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British Writers, V. 7 Edited under the auspices of the British Council IAN SCOTT-KILVERT General Editor VOLUME VII SEAN O'CASEY TO POETS OF WORLD WAR 11 CHARLES SCRIBNER'S SONS / NEW YORK Copyright © 1984 The British Council Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data (Revised) Main entry under title: British writers. Includes bibliographies and index. CONTENTS: v. 1. William Langland to the English Bible- v. 7. Sean O'Casey to Poets of World War n. 1. English literature-History and criticism. 2. English literature-Bio-bibliography. 3. Authors, English-Biography. 1. Scott-Kilvert, Ian. n. Great Britain. British Council. PR85.B688 820'.9 78-23483 ISBN 0-684-15798-5 (v. 1) ISBN 0-684-16636-4 (v. 5) ISBN 0-684-16407-8 (v. 2) ISBN 0-684-16637-2 (v. 6) ISBN 0-684-16408-6 (v. 3) ISBN 0-684-16638-0 (v. 7) ISBN 0-684-16635-6 (v. 4) This book published simultaneously in the United States of America and in Canada­ Copyright under the Berne Convention. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form without the permission of Charles Scribner's Sons. 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 V IC 20 18 16 1412 108 6 4 2 PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA The paper in this book meets the guidelines for permanence and durability of the Committee on Production Guidelines for Book Longevity of the Council on Library Resources. Acknowledgment is gratefully made to those publishers "Edith Sitwell" and individuals who have permitted the use of the follow­ From The Collected Poems of Edith Sitwell. Reprinted ing materials in copyright. by permission of the publisher Vanguard Press, Inc. Copy­ right © 1968 by Vanguard Press, Inc. Copyright © 1949, "James Joyce" 1953, 1954, 1959, 1962, 1963 by Dame Edith Sitwell. Orig­ From "Chamber Music" and "Alone" from Collected inally published by Macmillan and Company, London, Poems by lames loyce. Copyright © 1918 by B. W. Ltd. Reproduced by kind permission of David Higham Huebsch. Copyright 1927, 1936 by James Joyce. Copyright Associates Ltd. renewed 1946 by Nora Joyce. Reprinted by permission of Viking Penguin Inc. "Chamber Music" reprinted with the "T. S. Eliot" permission also of Jonathan Cape Ltd. Acknowledgment Excerpts from Collected Poems 1909-1962, Four Quartets, is also made to The Society of Authors as the literary and The Waste Land: A Facsimile and Transcript of the representative of the Estate of James Joyce. Original Drafts, all by T. S. Eliot, are reprinted by per- mission of Harcourt Brace Jovanovich Inc.; copyright Publishers for kind permission to reproduce material from 1936 by Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Inc.; copyright 1943, the following poems-"Officers Mess," "Sonnet, 1940," © 1963, 1964 by T. S. Eliot; renewed 1971 by Esme Valerie and "When a Beau Goes In.'" From Gavin Ewart's The Eliot, copyright © 1971 by Valerie Eliot. Extracts from Collected Ewart 1933-1980. Collected Poems 1909-1962 by T. S. Eliot and seven lines Vemon Scannell: From New and Collected Poems 1950- from Tile Waste Land: A Facsimile and Transcript edited 1980 by Vernon Scannell. Originally published by Robson by Valerie Eliot. Reprinted by permission of Faber and Books Ltd. Reprinted by permission of the publisher. Faber Ltd. John Bayliss: From Not Without Glory. Reprinted by permission of the Woburn Press. "Aldous Huxley" George Fraser: Reprinted from George Fraser's Return Excerpt (12 lines) from "Fifth Philosopher's Song" in to Oasis, published by Shepheard-Walwyn Ltd. 1980, by Tile Collected Poetry of Aldous Huxley, edited by Donald permission of Mrs. George Fraser. permission of Harper and Row, Publishers, Inc. Permis­ Cyrcnaicn. Reprinted by kind permission of the author. sion also granted by Chatto and Windus Ltd. Excerpt from Norman Cameron: From Collected Poems. Reprinted by "Song of the Poplars," originally published in The Defeat kind permission of the Literary Estate of Norman Cam­ of Youth and now included in The Collected Poems of eron and the Hogarth Press. Aldous Huxley, edited by Donald Watt, reprinted by per­ John Manifold: "Ration Party" and "The Sirens." From mission of Mrs. Laura Huxley and Chatto and Windus Ltd. Collected Verse (1978). Reprinted by courtesy of the Uni­ versity of Queensland Press. "Robert Graves" Roy Camp bell : From Collected Poems. Reprinted by Quotations from the poems by Robert Graves are re­ permission of Teresa Campbell. printed by his kind permission. Roy Fuller: From Collected Poems 1936-1961, copyright 1962, by Roy Fuller. Reprinted by permission of Dufour "John Betjeman" © Editions 1nc., Chester Springs, Pennsylvania, and by Andre From Collected Poems by Sir John Betjeman. Copyright Deutsch Ltd., London. © 1958. Reprintd by permission of John Murray Ltd. Edward Lowbury: From Time for Sale (1961). Reprinted "W. H. Auden" by kind permission of the author. From W. H. Auden: Collected Poems, edited by Edward Bernard Gutteridge: From The Traveller's Eye. Reprinted Mendelson. Copyright © 1976 by Edward Mendelson, by permission of Routledge and Kegan Paul, London and Wi!liam Meredith, and Monroe K. Spears, Executors of Boston. the Estate of W. H. Auden. Reprinted by permission of Alan Ross: From Poems 1942-67. Reprinted by kind per­ Random House, Inc. Permission also given by Faber and mission of the author. Faber Ltd. Extracts from The English Auden: Poems, Charles Causley: From Collected Poems 1951-1975 by Essays and Dramatic Writings 1927-1939 by W. H. Auden Charles Causley. Copyright © 1951, 1953, 1957, 1961, reprinted by permission of Faber and Faber Ltd. 1968,1969,1970,1975. Reprinted by permission of David R. Godine, Publisher, Boston. "Louis MacNeice" Sidney Keyes: From The Collected Poems of Sidney From The Agamemnon of Aeschylus, Goethe's Faust, Keyes, published by Routledge and Kegan Paul Ltd., Lon­ translated by Louis MacNeice, and from The Collected don and Boston. Reprinted by permission of the publisher. Poems of Louis MacN eice reprinted by permission of Keith Douglas: From The Complete Poems of Keith Faber and Faber Ltd. Douglas, edited by Desmond Graham. Copyright © Marie J. Douglas 1978. Reprinted by permission of Oxford Uni­ "Poets of World War UU versity Press. }-"!cnry Reed: From A Map of Verona. Reprinted by kind Alun Lewis: From the works In the Green Tree, Raiders permission of the author and Jonathan Cape Ltd. Dawn, and Ha! Ha! Among the Trumpets by Alun Lewis. Gavin Ewart: The Editor gratefully thanks Hutchinson Reprinted by permission of Allen and Unwin Ltd. List of Subjects in Volume VII SEAN O'CASEY / William A. Armstrong 1 VIRGINIA WOOLF / Bemard Blackstone 17 JAMES JOYCE / J. f. M. Stewart 41 IVY COMPTON-BURNETT / R. Glynn Grylls 59 WYNDHAM LEWIS / E. W. F. Tomlin 71 D. H. LAWRENCE / AIastair Niven 87 EDITH SITWELL / John Lehmann 127 T. S. ELIOT / M. C. Bradbrook 143 KATHERINE MANSFIELD / fan A. Gordon 171 JOYCE CARY / WaIter Allen 185 ALDOUS HUXLEY / Jocelyn Brooke 197 J. B. PRIESTLEY / Kenneth Young 209 F. R. LEAVIS / Edward Greenwood 233 ROBERT GRAVES / Martin Seymour-Smith 257 GEORGE ORWELL / Tom Hopkinson 273 EVELYN WAUGH / William Myers 289 CHRISTOPHER ISHERWOOD / Frands King 309 C. P. SNOW / William Cooper 321 ANTHONY POWELL / Bemard Bergonzi 343 JOHN BETJEMAN / John Press 355 W. H. AUDEN / Richard Hoggart 379 LOUIS MAcNEICE / John Press 401 POETS OF WORLD WAR II / John Press 421 John Press INTRODUCTION labor, and the absence of husbands and fathers on active service imposed heavy physical and emo­ COUNTLESS books, poems, photographs, and films tional strains on civilians in Britain. Many ser­ have imprinted on our memories ineffaceable images vicemen enjoying, albeit with a twinge of guilt, the of World War I: rat-infested dugouts; fields tom by green pastures of Kenya, the pleasures of Egypt, or shells; barbed wire festooned with corpses; men cut the imperial grandeur of India might reflect that they down by machine guns as they charged with fixed were a great deal safer and more comfortable than bayonets; lakes of mud that sucked men under; and people in the cities and towns of Britain. brief moments of rest behind the front line in the It is significant that whereas some of the best poets villages of Flanders or France. World War II presents of World War I-Julian GrenfelI, Edmund Blunden, a different pattern of warfare; one in which mobility Siegfried Sassoon, Wilfred Owen, and Herbert largely supersedes the front line and the system of Read-were decorated for gallantry, none of the trenches, and tanks and planes become dominant poets discussed in the present essay received a weapons, reinforced by the power of artillery and decoration except Norman Cameron, who was made the courage of trained infantrymen. a Member of the Order of the British Empire for C. E. Montague's important work Disenchant­ work in political intelligence and propaganda. ment (1922) records the process whereby the soldiers Moreover, barely half these poets were ever in ac­ who with the noblest ideals and hopes volunteered in tion: this reflects not on their courage but on the 1914 soon became embittered and disillusioned. This way in which the conduct of war had changed since did not happen in World War II mainly because only 1918 and on the army's use of manpower. the most naive recruits harbored any illusions that There is no equivalent in World War JI of the might wither. When Evelyn Waugh's Put Out More trench songs that were composed by anonymous sol­ Flags appeared in 1942, nobody supposed that it diers in World War 1. Instead, the ubiquitous radio would be an undiluted panegyric to the war effort. poured out its message of synthetic good cheer and During the last two years of World War I many saccharine comfort.
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