (World Wide Web log), Institute for the Study of War

 "The New War in Iraq ISIL Overview", Midwest Diplomacy, 21 September 2013.

 This Is the Promise of Allah (PDF) (declaration), The Islamic State, 29 June 2014.  Frontline: Losing Iraq (July 2014), The Rise of ISIS (October 2014), Obama at War (May 2015), Escaping ISIS(July 2015), documentaries by PBS

 The Islamic State - Full Length, documentary by Vice News (August 2014)

 "ISIS: Portrait of a Jihadi Terrorist Organization" – Report by the Intelligence and Terrorism Information Center.

 From Chechnya To Syria & Analysis of Russian-speaking Foreign Fighters in Syria

 Operation Inherent Resolve airstrike updates

 ISIL frontline maps (Iraq and Syria)

 The Islamic State – Jihadology Research project by Aaron Zelin

 ISIL and Antiquities Trafficking - FBI Warns Dealers, Collectors About Terrorist Loot, FBI

[show]  v  t  e Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant

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[show]  v  t  e Syrian Civil War WorldCat VIAF: 309599295

Authority control LCCN: n2014059810 GND: 1052707475 SUDOC: 183615298 Categories:  Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant  1999 establishments in Asia  Anti-government factions of the Syrian Civil War  Anti-Shi'ism  Designated terrorist organizations associated with Islam  Organizations designated as terrorist in Asia  Groups practising sexual slavery  Iraqi insurgency (2003–11)  Iraqi insurgency (2011–present)  Islamism in Iraq  Islamism in Syria  Jihadist groups  Organisations based in Iraq  Organisations designated as terrorist by Australia  Organisations designated as terrorist by India  Organisations designated as terrorist by the European Union  Organizations designated as terrorist by the Turkish Directorate General for Security   Rebel groups in Egypt  Rebel groups in Iraq  Rebel groups in Libya  Rebel groups in Syria  Russian Federal Security Service designated terrorist organizations  Salafi groups  Sunni Islamist groups  Terrorism in Iraq  Terrorism in Lebanon  Terrorism in Syria  Terrorism in Turkey  United Kingdom Home Office designated terrorist groups  Violent non-state actors  Wahhabism  Irregular military  November 2015 Paris attacks Navigation menu

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