DOCSLIB.ORG

Disturbance Impacts on Forest Succession, Biodiversity, and Ecosystem Services in a Changing World

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Disturbance Impacts on Forest Succession, Biodiversity, and Ecosystem Services in a Changing World Department of Forest and Soil Sciences Institute of Silviculture Supervisor: Assoc.Prof. DI Dr. Rupert Seidl DISTURBANCE IMPACTS ON FOREST SUCCESSION, BIODIVERSITY, AND ECOSYSTEM SERVICES IN A CHANGING WORLD Dissertation to obtain a doctoral degree (Dr.nat.techn.) at the University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna Dominik Thom Vienna, August 2016 “A society grows great when old men plant trees whose shade they know they shall never sit in.” Greek Proverb I Preface The main body of this thesis comprises three peer-reviewed scientific papers which can be found in the Appendix of this work (sections 9.1 to 9.3). Please note that the format of each article follows the requirements of the respective journal. Whereas detailed descriptions of the experimental design and results of my work can be found in each paper, the synthesis of sections 1-8 aims to frame and interlink the findings of my dissertation in order to highlight the contribution of my thesis to filling existing knowledge gaps on disturbance dynamics in a changing world. In this way, my synthesis provides a common structure for the individual articles, and stimulates a discussion of the results beyond the scope of each paper. Moreover, I here present new hypotheses based on the advances made in my thesis, which I consider worth investigating in the future. I hope the reader of my thesis feels excited by the research provided here and gains inspiration for his or her own investigations. I also like to mention that although I am certain about the validity of the methods used in this study, as in all fields of natural sciences no results should be considered without uncertainty. If there is one thing I learned during my PhD, it is that nothing we do and conclude from our findings is just black and white, but everything is shaded in grey. Hence, I believe that there is no perfect solution to a problem or only one outcome, but one can strive to find a good compromise and reduce the uncertainty among possible outcomes. Please cite this thesis either by referring to the respective article: Thom, D., Rammer, W., Dirnböck, T., Müller, J., Kobler, J., Katzensteiner, K., Helm, N., Seidl, R., 2016. The impacts of climate change and disturbance on spatio-temporal trajectories of biodiversity in a temperate forest landscape. J. Appl. Ecol., DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.12644 Thom, D., Rammer, W., Seidl, R., 2016. Disturbances catalyze the adaptation of forest ecosystems to changing climate conditions. Glob. Chang. Biol. (accepted with minor revision) Thom, D., Seidl, R., 2016. Natural disturbance impacts on ecosystem services and biodiversity in temperate and boreal forests. Biol. Rev. 91, 760–781. II or by quoting it in its entirety as: Thom, D. (2016) Disturbance impacts on forest succession, biodiversity and ecosystem services provisioning in a changing world. Dissertation, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Vienna, p.188 III Abstract Forest ecosystems are dominated by long-living organisms with limited ability to migrate in space and time. Rapid changes in the climate system cause an increasing maladaptation of forests to their environment. Besides the direct impacts of climate change on forest ecosystems, climate change also modifies natural disturbance regimes. During the last decades, disturbance activity has significantly increased in many parts of the world, and a further increase as a result of climate change is very likely. Yet there is high uncertainty about the impacts of climate change and disturbance on the conservation of biodiversity and the provisioning of ecosystem services to society. This thesis aimed to reduce this uncertainty by (i) synthesizing the effects of natural disturbances on biodiversity and ecosystem services in a global literature review, (ii) assessing the long-term development of tree species under varying climate and disturbance regimes by means of process-based landscape modelling, and (iii) investigating the role of climate change and disturbances on a wide range of forest biodiversity indicators in space and time. I screened in total 1958 peer-reviewed papers for disturbance impact on biodiversity and ecosystem services, and reviewed 478 in detail. Subsequently, I simulated the autonomous adaptation of forests and their associated biodiversity under different climate and disturbance scenarios at Kalkalpen National Park (KANP). To account for the complexity of changes in ecosystems I employed the individual-based forest landscape and disturbance model (iLand). I found strongly diverging disturbance impacts on forests: while disturbances increased biodiversity, they decreased ecosystem services provisioning. My results indicated that tree vegetation and associated biodiversity take centuries to adapt to changed climatic conditions, but also revealed a catalyzing effect of disturbances accelerating adaptation to a changing environment. I conclude that disturbances create opportunities for ecosystems to reorganize themselves with potentially positive implications for the biodiversity and resilience of future forest ecosystems. Management should focus on the diversification of forests to provide ecosystems with the flexibility to react on changes of the environment and safeguard biodiversity and ecosystem services provisioning in a changing world. IV Keywords: autonomous adaptation, biodiversity, climate change, disturbance, ecosystem services, forest ecosystem management, forest ecosystem dynamics, iLand, modelling, succession V Kurzfassung Waldökosysteme werden von langlebigen Organismen dominiert, die nur bedingt ihren Standort verändern können. Der schnell voranschreitende Klimawandel kann somit zu einer Fehlanpassung von Ökosystemen an ihre Umweltbedingungen führen. Das Klima verändert Ökosysteme jedoch nicht nur direkt, sondern auch über Änderungen im Störungsregime. In den letzten Jahrzehnten wurde bereits ein Anstieg von Störungen in vielen Teilen der Welt beobachtet und eine weitere Zunahme gilt als sehr wahrscheinlich. Bislang herrscht große Unsicherheit über die Wirkung von Klimawandel und Störungen auf Biodiversität und Ökosystemleistungen. Mit meiner Dissertation habe ich daher (i) die Effekte natürlicher Störungen auf Biodiversität und Ökosystemleistungen mithilfe einer globalen Übersichtsarbeit untersucht, (ii) die langfristige Entwicklung der Baumartenvegetation unter Annahme verschiedener Klima- und Störungsszenarien mit einem prozessbasierten Landschaftsmodel simuliert und (iii) die Rolle von Klimawandel und Störungen auf eine Reihe von unterschiedlichen Biodiversitätsindikatoren räumlich und zeitlich abgeschätzt. Insgesamt habe ich 1958 wissenschaftliche Artikel auf ihren Inhalt überprüft und 478 für die Analyse von Störungseffekten auf Biodiversität und Ökosystemleistungen einbezogen. Anschließend habe ich die autonome Anpassung von Wäldern und ihrer Biodiversität im Nationalpark Kalkalpen unter verschiedenen Klima- und Störungsszenarien simuliert. Um der Komplexität von Ökosystemen gerecht zu werden, habe ich das individuenbasierte Waldlandschafts- und Störungsmodell (iLand) benutzt. In meiner Studie konnte ich stark unterschiedliche Störungseffekte identifizieren und zeigen, dass Störungen Biodiversität erhöhen, aber gleichzeitig Ökosystemleistungen reduzieren. Simulationen zeigten einen Anpassungszeitraum der Baumvegetation und assoziierter Biodiversität auf veränderte Klimabedingungen von mehreren Jahrhunderten, aber auch eine Beschleunigung des Anpassungsprozesses durch Störungen. Meine Schlussfolgerung ist, dass Störungen eine Chance für die Reorganisation von Ökosystemen bedeuten und positive Folgen für die Biodiversität und Resilienz von zukünftigen Waldökosystemen haben können. Managementstrategien sollten sich auf die Förderung von Biodiversität konzentrieren, damit Waldökosysteme den drastischen VI Umweltänderungen gewappnet sind und auch in Zukunft Biodiversität erhalten sowie Ökosystemleistungen bereitstellen können. Stichwörter: autonome Anpassung, Biodiversität, iLand, Klimawandel, Modellierung, Ökosystemleistungen, Störungen, Sukzession, Waldökosystemdynamik, Waldökosystemmanagement VII Contents 1 Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 1 2 Objectives ........................................................................................................................... 4 3 Materials and Methods ........................................................................................................ 5 3.1 Workflow ..................................................................................................................... 5 3.2 Literature review and meta-analysis ............................................................................ 6 3.3 Case study area ............................................................................................................ 7 3.4 Simulation model ......................................................................................................... 7 3.5 Initial conditions and drivers ....................................................................................... 8 3.6 Simulation design ........................................................................................................ 9 3.7 Analysis of autonomous adaptation of tree vegetation .............................................. 10 3.8 Analysis of trajectories of biodiversity ...................................................................... 10 4 Results
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Wyniki 4 Lat Badań Drzewostanów Pohuraganowych Puszczy Piskiej
    Wiad. entomol. 26 (3): 207-223 Poznań 2007 Reakcje biegaczowatych (Coleoptera: Carabidae) na skutki huraganu – wyniki 4 lat badań drzewostanów pohuraganowych Puszczy Piskiej Carabid beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae) response to the effects of a hurricane – a four-year study from post-hurricane stands in the Puszcza Piska Forest JAROSŁAW SKŁODOWSKI, PAULINA GARBALIŃSKA Katedra Ochrony Lasu i Ekologii SGGW, ul. Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776 Warszawa; e-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT: In July 2002, 33000 ha of pine forest in north-eastern Poland were hit by a hurricane. Since spring 2003, a survey on carabid assemblages inhabiting the damaged stands has been carried out. The Carabidae fauna of affected stands in the Pisz Forest Dis- trict was compared with that of non-affected stands in the Maskulińskie Forest District. In both stand types 15 plots in 5 age classes were established (3 plots in each class): class I (20–40 years old), II (40–50), III (50–60), IV (60–80) and V (above 80 years old). The dis- turbance contributed to a profound decrease in carabid abundance, although carabid spe- cies richness was significantly higher in the damaged stands compared to the control ones. Both a cluster analysis and CCA analysis clearly distinguished between the post-hurricane and control assemblages. The hurricane considerably reduced the proportion of forest Eu- ropean autumn breeding and hygrophilous species individuals in carabid assemblages. Moreover, a marked decline in MIB (Mean Individual Biomass) and SPC (Sum of Progres- sive Characteristics) index in the disturbed stands was observed. An inverse trend was no- ticed for hemizoophages, open-habitat and xerophilous species individuals, which increased in abundance significantly in stand openings.
    [Show full text]
  • Coleoptera: Carabidae) – a Case Study from Białowieża (Poland)
    Eur. J. Entomol. 111(5): 639–648, 2014 doi: 10.14411/eje.2014.088 ISSN 1210-5759 (print), 1802-8829 (online) Consequence of the transformation of a primeval forest into a managed forest for carabid beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae) – a case study from Białowieża (Poland) Jarosław SKŁODOWSKI Department of Forest Protection and Ecology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776 Warszawa, Poland; e-mail: [email protected] Key words. Coleoptera, Carabidae, species number, ecological traits, forest specialist species, long-winged, short-winged species, carabids, Białowieża primeval forest Abstract. A comparison was made of the number of species, species diversity and ecological traits of carabid beetle (Coleoptera: Cara- bidae) assemblages inhabiting Białowieża Primeval Forest (National Park) and adjacent managed Białowieża forest planted following clear-cutting of the primeval forest 80 years ago. Five pitfall traps were set in each plot in the primeval and managed forests in areas that differed in terms of humidity and soil fertility. The first hypothesis tested was that the type of stand (primeval vs. managed) has a greater effect on species diversity and life history traits of carabid assemblages than soil fertility or humidity. The second hypothesis tested was that a similar hierarchy of these factors affects the occurrence of particular species. It was demonstrated that the number of species in the primeval and managed forest sites did not differ significantly, but that mesic stands within these forests were more species-rich than boggy stands. However, the Shannon index for carabids was higher for the primeval stands. More species of carabids were recorded in the boggy primeval forest than boggy managed forest.
    [Show full text]
  • Kajaktur I Polen
    Kajaktur i NØ Polen Da jeg jo flere gange har nævnt at det var muligt at tage på kajaktur i Poland har jeg skrevet/copy/pasted en introduktion til jer her, så du kan se, hvorfor det kunne være så fedt at tage til Polen og ro. Læs dette dokument på nettet så du kan se alle de links jeg har sat ind. Destination: Masurian Lake Distrikt The Mazurski Landscape Park embraces the central Mazurian Lake district, known as the “green lungs” of Poland.With numerous lakeside resorts in the area, this is the most popular holiday destination for Poles. With almost a third of its 50,000 hectares (124,000 acres) accounted for by water, the park has the largest number of lakes – more than 1,000 – in the region, many of which are linked by rivers and canals. The area contains national parks sheltering various rare species of flora and fauna. Lake ¸uknajno, near Mikolajki, is listed as a World Biosphere Reserve, and is a nesting ground for mute swans among other rare breeds. Only marked trails can be followed in this protected area. One of the best ways to explore the “Land of the Great Masurian Lakes” is by a locally hired yacht, canoe or kayak. The peaceful town of Mràgowo, with its 18th-and 19th-century architecture, is an ideal base, as is engaging Olsztyn. (Fra Insight guide to Poland - The masurian Lake District) The Mazury region, also known as the Land of the Great Masurian Lakes is situated around 250 km from Warsaw. The largest of the lakes are the Sniardwy and Mamry.
    [Show full text]
  • Mazpk 25.04.Vp
    WIADOMOŒCI OGÓLNE Mazurski Park Krajobrazowy (MPK) znajduje siê w pó³nocno-wschodniej Polsce. Obejmuje po³ud- niow¹ czêœæ Krainy Wielkich Jezior Mazurskich, wschodni kraniec Pojezierza Mr¹gowskiego i pó³nocn¹ czêœæ Równiny Mazurskiej. Administracyjnie znajduje siê w obrêbie województwa warmiñsko-mazurskiego, w powiatach: mr¹gowskim, piskim i szczycieñskim (gminach: Piecki, Mr¹gowo, Œwiêtajno, Ruciane-Nida, Miko³ajki, Orzysz i Pisz). MPK zosta³ utworzony 8. grudnia 1977 r. w celu ochrony wartoœci przyrodniczych unikalnego, m³odo- glacjalnego krajobrazu pojezierzy i wartoœci kulturowo- Zabudowania wsi Krutyñ (fot. J. Rychel) historycznych regionu. Jezioro £uknajno i Puszcza Piska zosta³y objête programem europejskiej sieci ekologicznej Natura 2000 w ramach obszarów specjalnej ochrony ptaków, a czêœæ Puszczy Piskiej jako specjalny obszar ochrony siedlisk – Ostoja Piska. Utworzo- no tu tak¿e 11 rezerwatów przyrody, w tym rezerwat Jezioro £uknajno, w którym ochron¹ objêto jedn¹ z najwiêkszych ostoi ³abêdzia niemego w Polsce, wpisany na Œwiatow¹ Listê Rezerwatów Biosfery UNESCO. Pozosta³e, to g³ównie rezerwaty: florystyczne, torfowiskowe i leœno-torfowiskowe (Krutynia, Zakrêt, Królewska Sosna, Strza³owo, Pierwos, Jezioro Lisunie i Krutynia Dolna) oraz ornitologiczne (Jezioro Warno³ty, Czap- liniec, Czaplisko–£awny Lasek). £¹cznie ochron¹ prawn¹ w ramach rezerwatów objêto 31,95 km2 powierzchni, co stanowi ok. 6% powierzchni MPK. W granicach Parku znajduje siê 101 pomników przyrody o¿ywionej (g³ównie dêbów, sosen i lip) oraz wiele pomników przyrody nieo¿ywionej (g³azów narzuto- wych – granitoidów i gnejsów). MPK zajmuje powierzchniê 536,55 km2, zaœ jego strefa ochronna (otulina) – 186,08 km2. Lasy stanowi¹ 54,1% powierzchni Parku, jeziora – 33,5%, inne tereny, g³ównie u¿ytkowane rolniczo – 12,4%.
    [Show full text]
  • Specific Vicariance of Two Primeval Lowland Forest Lichen Indicators
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Springer - Publisher Connector Environmental Management DOI 10.1007/s00267-017-0833-4 Specific Vicariance of Two Primeval Lowland Forest Lichen Indicators 1 2 Dariusz Kubiak ● Piotr Osyczka Received: 6 September 2016 / Accepted: 3 February 2017 © The Author(s) 2017; This article is published with open access at Springerlink.com Abstract To date, the lichens Chrysothrix candelaris and and it requires forests with high proportion of deciduous Varicellaria hemisphaerica have been classified as accurate trees in a wide landscape scale. Local landscape-level primeval lowland forest indicators. Both inhabit particularly habitat continuity is more important for this species than the valuable remnants of oak-hornbeam forests in Europe, but current age of forest stand. Regardless of the indicative tend toward a specific kind of vicariance on a local scale. value, localities of both lichens within oak-hornbeam for- The present study was undertaken to determine habitat ests deserve the special protection status since they form factors responsible for this phenomenon and verify the unique assemblages of exclusive epiphytes, including those indicative and conservation value of these lichens. The main with high conservation value. spatial and climatic parameters that, along with forest structure, potentially affect their distribution patterns and Keywords Oak-hornbeam forest ● Lichen biota ● Lichen abundance were analysed in four complexes with typical conservation ● Environment evaluation ● Host-tree ● Habitat oak-hornbeam stands in NE Poland. Fifty plots of 400 m2 requirements each were chosen for detailed examination of stand struc- ture and epiphytic lichens directly associated with the indicators.
    [Show full text]
  • 1. Region of Warmia and Mazury
    1. Region of Warmia and Mazury The beauty of the region is the charming and picturesque greenery, more than 2000 lakes and a large area of forests. That’s why our region is called The land of thousand lakes (Inspired by tales of One Thousand and One Nights). The area of Warmia and Mazury are in fact two historic provinces, joined into one because of their location close to each other. They are located in northern Poland, near the border with Russia and east of the lower Vistula River. Region is a paradise for sailors, joined into several sailing routes, it offer excellent conditions not only for sailing, but also canoeing and other water sports. Once there, you can find historical signs dating back to the times of the Crusader Knights, Prussian rule and World War II. Links: o http://www.warmia.mazury.pl/index.php?lang=en o http://www.lonelyplanet.com/poland/warmia-and-masuria o http://info-poland.buffalo.edu/web/geography/regions/warmia/link.shtml o http://www.en.atrakcje.olsztyn.pl/ 1.1 History of region Warmia (Varmia) This historic region in the North of Poland was ceded to Poland from Prussia in 1466 by the Crusader Knights, later passed to Prussia in 1772, and reverted to Poland after the second World War. Through the Yalta Conference and Potsdam Conference of 1945 the victorious Allies divided East Prussia into the two parts now known as Oblast Kaliningrad (in Russia) and the Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship (in Poland). People was evacuated or fled the advancing Red Army in 1945.
    [Show full text]
  • Genetski I Faktori Okoline Koji Utiču Na
    2014, vol. 1, iss. 1, pp. 7-12 Balkan Journal of Wildlife Research Sprecial issue ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ISSN: 2335-0113 Original scientific paper UDC: 569.735 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15679/bjwr.v1i1.6 DYNAMICS OF POPULATION SIZE AND HARVEST RATE OF RED DEER (CERVUS ELAPHUS) IN NORTHERN POLAND Ziółkowska E 1 Summary: In Poland during last decade number of red deer increased from 130 000 to 217 000 individuals despite increase in numbers of animals harvested from 38 000 to 69 000. The increase in the population size of deer raised the level of damage exerted in cultivated fields, and increased the cost of protecting forest plantations against browsing and bark stripping which amounted in 2012 to 14 million and 40 million euro, respectively. Preliminary results of estimation of the population size, made by objective methods, indicate that data obtained from hunters on the numbers of red deer are gross underestimates. For this reason, an attempt was made to verify the official data on red deer population size within the 433 000 hectares of forest administered by the Regional Directorate of State Forests in Torun. In the period 2007-2013 period there was an increase in the population size from 8 300 to 10 600 individuals, despite systematic increase in the number of animals harvested from 2 800 to 4 700. The respective rates of increase in population size and harvest measured as the finite rate of increase (λ), amounted to 4%, and 9% per annum. Using the harvest data, and the finite rate of increase in population, and assuming that the annual net population reaches 20 % of the deer number after the closure of hunting season, the probable population size was calculated.
    [Show full text]
  • 30-Year Changes in Oak-Hornbeam Forest After Windthrow
    Article 30-Year Changes in Oak-Hornbeam Forest after Windthrow Karolina Anna Gabrysiak 1,* , Rafał Paluch 1 and Radosław Gawry´s 2 1 Department of Natural Forests, Forest Research Institute, Park Dyrekcyjny 6, 17-230 Białowieza,˙ Poland; [email protected] 2 Department of Forest Ecology, Forest Research Institute, S˛ekocinStary, Braci Le´snej3, 05-090 Raszyn, Poland; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +48-536-805-195 Abstract: Hurricane winds are one of the most important abiotic factors in shaping the structure of the forest and the processes that occur in it. The aim of research was to determine regeneration processes and changes in the structure of forest stands caused by the windstorm in 1983. The research, based on stand tables from the years 1982, 1984, 1989 and 2014, was carried out on nine permanent research plots in the Białowieza˙ Forest. The mean number of trees (MNT) taller than 1.30 m decreased by 13.7% after the windstorm. In 2014, MNT increased compared to 1984 (142%) and 1989 (53%). A significant decrease in the share of Picea abies (L.) H. Karst., thicker than 7 cm DBH and a significant increase in the share of Carpinus betulus L. was observed. Species richness for trees thicker than 7 cm DBH indicated a significantly lower species richness in 1982 and 1984 (12 species) compared to 1989 (14) and 2014 (16). The windstorm did not have a direct effect on the species richness, species composition of stands or the distinguished tree layers, except for trees thicker than 55 cm DBH.
    [Show full text]
  • The Natural History of Poland
    CORE Metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk Robert Wiluś Institute of Socio-Economical Geography and Spatial Organization University of Łódź The Natural History of Poland 1. Location Poland is a Central European country that lies at the crossroads of Eastern and Western Europe. Poland shares borders with Lithuania, Bela- rus and Ukraine to the east; Slovakia and the Czech Republic to the south; Germany to the west, and in the north Poland is bordered by Russia and the Baltic Sea. Poland’s surface area of 312.685 sq km ranks eighth in Eu- rope (larger European countries being Russia, Ukraine, France, Germany, Spain, Great Britain and Sweden). Poland is almost an unbroken plain and is roughly circle-like. It measures about 650 km across (both east-west and north-south). Poland is one of nine Baltic Sea States and occupies more than 500 km of the southern Baltic coast. In the south, Poland occupies a strip of the Carpathian and Sudeten Mountains (belonging to the Czech Massif); in the west – the eastern part of the Central European Lowland; and, in the east, the West Russian (or East European) Plain and (North) Ukrainian Upland move in. 2. Topography Poland is a country with varied topography. It can boast almost all Eu- ropean landscape types – the mountains, uplands, lowlands and seacoast. Yet the average elevation of Poland is 173 m, which is more than 100 m 16 Robert Wiluś below the European average. This means that Poland is a markedly flat country. Areas up to 200 m above sea level comprise 75% of the territory, and regions of up to 300 m above sea level – nearly 92%.
    [Show full text]
  • The Influence of Anthropopression on the Environment of Great Mazurian Lakes Region Az Emberi Beavatkozás Hatása a Mazuri-Tavak Környezetére Leszek Majgier
    ACTA GGM DEBRECINA Geology, Geomorphology, Physical Geography Series DEBRECEN Vol. 3, 141–144 2008 The influence of anthropopression on the environment of Great Mazurian Lakes Region Az emberi beavatkozás hatása a Mazuri-tavak környezetére Leszek Majgier Department of Physical Geography, Faculty of Earth Sciences, University of Silesia Abstract – Forests are the important element of the Mazurian landscape. They have been the original flora of the region. However intensive settlement and general economic activity have resulted in decrease of the region’s forest area from 80% in the 13 th Century to about 20% in 1945. Nowadays it has increased due to the action of re-foresting carried out in 1945–1971. The Great Mazurian Lakes Region (GML) is one of the most interesting areas in Poland, both from the scientific point of view and tourism-recreation. As the preliminary research indicates, tourism has a vast negative impact on the ecosystem, especially on forest phytocenosis . Összefoglalás – E tanulmány a Mazuri-tóhátság területén lejátszódó antropogén behatásokból ered folyamatokkal és antropogén hatásra történ megszüntetésükkel foglalkozik. Az erd ségeket, melyek eredetileg a terület 80%-át borították 1945-re gyakorlatilag felszámolták, arányuk 20% alá csökkent. Ezt követ en 1945–1971 között intenzív erd sítésen esett át a terület, majd létrehozták a Nagy Mazuri Tavak régiót, mely a természeti értékek meg rzése mellett a turizmus célpontjává is vált. Ez utóbbi azonban káros hatásokat is kiváltott, mely az erd állomány degenerációjához és a tavak vizének elszennyezéséhez vezetett. Keywords – human impact, Great Mazurian Lakes, environment, water quality, tourism Tárgyszavak – emberi behatás, Mazuri-tóhátság, környezet, vízmin ség, turizmus Introduction The Great Mazurian Lakes Region (GML) is one of the most interesting areas in Poland, both from scientific Forests are important elements of the Mazurian and tourism- recreation points of view.
    [Show full text]
  • Specific Vicariance of Two Primeval Lowland Forest Lichen Indicators
    Environmental Management (2017) 59:966–981 DOI 10.1007/s00267-017-0833-4 Specific Vicariance of Two Primeval Lowland Forest Lichen Indicators 1 2 Dariusz Kubiak ● Piotr Osyczka Received: 6 September 2016 / Accepted: 3 February 2017 / Published online: 15 February 2017 © The Author(s) 2017; This article is published with open access at Springerlink.com Abstract To date, the lichens Chrysothrix candelaris and and it requires forests with high proportion of deciduous Varicellaria hemisphaerica have been classified as accurate trees in a wide landscape scale. Local landscape-level primeval lowland forest indicators. Both inhabit particularly habitat continuity is more important for this species than the valuable remnants of oak-hornbeam forests in Europe, but current age of forest stand. Regardless of the indicative tend toward a specific kind of vicariance on a local scale. value, localities of both lichens within oak-hornbeam for- The present study was undertaken to determine habitat ests deserve the special protection status since they form factors responsible for this phenomenon and verify the unique assemblages of exclusive epiphytes, including those indicative and conservation value of these lichens. The main with high conservation value. spatial and climatic parameters that, along with forest structure, potentially affect their distribution patterns and Keywords Oak-hornbeam forest ● Lichen biota ● Lichen abundance were analysed in four complexes with typical conservation ● Environment evaluation ● Host-tree ● Habitat oak-hornbeam stands in NE Poland. Fifty plots of 400 m2 requirements each were chosen for detailed examination of stand struc- ture and epiphytic lichens directly associated with the indicators. The study showed that the localities of the two species barely overlap within the same forest community in a relatively small geographical area.
    [Show full text]
  • Projekt Planu Zadań Ochronnych Dla Obszaru Natura 2000 Puszcza
    Projekt Planu Zadań Ochronnych obszaru Natura 2000 PLB280008 Puszcza Piska Olsztyn, 2013r. Projekt Planu Zadań Ochronnych obszaru Natura 2000 PLB280008 Puszcza Piska Opracowano w ramach realizacji projektu POIS.05.03.00-00-186/09 „Opracowanie planów zadań ochronnych dla obszarów Natura 2000 na obszarze Polski” współfinansowanego ze środków Programu Operacyjnego Infrastruktura i Środowisko w ramach działania 5.3 priorytetu V Spis treści SPIS TREŚCI...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................2 1. ETAP WSTĘPNY PRACY NAD PLANEM...............................................................................................................................................................................................4 1.1 INFORMACJE OGÓLNE .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 4 1.2 USTALENIE TERENU OBJĘTEGO PLANEM.................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 6 1.3. MAPA OBSZARU NATURA 2000 .........................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]