DOCSLIB.ORG

CARDIFF SCHOOL of EUROPEAN LANGUAGES, TRANSLATION and POLITICS Phd THESIS the ROLE of NATIONAL IDENTITY in ACCESSION to the EURO

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
CARDIFF SCHOOL of EUROPEAN LANGUAGES, TRANSLATION and POLITICS Phd THESIS the ROLE of NATIONAL IDENTITY in ACCESSION to the EURO CARDIFF SCHOOL OF EUROPEAN LANGUAGES, TRANSLATION AND POLITICS PhD THESIS THE ROLE OF NATIONAL IDENTITY IN ACCESSION TO THE EUROPEAN UNION: THE CASE OF TURKEY NAZAN YORGOZLU 2012 List of Contents Abstract .................................................................................................................................. i Acknowledgements ....................................................................................................................... ii List of Tables .................................................................................................................................... iii List of Figures .................................................................................................................................. iv List of Graphs ..................................................................................................................................... v List of Boxes ...................................................................................................................................... vi List of Abbreviations .................................................................................................................. vii Chapter 1 THE RESEARCH AIMS AND THE SCOPE 1.1. Background to the Research ..................................................................................2 1.2. The Research Aim and Objective ..........................................................................5 1.3. Research Questions ..............................................................................................11 1.4. Research Rationale ...............................................................................................12 1.5. The Structure of the Thesis ..................................................................................15 PART I - Chapter 2 NATIONALISM & NATIONAL IDENTITY 2.1. Introduction ..........................................................................................................21 2.2. The Generation of Nationalism and Explaining Nationalism ..............................27 2.3. The Importance of Illustrating “The Role of National Identity in the Accession to the European Union” ...................................................................................................30 2.4. Theoretical Approaches towards Nationalism and National Identity ..................33 PART I - Chapter 3 CONSTRUCTING TURKEY’S NATIONAL IDENTITY Benedict Anderson’s Imagined Community 3.1. Introduction ..........................................................................................................41 3.2. Constructions of National Identity in Turkey ......................................................42 3.2.1. The Origins of Turkey ......................................................................................44 3.2.2. Historical, Cultural and Political Dimension of Turkey ...................................58 3.2.2.1. Ontological Dimension ..................................................................................63 3.2.2.2. Historical Dimension .....................................................................................71 3.2.2.3. Political Dimension ........................................................................................73 PART II -Chapter 4 ONTOLOGICAL ANALYSES OF TURKEY: The Cultural Dimension 4.1. Introduction ..........................................................................................................77 4.2. Constants of Turkish Identity ...............................................................................82 4.2.1. Geography .........................................................................................................82 4.2.2. Demography and Population .............................................................................86 4.2.3. Language ...........................................................................................................99 4.2.4. Ethnic Composition ........................................................................................102 4.2.5. Religion ...........................................................................................................105 4.3. How does the EU view Turkey’s Ontological Constants? .................................111 4.4. Turkish Religious Identity: fear of the “other”? ................................................116 4.5. Imagining a Clash of Civilizations ....................................................................119 PART II - Chapter 5 TURKEY’S POLITICAL ISLAM AND THE CHALLENGE OF EU ACCESSION 5.1. Introduction ........................................................................................................125 5.2. A Historical Perspective: The Role of Religion ................................................128 5.2.1. The Ottoman Empire Period ...........................................................................129 5.2.2. Secular Turkey in Ataturk’s Period ................................................................132 5.2.2.1. Abolition of the Caliphate ............................................................................136 5.2.2.2. Abolition of Sultanate ..................................................................................137 5.3. Turkey: Between Ataturk’s Secularism and Political Islam ..............................138 5.3.1. Islamic Initiatives (1923-1950) .......................................................................141 5.3.2. Islamic Expansions (1970- 2001) ...................................................................143 5.3.3. Islamic Power (Since 2001) ............................................................................147 5.4. Religious Tensions between Turkey and EU .....................................................150 5.5. Islam towards Europe ........................................................................................156 PART III - Chapter 6 ONTOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF TURKEY: The Political Dimension 6.1. Introduction ........................................................................................................160 6.2. Variables of Turkish Identity .............................................................................163 6.3. Turkey and the Formal EU Accession Criteria ..................................................169 6.3.1. The Existence of a Stable and Institutionalised Democracy ...........................175 6.3.1.1. Ergenekon Case ...........................................................................................179 6.3.2. Rule of Law .....................................................................................................182 6.3.3. Respect for Human Rights ..............................................................................186 6.4. Military towards Democracy .............................................................................189 6.5. Identity and the Kurdish Issue ...........................................................................194 PART III - Chapter 7 HISTORICAL ANALYSIS OF TURKEY’S MILITARY POWER Considering on EU Accession Issues 7.1. Introduction ........................................................................................................209 7.2. A Historical Perspective: The Role of Military Power ......................................210 7.2.1. Ottoman Sovereignty Period ...........................................................................212 7.2.2. The New Turkish Republic .............................................................................216 7.2.3. The Single Party System Period .....................................................................222 7.2.4. The Multi Party System Period .......................................................................223 7.2.5. The Right - Left Conflicts Period ...................................................................226 7.2.6. A Period of Political Taboo ............................................................................227 7.2.7. The First Neo- Liberal Government ...............................................................229 7.3. Historical Analysis of the Turkish Military Coups ............................................232 7.3.1. The 1st Military Coup (1960) ..........................................................................233 7.3.2. The 2nd Military Intervention (1971) ..............................................................237 7.3.3. The 3rd Military Coup (1980) ..........................................................................238 7.3.4. The 4th Military Coup (1997) ..........................................................................239 7.3.5. The 5th Military Coup (2007) ..........................................................................242 7.4. How Military Coups Affected Turkey’s Bid? ...................................................245 7.5. How EU Makes Cooperation with Turkish Army? ...........................................250 PART IV - Chapter 8 EUROPEAN INTEGRATION PROCESS Influence on Turkish Political Identity 8.1. Introduction ........................................................................................................259 8.2. How the History began between EU and Turkey? .............................................261 8.2.1. Turkey’s Partnership Application to the EEC – 1959 ....................................266 8.2.2. Ankara Agreement with the EEC and Turkey – 1963 ....................................267 8.2.3. Turkey’s Application
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Dimensions of Transformation in the Ottoman Empire from the Late Medieval Age to Modernity
    Dimensions of Transformation in the Ottoman Empire from the Late Medieval Age to Modernity - 9789004442351 Downloaded from Brill.com09/24/2021 02:02:37PM via free access The Ottoman Empire and Its Heritage Politics, Society and Economy Edited by Suraiya Faroqhi Boğaç Ergene Founding Editor Halil İnalcık† Advisory Board Fikret Adanır – Antonis Anastasopoulos – Idris Bostan Palmira Brummett – Amnon Cohen – Jane Hathaway Klaus Kreiser – Hans Georg Majer – Ahmet Yaşar Ocak Abdeljelil Temimi volume 73 The titles published in this series are listed at brill.com/oeh - 9789004442351 Downloaded from Brill.com09/24/2021 02:02:37PM via free access - 9789004442351 Downloaded from Brill.com09/24/2021 02:02:37PM via free access - 9789004442351 Downloaded from Brill.com09/24/2021 02:02:37PM via free access Dimensions of Transformation in the Ottoman Empire from the Late Medieval Age to Modernity In Memory of Metin Kunt Edited by Seyfi Kenan Selçuk Akşin Somel LEIDEN | BOSTON - 9789004442351 Downloaded from Brill.com09/24/2021 02:02:37PM via free access Cover illustration: “A portion of miniature where Takiyyüddin Râsıd is working, discussing and deliberating along with colleagues in his observatory in the late 16th century Ottoman Empire” (Istanbul University Library, Manuscript, FY, nr. 1404, vr.57a, modified and designed by Lâmia Kenan). Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Kenan, Seyfi, editor, writer of introduction. | Somel, Selçuk Akşin, editor, writer of introduction. | Kunt, İ. Metin, 1942– honouree. Title: Dimensions of transformation in the Ottoman Empire from the late medieval age to modernity : in memoriam of Metin Kunt / edited by Seyfi Kenan and Selçuk Akşin Somel.
    [Show full text]
  • ENVIRONMENT of CULTURE and ART in the OTTOMAN EMPIRE in 19Th CENTURY
    The Online Journal of Science and Technology - April 2018 Volume 8, Issue 2 ENVIRONMENT OF CULTURE AND ART IN THE OTTOMAN th EMPIRE IN 19 CENTURY Nesli Tuğban YABAN Baskent University, Department of Public Relations and Publicity, Ankara-Turkey [email protected] Abstract: Westernisation and modernisation of the Ottoman Empire began to burgeon in the 17th century; it became evident in the 18th century and the 19th century witnessed the most intense interaction and the exact reconstruction process. New way of living which was originated in Europe and representatives thereof became influential as guides and determinants of reconstruction process in the Ottoman Empire. It is possible to point out that the Ottoman Empire which got closer to France for handling military problems, to England for industrialisation purposes and to Italy for architecture and arts had intense communication and the resulting interaction with European states in the course of reconstruction process. This study aims to give information about the social, cultural and artistic environment in the Ottoman Empire during the reign of Sultan Abdul Hamid II (1876-1909). Key Words: Culture, Art, Ottoman Empire, Sultan Abdul Hamid II. General View of the Environment of Culture and Art in 19th Century in the Ottoman Empire It is clear that sultans had a very important role in the ruling of the country as a part of state system of the Ottoman Empire thus, good or bad functioning of the state and events and actions which might affect the society from various aspects were closely connected to personality, behaviours and mentality of the sultan.
    [Show full text]
  • Can You List and Date the Losses of the Ottoman Empire Between 1683 -1914? the Correct Answer Is (B) False Islamic Principals ( Quran and Hadith ) Was Used To
    Egypt , Iran and Turks The Nineteenth Century MES 20 Reflections on the Middle East Prof. Hesham Issa Mohammed Abdelaal History and Conflicts Ottoman (Turkey) I Egypt I Qujar (Iran) I i>Clicker Questions Lecture and Reading Intent outcomes: Concepts in this session Knowledge The era Of Transformation! 1.The decline of the Ottoman Empire:! • Militating against the centralization of state authority! • List the Names of effective persons in the 19th • The westernization of Ottoman Empire. ! • Internal Decays and the Janissaries ! century Turkey, Egypt, Iran. • The French expedition to Egypt ! • Turkey Reform in the 19th century! • Summarize the political reform in the Middle • The Tanzemat! • Young Ottomans and Young Turks! 2.Egypt Reform in the 19th century ! east 19th Century. • Muhammed Ali Pasha Era and the urban reform! • The British Occupation ! • Describe the reasons for the decline of • The Nationalism period ! 3.Iran reforms in the 19th century ! • Change in Iranian Shi’ism after the Safavids and the rise of " Ottoman empire. Qujar density and the Ulama! • The effect of European Imperialism ! Comprehension • The Constitutional Revolution The decline of the Ottoman Empire Can you List and date the Losses of the Ottoman Empire between 1683 -1914? The correct answer is (B) False Islamic principals ( Quran and Hadith ) was used to During the four empires (Umayyad, Abbasid, Ottoman, Safavid) rule. the Caliph in each empire invoked a divine status. A.True B.False Notes of importance to be considered While Watching documentaries •The Reasons for decline •The Relation between Religion and the state. •The European Imperial Intervention •The Political economical and social reform The decline of the Ottoman Empire Egypt Reform in the 19th century ! Mohammed Ali Pasha Era (Ottoman Empire) ! Ottoman (Turkey) I Egypt I Qujar (Iran) I i>Clicker Questions Group Discussion In the nineteenth Century, Ottoman (Turkey) , Egypt, Qujar (Iran), were faced by dramatic change between the challenging slow decline, reform and European Imperial intervention.
    [Show full text]
  • A Comparison of Mehmet Akif Ersoy and Ziya Gökalp
    ISLAMIST AND TURKIST CONCEPTUALIZATION OF NATION IN THE LATE OTTOMAN PERIOD: A COMPARISON OF MEHMET AKİF ERSOY AND ZİYA GÖKALP A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE INSTITUTE OF SOCIAL SCIENCES OF ANKARA YILDIRIM BEYAZIT UNIVERSITY BY KEMAL UFUK IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS IN THE DEPARTMENT OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS JUNE 2019 Approval of the Institute of Social Sciences: __________________________________ Doç. Dr. Seyfullah YILDIRIM Manager of Institute I certify that this thesis satisfies all the requirements as a thesis for the degree of Master of Science. ____________________________________ Prof. Dr. Birol AKGÜN Head of Department This is to certify that we have read this thesis and that in our opinion it is fully adequate, in scope and quality, as a thesis for the degree of Master of Science. _____________________________________ Asst. Prof. Dr. Bayram SİNKAYA Supervisor Examining Committee Members Assoc. Prof. Dr. Mustafa Serdar PALABIYIK (TOBB ETU, PSIR)__________________ Asst. Prof. Dr. Bayram SİNKAYA (AYBU, IR) __________________ Asst. Prof. Dr. Güliz DİNÇ (AYBU, PSPA) __________________ ii I hereby declare that all information in this thesis has been obtained and presented in accordance with academic rules and ethical conduct. I also declare that, as required by these rules and conduct, I have fully cited and referenced all material and results that are not original to this work; otherwise I accept all legal responsibility. Name, Last name : Kemal UFUK Signature : iii ABSTRACT ISLAMIST AND TURKIST CONCEPTUALIZATION OF NATION IN THE LATE OTTOMAN PERIOD: A COMPARISON OF MEHMET AKİF ERSOY AND ZİYA GÖKALP UFUK, Kemal M.A., Department of International Relations Supervisor: Asst.
    [Show full text]
  • A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of the School of Continuing
    TURKEY ’S DEMOCRATIC EXPERIENCE : AN EXCEPTIONAL CASE IN THE MUSLIM WORLD A Thesis submitted to the Faculty of The School of Continuing Studies and of The Graduate School of Arts and Sciences in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of Master of Arts in Liberal Studies By Bryan E. Altmire, B.S. Georgetown University Washington, D.C. April 4, 2012 TURKEY ’S DEMOCRATIC EXPERIENCE : AN EXCEPTIONAL CASE IN THE MUSLIM WORLD Bryan E. Altmire, B.S. MALS Mentor: Shireen Hunter, Ph.D. ABSTRACT The development of democratic political intuitions and a culture of democracy have proven unsuccessful in nearly all Muslim countries with very few notable exceptions. Turkey is one of these exceptional cases. Turkey’s unique democratic experience is attributable to several internal and external factors. The most significant internal factors are: the legacy of the Ottoman Era; a secular ethos; and a strong military as the guardian of the secular character of the Turkish Republic. Most notably, among the external factors are: the Ottoman Empire’s proximity to Europe and interactions through the European State System; membership in the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO); and special relations with the European Union (EU). This Thesis is an analysis of how these factors have contributed to Turkey’s success in building a relatively democratic political system. ii CONTENTS ABSTRACT ................................................. ii CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION ................................... 1 CHAPTER 2: THE LEGACY OF THE LATE OTTOMAN ERA ............. 3 CHAPTER 3: THE KEMALIST SECULAR ETHOS .................... 14 CHAPTER 4: THE ROLE OF THE MILITARY ...................... 30 CHAPTER 5: THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE’S PROXIMITY TO EUROPE AND INTERACTIONS THROUGH THE EUROPEAN STATE SYSTEM ..........
    [Show full text]
  • Yakup Kadri Karaosmanoğlu'nun Bir
    YAKUP KADRİ KARAOSMANOĞLU’NUN BİR SÜRGÜN ROMANINDA KİMLİK, YABANCILAŞMA VE KÜLTÜREL EGEMENLİK Emre SAY1 Özet Bu makale, Yakup Kadri Karaosmanoğlu’nun 20.yüzyılın başlarında geçen Bir Sürgün başlıklı romanının tipik bir Jön Türk portresi çizen şanssız baş kahramını Doktor Hikmet’in zihin dünyası, kademeli olarak yaşadığı hayalkırıklığı ve kendi ölümüyle sonuçlanan hezimeti üzerinde yoğunlaşarak kimlik, yabancılaşma ve kültürel üstünlük konularını irdelemektedir. Bu bağlamda, romanın geçtiği ve Doktor Hikmet’in karakterinin şekillenmesinde de önemli rol oynayan dönemin toplumsal iklimi ve tarihi koşulları da dikkate alınıp bunlara değinilmiştir. Anahtar Sözcükler: Jön Türkler, Kültürel Egemenlik, Paris IDENTITY, ALIENATION, AND CULTURAL HEGEMONY IN YAKUP KADRİ KARAOSMANOĞLU’S BİR SÜRGÜN (AN EXİLE) Abstract This paper explores the topics of identity, alienation, and cultural hegemony in Yakup Kadri Karaosmanoğlu’s Bir Sürgün (An Exile) set in the first decade of the 20th century by focusing on the miserable protagonist Doktor Hikmet’s dispositional depiction as an earnest adherent of Western Civilization embodied in the epithet of Jeune Turc, gradual disillusionment, and eventual failure with reference to the backdrop of sociological atmosphere as well as historical circumstances by which Doktor Hikmet’s frame of mind is extensively influenced and against which the novel is set. Key Words: Jeunes Turcs, Cultural Hegemony, Paris 1Ege Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, İngiliz Dili ve Edebiyatı Anabilim Dalı, [email protected].
    [Show full text]
  • Tax Expenditure Practices In
    T.C. ANKARA YILDIRIM BEYAZIT ÜNİVERSİTESİ SOSYAL BİLİMLER ENSTİTÜSÜ TAX EXPENDITURE PRACTICES IN THE 19th CENTURY OTTOMAN PUBLIC FINANCE SYSTEM DOKTORA TEZİ Şahin YEŞİLYURT MALİYE PROGRAMI ANKARA, 2020 T.C. ANKARA YILDIRIM BEYAZIT ÜNİVERSİTESİ SOSYAL BİLİMLER ENSTİTÜSÜ TAX EXPENDITURE PRACTICES IN THE 19th CENTURY OTTOMAN PUBLIC FINANCE SYSTEM ) DOKTORA TEZİ Şahin YEŞİLYURT MALİYE PROGRAMI Prof. Dr. HÜSEYİN ŞEN DANIŞMAN ANKARA, 2020 ONAY SAYFASI Şahin YEŞİLYURT tarafından hazırlanan “Tax Expenditure Practices in the 19th Century Ottoman Public Finance System” adlı tez çalışması aşağıdaki jüri tarafından oy birliği ile Ankara Yıldırım Beyazıt Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü MALİYE Anabilim Dalı’nda Doktora tezi olarak kabul edilmiştir. Ünvan Adı Soyadı Kurumu İmza Prof. Dr. Hüseyin ŞEN AYBÜ/ SBF Prof. Dr. Tekin AKDEMİR AYBÜ/ SBF Prof. Dr. Ahmet KANKAL AYBÜ/ İTBF Prof. Dr. İsa SAĞBAŞ AKÜ/ İİBF Dr. Öğr. Üyesi Ü. Serdar SERDAROĞLU İÜ/ İF Tez Savunma Tarihi: 12.10.2020 Ankara Yıldırım Beyazıt Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü MALİYE Anabilim Dalı’nda Doktora tezi olması için şartları yerine getirdiğini onaylıyorum. Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Müdürü Ünvan Ad Soyad ………………… BEYAN Bu tez çalışmasının kendi çalışmam olduğunu, tezin planlanmasından yazımına kadar bütün aşamalarda patent ve telif haklarını ihlal edici etik dışı davranışımın olmadığını, bu tezdeki bütün bilgileri akademik ve etik kurallar içinde elde ettiğimi, bu tezde kullanılmış olan tüm bilgi ve yorumlara kaynak gösterdiğimi beyan ederim. Tarih (12.10.2020) İmza Şahin YEŞİLYURT vii DEDICATION To my country ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I sincerely believe that this study leads naturally to the acknowledgment of debts. First and foremost, I owe a very great deal to Prof. Hüseyin Şen, my supervisor, for much encouragement and guidance over several years, and for stimulating interest in most of the major questions underlying the present study.
    [Show full text]
  • “The Turks Are the Most Similar to Us”: Chinese Intellectuals' Conceptions
    “The Turks are the most similar to us”: Chinese intellectuals’ conceptions of the Ottoman movements 1843-1913 By Zhang Wenqian Submitted to Central European University Department of History In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Comparative History Supervisor: Brett Wilson Second Reader:Günhan Börekçi CEU eTD Collection Budapest, Hungary 2019 Copyright in the text of this thesis rests with the Author. Copies by any process, either in full or part, may be made only in accordance with the instructions given by the Author and lodged in the Central European Library. Details may be obtained from the librarian. This page must form a past of any such copies made. Further copies made in accordance with such instructions may not be made without the written permission of the Author. CEU eTD Collection i Abstract This thesis examines Chinese intellectuals’ conceptions of the Ottoman reform movements from 1843 to 1913, especially the different interpretations of the Young Turk movement. In 1908, Kang Youwei, a famous Chinese reformer, arrived in Istanbul and witnessed the victory of the Young Turk Revolution. Since then, Ottoman movements became significant cases for Kang and his gen- eration to reflect on the imperial crisis of Qing China which failed to establish a constitutional monarchy. After the Qing’s demise in 1912, Kang’s focus switched to the restoration of the Qing Monarchy. As he attempted to achieve this goal by transforming Confucianism into a state religion, he regarded the Hamidian religious approach as a model to ensure people’s loyalty to the ruler.
    [Show full text]
  • The Influence of the Young Turks Revolution on the Politics of the Balkans and the Middle East by Walter S
    The Influence of the Young Turks Revolution on the Politics of the Balkans and the Middle East By Walter S. Zapotoczny In spite of Sultan Abdul Hamid’s attempt to suppress the uprising, the Young Turks created a revolution and won control of the Ottoman government in 1908. They embarked on a path that none of the great powers in Europe wanted, a reinvigorated Ottoman Empire that could deal with Europe politically as an equal. They forced the restoration of the constitution of 1876, re-established parliament and introduced many reforms, setting the stage for the eventual creation of the modern Turkish Republic. In his book The Balkans: Nationalism, War, and the Great Powers, 1804-1999 Misha Glenny describes the effects of the revolution like this: Later cataclysms of the twentieth century have obscured the contemporary impact of the Young Turk Revolution. Yet its importance is comparable with the Russian Revolution of 1917 and the collapse of communism in the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe in 1989. The speed with which the Sultan’s power crumbled astonished the great powers, and took the revolutionaries themselves unawares. The revolution not only changed the Ottoman Empire, it played a significant role in the reshaping of the Middle East and the Balkans, helping to create the modern politics of the region. In order to understand the effects the revolution had on the region and to understand the broad lessons for the interpretation of world history, a brief examination of the revolution and the events that led to it is necessary. At the beginning of the twentieth century the Middle East was still dominated by the Ottoman Empire, a world empire that had existed for some 400 years.
    [Show full text]
  • The Twilight of the Tanzimat and the Hamidian Regime
    The Twilight of the Tanzimat and The Hamidian Regime The accession to the throne of heir apparent Abdülaziz, after Sultan Abdülmecid’s long-expected death in 1861, marked one of the smoothest successions in late Ottoman history. This owed much to the progressive seepage of power from the royal court to the Sublime Porte, which continued to predominate throughout the 1860s. But as Sultan Abdülaziz matured, he began to challenge the status quo. The contest for political power between the palace and the bureaucracy intensified after the death of Âlî Pasha, the last great reforming statesman of the Tanzimat, in 1871. The Tanzimat re- formers, who had labored to construct a Weberian administrative structure founded on rational-legal authority independent of the throne, now saw the realization of their ambition threatened. An uneasy equilibrium between court and Porte prevailed until the deposition of the sultan in 1876 and the accession of Abdülhamid II to the throne. This event, however, heralded a bitter struggle between the sultan and the Sublime Porte, which the former won decisively. In 1895, the Sublime Porte made its last gambit for power, demanding a return to responsible government and the rest to the bureau- cracy. The failure of this attempt resulted in the absolute domination of the political system by the palace until the Young Turk Revolution of 1908. The favored statesman of Sultan Abdülaziz, Mahmud Nedim Pasha, pro- fessed the belief that “happiness and peace in the affairs of state derive from loyalty.”1 Labeled “Old Turkey” by foreign diplomats, the statesmen loyal to Abdülaziz were not hostile to the reforms as such, but questioned the undue influence of British and French advice over Ottoman policy.
    [Show full text]
  • Ottoman Imperial Diplomacy: a Political, Social and Cultural History
    Ottoman Imperial Diplomacy: A Political, Social and Cultural History By Doğan Gürpınar London and New York: I.B.Tauris, 2014, 350 pages, $99, ISBN ?????????????. Reviewed by Jibreel Delgado Doğan Gürpınar’s most recent the institution of the Ottoman dip- contribution to Late Ottoman His- lomatic service in the shadow of the tory places the formation of mod- Tanzimat era of the mid-1800s, pro- ern Turkish nationalism not in any viding insight into the social status externally imposed ideology dia- of those involved in international metrically opposed to all that the diplomacy and their consideration Ottoman identity stood for, but of the skill of international rela- rather he finds it emanating from tions as another of the many types the reformist trends within the Ot- of “new knowledge” that Ottoman toman diplomatic service. Gürpınar situates reformers were looking to attain. Through- his study within the new paradigm generated out the following two chapters – “The routine by the work of a generation of historians, “be- of the diplomatic service and its encounters ginning with the avant-guarde study by Rifa’at abroad,” and “The mentalities and disposi- Abou-El-Haj… such as Linda Darling, Ariel tions of the diplomatic service: the great Salzmann, Butrus Abu-Manneh, and Beshara transformation” – the author traces intellec- Doumani” (p. 3). Starting in the 1990s, this tual developments from the Tanzimat genera- paradigm identified the early modern period tion to the generation of the Young Ottomans of the Ottoman Empire as a time of dyna- in the First Constitutional Era, the Hamidian mism and complexity, challenging earlier his- reforms, to the time of the Young Turks and torians who gave a reductionist description Unionists of the Second Constitutional Era of the period as one of total decline and de- and the rise of the Turkish Republic.
    [Show full text]
  • Feminizem-In-Islam-ANG.Pdf
    Ana Frank FEMINISM AND ISLAM Turkish Women between the Orient and the West AnA FrAnk FEMINISM AND ISLAM Turkish Women between The orienT And The WesT TrAnslation: JeAn mccollisTer design: irenA Wölle PrinT: stane Peklaj PrinT run: 300 coPies, FirsT ediTion revieWed by: Aleš ČrniČ, Phd, universiTy oF lJubljanA moJcA rAmšAk, Phd, universiTy oF lJubljanA cover illusTration: osmAn hAmdi bey, girl AdJusTing vAse (1881), FrAgmenT © mirovni inšTiTuT And AnA FrAnk, 2014 The Publishing oF This book was mAde Possible by: oPen socieTy Foundations book series PoliTike ediTor: Aldo milohnić Publisher: PeAce insTiTuTe insTiTuTe For conTemPorAry sociAl And PoliTicAl sTudies meTelkovA 6 si-1000 lJubljanA e: [email protected] WWW.mirovni-insTiTuT.si conTenTs 7 INTRODUCTORY DILEMMAS IN REPRESENTATIONS OF WOMEN 8 Theoretical approaches and concepts 10 The logic behind Orientalist discourse 12 Orientalist representations of women 15 SOCIAL CHANGES WITH THE COLLAPSE OF THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE 15 Ottoman and Turkish Orientalists 20 The origins of Turkish feminism and Ottoman feminists 26 Ottoman reformers and the emancipation of women 29 TURKEY – THE CREATION OF A NATION-STATE 31 The Kemalist reforms and the understanding of modernization and secularism 39 Orientalized Kemalism and the project of the “new woman” 42 Symbolic battles for the representation of woman’s appearance 46 Kemalist feminists 51 PLURALISM, LIBERALISM, AND DEMOCRACY 52 Feminist pluralism in the late 20th and the 21st century 59 Islamic feminists 65 THE POLITICS OF DRESS AND THE DEVELOPMENT
    [Show full text]