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Differentiating Instruction: Tiered Activities CHAPTER 12 • SECTION 2 A small group of Cherokees gave up and signed a treaty. But most Chero- kees, led by John Ross, opposed the treaty. Jackson refused to negotiate with these Cherokees. In 1838, federal troops commanded by General Winfield Scott forced CONNECT To Today about 16,000 Cherokees into camps. Soldiers took people from their homes with nothing but the clothes on their backs. Over the fall and winter these Cherokees were forced to make the long journey west in the cold, rain, and WHAT IF? The Cherokee are the most snow. Many grew weak and ill. A quarter of the Cherokees died. The dead populous Native American group in the included John Ross’s wife. One soldier never forgot what he witnessed. United States today. Thriving Cherokee reservations are located in Oklahoma, PRIMARY SOURCE North Carolina, South Carolina, Alabama, Murder is murder and somebody must answer. Somebody must explain Arkansas, and Georgia. “ the four-thousand silent graves that mark the trail of the Cherokees to their exile. I wish I could forget it all, but the picture of six-hundred and • What if Congress had never passed the forty-five wagons lumbering over the frozen ground with their Cargo of Indian Removal Act? How might the suffering humanity still lingers in my memory. United States be different today? (Possible —John G. Burnett, quoted in The Native” Americans, Answers: The Native American population edited by Betty and Ian Ballantine would be much larger; Native Americans would live in most parts of the country; This harsh journey of the Cherokee from their homeland to Indian Terri- more Americans might speak and write tory became known as the Trail of Tears. Native American languages.) CRITICAL THINKING ANSWER Evaluate They began work immediately CONNECT To Today after being relocated; they established a new constitution; they emphasized THE CHEROKEE NATION OF OKLAHOMA education; developed economically. As soon as the Cherokees arrived in Indian Territory in the 1830s, they set out to rebuild. Today, Cherokees teach their history and They established schools, churches, and businesses. A new constitution was adopted and language in schools; they offer immersion newspapers and periodicals began circulating. classes to preschoolers to preserve their Today the Cherokee Nation is a leader in education, business, and economic develop- language. ment in Oklahoma. The Cherokee Nation and its agencies employ nearly 7,000 people. Cherokee history and language continue to be taught in Cherokee schools. Recently, the Cherokee Nation began offering language immersion classes to preschoolers in an effort More About . to preserve the Cherokee language. By teaching the classes in Cherokee at such an early age, The Cherokee Nation Today many hope that the children will not only learn Wilma Mankiller was elected Principal Chief to speak the language, but will one day pass it along to their own children. of the Cherokee Nation of Oklahoma in 1985. During her years as chief, she worked for improved health care, better education, and more efficient tribal government. CRITICAL THINKING Although the Cherokee have faced many Evaluate In what ways have the Cherokees challenges, she is optimistic about their worked to preserve their culture? future: “I believe in the old Cherokee injunction to be of a good mind. Today it’s 406 Chapter 12 called positive thinking.” Mankiller’s last name is a term of respect for warriors who protected villages. DIFFERENTIATING INSTRUCTION: TIERED ACTIVITIES OBJECTIVE Create a patchwork “quilt” that represents Cherokee history and culture. Basic On Level Challenge Have the class decorate paper Extend the Basic activity Extend the On Level activity squares for a patchwork by having students review by having students research quilt. Students should review books and Web sites about the cultural differences the chapter to find aspects Cherokee history and culture. between Cherokee groups. of Cherokee culture. Have Have students write this Then have students classify students write these on information on squares these cultural characteristics squares and decorate them and decorate them with according to the geographic with illustrations and designs. illustrations and designs. region in which they lived. Arrange all squares into a Add the squares to the Have students write their “quilt” and pin them to a “quilt.” findings on squares, decorate bulletin board. them, and add them to the “quilt.” 406 • Chapter 12 Native American Resistance Some Native Americans CHAPTER 12 • SECTION 2 resisted relocation. In 1838, a Cherokee farmer named Tsali and his family struggled to escape as U.S. soldiers were taking them to a camp. Two soldiers were killed before Tsali fled with his family to the Great Smoky Mountains. There they CONNECT to the Essential Question found other Cherokees. According to Cherokee tradition, Tsali received a message from the U.S. Army that if he and his sons were found, the others could remain. They surrendered or What impact did Andrew Jackson’s were captured, and all except the youngest son were shot. This presidency have on the nation? sacrifice allowed some Cherokees to stay in their homeland. Ask students what they have learned so far In 1835, the Seminoles’ refusal to leave Florida led to the that can help them answer this question. Second Seminole War. One of the most important leaders in the war was Osceola. Hiding in the Everglades, Osceola and Students might mention: his band used surprise attacks to defeat the U.S. Army in many • Prompted by Jackson, Congress passed battles. In 1837, Osceola was tricked into capture when he the Indian Removal Act of 1830, which came to peace talks during a truce. He later died in prison, Osceola led the Seminole required Native Americans to relocate but the Seminoles continued to fight. Some went deeper into in the fight against west of the Mississippi River. the Everglades, where their descendants live today. Others moved west. The removal. Second Seminole War ended in 1842. • Jackson went against a Supreme Court Some Northern tribes also resisted relocation. In 1832, a Sauk chief decision and forced the Cherokee from Answer: Native named Black Hawk led a band of Sauk and Fox from Indian Territory back Americans were forced their land in Georgia. to their lands in Illinois. In the Black Hawk War, the Illinois militia and the west. They endured U.S. Army crushed the uprising. extreme hardship. Many died on the journey or CAUSES AND EFFECTS Describe the effects of the Indian Removal Act. in confl ict. 4 Assess & Reteach ONLINE QUIZ Assess Have students complete the Section Section Assessment For test practice, go to 2 Interactive Review @ ClassZone.com Assessment. TERMS & NAMES KEY IDEAS Unit 5 Resource Book 1. Explain the importance of 3. How did Americans react to Jackson’s Native • Section Quiz, p. 42 • Sequoya • Trail of Tears American policy? • Indian Removal Act • Osceola 4. Why were the Cherokees forced to move even Interactive Review • Indian Territory though the Supreme Court ruled in their favor? @ ClassZone.com 5. Describe how Native Americans resisted relocation. USING YOUR READING NOTES Power Presentations 2. Causes and Effects Complete the diagram you CRITICAL THINKING started at the beginning of this section. 6. Main Ideas and Details In what ways had the Test Generator Cherokee adapted to white culture? CAUSES EFFECTS 7. Connect Geography & History How did the Reteach Have students reread the section. land in Indian Territory differ from the homelands of As they read, instruct them to take notes in an Southeastern Native Americans? Forced outline format. Students should use headings removal 8. Writing Journal Write a journal entry as a of Native Cherokee on the Trail of Tears. Include details about and subheadings to help them formulate main Americans the traveling conditions and the people around you. ideas. Then they should find two or more details for each main idea. Unit 5 Resource Book • Reteaching Activity, p. 45 The Age of Jackson 407 SECTION 2 ASSESSMENT ANSWERS Terms & Names Critical Thinking 1. Sequoya, p. 403; Indian Removal Act, p. 404; 6. clothing, ranching, written language, Journal-Writing Rubric Indian Territory, p. 405; Trail of Tears, p. 406; schooling, newspaper, constitution Historical Osceola, p. 407 7. Indian Territory had fewer lakes and rivers and Content Using Your Reading Notes less fertile land than the East. Accuracy 2. Causes—Some whites don’t want to live near 8. Students should provide specifi c details 4 excellent; provides no errors Native Americans and see them as an obstacle about the journey, and descriptions should many specific details be historically accurate and realistic. Use the to progress; gold found in Georgia; Effects— 3 good; provides details few/minor errors; Indian Removal Act; Trail of Tears; Native rubric to score students’ journal entries. realistic American resistance 2 fair; provides few several errors; Key Ideas details unrealistic 3. Many objected to it. 1 poor; provides no many errors; 4. Georgia ignored the Supreme Court’s decision; details unrealistic Jackson did not enforce Marshall’s decision. 5. Some escaped and hid; uprisings occurred in Florida and Illinois. Teacher’s Edition • 407.
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