STATE of FLORIDA BUREAU of RADIATION CONTROL RADIOACTIVE MATERIAL REQUIRING LABELING May 2000
Total Page：16
File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
Gadolinium Information
Gadolinium Information Gadolinium contrast agents are frequently utilized during MRI examinations in order to improve the exam and interpretation. They are not always needed. Your radiologist will determine whether or not gadolinium contrast is needed for your MRI examination. Gadolinium contrast agents are quickly eliminated from the body in healthy individuals. With normal functioning kidneys, the retention of gadolinium in soft tissues of the body is very small and may not even be detectable. However, some patients who receive multiple doses of contrast, including pregnant women and children, might be at increased risk of gadolinium remaining in the body for longer periods of time. To date, there are no known harmful effects of gadolinium remaining in the body for long periods of time in patients who have normal kidneys. In patients who have poorly functioning kidneys, a condition called nephrogenic systemic sclerosis (NSF) can occur. This causes debilitating thickening of the skin and other tissues. This only occurs in patients with poorly functioning kidneys. Your kidney function will be checked prior to receiving gadolinium contrast agent if needed. Other side-effects can occur even in patients with healthy kidneys. Some patients report pain, tiredness, and muscle aches after receiving gadolinium contrast but these conditions have not been directly linked to the administration of the gadolinium. Allergic reactions can also occur, as with any drug. If you have questions regarding your MRI examination today, please ask your MRI Technologist. MEDICATION GUIDE MULTIHANCE® (məl-tē-han(t)s) (gadobenate dimeglumine) Injection for intravenous use What is MULTIHANCE? • MULTIHANCE is a prescription medicine called a gadolinium-based contrast agent (GBCA). -
Evolution and Understanding of the D-Block Elements in the Periodic Table Cite This: Dalton Trans., 2019, 48, 9408 Edwin C
Dalton Transactions View Article Online PERSPECTIVE View Journal | View Issue Evolution and understanding of the d-block elements in the periodic table Cite this: Dalton Trans., 2019, 48, 9408 Edwin C. Constable Received 20th February 2019, The d-block elements have played an essential role in the development of our present understanding of Accepted 6th March 2019 chemistry and in the evolution of the periodic table. On the occasion of the sesquicentenniel of the dis- DOI: 10.1039/c9dt00765b covery of the periodic table by Mendeleev, it is appropriate to look at how these metals have influenced rsc.li/dalton our understanding of periodicity and the relationships between elements. Introduction and periodic tables concerning objects as diverse as fruit, veg- etables, beer, cartoon characters, and superheroes abound in In the year 2019 we celebrate the sesquicentennial of the publi- our connected world.7 Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 3.0 Unported Licence. cation of the first modern form of the periodic table by In the commonly encountered medium or long forms of Mendeleev (alternatively transliterated as Mendelejew, the periodic table, the central portion is occupied by the Mendelejeff, Mendeléeff, and Mendeléyev from the Cyrillic d-block elements, commonly known as the transition elements ).1 The periodic table lies at the core of our under- or transition metals. These elements have played a critical rôle standing of the properties of, and the relationships between, in our understanding of modern chemistry and have proved to the 118 elements currently known (Fig. 1).2 A chemist can look be the touchstones for many theories of valence and bonding. -
Bioorganometallic Technetium and Rhenium Chemistry: Fundamentals for Applications
RadiochemistRy in switzeRland CHIMIA 2020, 74, No. 12 953 doi:10.2533/chimia.2020.953 Chimia 74 (2020) 953–959 © R. Alberto, H. Braband, Q. Nadeem Bioorganometallic Technetium and Rhenium Chemistry: Fundamentals for Applications Roger Alberto*, Henrik Braband, and Qaisar Nadeem Abstract: Due to its long half-life of 2.111×105 y, technetium, i.e. 99Tc, offers the excellent opportunity of combin- ing fundamental and ‘classical’ organometallic or coordination chemistry with all methodologies of radiochem- istry. Technetium chemistry is inspired by the applications of its short-lived metastable isomer 99mTc in molecular imaging and radiopharmacy. We present in this article examples about these contexts and the impact of purely basic oriented research on practical applications. This review shows how the chemistry of this element in the middle of the periodic system inspires the chemistry of neighboring elements such as rhenium. Reasons are given for the frequent observation that the chemistries of 99Tc and 99mTc are often not identical, i.e. compounds accessible for 99mTc, under certain conditions, are not accessible for 99Tc. The article emphasizes the importance of macroscopic technetium chemistry not only for research but also for advanced education in the general fields of radiochemistry. Keywords: Bioorganometallics · Molecular Imaging · Radiopharmacy · Rhenium · Technetium Roger Alberto obtained his PhD from the Qaisar Nadeem got his PhD from the ETH Zurich. He was an Alexander von University of the Punjab Lahore, Pakistan. Humboldt fellow in the group of W.A. He received the higher education commission Herrmann at the TU Munich and at the (HEC, Pakistan) fellowship during his PhD Los Alamos National Laboratory with and worked in theAlberto group, Department A Sattelberger. -
Rare Earth Elements: the Global Supply Chain
Rare Earth Elements: The Global Supply Chain Marc Humphries Analyst in Energy Policy September 30, 2010 Congressional Research Service 7-5700 www.crs.gov R41347 CRS Report for Congress Prepared for Members and Committees of Congress Rare Earth Elements: The Global Supply Chain Summary The concentration of production of rare earth elements (REEs) outside the United States raises the important issue of supply vulnerability. REEs are used for new energy technologies and national security applications. Is the United States vulnerable to supply disruptions of REEs? Are these elements essential to U.S. national security and economic well-being? There are 17 rare earth elements (REEs), 15 within the chemical group called lanthanides, plus yttrium and scandium. The lanthanides consist of the following: lanthanum, cerium, praseodymium, neodymium, promethium, samarium, europium, gadolinium, terbium, dysprosium, holmium, erbium, thulium, ytterbium, and lutetium. Rare earths are moderately abundant in the earth’s crust, some even more abundant than copper, lead, gold, and platinum. While more abundant than many other minerals, REE are not concentrated enough to make them easily exploitable economically. The United States was once self-reliant in domestically produced REEs, but over the past 15 years has become 100% reliant on imports, primarily from China, because of lower-cost operations. There is no rare earth mine production in the United States. U.S.-based Molycorp operates a separation plant at Mountain Pass, CA, and sells the rare earth concentrates and refined products from previously mined above-ground stocks. Neodymium, praseodymium, and lanthanum oxides are produced for further processing but these materials are not turned into rare earth metal in the United States. -
The Development of the Periodic Table and Its Consequences Citation: J
Firenze University Press www.fupress.com/substantia The Development of the Periodic Table and its Consequences Citation: J. Emsley (2019) The Devel- opment of the Periodic Table and its Consequences. Substantia 3(2) Suppl. 5: 15-27. doi: 10.13128/Substantia-297 John Emsley Copyright: © 2019 J. Emsley. This is Alameda Lodge, 23a Alameda Road, Ampthill, MK45 2LA, UK an open access, peer-reviewed article E-mail: [email protected] published by Firenze University Press (http://www.fupress.com/substantia) and distributed under the terms of the Abstract. Chemistry is fortunate among the sciences in having an icon that is instant- Creative Commons Attribution License, ly recognisable around the world: the periodic table. The United Nations has deemed which permits unrestricted use, distri- 2019 to be the International Year of the Periodic Table, in commemoration of the 150th bution, and reproduction in any medi- anniversary of the first paper in which it appeared. That had been written by a Russian um, provided the original author and chemist, Dmitri Mendeleev, and was published in May 1869. Since then, there have source are credited. been many versions of the table, but one format has come to be the most widely used Data Availability Statement: All rel- and is to be seen everywhere. The route to this preferred form of the table makes an evant data are within the paper and its interesting story. Supporting Information files. Keywords. Periodic table, Mendeleev, Newlands, Deming, Seaborg. Competing Interests: The Author(s) declare(s) no conflict of interest. INTRODUCTION There are hundreds of periodic tables but the one that is widely repro- duced has the approval of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) and is shown in Fig.1. -
The Symbols of the Chemical Elements
42 THE SYMBOLS OF THE CHEMICAL ELEMENTS DARRYL FRANCIS Sutton, Surrey, England [email protected] The names of the chemical elements have received a certain amount of attention in Word Wa s over the years. The very first issue of Word Ways in February 1968 presented a quiz on 20 transposed element names. Later articles have offered more extensive transpositions, trnsadditions, old names for some of the elements, elements in US placenames, and words composed solely of the element symbols, such as CoAgULaTe. In this article, I want to examine the symbols of the chemical elements as an ordered coUection of letters. Many earlier items in Word Ways have treated the typewriter (computer) keyboard as an ordered sequence of letters (QWERTYillOPASDFGHJKLZXCVBNM) and have posed ques tions such as: • What is the longest word with its letters spelled in keyboard order? • What is the longest word with its letter spelled in rever e keyboard order? • What is the longest word with letters from the first letter row? Similar questions can be raised with regard to the elemental symbols. First off let's take a look at the periodic table, the listing of chemical elements in atomic number order and the corre ponding symbols. The list below contains 109 elements, with atomic numbers from 1 to 109. For three f the elements (aluminum, sulfur, cesium) there exist variant Briti h pellings (aluminium ulphur, caesium). For elements 104 to 109 I have used the new provisional name rather than the earlier suggested names. My 1998 printing of the Merriam-Webster ollegiate Di tionary lOth editi n. -
Of the Periodic Table
of the Periodic Table teacher notes Give your students a visual introduction to the families of the periodic table! This product includes eight mini- posters, one for each of the element families on the main group of the periodic table: Alkali Metals, Alkaline Earth Metals, Boron/Aluminum Group (Icosagens), Carbon Group (Crystallogens), Nitrogen Group (Pnictogens), Oxygen Group (Chalcogens), Halogens, and Noble Gases. The mini-posters give overview information about the family as well as a visual of where on the periodic table the family is located and a diagram of an atom of that family highlighting the number of valence electrons. Also included is the student packet, which is broken into the eight families and asks for specific information that students will find on the mini-posters. The students are also directed to color each family with a specific color on the blank graphic organizer at the end of their packet and they go to the fantastic interactive table at www.periodictable.com to learn even more about the elements in each family. Furthermore, there is a section for students to conduct their own research on the element of hydrogen, which does not belong to a family. When I use this activity, I print two of each mini-poster in color (pages 8 through 15 of this file), laminate them, and lay them on a big table. I have students work in partners to read about each family, one at a time, and complete that section of the student packet (pages 16 through 21 of this file). When they finish, they bring the mini-poster back to the table for another group to use. -
Gadolinium Speciation
Gadolinium Speciation Peter Caravan Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging Institute for Innovation in Imaging Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School Conflicts of Interest Stock ownership (>5%): Reveal Pharmaceuticals; Collagen Medical; Factor 1A LLC. Research grants: Pfizer; Pliant Pharmaceuticals; Biogen; Agilent; Pharmakea; Siemens. Consulting: Guerbet; Bayer; Collagen Medical; UCB Biopharma; Pfizer. What do we mean by speciation? What is the chemical form of the gadolinium in tissue? Chelated Gd Dissociated Gd The GBCA remains intact Dissociation of the GBCA Gd3+ ion Is Gd bound to a low molecular weight ligand? Is Gd part of some inorganic material like hydroxyapatite? Is Gd bound to a macromolecule? If so, which one? Where is the Gd distributed within tissue? Extra vs intracellular? In which cellular compartments? Why do we care about speciation? • The chemical form of Gd may inform its potential toxicity • Mineralized, insoluble Gd may be less toxic than soluble protein bound Gd (hypothesis) • The chemical form may also inform whether the Gd will be ultimately eliminated. Intact chelate may be expected to eventually clear the body (hypothesis). • The chemical form and location may guide chelation therapy strategies. Hierarchy of relevance of the data Human in vivo Human ex vivo Animal in vivo Animal ex vivo Solutions To model ex vivo Water solutions Tweedle MF. Gadolinium deposition: Is it chelated or dissociated gadolinium? How can we tell? Magn Reson Imaging. 2016;34(10):1377–82. How do GBCAs differ • Thermodynamics: -
Stratospheric Ozone Is Destroyed by Reactions Involving
20 Questions: 2010 Update Section II: THE OZONE DEPLETION PROCESS What are the chlorine and bromine reactions that destroy Q9 stratospheric ozone? Reactive gases containing chlorine and bromine destroy stratospheric ozone in “catalytic” cycles made up of two or more separate reactions. As a result, a single chlorine or bromine atom can destroy many thousands of ozone molecules before it leaves the stratosphere. In this way, a small amount of reactive chlorine or bromine has a large impact on the ozone layer. A special situation develops in polar regions in the late winter/early spring season where large enhancements in the abun- dance of the most reactive gas, chlorine monoxide, leads to severe ozone depletion. tratospheric ozone is destroyed by reactions involving before it happens to react with another gas, breaking the cata- Sreactive halogen gases, which are produced in the chemi- lytic cycle, and up to tens of thousands of ozone molecules cal conversion of halogen source gases (see Figure Q8-1). The during the total time of its stay in the stratosphere. most reactive of these gases are chlorine monoxide (ClO), bro- Polar Cycles 2 and 3. The abundance of ClO is greatly mine monoxide (BrO), and chlorine and bromine atoms (Cl increased in polar regions during winter as a result of reac- and Br). These gases participate in three principal reaction tions on the surfaces of polar stratospheric clouds (PSCs) (see cycles that destroy ozone. Q8 and Q10). Cycles 2 and 3 (see Figure Q9-2) become the Cycle 1. Ozone destruction Cycle 1 is illustrated in Figure dominant reaction mechanisms for polar ozone loss because of Q9-1. -
ACR Manual on Contrast Media
ACR Manual On Contrast Media 2021 ACR Committee on Drugs and Contrast Media Preface 2 ACR Manual on Contrast Media 2021 ACR Committee on Drugs and Contrast Media © Copyright 2021 American College of Radiology ISBN: 978-1-55903-012-0 TABLE OF CONTENTS Topic Page 1. Preface 1 2. Version History 2 3. Introduction 4 4. Patient Selection and Preparation Strategies Before Contrast 5 Medium Administration 5. Fasting Prior to Intravascular Contrast Media Administration 14 6. Safe Injection of Contrast Media 15 7. Extravasation of Contrast Media 18 8. Allergic-Like And Physiologic Reactions to Intravascular 22 Iodinated Contrast Media 9. Contrast Media Warming 29 10. Contrast-Associated Acute Kidney Injury and Contrast 33 Induced Acute Kidney Injury in Adults 11. Metformin 45 12. Contrast Media in Children 48 13. Gastrointestinal (GI) Contrast Media in Adults: Indications and 57 Guidelines 14. ACR–ASNR Position Statement On the Use of Gadolinium 78 Contrast Agents 15. Adverse Reactions To Gadolinium-Based Contrast Media 79 16. Nephrogenic Systemic Fibrosis (NSF) 83 17. Ultrasound Contrast Media 92 18. Treatment of Contrast Reactions 95 19. Administration of Contrast Media to Pregnant or Potentially 97 Pregnant Patients 20. Administration of Contrast Media to Women Who are Breast- 101 Feeding Table 1 – Categories Of Acute Reactions 103 Table 2 – Treatment Of Acute Reactions To Contrast Media In 105 Children Table 3 – Management Of Acute Reactions To Contrast Media In 114 Adults Table 4 – Equipment For Contrast Reaction Kits In Radiology 122 Appendix A – Contrast Media Specifications 124 PREFACE This edition of the ACR Manual on Contrast Media replaces all earlier editions. -
THULIUM Element Symbol: Tm Atomic Number: 69
THULIUM Element Symbol: Tm Atomic Number: 69 An initiative of IYC 2011 brought to you by the RACI IONA JOHNSON www.raci.org.au THULIUM Element symbol: Tm Atomic number: 69 The element Thulium (when purified from mineral ores) is a silver-grey lustrous metal. Thulium metal is soft, malleable and ductile, and is so soft that it can be cut with a knife. The density is 9.32 grams per cubic centimetre: which is a bit lighter than Lead, but heavier than Iron, Copper, Nickel, and Tin. The surface of the metal will readily tarnish in air and produce an oxide. Thulium will also burn readily in air. Thulium will react slowly with cold water, and quite quickly with hot water to form Thulium hydroxide and Hydrogen. Thulium was named in honour of Thule: an ancient Roman name for a mythical country in the far North, which was probably Scandinavia. The first compound containing Thulium was discovered and named by Swedish Chemist Per Teodor Cleve (1840 – 1905) in 1879. Cleve made his discovery while studying the black-coloured rock that had been discovered around the town of Ytterby, Sweden in 1787. After removing all the other components from the rock the most interesting portion was where the Thulium accumulated because the solution possessed a bluish green colour. The compound was Thulium oxide (also called Thulia). Solid Thulium oxide has a pale green colour. The complete analysis of that rock took more than 100 years, and in the process nine new elements were discovered including Thulium. Pure metallic Thulium was not produced until 1910 by Charles James (1880-1928) an American chemist. -
Cerium Oxide Nanoparticles and Gadolinium Integration
Linköping Studies in Science and Technology Dissertation No. 1997 Peter Eriksson Peter FACULTY OF SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING Linköping Studies in Science and Technology, Dissertation No. 1997, 2019 Cerium Oxide Nanoparticles Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology (IFM) Linköping University SE-581 83 Linköping, Sweden and Gadolinium Integration Cerium Oxide Integration Nanoparticles and Gadolinium Synthesis, Characterization and Biomedical Applications www.liu.se Peter Eriksson 2019 Linköping Studies in Science and Technology Dissertation No. 1997 Cerium Oxide Nanoparticles and Gadolinium Integration Synthesis, Characterization and Biomedical Applications Peter Eriksson Applied Physics Department of Physics, Chemistry & Biology Linköping University, Sweden Linköping 2019 Front cover: A cerium oxide nanoparticle with integrated gadolinium. Back cover: Cross-section of a gadolinium-cerium oxide nanoparticle and its displayed theragnostic properties: left) cerium undergo redox-reactions to scavenge reactive oxygen species and right) gadolinium shorten the T1-relaxation time of nuclei spins in water molecules. During the course of the research underlying this thesis, Peter Eriksson was enrolled in Forum Scientium, a multidisciplinary doctoral programme at Linköping University, Sweden. © Copyright 2019 Peter Eriksson, unless otherwise noted Peter Eriksson Cerium Oxide Nanoparticles and Gadolinium Integration; Synthesis, Characterization and Biomedical Applications ISBN: 978-91-7685-029-9 ISSN: 0345-7524 Linköping Studies in Science and Technology,