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Information to Users INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from aiQT type o f computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., nuq)s, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand comer and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. Each original is also photographed in one exposure and is included in reduced form at the back o f the book. Photographs included in the original manuscript have been reproduced xerographically in this copy. Higher quality 6” x 9” black and white photographic prints are available for any photographs or illustrations appearing in this copy for an additional charge. Contact UMI directly to order. UMI A Bell & Howell Infonnaticn Company 300 North Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor MI 48106-1346 USA 313/761-4700 800/521-0600 THE SOCIAL AND DEMOGRAPHIC EFFECTS OF CREEK REMOVAL 1832-1860 A Dissertation APPROVED FOR THE DEPARTMENT OF ANTHROPOLOGY BY z:z_ ______ M UMI Number: 9733704 UMI Microform 9733704 Copyright 1997, by UMI Company. All rights reserved. This microform edition is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. UMI 300 North Zeeb Road Ann Arbor, MI 48103 © Copyright by Janis Elaine Campbell 1997 All Rights Reserved ACKNOWLEDGMENTS There are many people whose help has been essential and to whom special thanks are due. It is impossible to thank everyone individually, but all of those who have assisted me in this work have my gratitude for their patience. Several people have read and discussed all or part of this work, providing invaluable insights: the members of my committee. Dr. Loretta Fowler, Dr. Michael Nunely, Dr. Cameron Wesson, Dr. DeeAnn Wenk, all of the University of Oklahoma, and especially Dr. John Moore of the University of Florida. Additionally, I would like to acknowledge the support and assistance from the former members of my committee: Dr. Richard Pailes, Dr. Joseph Whitecotten, Dr. William T. Hagan, and Dr. Troy Abell. During the course o f my research, I received financial and other assistance from a number of sources, including grants from the American Diabetes Association, “Incidence of Diabetes Among Mvskoke Creek Indians,” under the direction of Dr. Kenneth Weiss and Dr. John Moore, National Institute of Health, “Diabetes Signs and Representations Among Mvskoke Creek Indians,” under the direction of Dr. Sharol Jacobson and Dr. John Moore, and National Science Foundation “Demographic Adaptation Under Stress-The Mvskoke Confederacy 1780-1910,” under the direction of Dr. John Moore and Dr. Sheila Johansson. I would also like to acknowledge the aid of several Creeks, including Margaret Mauldin, Linda Alexander, Bertha Tilkens, Joe Smith, and James Wesley. Many other Creeks helped in the work required for this dissertation. Several people gave me personal support during the years of class work and research, including my husband, my son, and my parents. All of these people and others too numerous to mention have made this work possible. Any errors are solely my own. IV CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES.........................................................................................................vi LIST OF FIGURES..................................................................................................... vii LIST OF MAPS............................................................................................................vii LIST OF CHARTS...................................................................................................... vii ABSTRACT................................................................................................................ viii Chapter Page 1. INTRODUCTION.........................................................................................1 Statement of the Problem Theory/Literature Review A Summary of Significant Issues Conclusion 2. METHODS AND THEORY......................................................................41 Research Design Definition of Terms Delimitation of the Study Data Sources Limitations of the Study 3. HISTORY AND BACKGROUND........................................................... 88 Linguistic and Cultural Diversity Removal Act of 1830 Creek Population Creek Geography Frauds and the Creek War of 1836 The Second Seminole War Creek Removals and Removal Routes 4. DEMOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS...............................................................130 Opethleyoholo’s Faction Muster Rolls Total Population Change Slaves Ethnic Composition Upper and Lower Creeks Towns Households English Names Summary 5. CONCLUSIONS......................................................................................200 References REFERENCES............................................................................................. 217 Appendix NAME DICTIONARY.................................................................................241 VI LIST OF TABLES Table Page 3.1. Linguistic and Cultural Affiliations among Pre-Removal Creeks ...................90 3.2. Southeastern Removal Treaties ...........................................................................94 3.3. Population of Free Citizens and Slaves of Alabama, Florida, and Georgia .104 3.4. Towns Involved in the Creek War of 1836 .......................................................112 3.5. Creek Emigrations 1834-1837 ...........................................................................126 4.1. General Characteristics of Opethleyoholo’s Followers .................................. 136 4.2. English/Non-English Names Creeks 1832 .......................................................138 4.3. Creek Moiety Names 1832 ................................................................................ 138 4.4. Creek Clan Names 1832 .................................................................................... 139 4.5. Creek Town Names 1832 .................................................................................. 140 4.6. Creek Titles 1832 ................................................................................................ 142 4.7. Creek Names Among Emigration Muster Rolls 1836-1838 ...........................149 4.8. Creek Moiety Names Among Emigration Muster Rolls 1836-1838 .............149 4.9. Creek Clan Names Among Emigration Muster Rolls 1836-1838 ................. 150 4.10. Creek Town Names Among Emigration Muster Rolls 1836-1838 .............152 4.11. Creek Titles Among Emigration Muster Rolls 1836-1838 ...........................154 4.12. Total Creek Population 1832-1860 ................................................................. 155 4.13. Creek Towns 1832, 1857, and 1858-59 ..........................................................155 4.14. English/Non-English Names Creeks 1832 and 1858-59 ..............................156 4.15. Creek Moiety Names 1832 and 1858-59 ........................................................156 Vll 4.16. Creek Clan Names 1832 and 1858-59 ............................................................ 157 4.17. Creek Town Names 1832 and 1858-59 ..........................................................159 4.18. Creek Titles & Personal Names 1832 and 1858-59 .......................................161 4.19. Creek Slaves 1832 and 1860 ............................................................................162 4.20. 1832 Creek Town Ethnicity and Language .....................................................165 4.21. 1857 and 1858-59 Creek Town Ethnicity and Language .............................. 167 4.22. Language Groupings 1832, 1857, and 1858-59 ............................................. 170 4.23. Ethnicity 1832, 1857, and 1858-59 ..................................................................171 4.24. Muskogee and Foreign English/Non-English Names 1832 and 1858-59... 173 4.25. Muskogee and Foreign Creek Moiety Names 1832 and 1858-59 ............... 173 4.26. Muskogee and Foreign Clan Names 1832 and 1858-59 ............................... 174 4.27. Muskogee and Foreign Town Names 1832 and 1858-59 ............................. 176 4.28. Muskogee and Foreign Titles & Personal Names 1832 and 1858-59 .........177 4.29. Upper and Lower Creeks 1832,1857, and 1858-59 ......................................179 4.30. Ethnicity of Creeks 1832 and 1857 Census ....................................................180 4.31. Upper and Lower English/Non-English Names 1832 and 1858-59 ............181 4.32. Upper and Lower Creek Moiety Names 1832 and 1858-59 .........................181 4.33. Upper and Lower Clan Names 1832 and 1858-59 .........................................181 4.34. Upper and Lower Town Names 1832 and 1858-59 .......................................183 4.35. Upper and Lower Titles & Personal Names 1832 and 1858-59 .................. 184 4.36. Population of Creek Towns 1832 and 1857/58-59 ........................................190 4.37.
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