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Abejas Nativas (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Anthophila) Asociadas a La Vegetación Del Estado De Nuevo León, México

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Abejas Nativas (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Anthophila) Asociadas a La Vegetación Del Estado De Nuevo León, México UNIVERSIDAD AUTÓNOMA DE NUEVO LEÓN FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS BIOLÓGICAS SUBDIRECCIÓN DE ESTUDIOS DE POSGRADO ABEJAS NATIVAS (HYMENOPTERA: APOIDEA: ANTHOPHILA) ASOCIADAS A LA VEGETACIÓN DEL ESTADO DE NUEVO LEÓN, MÉXICO Por M.C. Liliana Ramírez Freire Como requisito parcial para obtener el Grado de Doctora en Ciencias Con acentuación en Manejo y Administración de Recursos Vegetales. San Nicolás de los Garza, N. L. Noviembre de 2012. DEDICATORIA A mis papás Dorita Freire Chavarría y Juan Ramírez Borroel A mi mejor amigo y compañero (también esposo) Carlos G. Velazco Macías quien siempre ha estado apoyado e impulsado mis ocurrencias siendo parte fundamental de ellas. A mis retoñitos Carlitos y Dany. A mis hermanas: Marilú, Martha y Diana. A dos grandes amigos: Rocío y Mtro. Glafiro. AGRADECIMIENTOS Beemoitoring (Yahoo Group) AGRADECIMIENTOS Gracias a Dios por todas las bendiciones y permitirme llegar hasta este momento. A todos los maestros que han sido parte de mi formación académica desde el nivel más básico hasta ahora y a aquellos que no siendo directamente mis maestros, aun así han dejado huella en mi vida y me han dado grandes lecciones. Al Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACYT) por la beca otorgada para la realización de mis estudios de posgrado. A mi comisión de tesis: - Dr. Glafiro Alanís, por impulsarme en mis estudios de posgrado y dirigir este trabajo de tesis, por todo el apoyo brindado. - Dr. Ricardo Ayala, especialista en abejas del Instituto de Biología de la UNAM, por aceptar ser mi director externo, por toda la información compartida, correcciones, su invaluable aportación en metodología y consejos. - Dr. Humberto Quiroz Martínez por la intensa revisión del manuscrito y sus importantes observaciones. - Dr. Rahim Foroughbakhch Pournavab por todo el apoyo brindado desde el inicio de este proyecto, por sus atinadas observaciones y revisión del manuscrito. - Dra. Susana Favela Lara por la donación de material para el manejo y almacenaje de las abejas, sus acertados comentarios y valiosas sugerencias. - Dr. Marco Alvarado Vázquez por su apoyo, disposición y comentarios al trabajo de tesis. A todos ellos les agradezco de corazón, pero principalmente por brindarme su confianza y amistad. Dr. John L. Neff del Central Texas Melittological Institute por su tiempo y disposición en la corroboración e identificación de abejas y por compartir importante literatura especializada; a su esposa la Dra. Beryl Simpson por su amable hospitalidad, pero lo más importante, a ambos gracias por su amistad. Al Dr. Carlos Velazco Macías por su ayuda en la identificación del material botánico, apoyo durante las salidas al campo, traducción del resumen y obtención de material fotográfico. A mis tutores: Dra. Marcela González Álvarez, Dra. Alejandra Rocha Estrada y Dr. Victor R. Vargas L. por su asesoría y valiosas sugerencias durante los avances de este proyecto de investigación. Al Dr. Sam Droege del grupo de yahoo “Beemonitoring”, así como a todos los miembros del mismo, por todas las ideas e información respecto al manejo de ejemplares, uso y modificación de equipo para facilitar la identificación de abejas, claves taxonómicas, etc. que a través de este sitio pude tener acceso permitiéndome encontrar muchas veces formas alternativas de resolver los problemas que se me llegaron a presentar. Al Ing. Jorge Garza Villarreal, coordinador general del Consejo Estatal de Flora y Fauna Silvestre de Nuevo León, A. C. por todo su apoyo para la realización de este proyecto. Al Dr. Gerardo Velazco, presidente de Natusalud, A.C. por su apoyo con equipo de transporte para las salidas de campo y facilitarme equipo de cómputo durante la parte final de la escritura del presente manuscrito. A Carlitos mi hijo mayor, por su apoyo durante la obtención de muestras en campo; a Drorita Freire por cuidar a Dany durante los días de muestreo. A los maestros e investigadores del Lab. De Vida Silvestre, en especial al M.C. Alejandro Ledezma, Dr. Antonio Leija, Biol. Salvador Contreras; también mis compañeras Biol. Samanta Morales, M. C. Verónica Aquirre y Biol. Mónica Reyes con quienes compartí grandes momentos e hicieron mi estancia muy agradable. A Celeste Flores y Eduardo Pacheco por ayudarme al final en la recuperación de la información que aquí se contiene. A Carmen por todo el apoyo brindado durante mis estudios de posgrado y principalmente por su amistad. INDICE Sección Página 1 RESUMEN ................................................................................................................ 1 2 ABASTRACT ........................................................................................................... 2 3 INTRODUCCIÓN ................................................................................................... 3 4 DEFINICIÓN DEL PROBLEMA Y JUSTIFICACIÓN...................................... 5 5 HIPÓTESIS .............................................................................................................. 6 6 OBJETIVOS ............................................................................................................. 7 6.1 OBJETIVO GENERAL ................................................................................................ 7 6.2 OBJETIVOS PARTICULARES ..................................................................................... 7 7 ANTECEDENTES ................................................................................................... 8 7.1 IMPORTANCIA DE LAS ABEJAS NATIVAS ................................................................. 8 7.2 CONOCIMIENTO TAXONÓMICO DE ABEJAS MEXICANAS ....................................... 10 7.3 ANTECEDENTES SOBRE ABEJAS NATIVAS DE NUEVO LEÓN ................................. 12 7.4 ABEJAS Y LAS FLORES ........................................................................................... 13 7.5 DIVERSIDAD DE ABEJAS EN RIESGO ...................................................................... 14 7.6 SOBRE LA BIOLOGÍA DE LA ABEJAS ...................................................................... 15 7.7 CARACTERES DIAGNÓSTICOS DE LAS ABEJAS ........................................................ 16 7.8 DIAGNOSIS DE LAS FAMILIAS DE ABEJAS PRESENTES EN NUEVO LEÓN. ............... 19 7.8.1 Colletidae ..................................................................................................... 19 7.8.2 Andrenidae ................................................................................................... 20 7.8.3 Halictidae ..................................................................................................... 21 7.8.4 Megachilidae ................................................................................................ 22 7.8.5 Apidae .......................................................................................................... 23 7.9 MÉTODOS PARA COLECTA DE ABEJAS ..................................................................... 24 8 MATERIAL Y MÉTODO ..................................................................................... 25 8.1 ÁREA DE ESTUDIO ................................................................................................. 25 8.1.1 Fisiografía. ................................................................................................... 25 8.1.2 Clima ............................................................................................................ 25 8.1.3 Suelos ........................................................................................................... 26 8.1.4 Vegetación.................................................................................................... 26 8.2 MUESTREO ............................................................................................................ 29 7.2.1 Platos Trampa (Bowl traps) ......................................................................... 29 7.2.2 Red entomológica......................................................................................... 29 8.3 TRABAJO DE LABORATORIO .................................................................................. 30 8.3.1 Identificación de Abejas ............................................................................... 30 8.3.2 Consulta de las Bases de Datos .................................................................... 30 8.3.3 Base de Datos y Banco de Imágenes ........................................................... 33 8.3.4 Análisis de datos .......................................................................................... 33 8.3.4.1 Diversidad Alfa .................................................................................... 33 8.3.4.2 Diversidad Beta .................................................................................... 35 8.3.4.3 Otros Análisis ....................................................................................... 36 9 RESULTADOS ....................................................................................................... 37 9.1 INFORMACIÓN DE LITERATURA CONSULTADA Y LAS BASES DE DATOS EN COLECCIONES ........................................................................................................ 37 9.2 RESULTADO DEL TRABAJO DE CAMPO .................................................................. 37 9.2.1 Curva de Acumulación de Especies ............................................................. 48 9.2.2 Abundancia .................................................................................................. 49
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