Incyte Corporation Retifanlimab Oncologic Drugs Advisory

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Incyte Corporation Retifanlimab Oncologic Drugs Advisory Retifanlimab Incyte Corporation Oncologic Drugs Advisory Committee TABLE OF CONTENTS Table of Contents ............................................................................................................ 2 List of Tables ............................................................................................................... 5 List of Figures .............................................................................................................. 6 List of Abbreviations .................................................................................................... 7 1. Executive Summary ................................................................................................. 9 1.1. Introduction – Anal Cancer is an Important Unmet Medical Need..................... 9 1.2. Rationale for Developing Retifanlimab in Anal Cancer ................................... 10 1.2.1. Retifanlimab is a Well-Characterized PD-1 Inhibitor .................................. 10 1.2.2. Biologic Rationale for Retifanlimab ............................................................ 11 1.3. Pivotal Study: POD1UM-202 ........................................................................... 12 1.3.1. Study Design ............................................................................................. 12 1.3.2. Study Population ....................................................................................... 12 1.3.3. Efficacy Results ......................................................................................... 13 1.3.4. Safety Findings .......................................................................................... 16 1.4. Confirmatory Study: POD1UM-303 ................................................................. 17 1.5. Benefit/Risk Assessment ................................................................................ 18 1.6. Fulfillment of Criteria for Accelerated Approval ............................................... 19 2. Background on Squamous Carcinoma of the Anal Canal ...................................... 21 2.1. Overview of Squamous Carcinoma of the Anal Canal .................................... 21 2.1.1. Epidemiology and Risk Factors ................................................................. 21 2.1.2. Clinical Presentation .................................................................................. 22 2.2. Treatment of Localized Disease ...................................................................... 22 2.3. Treatment of Advanced Disease ..................................................................... 22 2.3.1. Subsequent Therapies............................................................................... 23 2.4. Disease Burden and Patient Quality of Life .................................................... 24 2.5. Patient Unmet Medical Need .......................................................................... 25 2.5.1. PD-1 Inhibitor Usage Analysis in Advanced SCAC ................................... 25 2.5.1.1. Claims Databases ............................................................................... 26 2.5.1.2. Clinical Practice Databases ................................................................ 26 2.5.1.3. Qualitative Surveys ............................................................................. 27 2.5.2. Conclusions ............................................................................................... 28 3. Rationale for Use of Retifanlimab in Advanced Squamous Carcinoma of the Anal Canal ............................................................................................................................. 29 Page 2 of 82 Retifanlimab Incyte Corporation Oncologic Drugs Advisory Committee 3.1. Unique and Favorable Biology of HPV-Driven Malignancies for Immunotherapy Treatment .................................................................................................................. 29 3.2. PD-(L)1 Inhibitors Are Effective in HPV-Driven Malignancy ............................ 30 3.3. Retifanlimab Product Overview ....................................................................... 31 3.3.1. Proposed Indication ................................................................................... 31 3.3.2. Mechanism of Action ................................................................................. 31 3.3.3. Clinical Pharmacology and Dosing Justification ........................................ 32 3.3.4. Clinical Activity of Retifanlimab in Cervical Cancer .................................... 32 4. Retifanlimab Development Plan ............................................................................. 34 4.1. Retifanlimab Development Plan ...................................................................... 34 4.1.1. Retifanlimab for Squamous Carcinoma of the Anal Canal ......................... 35 5. Regulatory History .................................................................................................. 37 5.1. Regulatory Milestones .................................................................................... 37 5.1.1. Accelerated Approval ................................................................................ 37 6. Clinical Efficacy ...................................................................................................... 38 6.1. POD1UM-202 Design ..................................................................................... 38 6.1.1. Overview .................................................................................................... 38 6.1.2. Efficacy Endpoints ..................................................................................... 39 6.1.3. Enrollment Criteria ..................................................................................... 39 6.1.4. Statistical Analysis Methods ...................................................................... 41 6.1.4.1. Sample Size ........................................................................................ 41 6.1.4.2. Analysis Populations ........................................................................... 41 6.1.4.3. Missing Data ....................................................................................... 41 6.2. POD1UM-202 Patients ................................................................................... 42 6.2.1. Disposition ................................................................................................. 42 6.2.2. Demographics ........................................................................................... 42 6.2.3. Baseline Disease Characteristics .............................................................. 43 6.2.4. Post-Progression Therapy ......................................................................... 45 6.3. POD1UM-202 Results .................................................................................... 46 6.3.1. Primary Endpoint: Objective Response Rate by ICR ................................. 46 6.3.2. Change in Measurable Tumor Burden by ICR ........................................... 48 6.3.3. Change in Measurable Liver Tumor Burden by ICR .................................. 49 6.3.4. Duration of Response by ICR .................................................................... 50 6.3.5. Durability of Stable Disease ....................................................................... 50 Page 3 of 82 Retifanlimab Incyte Corporation Oncologic Drugs Advisory Committee 6.3.6. Overall Survival ......................................................................................... 51 6.3.6.1. Overall Survival by Response Category .............................................. 52 6.3.7. Progression-Free Survival ......................................................................... 53 6.4. Efficacy Conclusions ....................................................................................... 54 7. Clinical Safety ........................................................................................................ 55 7.1. Safety Populations and Treatment Exposure .................................................. 55 7.2. Overview of Adverse Events ........................................................................... 56 7.3. Common Adverse Events ............................................................................... 57 7.4. Adverse Events Leading to Dose Delay .......................................................... 58 7.5. Adverse Events Leading to Discontinuation .................................................... 58 7.6. Serious Adverse Events .................................................................................. 59 7.7. Adverse Events with a Fatal Outcome ............................................................ 60 7.8. Immune-Related Adverse Events ................................................................... 60 7.9. Infusion-Related Reactions ............................................................................. 61 7.10. Laboratory Parameters ................................................................................ 62 7.11. Immunogenicity ........................................................................................... 63 7.12. Safety in Subgroups .................................................................................... 63 7.12.1. Safety in Patients Known to be HIV-Positive .......................................... 63 7.13. Safety Conclusions .....................................................................................
Recommended publications
  • Predictive QSAR Tools to Aid in Early Process Development of Monoclonal Antibodies
    Predictive QSAR tools to aid in early process development of monoclonal antibodies John Micael Andreas Karlberg Published work submitted to Newcastle University for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the School of Engineering November 2019 Abstract Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) have become one of the fastest growing markets for diagnostic and therapeutic treatments over the last 30 years with a global sales revenue around $89 billion reported in 2017. A popular framework widely used in pharmaceutical industries for designing manufacturing processes for mAbs is Quality by Design (QbD) due to providing a structured and systematic approach in investigation and screening process parameters that might influence the product quality. However, due to the large number of product quality attributes (CQAs) and process parameters that exist in an mAb process platform, extensive investigation is needed to characterise their impact on the product quality which makes the process development costly and time consuming. There is thus an urgent need for methods and tools that can be used for early risk-based selection of critical product properties and process factors to reduce the number of potential factors that have to be investigated, thereby aiding in speeding up the process development and reduce costs. In this study, a framework for predictive model development based on Quantitative Structure- Activity Relationship (QSAR) modelling was developed to link structural features and properties of mAbs to Hydrophobic Interaction Chromatography (HIC) retention times and expressed mAb yield from HEK cells. Model development was based on a structured approach for incremental model refinement and evaluation that aided in increasing model performance until becoming acceptable in accordance to the OECD guidelines for QSAR models.
    [Show full text]
  • Comparative Safety and Efficacy of Anti-PD-1 Monotherapy, Chemotherapy
    Lv et al. Journal for ImmunoTherapy of Cancer (2019) 7:159 https://doi.org/10.1186/s40425-019-0636-7 COMMENTARY Open Access Comparative safety and efficacy of anti-PD- 1 monotherapy, chemotherapy alone, and their combination therapy in advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma: findings from recent advances in landmark trials Jia-Wei Lv1†, Jun-Yan Li1†, Lin-Na Luo2†, Zi-Xian Wang2* and Yu-Pei Chen1* Abstract Recent phase 1–2 trials reported manageable safety profiles and promising antitumor activities of anti-PD-1 drugs (pembrolizumab, nivolumab, camrelizumab and JS001) with/without chemotherapy in recurrent/metastatic nasopharyngeal carcinoma (RM-NPC), however head-to-head comparison among these regimens is lacking. We aimed to comprehensively compare the efficacy and safety of different anti-PD-1 drugs, standard chemotherapy, and their combination therapy in RM-NPC. Adverse event (AE) and objective response rate (ORR) were assessed. The pooled incidence rates of grade 1–5/3–5 AEs were 74.1%/29.6, 54.2%/17.4, 92.3%/24.5, 96.8%/16.1, 91.2%/42.8, and 100%/87.9% for pembrolizumab, nivolumab, JS001, camrelizumab, chemotherapy and camrelizumab+chemotherapy, respectively, which suggested that nivolumab and pembrolizumab exhibited the optimal safety regarding grade 1–5 AEs whereas camrelizumab and nivolumab regarding grade 3–5 AEs. As second- or later-line therapy, ORR was higher with camrelizumab (34.1%), followed by pembrolizumab (26.3%), JS001 (23.3%), and nivolumab (19.0%); whereas ORR with first-line nivolumab reached 40%. Additionally, first-line camrelizumab+chemotherapy achieved a dramatically higher ORR than that with chemotherapy alone (90.9% vs.
    [Show full text]
  • Looking for Therapeutic Antibodies in Next Generation Sequencing Repositories
    bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/572958; this version posted March 10, 2019. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY 4.0 International license. Title: Looking for Therapeutic Antibodies in Next Generation Sequencing Repositories. Authors: Konrad Krawczyk1*, Matthew Raybould2, Aleksandr Kovaltsuk2, Charlotte M. Deane2 1 NaturalAntibody, Hamburg, Germany 2 Oxford University Department of Statistics, Oxford, UK *Correspondence to [email protected] Abstract: Recently it has become possible to query the great diversity of natural antibody repertoires using Next Generation Sequencing (NGS). These methods are capable of producing millions of sequences in a single experiment. Here we compare Clinical Stage Therapeutic antibodies to the ~1b sequences from 60 independent sequencing studies in the Observed Antibody Space Database. Of the 242 post Phase I antibodies, we find 16 with sequence identity matches of 95% or better for both heavy and light chains. There are also 54 perfect matches to therapeutic CDR-H3 regions in the NGS outputs, suggesting a nontrivial amount of convergence between naturally observed sequences and those developed artificially. This has potential implications for both the discovery of antibody therapeutics and the legal protection of commercial antibodies. Introduction Antibodies are proteins in jawed vertebrates that recognize noxious molecules (antigens) for elimination. An organism expresses millions of diverse antibodies to increase the chances that some of them will be able to bind the foreign antigen, initiating the adaptive immune response.
    [Show full text]
  • W W W .Bio Visio N .Co M
    Biosimilar Monoclonal Antibodies Human IgG based monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are the fastest-growing category of therapeutics for cancer therapy. Several mechanisms of tumor cell killing by antibodies (mAbs) can be summarized as: direct action through receptor blockade or induction of apoptosis; immune-mediated cell killing by complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC), antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) or regulation of T cell function. Several monoclonal antibodies have received FDA approval for the treatment of a variety of solid tumors and hematological malignancies. BioVision is pleased to offer research grade biosimilars in human IgG format for your research needs. Our monoclonal antibodies are manufactured using recombinant technology with variable regions from the therapeutic antibody to achieve similar safety and efficacy. These antibodies can be used as controls for preclinical lead identification and potency assays for the development of novel therapeutics. Antibody Name Cat. No. Trade Name Isotype Size Anti-alpha 5 beta 1 Integrin (Volociximab), Human IgG4 Ab A1092 - IgG4 200 µg Anti-Beta-galactosidase, Human IgG1 Ab A1104 - IgG1 200 µg Anti-C5 (Eculizumab), Humanized Ab A2138 - IgG2/4 100 μg Anti-Carcinoembryonic antigen (Arcitumomab), Human IgG1 Ab A1096 - IgG1 200 µg Anti-CCR4 (Mogamulizumab), Human IgG1, kappa Ab A2005 - IgG1 200 μg Anti-CD11a (Efalizumab), Human IgG1 Ab A1089 Raptiva IgG1 200 µg Anti-CD20 (Rituximab), Chimeric Ab A1049 Mabthera IgG1 100 µg Anti-CD22 (Epratuzumab), Human IgG1 Ab A1445 LymphoCide IgG1 200 µg Anti-CD3 epsilon (Muromonab), Mouse IgG2a, kappa Ab A2008 - IgG2a 200 μg Anti-CD33 (Gemtuzumab), Human IgG4 Ab A1443 Mylotarg IgG4 200 µg Anti-CD38 (Daratumumab), Human IgG1 Ab A2151 Darzalex IgG1 100 μg www.biovision.com 155 S.
    [Show full text]
  • Immune Checkpoint Blockade Therapies for HCC: Current Status and Future Implications
    Shrestha et al. Hepatoma Res 2019;5:32 Hepatoma Research DOI: 10.20517/2394-5079.2019.24 Review Open Access Immune checkpoint blockade therapies for HCC: current status and future implications Ritu Shrestha1,2, Kim R. Bridle1,2, Darrell H. G. Crawford1,2, Aparna Jayachandran1,2 1The University of Queensland, Faculty of Medicine, Brisbane, Queensland 4120, Australia. 2Gallipoli Medical Research Institute, Greenslopes Private Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland 4120, Australia. Correspondence to: Dr. Aparna Jayachandran, The University of Queensland, Faculty of Medicine, Lower Lobby Level, Administration Building, Greenslopes Private Hospital, Greenslopes, Queensland 4120, Australia. E-mail: [email protected] How to cite this article: Shrestha R, Bridle KR, Crawford DHG, Jayachandran A. Immune checkpoint blockade therapies for HCC: current status and future implications. Hepatoma Res 2019;5:32. http://dx.doi.org/10.20517/2394-5079.2019.24 Received: 27 Jun 2019 First Decision: 11 Jul 2019 Revised: 6 Aug 2019 Accepted: 9 Aug 2019 Published: 3 Sep 2019 Science Editors: Jia Fan, Ying-Hong Shi Copy Editor: Jia-Jia Meng Production Editor: Jing Yu Abstract Received: First Decision: Revised: Accepted: Published: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most lethal and common type of liver cancer with limited treatment options Science Editor: Copy Editor: Production Editor: Jing Yu at the advanced stage. The use of immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) based immunotherapy is exponentially increasing in the treatment of patients with advanced solid tumors. The expression of immune checkpoints on tumor cells leading to lower activity of T-cells is one of the major mechanisms of immune escape. Checkpoint blockade immunotherapies with antibodies against PD-1, PD-L1 or CTLA-4 are being investigated in clinical trials in HCC patients.
    [Show full text]
  • Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors in Hepatocellular Carcinoma: an Overview
    pharmaceuticals Review Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors in Hepatocellular Carcinoma: An Overview Diederick J. van Doorn 1 , Robert Bart Takkenberg 1 and Heinz-Josef Klümpen 2,* 1 Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; [email protected] (D.J.v.D.); [email protected] (R.B.T.) 2 Department of Medical Oncology, Amsterdam UMC, Cancer Center Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +31-20-566-5983 Abstract: Patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) face a common type of cancer, which is amongst the most deadly types of cancer worldwide. The therapeutic options range from curative resection or ablation to loco regional therapies in palliative setting and last but not least, systemic treatment. The latter group underwent major changes in the last decade and a half. Since the introduction of sorafenib in 2007, many other systemic treatments have been investigated. Most without success. It took more than ten years before lenvatinib could be added as alternative first-line treatment option. Just recently a new form of systemic treatment, immunotherapy, entered the field of therapeutic options in patients with HCC. Immune checkpoint inhibitors are becoming the new standard of care in patients with HCC. Several reviews reported on the latest phase 1/2 studies and discussed the higher response rates and better tolerability when compared to current standard of care therapies. This review will focus on elaborating the working mechanism of these checkpoint inhibitors, give an elaborate update of the therapeutic agents that are currently available or under research, and will give an overview of the latest trials, as well as ongoing and upcoming trials.
    [Show full text]
  • Immunotherapy in Hodgkin Lymphoma: Present Status and Future Strategies
    cancers Review Immunotherapy in Hodgkin Lymphoma: Present Status and Future Strategies Theodoros P. Vassilakopoulos * , Chrysovalantou Chatzidimitriou, John V. Asimakopoulos, Maria Arapaki, Evangelos Tzoras, Maria K. Angelopoulou and Kostas Konstantopoulos Department of Haematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Laikon General Hospital, 11527 Athens, Greece * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +30-213-2061702; Fax: +30-213-2061498 Received: 8 May 2019; Accepted: 13 June 2019; Published: 29 July 2019 Abstract: Although classical Hodgkin lymphoma (cHL) is usually curable, 20–30% of the patients experience treatment failure and most of them are typically treated with salvage chemotherapy and autologous stem cell transplantation (autoSCT). However, 45–55% of that subset further relapse or progress despite intensive treatment. At the advanced stage of the disease course, recently developed immunotherapeutic approaches have provided very promising results with prolonged remissions or disease stabilization in many patients. Brentuximab vedotin (BV) has been approved for patients with relapsed/refractory cHL (rr-cHL) who have failed autoSCT, as a consolidation after autoSCT in high-risk patients, as well as for patients who are ineligible for autoSCT or multiagent chemotherapy who have failed two treatment lines. However, except of the consolidation setting, 90–95% of the ≥ patients will progress and require further treatment. In this clinical setting, immune checkpoint inhibitors (CPIs) have produced impressive results. Both nivolumab and pembrolizumab have been approved for rr-cHL after autoSCT and BV failure, while pembrolizumab has also been licensed for transplant ineligible patients after BV failure. Other CPIs, sintilimab and tislelizumab, have been successfully tested in China, albeit in less heavily pretreated populations.
    [Show full text]
  • Stembook 2018.Pdf
    The use of stems in the selection of International Nonproprietary Names (INN) for pharmaceutical substances FORMER DOCUMENT NUMBER: WHO/PHARM S/NOM 15 WHO/EMP/RHT/TSN/2018.1 © World Health Organization 2018 Some rights reserved. This work is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 IGO licence (CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO; https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/igo). Under the terms of this licence, you may copy, redistribute and adapt the work for non-commercial purposes, provided the work is appropriately cited, as indicated below. In any use of this work, there should be no suggestion that WHO endorses any specific organization, products or services. The use of the WHO logo is not permitted. If you adapt the work, then you must license your work under the same or equivalent Creative Commons licence. If you create a translation of this work, you should add the following disclaimer along with the suggested citation: “This translation was not created by the World Health Organization (WHO). WHO is not responsible for the content or accuracy of this translation. The original English edition shall be the binding and authentic edition”. Any mediation relating to disputes arising under the licence shall be conducted in accordance with the mediation rules of the World Intellectual Property Organization. Suggested citation. The use of stems in the selection of International Nonproprietary Names (INN) for pharmaceutical substances. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2018 (WHO/EMP/RHT/TSN/2018.1). Licence: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO. Cataloguing-in-Publication (CIP) data.
    [Show full text]
  • NETTER, Jr., Robert, C. Et Al.; Dann, Dorf- (21) International Application
    ll ( (51) International Patent Classification: (74) Agent: NETTER, Jr., Robert, C. et al.; Dann, Dorf- C07K 16/28 (2006.01) man, Herrell and Skillman, 1601 Market Street, Suite 2400, Philadelphia, PA 19103-2307 (US). (21) International Application Number: PCT/US2020/030354 (81) Designated States (unless otherwise indicated, for every kind of national protection av ailable) . AE, AG, AL, AM, (22) International Filing Date: AO, AT, AU, AZ, BA, BB, BG, BH, BN, BR, BW, BY, BZ, 29 April 2020 (29.04.2020) CA, CH, CL, CN, CO, CR, CU, CZ, DE, DJ, DK, DM, DO, (25) Filing Language: English DZ, EC, EE, EG, ES, FI, GB, GD, GE, GH, GM, GT, HN, HR, HU, ID, IL, IN, IR, IS, JO, JP, KE, KG, KH, KN, KP, (26) Publication Language: English KR, KW, KZ, LA, LC, LK, LR, LS, LU, LY, MA, MD, ME, (30) Priority Data: MG, MK, MN, MW, MX, MY, MZ, NA, NG, NI, NO, NZ, 62/840,465 30 April 2019 (30.04.2019) US OM, PA, PE, PG, PH, PL, PT, QA, RO, RS, RU, RW, SA, SC, SD, SE, SG, SK, SL, ST, SV, SY, TH, TJ, TM, TN, TR, (71) Applicants: INSTITUTE FOR CANCER RESEARCH TT, TZ, UA, UG, US, UZ, VC, VN, WS, ZA, ZM, ZW. D/B/A THE RESEARCH INSTITUTE OF FOX CHASE CANCER CENTER [US/US]; 333 Cottman Av¬ (84) Designated States (unless otherwise indicated, for every enue, Philadelphia, PA 191 11-2497 (US). UNIVERSTIY kind of regional protection available) . ARIPO (BW, GH, OF KANSAS [US/US]; 245 Strong Hall, 1450 Jayhawk GM, KE, LR, LS, MW, MZ, NA, RW, SD, SL, ST, SZ, TZ, Boulevard, Lawrence, KS 66045 (US).
    [Show full text]
  • Clinical Outcomes and Influencing Factors of PD‑1/PD‑L1 in Hepatocellular Carcinoma (Review)
    ONCOLOGY LETTERS 21: 279, 2021 Clinical outcomes and influencing factors of PD‑1/PD‑L1 in hepatocellular carcinoma (Review) JITING WANG1, JUN LI2, GUIJU TANG1, YUAN TIAN1, SONG SU3 and YALING LI4 1Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou; Departments of 2Traditional Chinese Medicine, 3Liver and Gallbladder, and 4Pharmacy, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, P.R. China Received September 29, 2020; Accepted January 18, 2021 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2021.12540 Abstract. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has an increasing pembrolizumab and ipilimumab plus nivolumab are used incidence worldwide, and the global 5‑year survival rate ranges following sorafenib (but not lenvatinib) treatment in advanced from 5‑30%. In China, HCC seriously threatens the nation's HCC. Thus, tumor immunotherapy using PD‑1/PD‑L1 blockers health; the incidence of HCC ranks fourth among all theriomas, exhibits promising outcomes for the treatment of HCC, and and the mortality rate is the third highest worldwide. The more novel PD‑1/PD‑L1 inhibitors are being developed to fight main therapies for HCC are surgical treatment or liver trans‑ against this disease. The present review discusses the clinical plantation; however, most patients with HCC will experience results and influencing factors of PD‑1/PD‑L1 inhibitors in postoperative recurrence or metastasis, eventually resulting in HCC to provide insight into the development and optimization mortality. As for advanced or unresectable HCC, the current of PD‑1/PD‑L1 inhibitors in the treatment of HCC. appropriate treatment strategy is transarterial chemoembo‑ lization; however, limited therapeutic effect and natural or acquired drug resistance affect the efficacy of this approach.
    [Show full text]
  • Camrelizumab—Targeting a Novel PD-1 Epitope to Treat Hepatocellular Carcinoma
    1614 Editorial Commentary Page 1 of 5 Camrelizumab—targeting a novel PD-1 epitope to treat hepatocellular carcinoma Yannick Sebastiaan Rakké1, Dave Sprengers2, Jaap Kwekkeboom2, Jan Nicolaas Maria IJzermans1 1Department of Surgery, 2Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands Correspondence to: Dave Sprengers. Dr. Molewaterplein 40, Office Na-610, P.O. Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands. Email: [email protected]. Comment on: Qin S, Ren Z, Meng Z, et al. Camrelizumab in patients with previously treated advanced hepatocellular carcinoma: a multicentre, open- label, parallel-group, randomised, phase 2 trial. Lancet Oncol 2020;21:571-80. Submitted May 27, 2020. Accepted for publication Jun 05, 2020. doi: 10.21037/atm-2020-115 View this article at: http://dx.doi.org/10.21037/atm-2020-115 Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the fourth leading once every 2 or 3 weeks (group A and B, resp.) until cause of cancer-related death rating sixth in incidence investigator-assessed disease progression was noted as worldwide (1). Whereas non-alcoholic fatty liver disease defined by RECIST 1.1, unacceptable toxicity, withdrawal (NAFLD) and subsequent non-alcoholic steatohepatitis of consent, or study completion. Coprimary endpoints (NASH) related HCC is emerging in Western society, were blinded independent central review (BICR) assessed hepatitis B (HBV) and C viral (HCV) infections still objective response (OR) rate (ORR) and 6-month overall remain the leading global risk factors for HCC (2). HCC survival (OS). patients frequently get diagnosed at advanced-stage disease At the data cut-off on November, 2018, median follow- subjecting them to systemic therapies including the kinase up was 12.5 months (IQR 5.7–15.5).
    [Show full text]
  • (INN) for Biological and Biotechnological Substances
    WHO/EMP/RHT/TSN/2019.1 International Nonproprietary Names (INN) for biological and biotechnological substances (a review) 2019 WHO/EMP/RHT/TSN/2019.1 International Nonproprietary Names (INN) for biological and biotechnological substances (a review) 2019 International Nonproprietary Names (INN) Programme Technologies Standards and Norms (TSN) Regulation of Medicines and other Health Technologies (RHT) Essential Medicines and Health Products (EMP) International Nonproprietary Names (INN) for biological and biotechnological substances (a review) FORMER DOCUMENT NUMBER: INN Working Document 05.179 © World Health Organization 2019 All rights reserved. Publications of the World Health Organization are available on the WHO website (www.who.int) or can be purchased from WHO Press, World Health Organization, 20 Avenue Appia, 1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland (tel.: +41 22 791 3264; fax: +41 22 791 4857; e-mail: [email protected]). Requests for permission to reproduce or translate WHO publications –whether for sale or for non-commercial distribution– should be addressed to WHO Press through the WHO website (www.who.int/about/licensing/copyright_form/en/index.html). The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the World Health Organization concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Dotted and dashed lines on maps represent approximate border lines for which there may not yet be full agreement. The mention of specific companies or of certain manufacturers’ products does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by the World Health Organization in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned.
    [Show full text]