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THE WATERFINDERS. a Cultural History of the Australian Dingo Justine Philip Phd Ecosystem Management

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THE WATERFINDERS. a Cultural History of the Australian Dingo Justine Philip Phd Ecosystem Management Theme edition. The dingo dilemma: cull; contain or conserve, edited by Thomas Newsome, Chris Dickman and Daniel Lunney. THE WATERFINDERS. A cultural history of the Australian dingo Justine Philip PhD Ecosystem Management. Le Moulin Neuf, Pont Melvez 22390 FRANCE Honorary Associate, Museums Victoria, AUSTRALIA Email: [email protected]; [email protected] Downloaded from http://meridian.allenpress.com/australian-zoologist/article-pdf/doi/10.7882/AZ.2020.034/2645734/10.7882_az.2020.034.pdf by guest on 01 October 2021 For thousands of years, the water-finding abilities of the Australian dingo (Canis dingo), has assisted human survival in one of the most extreme, arid environments on earth. In addition to their contribution to Traditional Aboriginal society as a guardian, living blanket, hunting assistant and companion, the dingo’s role as intermediary between the earth’s surface and the river systems that flow beneath the continent is legendary. Both the ancestral/mythical dingo and the contemporary dingo are attributed with having assisted people in the location of aquifers, billabongs, inland lakes. They guided people safely across hundreds of kilometers of desert, locating the places where water sources reach up closest to the earth’s surface from the underground lakes and waterways that flow beneath the continent. The dingo’s status in Aboriginal culture is celebrated in the naming of waterholes, soaks, river systems and aquifers. This paper follows the path of the ancient dingo, tracing how, as a cultural keystone species, dingoes have shaped human society and belief systems, encouraging cultures of reciprocity and laws of protection for vital resources. Post-colonization, these traditions have not been recognized outside of Aboriginal communities, and this loss of cultural heritage comes at great cost to the Australian environment, biodiversity and the health and preservation of vital resources. ABSTRACT Key words: Water, dingo, dogs, Australian history, cultural keystone species, environmental history, Aboriginal cultural heritage. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7882/AZ.2020.034 Introduction This paper traces dingo (Canis dingo) water history, a key point of vulnerability to their traditional human examining historical records and accounts that illustrate communities – the deliberate eradication of these dingoes the value of dingo’s life-saving water knowledge, and was employed as an effective method of disempowering and how dingoes have shaped human cultural and social undermining traditional communities. Techniques involved systems. The research draws from ethnographic and systematic violence, lethal controls and legal constraints - cultural archives, historical narratives and media reports. all still endorsed continent-wide against the dingo today. This report reveals how dingo water knowledge and Their marginalization resulted in a great loss of cultural sophisticated navigational skills – path integration knowledge, and loss to traditional ways of life and mobility. or “Dead Reckoning” examined in the report, have enhanced human mobility and survival. The dingo is a cultural keystone species – a species of high Methods ethnographic value to human society. The dingo’s The research employs grounded theory and an iterative heritage value is comparable to that of the northern process (Neuman, 2011) to the examination of archival hemisphere water dogs such as the Yukaghir River dogs, data and historical narrative, where the meanings and or the ocean travelling Kuri dogs of the New Zealand values I assign to water dogs and dingoes have been Maori. The importance of these ancient canines to shaped and influenced through story telling, narrative and human society has been embedded within cultural contextual history. narratives, rituals, ceremonies, dances and songs of their human communities, and visible in the everyday lives of The data were gathered from museum collections, their human communities. original manuscripts, scientific documents and media records. These narratives were collated into individual Accounts of European beneficiaries of dingo water knowledge accounts and constructed into prosopographies or also are examined in this paper. These accounts were largely collective biographies. A prosopography encompasses opportunistic and failed to translate into any lasting benefit a simple, systematic organization of relatively rare data for either human or non-human communities. Furthermore, in a way that “reveals connections and patterns influencing post-colonization relationships with the dingo (as with the historical processes” (Verboven et al., 2007, p. 37). Yukaghir River dogs and the extinct Kuri) presented Australian 2020 Zoologist A Philip Cultural keystone species Humans’ fellow oceanic travellers include the extinct Kuri ‘Keystone species’ is an ecological term used to describe dogs (Canis familiaris) of New Zealand. They arrived on New species that are pivotal to the structure and resilience of Zealand shores around c1300 with Maori seafarers (Wilson, ecosystems (Levin, 2013). They are described as ecosystem 2005). They were companions, guardians, navigational architects – species that exert a disproportionately large aids, hunters, and a ritual food source. Their coats were influence on the configuration and functioning of the harvested and made into kahu kurī (cloaks) worn as a status environment, despite a relatively small population base. symbol by Maori chiefs (Beattie, 1947). The Kuri dog was They utilize and support the continued health and important to Maori economy, and associated with water fitness of the biota. Where the role of a species provides magic and storm incarnations, revered as intermediaries an important service to human society, they become between the physical world and the afterlife (Titcomb Downloaded from http://meridian.allenpress.com/australian-zoologist/article-pdf/doi/10.7882/AZ.2020.034/2645734/10.7882_az.2020.034.pdf by guest on 01 October 2021 embedded in cultural systems, and can be referred to & Pukui, 1969). In legend a Kuri dog travelling with the as cultural keystone species. These are defined as plant captain Manaia on the Tokomaru canoe, jumped into the and animal species that are valuable companions, used ocean at night as they were approaching New Zealand. It for medicinal purposes, clothing, food sources, or of is said that the canoe was guided to land following the calls high ethnographic value. This involves ornamental or of the dog. Kuri dogs did not survive the first century of ritual applications, mythic representations (stories with British colonisation in New Zealand. They were actively spiritual, sacred and often instructive elements) and the eradicated with poisons and guns to make way for the use of metaphor in celestial and geological forms (Smith emerging pastoral industry (White, 1889). & Litchfield, 2009). This is further described by social geographers Garibaldi & Turner (2004, p. 1): Thousands of years before the Kuri made it to New Zealand, the dingo is believed to have arrived on the North These species often feature prominently in the language, Australian coastline in the company of Asiatic seafarers. ceremonies, and narratives of native peoples and can This represents perhaps one of the earliest successful be considered cultural icons. Without these “cultural human-assisted oceanic migrations, and genetic indicators keystone species,” the societies they support would be estimate this occurred 5000 to 10,000 years ago (Cairns completely different ... These are the species that become & Wilton, 2016; Mattias et al., 2011). Aboriginal legends embedded in a people’s cultural traditions and narratives, place the dingo within the geological landscape over 6,000 their ceremonies, dances, songs, and discourse. years ago (Roughsey, 1971). Archaeological remains point to a more conservative date, of less than 3348 years (Balme Historically, interconnections between nature and culture et al., 2018), however this can perhaps be attributed to the played an essential role in the maintenance of resilient low chances of preservation of remains, and initial small ecosystems and biodiversity (Garibaldi & Turner, 2004). population numbers (Koungoulos & Fillios, 2020). The marginalization of cultural and ecological keystones resulted in the degradation of ecosystems, the loss of Dingoes provided a new hunting technology (Balme & traditions and cultural diversity. Their loss led to changes O’Connor, 2016; Philip, 2017), they were a navigational in the health and resilience of the complex social and aid, living blanket and valuable item of trade and exchange. ecological matrix (Balme & O’Connor, 2016; Johnson et They were adopted into Aboriginal communities across al., 2007). Australia is currently experiencing a biodiversity the continent, becoming integral to Aboriginal society crisis, with 1,700 species and ecological communities and culture. Philip (2017) records the traditions of listed as threatened with extinction (EPBC Act, 2016) nursing dingo pups beside human infants, and their role The country holds the highest mammalian extinction rate in guardianship, ceremonial processes, economic and in the world. The loss of cultural heritage is reflected in utilitarian functions specific to women and children. “The ≈90% of Aboriginal languages currently endangered or loss of the dingo [post-colonization] was perhaps a double extinct (AIATSIS, 2020). tragedy for the Aboriginal women, impacting on their health and welfare, along with a great loss in status
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