October 2013 ISSN 0791-458X 1913 LOCKOUT SPECIAL 2 Liberty • 1913 Lockout Special

HE 1913 LOCKOUT SPECIAL has been published to coincide with the SIPTU Highlights Biennial National Delegate Conference T which takes place in the Round Room, Mansion House in from Monday 7th October, 2013. 7 The Lockout Special is dedicated to those who gave their lives and 8-9 My granddad liberty during the historic labour struggle in Dublin one hundred years Jim Larkin ago and to the courageous workers and their families who endured Connolly still such hardship as they fought for the right to be members of a trade inspires An interview with Stella Larkin McConnon union. In this special edition of Liberty we reproduce many images, includ- Heron ing original photographs depicting the determination of the 20,000 recalls the ideals of his locked out workers during those months from August 1913 to January great –grandfather 1914 when employers, supported by a brutal police force and the main- 10-11 stream media, sought to starve them and their families into submis- sion. The women of 1913 The horrific social conditions in Dublin at the time, which 13 Women’s role in the Lockout and contributed greatly to the anger of the city’s exploited general workers, Rosie Hackett in her own words are also recalled while similar confrontations between labour and The unfinished capital in other towns and cities across the country during the period business of 1913 are recounted. The significant role of women during the Lockout is examined while Fintan O’Toole on why 14 the battle with the Catholic Church over the controversial effort to send the issues at stake in the The divine mission of discontent the hungry children of hard pressed families to supporters in England Lockout are still alive is also revisited. today TUC General Secretary Frances O’Grady on laying the foundations for a trade union The solidarity and support of the trade union movement in Britain resurgence in providing massive food and financial aid to the workers of Dublin is illustrated in our cover image and coverage of the re-enactment on Saturday, 5th October of the arrival of the SS Hare and its cargo of sup- 15 16-17 plies on Dublin’s quays one hundred years ago last month. Liberty View The historic battle of that time was essentially about the right of A Tapestry workers to join, and be represented, by the Irish Transport and General Legacy of the Lockout of Hope Workers Union and it remains relevant today particularly as the right by SIPTU General President Jack to collective bargaining is still not recognised in Irish law. O’Connor The hand-stitched story of the Lockout We would like to thank all of our contributors including Stella Larkin Mc Connon and James Connolly Heron, relatives of the 1913 leaders, and James Connolly respectively, TUC general secretary 18-19 Frances O’Grady, David Begg, Padraig Yeates, Caitriona Crowe, Fintan The hundred years war O’Toole, Paula Meehan, Ida Milne, Donal Fallon, John Cunningham, 20 Brian Hanley, Francis Devine and Michael Halpenny. The meaning of the Lockout and We are very grateful for the original photos from 1913 supplied by some of its main characters Dublin: death, disease Terry Fagan, UCC, NSAI, the National Library of Ireland and more recent and overcrowding images provided by Derek Speirs and Photocall Ireland. The horrific conditions endured by Dublin’s 22-23 working class 100 years ago A country arisen Editor: Frank Connolly, SIPTU Head of Communications The ITGWU led disputes Journalist: Scott Millar throughout Ireland prior to the 24 Design: Sonia Slevin (SIPTU), Joe Mitchell (Brazier Media) & William Hederman Lockout The East Wall evictions Publications Assistant: Deirdre Price A community remembers the day Administrative Assistant: Karen Hackett 60 families lost their homes Produced, designed, edited and printed by trade union labour. Printed by The Irish Times, City West, Dublin. Liberty is dedicated to providing a platform for progressive news and views. 30 If you have any ideas for articles or comments please contact: [email protected] Pitched battle Liberty is published by the Services, Industrial, Professional & Technical Union, , Dublin 1 When politics and sport mixed in 1913 with explosive results SIPTU General President, Jack O’Connor • Vice President, Patricia King •General Secretary, Joe O’Flynn Production: SIPTU Communications Department, Liberty Hall, Dublin 1, Tel: 01 8588217 • Email: [email protected] Cover photo - Unloading food from SS Hare in September 1913: Re-enactment of food ship arrival in Dublin, 5th October, 2013. Picture: Photocall Ireland News Liberty • 1913 Lockout Special 3

Volunteers dressed in period costume collect food packages from the SS Hare on Saturday, 5th October. Picture: Photocall Ireland

The arrival of the SS Hare ship were SIPTU General Pres- strong today and had been into Dublin was reenacted ident, Jack O’Connor, SIPTU particularly evident during the on Saturday, 5th October, General Secretary, Joe British Miners Strike, when SS Hare O’Flynn, ICTU President, John Irish workers had raised funds on City Quay. Following its one-day voy- Douglas, ICTU Assistant Gen- to support strikers’ families. eral Secretary, Sally Anne Ki- The original SS Hare pro- age from Liverpool, the ship vided desperately needed re- was met on the Sir John Roger- nahan, Unite Regional docks in Secretary Jimmy Kelly and lief, which included “60,000 son Quay by volunteers reen- Unite General Secretary Len packages of butter, sugar, jam, acting the role of the workers potatoes, fish and biscuits”, to and their families to whom McCluskey. workers’ families during the the original SS Hare brought Douglas spoke of the “bond 1913 Lockout. It was the first Dublin of solidarity” between British of several British Trade Union food packages during the 1913 Lockout. and Irish workers that was Congress shipments, which Among those on board the represented by the ship. He arrived from September 1913 said this solidarity was still to January 1914.

Belfast mural Remembering recalls the John Quinn workers’ A local history project is searching for rel- atives of leading Belfast trade unionist struggle John Quinn, who was a prominent figure in the city’s 1907 dockers and carters strike, A new trade union mural as it prepares to erect a headstone in his highlighting the links memory. between the workers’ The Belfast dockland-based Shared History Inter- movement north and south pretive Project (S.H.I.P.) is committed to archiving was unveiled on Wednesday, the history of the Belfast docks and its associated 25th September at the industries and workforce. Congress offices in Belfast. Chairman Liam McBrinn said: “John Quinn was Congress commissioned two a fervent trade unionist, a founder member of the leading muralists, Danny De- ITGWU in Belfast and a confidante of James Con- vanny and Mark Ervine, to nolly, Winifred Carney and James Larkin. He mark the centenary of the played a major role in the 1907 strike and we are Dublin Lockout by creating the planning to honour his memory with a headstone mural. The artwork tells the on his grave in Milltown Cemetery.” story of organised labour from Among John Quinn’s descendants is his great the Belfast Dockers and Carters grandson Jonny Quinn, the drummer in the band Strike of 1907 to the struggle of Snow Patrol. Pictured in front of the Belfast mural, ICTU President, John Douglas, Belfast Lord Mayor, women in the factories and Anyone with information on John Quinn is Councillor, Máirtín Ó Muilleoir, Chair of mills to the current campaigns asked to SHIP at 57 Pilot Street, Belfast or to e-mail NIC-ICTU, Pamela Dooley, and ICTU [email protected]. The group plans to unveil the Assistant General Secretary, Peter Bunting. against austerity and for social Larkin memorial stained glass new gravestone later this year. Picture: Kevin Cooper justice. window, Belfast City Hall. 4 Liberty • 1913 Lockout Special News President unveils Tapestry HE 1913 Lockout Tapestry was unveiled by President Michael D Higgins on Wednesday, T 18th September. A major community arts project, spon- sored by SIPTU and the National College of Art and Design, it was inspired by a similarly community based tapestry project in Scotland, the Prestonpans Tapestry. The Lockout Tapestry is the product of the work of nearly 300 volunteers over 18 1 months. Designed by artists Cathy Hender- son and Robert Ballagh, it tells the story 4 of the working people of Dublin during the 1913 Lockout in thirty panels which together comprise this unique commem- orative work of art. Volunteers who created the Tapestry came from the trade union movement and communities across the country, including primary and secondary school children. See pages 16-17 for a full display of the panels of the Lockout Tapestry. 2 5

3 6 7 Photos: 1) President Michael D Higgins at the unveiling of the 1913 Lockout Tapestry in Liberty Hall on Wednesday, 18th September. 2) SIPTU Vice President Patricia King (centre) discuses the Tapestry with President Higgins, SIPTU NEC member and Tapestry volunteer, Ann Ryan (left), artist Bobby Ballagh, SIPTU General President, Jack O’Connor and Sabina Higgins. 3) President Higgins and Sabina Higgins with, L to R , Artist Cathy Hender- son and Tapestry volunteers Friedhelm Arntz and Ann Marie Horan. 4) President Higgins unveils Tapestry with pupils from St Louis High School, Mater Dei primary school and Larkin Community College who were among the volunteers who created the 1913 Lockout Tapestry. 5) President Higgins and Sabina Higgins pictured with SIPTU officials, the Tapestry designers and the some of the volunteers who created the artwork. 6) President Higgins, Sabina Higgins, Stella Larkin McConnon and SIPTU General Secretary, Joe O’Flynn. 7) SIPTU General President Jack O’Connor presenting President Higgins with 1913 Lockout Centenary memorial badge. Picture: Derek Speirs. Lockout Commemoration Áras tribute to Lockout workers

Thousands watched the re-enactment of the 1913 Dublin Metropolitan Police baton charge on striking workers at the State Commemoration of the Lockout on Saturday, 31st August, on O’Connell Street, President Michael D Higgins aboard a vintage tram at an event commemorat- Dublin – 100 years precisely ing the 1913 Lockout in Áras an Uachtaráin on Thursday, 10th July. The Presi- dent spoke to several hundred trade union activists about the significance of to the day of Bloody Sunday that great industrial dispute. He concluded by paying tribute to those present 1913. for their “painstaking efforts to create a society defined by solidarity and Picture: Photocall Ireland equality for all its citizens.”Photo: Courtesy of www.president.ie News Liberty • 1913 Lockout Special 5

Dreaming in the Zeitgeist 1913 Timeline I catch them in half light, or winter dawns, 19 JULY a summer’s evening, shadows cool and blue DUTC boss William Martin Murphy warns his workers he will sack when dipping sea gulls skim the brimming river; ITGWU members. Within weeks, he dismisses hundreds of employees. I catch them from the corner of my eye — the ghosts of women workers long since gone. 15 AUGUST I get down on my knees and bless their dust, Murphy sacks 40 men and boys in the despatch and delivery office I salute them in my every waking breath — mothers and grandmothers who made a stand of the Irish Independent. against slavery, against the whip hand. 22 AUGUST Hard times again, a different song of fear, Dublin Castle promises Murphy full backing of the police and military. a different whip, the same indifferent face. We track them through the archives silting dust: 26 AUGUST in photographs, in yellow newsprint lining drawers — Tram strike begins. Murphy drafts in ‘scab’ crews to operate buses undaunted grandmothers, mothers of the poor, with DMP escorts. Larkin dubs dispute a Lockout not a strike at a the ones who raised their voices to be heard, mass meeting outside Liberty Hall. spat on, slagged off and slandered by the mob they louder spoke for every silenced voice, 28 AUGUST for the lost and broken sisters in their sad haunts. DMP detectives raid the homes of Larkin and other trade unionists. They are charged with incitement before Police Magistrate and DUTC Sometimes on the city’s granite quays shareholder E.G. Swifte. Larkin calls for a mass demo on Sackville we sense them in the river’s lonely prayers. Pictures: William Hederman William Pictures: They reach between the future and the past Street on Sunday 31 August. their work-worn hands across from there to here. This poster is advertising a public 30 AUGUST They watch their daughters dancing out their fate meeting organised by the Irish Trades under the waxing or under the waning moon: James Connolly is arrested and charged with incitement. Riots break Congress, a forerunner of the Irish stars in their courses, wise bringers of dream. out in Ringsend and spread to Great Brunswick Street. Labourer They will not let us rest — they need us now Congress of Trade Unions. Among the John Byrne, 50, is beaten senseless by police on Butt Bridge and 33- as much as we need them, to show the way. speakers at the “Labour Demonstra- year-old labourer James Nolan is attacked by police on Eden Quay. tion” in Beresford Place, adjacent to They are taken to Jervis Street hospital where both die of their Written by Paula Meehan for the unveiling of Liberty Hall, were Jim Larkin and wounds. the IWWU plaque at Liberty Hall in March 2013. James Connolly. The poster ends with a message exhorting those attending to 31 AUGUST show their trade union badges promi- ‘Bloody Sunday’. Larkin attempts to address crowd on Sackville nently – “Badges Up!” Street. Police baton charge causes between 400 and 600 injuries.

1 SEPTEMBER Mayo strikes back The TUC conference in Manchester is appalled at ‘Bloody Sunday’ re- This DMP baton was used by an officer to strike ports. Delegates pledge support. Meanwhile more employers lock Tomas Mac Cathmhaoil (Thomas Campbell) from out ITGWU members. There are disturbances outside Jacob’s biscuit Swinford, county Mayo on 31st August 1913 as he factory as ITGWU members are turned away. Rioting on both sides of walked along Sackville Street on his way to Kings- the Liffey. bridge train station. He was caught up in the large 3 SEPTEMBER crowd that gathered to listen to Jim Larkin speaking from the balcony of the Imperial Hotel. When the James Nolan’s funeral. Thousands follow the coffin to Glasnevin DMP officer attempted to strike Thomas, he knocked cemetery. William Martin Murphy unveils strategy to smash the the policeman to the ground and took his baton. The ITGWU at a Dublin Chamber of Commerce meeting. Over 400 employ- law student put the weapon in his satchel and ers agree not to employ ITGWU members. headed for the train and Mayo. He later fought in 7 SEPTEMBER the War of Independence and on the anti-Treaty side Mass rally on Sackville Street to assert freedom of assembly. It is in the Civil War. He then ran a legal practice in Swin- one of the largest demonstrations ever seen in Dublin. ford and Ballina. was twice chairman of Mayo county Jim Larkin’s brief case Council and ended his career as county registrar in The leather case is in the possession of the 9 SEPTEMBER Wicklow. He died in the 1960’s and his son Irish Labour History Society Museum. It was James Connolly goes on hunger strike in Mountjoy. Larkin in Eng- Caoimhghin, a solicitor in Galway reclaimed the only on close inspection that the inscription land on fundraising tour. baton from a local historian in Ballina some years “Jim Larkin, W.W.U., Local 65” was discovered. later. The case most probably came into Jim Larkin’s 13 SEPTEMBER ownership during his time in the United Connolly is released from prison after escalating his protest to a States between 1914 and 1923 when he hunger and thirst strike. worked as an organiser with the Industrial Workers of the World; W.W.U. stands for 15 SEPTEMBER “Workers of the World Unite.” Ten thousand railwaymen in the English west midlands, and three thousand workers on Merseyside, black goods from Dublin in spon- taneous, unofficial, strikes. Murphy sets up a fund to help smaller Food on board employers buy motorised vehicles. This coupon allowed the bearer to receive a parcel of bread and 21 SEPTEMBER other items from the British Trade Union Fund. The coupon was is- James Connolly, who is deputising for Larkin, tells the press: ‘We are sued jointly by the British TUC and Dublin Trades Council and willing – anxious, in fact – to have a Conciliation Board’. would have been redeemed when one of the several of TUC funded food ships that arrived in Dublin in the winter of 1913 docked. 22 SEPTEMBER This coupon would seem to have been for the very first food ship- ment carried the SS Hare – it states “Apply – South Wall. From 12 The employers formally reject Lord Mayor Lorcan Sherlock’s pro- noon to 6 p.m. Saturday 27th Sept., 1913.” posal to set up a conciliation board. The army begins regular strike- breaking duties.

Continued on page 6 6 Liberty • 1913 Lockout Special News

1913 Timeline (continued from page 5)

27 SEPTEMBER The SS Hare docks with £5,000 worth of food supplies from the TUC. New coin minted for Larkin The British labour movement raises over £93,000 to help the strikers and their families. Another £13,000 comes from other sources, mainly British Labour and Socialist Party branches, Irish unions and trades councils.

5 OCTOBER The Parliamentary Committee of the TUC decides it will stop sending cash to Dublin, but will continue to send ships with food and fuel. This marks the beginning of a policy to distance itself from Larkin, who is refusing to cede leadership to the TUC.

6 OCTOBER The Miners Federation national conference in Scarborough calls for a general strike in Britain to support the Dublin workers.

13 OCTOBER A delegation from the Industrial Peace Committee meets Dublin Trades Council, which agrees to a ‘Truce’, if the employers agree.

15 OCTOBER Police battle strikers in Bray harbour to protect coal imported by Heiton & Company.

18 OCTOBER Another food ship, the SS New Pioneer, arrives with 30,000lbs of food stuffs. Strikers begin hunting down ‘scabs’. In Luke Street strike- As part of the commemoration of the 1913 Lockout the Central Bank has produced a limited edition €15 breakers flee homes and 300 workers riot in Denzille St when the coin. The silver coin, which was designed by Rory Breslin, depicts Jim Larkin addressing workers and their DMP rescue a strike-breaker at Wallace’s yard. families in front of locked factory gates. It is a limited issue with only 10,000 minted and is available to pur- chase for €44 from the Central Bank’s website or directly from its offices in Dame Street, Dublin. 20 OCTOBER Tramway workers begin returning to work. Many are threatened with eviction from DUTC company houses and car men (drivers) face hav- ing their licences revoked by the DMP.

23 OCTOBER 8,000 ITGWU members march through Dublin in protest at the em- ployers’ rejection of the Industrial Peace Committee’s initiative. 1913 Lockout Stamps 26 OCTOBER Robert Williams, secretary of the National Transport Workers’ Federa- tion, promises £2,000 to relieve immediate distress in the city. He is part of a TUC delegation in Dublin to discuss a new peace initiative by Archbishop Walsh.

27 OCTOBER The DMP raid Liberty Hall and seize union records. Larkin is arrested. Large crowds gather outside Green Street courthouse where mounted police maintain order. The handpicked jury finds Larkin guilty of sedition. He is sentenced to seven months.

28 OCTOBER An Post has released a three James Connolly takes over leadership of the ITGWU while Larkin is in stamp set marking the cente- prison. nary of the Lockout. The set, designed by Ger Garland, makes 29 OCTOBER use of original photographs A large group of strike-breakers from Britain arrive at the North Wall from the 1913 era as a backdrop to work for T & C Martin timber merchants. Rumours spread that the to three of the leading figures of TUC plans to reduce aid to Dublin. Connolly warns employers if they the Lockout, Jim Larkin, James bring in any more strike-breakers ‘the streets of Dublin will run red Connolly and Countess with blood’. Markievicz.

4 NOVEMBER James Connolly, is seen with the The ITGWU buries James Byrne, the branch secretary in Dun original Liberty Hall in the back- Laoghaire (Kingstown) after he dies of pneumonia. He contracted it ground; on hunger and thirst strike in custody after being arrested on for al- against a photograph of children leged intimidation of a labourer. outside tenement buildings in Chancery Lane (now Bride 6 NOVEMBER Street) and Jim Larkin against a The Shipping Federation vessel SS Ella arrives in the Alexandra Basin photograph of the Bloody Sun- with the first consignment of strike-breakers on board. The port is day Riot which took place in heavily guarded by the DMP and RIC. The military are on standby. The Sackville Street (O’Connell St.) SS Ella is joined by the Lady Jocelyn and the Paris. By the following just outside the GPO.

Continued on page 9 News Liberty • 1913 Lockout Special 7

Workers listen to speaker at Liberty Hall Picture: National Library Gentleman Jim I knew and loved T WAS the sight of an in- As well as a passion for the work- get together and talk and relax. fant huddled beside its Jim Larkin’s granddaughter ers’ movement, Larkin’s strict teeto- There was no alcohol, people would dead mother in the STELLA LARKIN McCONNON talism was another feature he have tea and sandwiches.” slums of Liverpool that handed down to his children. Stella has been impressed by the I recalls for Scott Millar a gentle giant “My dad and his three brothers awoke in the young Jim commemoration of her grandfa- Larkin a great passion to driven by a passion to fight injustice were the same, none of them drank. ther’s work in recent years. struggle against injustice. My grandad started it. He was so The stained glass window in- As Jim’s granddaughter, Stella worried about the effects alcohol stalled in Belfast City Hall in 2007, Larkin McConnon, recalls: “He was Sunday for a meeting. He would speak to a crowd and someone put a had on people. He would always commemorating Larkin’s role in or- giving a hand with some work when leave me with my grandad while he microphone in front of him. He have a cup of tea. It’s something we ganising workers in that city, is a par- always loved, cups of tea.” he was 16 or so in a place called was having his meeting. looked at it and said I don’t need this ticular favourite. “He was a gentle giant, very kind microphone and he didn’t – his Stella recalls waltzing with her dad Christian Street in Liverpool. As is the statue on O’Connell and interested. He had such a strong voice was strong enough. at one of the many socials organised “There was a peculiar groaning Street, Dublin, which Stella feels voice. I didn’t think he had an ac- “Even though he left school at 11, by Larkin. noise coming from a basement, they captures some of the essence of cent – it just sounded normal to me; he had a tremendous command of “He always wanted to do things went down to see what it was. There Larkin’s powerful personality. was a woman lying there dead, from the pity is it was never recorded. English. He never ever read from that brought people together. People “Every time I pass it I make sure to malnutrition, and there was a baby “I remember one time, in particu- notes when he was speaking, it all were so important to him, he felt it greet him.” on top of her trying to get food. That lar, my mother took me to hear him just came out.” was really important for people to haunted him.” But it was the high esteem in Years later the incident was still which the working people of Dublin referenced in the Larkin family as a ‘I remember the day he was held her grandfather that is his ulti- defining moment in her grandfa- mate epitaph. ther’s life. brought to the graveyard. Stella recalls her grandfather’s fu- However, it is as a doting grandfa- There was fierce snow with neral procession in January 1947. ther that Stella remembers the “I remember the day he was ITGWU founder. men digging to get the snow brought to the graveyard. There was She got to know him well while off. When they saw the funeral fierce snow, it was very heavy, men waiting for her father Dennis, who digging up the road to try and get the was also a trade union organiser and they stopped, put their shovels snow off. When they saw the funeral politician, to come out of meetings on their shoulders and fell they stopped and just put the shov- in Unity Hall, the then headquarters els on their shoulders and fell in be- of the Workers Union of Ireland. in behind. They walked all hind it. “How I knew him was that my dad the way to Glasnevin’ “They walked the whole way out and I used to go to Unity Hall in to Glasnevin. I can still see that Marlborough Street nearly every now.” 8 Liberty • 1913 Lockout Special Feature

Words that still inspire us By James Connolly

Heron An edition of The Watchword of Labour.Picture: The National Library of Ireland

JAMES CONNOLLY HERON on the enduring relevance of the writings of his great-grandfather, James Connolly

HE Lockout was were unable to carry on their busi- Once Connolly took control of battle, the real battle is being corrupt golden circle of a more re- about more than just ness without men and women the Army, everything was to fought out, and will be fought out, cent one could not be clearer or union recognition. It who remained loyal to their union. change. The IRB was left with no on the industrial field.’’ more striking. was, as stated in an “The workers were unable to opportunity but to negotiate with And so the movement must take And now, with an economy de- T force the employers to a formal him lest he move ahead with a ris- a lead in challenging the class divi- stroyed by corruption, greed and inscription on a medal pre- recognition of the union and to ing without them. sions in our society today. It can- abject incompetence, coupled with sented to James Connolly in give preference to organised The centenary commemoration not do so from a position of negligence, we bid farewell to 1914 by the Independent labour. and celebration of the Lockout weakness and division. thousands of our talented people Labour Party of Ireland, “From the effects of this drawn throws up questions as to where The great Celtic Tiger wealth that who cannot afford to live in the “Dublin’s Labour War”. battle both sides are still bearing the trade union movement stands should have been used to cater for country of their birth or assist in This medal also bears the in- heavy scars, how deep these scars today as the scourge of emigration the needs of all citizens was squan- its recovery. scription, “a felon’s cap is the no- are none will ever reveal.” (Novem- and unemployment now returns dered at an altar of greed and cor- Equal rights and equal opportu- blest crown an Irish head can ber 18th, 1914). to haunt us. ruption. nities and cherishing all the chil- wear”, referring to his incarcera- The Lockout also provided the The prime duty of the move- We partied, we are told, but not dren of the nation equally with the tion in Mountjoy jail. means whereby the Citizen Army ment, of course, is to protect the all were invited to the party. Some guarantee of religious and civil lib- The Lockout was seen as a defeat came into being. interests of its members, but it of those who did party and are di- erty, as proclaimed by Connolly in for the labour movement. Yet Con- On foot of the arming of the Ul- must go further than that if it rectly associated with the collapse the Proclamation of the Republic, nolly, writing in the Irish Worker ster Volunteers, the British estab- wishes or claims to be the inheri- of our economy continue living remains the challenge. one year later, put it differently. lishment was prevented from tor of its founders. lavish lifestyles supported by State The trade union movement can He wrote: “The battle was a acting against the arming of the James Connolly, writing in The funding through the generosity of lead a renewal or rebirth of our Re- drawn battle. The employers, de- workers as a defence force. That Harp in 1918, pointed out that “the NAMA operating on our behalf, be- public – and in so doing capture spite their Napoleonic plan of cam- failure to respond would cost them struggle for the conquest of the po- hind closed doors. the indomitable spirit of 1913 and paign and their more than dear in the years leading up to the litical state of the capitalist is not The stark contrast between a its legacy. Napoleonic ruthlessness and un- Rising. the battle, it is only the echo of the golden generation of one era and a As Connolly, writing in Forward scrupulous use of foul means, Feature Liberty • 1913 Lockout Special 9

A detatchment of the Irish Citizen 1913 Timeline (continued from page 6) Army with Jim Larkin (left) Monday, 10 November, there are 600 strike-breakers in the port.

12 NOVEMBER Connolly pulls all of the ITGWU dockers out of Dublin Port.

13 NOVEMBER Larkin is released from Mountjoy and is furious to find Connolly has called out the dockers. He was holding them in reserve as a final bar- gaining card.

14 NOVEMBER Sympathetic action resumes in some British ports, but the action does not spread.

16 NOVEMBER Larkin tells a crowd in Manchester that ‘Jails are nothing to horrors of the slums and the degradation going on in Dublin day by day’.

18 NOVEMBER Larkin continues his tour in Britain attacking the TUC leadership, while Connolly urges ITGWU members in Dublin to attend a meeting of the Civic League to discuss the establishment of a ‘Citizens’ Army’. The idea is that of Captain Jack White DSO, who wants ‘to keep unem- ployed men fit and self-respecting’.

22 NOVEMBER There are now 900 strike-breakers in Dublin Port and the depot ships are no longer capable of accommodating all of them.

23 NOVEMBER Larkin publishes attack on the TUC leadership in the Daily Herald in his opening salvo to win the vote at special delegate conference.

24 NOVEMBER There is widespread outrage as shocking statistics show that the number of people in bad housing had now reached 118,461 and 13,800 people were living nine or more to a room. The Citizen Army begins in 1914, put it: “We ought, I think drilling in Croydon Park. to learn that the first duty of the militant worker today is to work 28 NOVEMBER for industrial unionism in some Two strike-breakers with Tedcastle McCormick coal importers fire form. shots after being attacked by a crowd at Burgh Quay around 6.30 “To work for the abolition of or pm..Bridget Rowe, 50, of Waterford Street is shot in the face while merging of all these unions that watching the disturbance from the steps of the Tivoli Theatre. All the now divide our energies instead of charges against strike-breakers who fired shots are subsequently concentrating them – and for the struck out by Police Magistrates. abolition of all those executives whose measure of success is the 4 DECEMBER balance sheet of the union, instead New talks between TUC, employers and Dublin strike committee, but the of the power of their class.” employers insist on separate meeting with TUC. The employers refuse to JAMES CONNOLLY HERON on the enduring relevance of the writings of his great-grandfather, James Connolly And in an article in the same give guarantees that all workers will be re-hired and want TUC guarantees publication that echoes through that it will not assist unions that misbehave. history to us today, he pointed out: 7 DECEMBER “The development of the power of Dublin union leaders offer to guarantee ‘no form of sympathetic the modern state should teach us strike or other strike will be entered upon until the matter in dispute that the mere right to vote will not has been the subject of investigation by a local conference of employ- protect the workers unless they ers and workers representatives’. But the employers will not guaran- have a strong economic organisa- tee strikers their jobs back. tion behind them; that the nation- alisation of industries but changes 9 DECEMBER the form of the workers’ servitude The special delegate conference of the TUC opens in London. Nearly 600 whilst leaving its essence unim- delegates representing 350 TUC-affiliated unions with 2.5 million members paired; and that in the long run the gather for debate on the Dublin Lockout. It quickly becomes a clash be- class in control of the economic tween Larkin and his TUC opponents. forces of the nation will be able to dominate and direct its political 10 DECEMBER powers.” Connolly pens a furious article for the socialist magazine Forward. He says The challenge now is for today’s the help of the British workers over the previous four months represented trade union movement and work- the Labour movement’s ‘highest point of moral grandeur . . . But sectional- ers to step up and create the force ism, intrigues and old-time jealousies’ had ‘damned us in the hour of vic- that will drive forward the struggle tory’. into the future and so fulfil the legacy of Connolly and Larkin. James Connolly Heron is the author of The Words of James Connolly, pub- lished by Mercier Press. Continued on page 22 10 Liberty • 1913 Lockout Special Feature Remembering the women of 1913 Social historian IDA MILNE discusses the changing view of the role of women in the history of the 1913 Lockout HAT WOMEN’S voices do we hear from the Lockout W narrative? Per- haps the best known, in 2013 terms, would be that of Rosie Hackett, the meek-looking and tiny Jacob’s biscuit fac- tory worker, trade unionist and protester. For long an unsung hero of the Dublin Lockout and the 1916 Ris- ing, her place in history has now been assured by the successful campaign to name a Dublin bridge after her, even though some claim her actual involvement in the Lockout was relatively minor. Long after her death in the 1970s, Rosie’s campaign was helped by the fact that she is a fe- male, working class hero at a time when labour and gender history is in an unusually popular phase, just as her achievements were not per- haps recognised in the past as they Members of the IWWU at should have been because of her its Dublin headquarters. class and gender. Picture: National Library Constance Markievicz could be viewed as the counter to Rosie families were in crisis as a result, place in Irish history is assured, Hackett. who had to struggle to make ends neatly behind her brother, James – Born into a west of Ireland as his tombstone in Glasnevin Anglo-Irish family, the Gore- meet during a time of extreme symbolises. Booths, Markievicz for many years hardship. On the front of the tombstone was the female icon of 1913 and Some of their stories are being James Larkin’s attributes are men- 1916 – a gun-toting hero who be- resurrected by the 1913 Alternative tioned, while the side bears the came the first woman elected to Visions oral history project re- legend “and his sister Delia”. the British House of Commons, searchers, who are collecting oral It says a lot about how society and was also elected to the Dáil accounts of the legacy of the Lock- values a woman who was a won- serving as the first Minister for out. derful organiser in her own right, Labour. Suffragist and trade unionist and the leading woman trade Unlike Hackett, Markievicz’s role Louie Bennett was among those unionist of her day. was always emphasised; she was who worked on the relief effort at Our schools history curriculums noteworthy because she had been Liberty Hall during the 1913 strike have paid scant attention to these a young lady of high society, mak- and Lockout in Dublin. She also women, even Markievicz. ing her debut to Queen Victoria in called for financial support for One of the more valuable les- 1887. She was also part of the strikers' families, through the Irish An unidentified woman addresses a crowd of strikers during the 1913 Lockout: sons we might learn from the cur- dominant narrative of 20th cen- Citizen. women played key roles in the early Irish trade union movement. rent commemoration is that tury Irish history – nationalist re- Bennett, an inspirational charac- Picture: Terry Fagan North Inner City Folklore Project. unless we make a conscious effort publicanism. ter, founded the Irish Women's Re- to document the achievements of Perhaps the shine on form League, which investigated, Larkin’s famous balcony address to Larkin, who launched the our female trade unionists, past Markievicz’s star as an icon for among other issues, women’s the crowd in Sackville Street, IWWU, not only ran the food oper- and present, we are losing oppor- Irish womenhood and nationalism working conditions. which resulted in the ‘Bloody Sun- ation in Liberty Hall, but also was tunities to point to women ac- is fading as we witness a welcome Or the republican trade union day’ police baton charge. She also involved in trying to foster strik- tivists as role models. upsurge in the popularity of labour activist and actress , addressed meetings about the ers’ children to families in Liver- Ida Milne is a historian who uses oral tes- history; perhaps, too, in this up- who was an official of the IWWU Lockout. pool. timony to explore her research interests. surge, her class plays against her. With Dr. Mary Muldowney, she organised for more than 20 years. Then there’s Delia Larkin, the As my colleague and lead on the the 1913 Lockout Alternative Visions oral There were many women, During the Lockout, Molony em- sister of Big Jim Larkin, herself a 1913 Alternative Visions Oral His- history project, training trade unionists prominent or otherwise, we could ployed her acting skills to disguise towering figure in the trade union tory Project, Dr Mary Muldowney, and community activists to collect oral mention in connection with 1913. histories in their workplace and commu- James Larkin as a clergyman, bring- movement, another general secre- pointed out during a talk on nities. The hundreds of women directly ing him into the Imperial Hotel, tary of the Irish Women Workers’ women and 1913 at a commemora- involved, the thousands whose while posing as his niece, for Union. tion in Dún Laoghaire, Delia’s Feature Liberty • 1913 Lockout Special 11 Rosie Hackett's tales of struggle

ast month Dublin City Councillors voted to name the newest ‘I always felt it bridge over the River was worth it, to LLiffey in honour of trade unionist and Citizen Army see the trouble member Rosie Hackett, who the police had worked in Liberty Hall from the time of the Lockout until the getting [the 1960s. The will banner] down. carry the new Luas Cross City line, No one was ar- linking Burgh Quay to Eden Quay, just a few metres from Liberty Hall. rested. If it took Below are extracts from Hackett’s witness statement to the Bureau of 400 policemen Military History in 1951 concerning her activities with the Citizen Army. to take four THE CITIZEN ARMY women, what “It was as a result of the big strike in Rosie Hackett pictured outside Liberty would the 1913 that I first became attached to Hall with fellow trade unionists in the late 1950s. Below: the Citizen Army Liberty Hall. A workroom was outside Liberty Hall in 1914. Below left: newspapers opened to assist girls who had lost Hackett’s 1951 statement to the Bureau their employment as a result of the of Military History. Picture: National Library say?’ strike. Miss Delia Larkin had charge of the girls that were working there. “When Miss Larkin left Liberty Hall, Miss Helena Molony came to take charge, and that is when the work of the women's section of the started in earnest.” THE RISING “A week before Easter, I took part in the ceremony of hoisting the chal- lenge flag over the Hall . . . [Follow- ing a route march on Easter Sunday] . . . we formed a circle, and Connolly spoke to us. He was very serious in that speech . . . I remember him say- ing that every man and woman, and every boy and girl, that had marched “On one occasion, I was lying words: this day were now soldiers of Ire- down on one of the beds [in the Col- ‘James Connolly Murdered, May land and would be confined to bar- lege of Surgeons], resting myself. 12th, 1916’. It was no length of time racks pointing to Liberty Hall. The men were trying out some rifles up on the Hall, when it was taken “That night, I was sent in a lot of they had found in the College. The down by the police . . . times with messages, to where Con- people upstairs sent for me to go for “Miss Molony called us together, nolly was. I delivered some mes- a cup of tea . . . Jinny Shanahan, Brigid Davis and myself. Miss Molony printed an- sages for him. He would beckon, “I had only left the bed, when a other script. Getting up on the roof, and I would go in. It must have been man, named Murray, casually threw in connection with the Proclama- she put it high up, across the top himself down on it and, whatever parapet. We were on top of the roof tion, because the type was being fit- way it happened, this bullet hit him ted at the time . . . I just went in for the rest of the time it was there. in the face. We attended him there We barricaded the windows. with messages to the men. I cannot for the whole week. He was then say for whom exactly the messages “Police were mobilised from brought to Vincent's Hospital where everywhere, and more than 400 of were, but I was kept busy that night he died after a week . . . them marched across from Store going back and forth with messages. “After the Rising, Liberty Hall was Street direction and made a square “We did not move into the College closed for some time. After our re- outside Liberty Hall. Thousands of of Surgeons until [Easter] Tuesday lease, we did our best to try and people were watching from the morning. We were in [Stephen’s carry on. We started the Fianna quay on the far side of the river. It Green] for the whole of Monday, Saoirse and other little organisa- took the police a good hour or more until we could not stop there any tions to try and keep things going.” before they got in, and the script longer. We were driven out by the was there until six in the evening, fire from the Shelbourne Hotel . . . FIRST ANNIVERSARY OF before they got it down. “It was very exciting there. We CONNOLLY’S DEATH “I always felt that it was worth it, to see all the trouble the police had, were under very heavy fire from late “On the occasion of the first an- in getting it down. No one was ar- on Monday evening. Even when we niversary of Connolly's death, the rested. Of course, if it took 400 po- marked out the first-aid post with a transport people decided that he licemen to take four women, what red sign, they did not recognise it would be honoured. A big poster would the newspapers say?” and kept firing on us . . . was put up on the hall, with the 12 Liberty • 1913 Lockout Special Comment Collective bargaining is the best way we can honour 1913

The arguments Indeed, the backdrop provided by the centenary makes this the appro- against collective priate time to see real movement on the commitment. bargaining make Because we can erect statues to the 1913 leaders; we can name no sense. Its bridges after them; we can hold na- tional days of commemoration to opponents simply salute their sacrifice, but as long as their great-grandchildren are de- fear that full prived of the basic human right which they set out to achieve, then union rights will we are not really honouring their memory. If anything, we are deni- lead to a fairer grating their struggle. The core mission of trade union- distribution of ism is to organise workers and, thereby, to force a more equitable wealth and will distribution of the wealth created hamper the ability by markets. It is predicated on a belief that all of corporations to human beings are morally equal; all have an equal entitlement to self-de- make themselves termination; all life chances should be as equal as possible and social jus- ever richer, writes tice is a condition of liberty. The biggest challenge facing all of David Begg us today is to find ways to mitigate the social and economic risks to which people are exposed during their lives. The very rich may have the means to insulate themselves hatever else we from some but not all of these risks. celebrate in this The rest of us need to band to- gether for protection. That is the centenary year of purpose of the welfare state. 1913, we should But in recent years, high levels of Wbe clear on one core fact: the Strikers march along Dublin’s North public debt and an ageing demo- central objective of those men Circular Road from a rally in the graphic have undermined the sus- and women was to win the Phoenix Park in 1913. tainability of the welfare state. In Picture: Terry Fagan North Inner City Folklore Project right for workers to choose the future it will only be possible to their own representatives and achieve and maintain this sustain- have them bargain collectively ability with high levels of social in- to back it up. Indeed, all the evi- recognition and representation is to insufficient to see that right en- vestment. with employers on their behalf. dence is to the contrary. be found enshrined in the Univer- joyed by workers in Ireland. This in turn will require high Sounds simple, sensible and Europe’s most competitive and sal Declaration of Human Rights, Of course Congress welcomes the labour force participation rates and hardly earth-shattering. strongest economies also happen to ILO (International Labor Organisa- commitment contained in the Pro- jobs capable of sustaining the tax Yet that essential right – enjoyed be those in which trade unions tion) Conventions 87 and 98 and gramme for Government on this revenue base to fund social invest- by millions of workers across the enjoy full recognition and high lev- the EU Charter of Fundamental key issue – but we now need to see ment. In other words, decent work. developing world and in Europe’s els of organisation. That these soci- Rights. But thus far that has proved it made a reality. Decent work is – and will increas- strongest economies – has never eties are also the most equal and ingly become – an imperative for all been secured in Ireland. have fared best in the current crisis industrialised countries. The only Indeed it is actively opposed by a is hardly a coincidence. way to achieve decent work is number of employers’ organisa- It seems that the unspoken fear Europe’s most competitive and through collective bargaining. The tions, by the IDA, by the Supreme of the opponents of full union strongest economies also happen need for workers to organise and Court – as seen in the Ryanair rul- rights in Ireland is that unions will bargain collectively is as relevant ing in 2007 – and by legislators who do as they have done elsewhere and to be those in which trade unions today as it was in the past. claim that granting a legal right to force a greater distribution of In other words, the values which collective bargaining would inhibit wealth across society, hampering enjoy full recognition and high inspired the women and men of foreign direct investment. the corporate capacity for ceaseless 1913 are timeless. This is nonsense. There is not a enrichment. levels of organisation David Begg is General Secretary of single statistic or threadbare study Indeed, the very right to union ICTU. Comment Liberty • 1913 Lockout Special 13

Strikers in the Phoenix Park following a demonstration in 1913. Picture: Terry Fagan North Inner City Folklore Project.

he past”, according of the responses to the degradation to the famous open- that flowed from this attitude. But ing line of LP Hart- in the 1990s, we returned to the ley’s novel The idea of housing as primarily a mar- ket commodity. And we’re paying a ‘TGo-Between, “is a foreign coun- terrible price for it – the property try: they do things differently bubble was enabled by the belief there.” This is true of the dis- The unfinished that housing is a commercial asset, tance between Ireland in 2013 not a human right. and the Dublin of the 1913 Exploitation hasn’t gone way ei- Lockout. But not as true as we ther. We saw in the boom years that might think, and not as true as vulnerable workers – especially new it ought to be. migrants – would be subjected to There have been vast changes wages and conditions not much bet- over the past century, most of them ter in relative terms than those that for the better and many of them as Larkin denounced as a kind of slav- business of 1913 ery. We see, too, that the current cri- a direct result of the struggles of working people for a better life. Few sis is being used as an excuse to roll people in Ireland now live in hous- The desire for human dignity drove people to back the basic protections that ing conditions as squalid as those of By working people gradually gained for endure huge sacrifices in 1913. Today we need a themselves in the decades after the Dublin’s internationally infamous Fintan tenements. The almost absolute sense of the dignity that our ancestors won for Lockout. poverty of the unskilled labouring O’Toole Finally, there is dignity. What class is rare now. Access to educa- themselves, writes Fintan O’Toole made desperate people endure for tion, health care and opportunity is so long and against such odds in vastly better. have a right to join a trade union. But sider just four themes: inequality, have done in 1913, that inequality 1913 was the desire for human dig- There is at least some kind of they still have no right to have their housing, exploitation and dignity. arises simply because some people nity. They were tired of humiliation safety net to prevent people from union recognised by their employer. In the Dublin of 1913, gross in- work harder and are more talented and squalor, of being treated as dis- falling into the abyss if they lose As recently as this summer, the Gov- equalities were stark and obvious than others, the fate of little chil- posable people who did not deserve their jobs or become sick or simply ernment made it clear that it has no and many people believed that they dren gives the lie to this self-justifi- a voice. That sense of humiliation is grow old. It is no longer generally intention of marking the centenary were simply the way the world cation. Are we to believe that one with us in Ireland now, the feeling true that, as James Connolly put it of the Lockout by enshrining in law worked. Has this changed in any set of toddlers is better off because that decisions have been taken for with such brilliantly succinct bitter- the thing the workers of 1913 fundamental way? Even in times of it works harder? us and that we must live with them ness, “Man is a slave and woman is starved for: the right to deal collec- supposed austerity, the gap between The appalling conditions of the whether we like them or not. We, the slave of a slave.” tively with their bosses*. That unfin- rich and poor has widened. Inequal- tenements may be a thing of the too, need a sense of the dignity that Can we conclude, then, that the ished business is one of the reasons ity is structural: the recent Growing past, but the underlying attitudes our ancestors, even in defeat, won Lockout happened in another world why 1913 cannot be regarded as an Up in Ireland study shows that even that allowed those conditions to fes- for themselves. and that the issues that animated entirely foreign country. by the age of three, children from ter are not. The tenements existed But it’s not the only one. If we poorer backgrounds are already because housing was regarded as a (*In June the Irish Examiner reported those who took part are mere histor- that Minister for Jobs and Enterprise ical abstractions? Unfortunately not. think about some of the broader showing signs of severe disadvan- market commodity like any other: if things that were at stake in the Lock- tage compared to those from better- you didn’t have the money to buy it, Richard Bruton told the annual In different ways, and in a different conference of the Small Firms context, many of them continue to out, we can see that the same battles off households. While right-wingers you could live in squalor. The devel- still need to be fought today. Con- continue to tell us, as they would opment of social housing was one Association that while an agreed haunt us. This is why the commem- system for working conditions recon- oration of the Lockout has to be ciliation is needed among the small more than an act of piety towards business community, mandatory the past. It must also be a pledge for While right-wingers still tell us that inequality arises because trade union involvement is not being the future. planned and collective bargaining The most obvious way in which some people work harder, the fate of little children gives the would always be voluntary. the underlying questions remain lie to this self-justification . . . Are we to believe that one set In the September edition of alive is, of course, the principle of Liberty, junior minister Joe Costello the right to free collective bargain- of toddlers is better off because it works harder? wrote that he hoped the Government ing. Unlike in 1913, Irish workers do would legislate for collective bargain- ing this year. Editor.) 14 Liberty • 1913 Lockout Special Comment The divine mission of discontent

TUC General Secretary FRANCES O’GRADY looks at what we can learn from the Lockout, especially in building solidarity among workers and grasping the promise of a better future for all

EAR and cynicism has tions and conferences. Instead we always been the Right’s must rediscover that ‘divine mission best weapon against of discontent.’ working people. After all, work unites us all, from F the high-tech professional to the fac- How often have you heard it said that unions used to do a good job tory worker, and the young unpaid but have no chance in a modern intern to the hard-pressed carer. world dominated by multinational Unions can bind new communi- corporations, forever on the ties together, both real and virtual, scrounge for the cheapest labour and to build a new movement that pro- lowest tax regime? motes our enduring values of equal- When backs are up against the ity, dignity and justice. wall, isn’t it easier to blame the poor, These are profoundly tough times the unemployed or migrants for for working people everywhere. We falling living standards rather than are up against a system of global cap- big business or bankers’ greed? italism that fails the great majority and favours the rich few, that is not Rejecting cynicism: TUC General And, as for politicians, why bother Secretary Frances O’Grady placing faith in them when the real only attacking our living standards Picture: TUC decisions are taken in Brussels or but is also destroying our planet. Berlin, and few seem ready to stand But from Dublin to Delhi, ordi- up for ordinary families’ rights? But the Dublin Lockout reminds Frances O’Grady, second from right, us that organised labour can cut with, from left, ICTU President John Douglas, ETUC chief Bernadette through the pessimism, build cross ‘The most Ségol and ICTU Deputy General border solidarity and offer the prom- Secretary Peter Bunting at the recent ise of a better future. important lesson 1913 commemoration in Dublin The genius of both Larkin and from the Dublin Picture: Congress Connolly was not just in organising workers, but in politicising and mo- Lockout of a bilising them. century ago is They convinced working people in their hundreds of thousands that or- that unions need ganisation in its broadest sense – to be at the heart both industrial and political – was the route to a better life. of a popular And that organisation will always social movement’ be the best chance workers have of receiving a fair share of power and the wealth we create. nary women and men can demand Big Jim knew there would always something better, something differ- be setbacks along the way. But he ent, a global economy that genuinely didn’t throw in the towel because puts people before profits. one battle was lost. If we build a new broad popular The great convulsions that began movement and pull together for a in Dublin in the summer of 1913 common cause, then we can lay the took a long time to bear fruit. Larkin foundations for a union renaissance. knew that solidarity was the differ- A century ago, working people in ence between subjugation and liber- Dublin sacrificed everything for ation – an insight that helped drive what they believed in – the right to the emergence of a vibrant labour work, the right to a decent standard movement here in Ireland. of living, and the right to be in a However, arguably the most im- union. portant lesson from the Dublin Building that same spirit of hope, Lockout a century ago is that unions optimism and gritty determination need to be at the heart of a popular is within our grasp today. And then social movement – something the the modern day William Murphys Lockout leaders knew instinctively. will be quaking in their boots. It’s an approach that needs re- imagining for a new century. We can- not afford to retreat into our comfort zone of committees, composite mo- Liberty • 1913 Lockout Special 15

Liberty By JACK O’CONNOR View SIPTU General President Legacy of the Lockout

The real issue at stake was the character and na- In the South, the Union Jack was replaced by This autumn, we mark ture of the Ireland that would follow Home Rule. the Tricolour over public buildings but the value the Centenary of the The Irish ruling class in waiting, under the leader- system that emerged was actually worse. It ship of the city’s foremost employer, William Mar- became an Ireland characterised by unemploy- Great Dublin Lockout. It tin Murphy, was determined to ensure that the ment, emigration and misery, epitomised by the working people and the poor would have no say culture of the Industrial Schools and the Magda- remains the seminal event in the direction of public policy in the new Ireland. To this end they set out to exterminate the vehicle in the history of the Irish by means of which the people might have exer- It all ended tragically cised a say – the Irish Transport and General Work- working class. That epic ers Union. They set about the task with ruthless on the 29th September struggle also ranks as one abandon even to the extent of demonstrating their 2008 when the then readiness to starve thousands of innocent little of the great battles in the children to death to achieve their objective. Government signed us all up for the recklessly history of the workers’ Ultimately, due to a heroic display of solidarity which exemplified all that is best in the human incurred debts of those movement internationally. spirit, they failed to smash the Union. It resulted, at the top of our banking as Connolly described it, in a drawn battle. Within Until recently, it was viewed as some kind of cur- a short few years the Union was stronger than system, mortgaging the tain raiser for the great decade of rebellion, insofar ever. futures of generations to as it was acknowledged at all in establishment cir- cles. This grossly understates its importance. come. True, that heroic resistance throughout the cruel winter of 1913 into 1914 did inform the character It became an Ireland of the 1916 Rebellion through the leadership of characterised by James Connolly and the Irish Citizen Army. How- ever, what happened in Dublin then was part of a unemployment, emigration lene Laundries. It has been a cold place for the wider mobilisation of the working class interna- and misery, epitomised by working people and the poor. This is graphically tionally across several countries in the western de- reflected in the continuing denial of the legal right veloped world. This saw the number of workers the culture of the Industrial to Collective Bargaining without which the concept involved in strikes in Britain reach 515,000 in Schools and the Magdalene of Freedom of Association is meaningless, accord- 1910, 960,000 in 1911 and 1.5 million in 1912. ing to the European Court of Human Rights.(It is Laundries. respected in virtually every other country in the It was not a General Strike either as some people EU). Eventually, the economic backwater gave way like to represent it, although there were numerous to the frothy days of the credit bubble. heroic examples of sympathetic action. Far from signalling the onset of the nationalist However, the subsequent decade of rebellion did It all ended tragically on the 29th September 2008 rebellion, the entire project was entirely not result in the evolution of a State informed by when the then Government signed us all up for conceived, planned and executed in all its utter the values and ideals of those such as Jim Larkin the recklessly incurred debts of those at the top of brutality by Irishmen against their fellow citizens, and James Connolly who led the resistance. In- our banking system, mortgaging the futures of the poor of the city. Indeed, were it not for the sol- stead of a new paradigm reflecting the core values generations to come. Now, five years later as we idarity displayed by workers in Britain, under the of collective solidarity and community, both juris- trudge through the mire isn’t it time to abandon leadership of the Trade Union Congress, who sus- dictions which emerged on the island were in- the Ireland informed by the William Martin Mur- tained the people through shipments of food and formed by the outlook of William Martin Murphy phys and revisit again the culture of collective sol- basic necessities, they would not have been able and his allies. Public policy reflected the idarity as the basis for building a new and to hold out as long as they did. imperatives of individual greed. sustainable future? 16 Liberty • 1913 Lockout Special Lockout Tapestry

PANEL 1 - The Candle in the Bottle PANEL 2 - Working Conditions PANEL 3 - LIVING CONDITIONS PANEL 4 - William Martin Murphy

PANEL 8 – The Jacob’s Strikers PANEL 9 - The Funeral of James Nolan PANEL 10 – The Church Street Disaster PANEL 11 – The Yellow Dog Contract PANEL 12 – Manchester Meeting A Tapestry of Hope Inspired by a similar community- based tion to influence the final work. Forty-five feet long; 30 panels; miles of tapestry project in Scotland, The Preston- The next stage of development involved thread; yards of material; 250 adult and pans Tapestry, the idea was first conceived securing a central premises workshop in Tara by SIPTU member Michael Halpenny follow- House near Liberty Hall, as well as the re- school student volunteers. The 1913 Lock- ing a visit to Edinburgh in 2010, and was cruitment of volunteers. These came from quickly also championed by retired SIPTU groups and individuals all over the city of out Tapestry was unveiled by President Organiser, Brendan Byrne and the co-ordina- Dublin and beyond, in Galway, Limerick and Michael D Higgins in Liberty Hall on 18th tor of the 1913 Committee, historian Padraig Waterford - all of whom gave of their time Yeates. A proposal was put to the General Of- and skill with extreme generosity. Adults September last. It was described by him as ficers of SIPTU who decided to promote it as came from all walks of life – from organisa- “…an imaginative work of art that con- the lead project for the union’s 1913 Cente- tions such as the Irish Embroidery Guild and nary programme and it also received the the Irish Patchwork Society, smaller commu- nects us to a crucial event in our past in a blessing of Dublin City Council. nity- based art and craft groups, SIPTU and Early stage development saw the other unions, schools, prisons and rehabili- most meaningful way…”It will likely be appointment of Brendan Byrne as the project tation organisations. All were enthused and the most enduring legacy of this manager and the development of a partner- committed to work together as citizens PANEL 16 - LET US ARISE! ship with the National College of Art and De- claiming and reclaiming their own history in centenary programme of events. sign (NCAD). Valuable advice at this stage what evolved as one of the largest commu- was also received from community artist An- drew Crummie who had designed the Pre- stonpans Tapestry. The key decision of the new SIPTU/NCAD partnership was to select artists Cathy Hen- derson and Robert Ballagh to jointly design the artwork and to liaise with the project vol- unteers, reflecting the collaborative nature of the this commemorative piece. It was also decided to execute the work with a mixture of techniques, including embroidery and ap- plique, and this, in turn, fed into the design stage. The design concept was further based on the expectation that the volunteers them- selves would bring not only their skill and experience, but their own ideas and reflec- PANEL 17 - DORA MONTEFIORE PANEL 18 – Larkin in Jail PANEL 19 - GBS PANEL 20 – Food Distribution

PANEL 24 – TUC Conference PANEL 25 – Alicia Brady PANEL 26 - The Christmas Party PANEL 27 – Connolly Graveyard PANEL 28 – Defet at the Polls Lockout Tapestry Liberty • 1913 Lockout Special 17

PANEL 4 - William Martin Murphy PANEL 5 – Lord Aberdeen at Horse Show PANEL 6 – The Arrest of Jim Larkin PANEL 7 - Bloody Sunday

PANEL 14 – The Food Parcels PANEL 15 – The Askwith Tribunal PANEL 11 – The Yellow Dog Contract PANEL 12 – Manchester Meeting PANEL 13 – SS Hare nity art projects in years. A commit- October 2012, work gathered pace, tial spirit of social solidarity shown tee including the artists and repre- with nearly 30 groups and many by the workers of the Lockout to re- sentatives of SIPTU, the 1913 individuals engaged in the task in fute the imperative of greed which Committee and NCAD was put in progress. A series of workshops was governs Irish society”. The 1913 LOCKOUT place to oversee the endeavour. were in Liberty Hall to supplement It is also to be hoped that the tap- TAPESTRY A Tapestry of Hope The artists’ design features 30 the work being carried out in Tara estry will inspire workers and com- separate linen panels of approxi- Street and the various local centres, munities to organise for a better Inspired by a similar community- based tion to influence the final work. mately two feet by two and a half and also as a problem-solving exer- future in the way reflected on by Will be on display in tapestry project in Scotland, The Preston- The next stage of development involved feet (a number double-sized) illus- cise to share experiences. President Higgins: The National Museum, pans Tapestry, the idea was first conceived securing a central premises workshop in Tara trating various aspects of the Lock- As the last stage approached in “The greatest moments in our by SIPTU member Michael Halpenny follow- House near Liberty Hall, as well as the re- out story, based on a timeline the summer of 2013, an informal history were always those where Collins Baracks, Dublin ing a visit to Edinburgh in 2010, and was cruitment of volunteers. These came from devised by Padraig Yeates. They in- team was put in place to deal with our people turned towards the fu- 9th Oct - 14th Nov quickly also championed by retired SIPTU groups and individuals all over the city of clude the infamous “Bloody Sun- the task of transferring the finished ture and a sense of what might be Organiser, Brendan Byrne and the co-ordina- Dublin and beyond, in Galway, Limerick and day” police riot and the iconic panels to frames for exhibition. possible. It is the vision that sus- tor of the 1913 Committee, historian Padraig Waterford - all of whom gave of their time central panel of Larkin with arms Finally, nearly three years after tained the workers of the Lockout. Yeates. A proposal was put to the General Of- and skill with extreme generosity. Adults outstretched against the backdrop the first concept, and a year and It is the same vision of a better fu- ficers of SIPTU who decided to promote it as came from all walks of life – from organisa- of Dublin tenements. However, seven months after the first stitch ture, of a future reclaimed as an the lead project for the union’s 1913 Cente- tions such as the Irish Embroidery Guild and perhaps the most imaginative panel into the central panel by members arena of hope, which sustained the nary programme and it also received the the Irish Patchwork Society, smaller commu- is that depicting the torch flame of the Irish Embroidery Guild, the Irish people during every period of blessing of Dublin City Council. nity- based art and craft groups, SIPTU and handed on by the struggle of 1913 1913 Lockout Tapestry was hardship…” Early stage development saw the other unions, schools, prisons and rehabili- and which was (fittingly) executed launched. appointment of Brendan Byrne as the project tation organisations. All were enthused and by students from three Dublin It is a unique work of art, which manager and the development of a partner- committed to work together as citizens schools. in its design and execution, in the ship with the National College of Art and De- claiming and reclaiming their own history in Following the formal launch of words of SIPTU General President, sign (NCAD). Valuable advice at this stage what evolved as one of the largest commu- the project by the President in Jack O’Connor, reflects “that essen- was also received from community artist An- drew Crummie who had designed the Pre- stonpans Tapestry. The key decision of the new SIPTU/NCAD partnership was to select artists Cathy Hen- derson and Robert Ballagh to jointly design the artwork and to liaise with the project vol- unteers, reflecting the collaborative nature of the this commemorative piece. It was also decided to execute the work with a mixture of techniques, including embroidery and ap- plique, and this, in turn, fed into the design stage. The design concept was further based on the expectation that the volunteers them- selves would bring not only their skill and PANEL 23 – Fireworks experience, but their own ideas and reflec- PANEL 22 – The Citizen Army Band PANEL 21 - James Byrne’s Funeral PANEL 20 – Food Distribution

PANEL 28 – Defet at the Polls PANEL 29 – Back To Work PANEL 30 - The Torch 18 Liberty • 1913 Lockout Special Feature

LOCKOUT: THE MAIN FIGURES. Hungry for justice: the first load of relief food is rolled on to the quay in Dublin in James Larkin 1913 Picture: UCC History Dept Multitext project Born in Liverpool in 1874, to Irish parents, Larkin left school at 11. From an early stage he embraced a strict moral vision: he did not drink or smoke, gamble or pilfer ship’s cargo and his socialism was imbued with this ethos. Sent to Belfast as an organiser for the National Union of Dock Labourers in 1907 Larkin led strikes involving both Protestant and Catholic workers. Clashing with the NUDL leadership, Larkin conceived of an Irish based union, catering for both skilled and unskilled and build- ing itself through the use of sym- pathetic strike action. The ITGWU was founded in 1909. In 1911 Larkin began publishing The Irish Worker, a radical weekly that regularly sold over 20,000 copies. The ITGWU also promoted a workers counter-cul- ture, with carnivals, sports and drama classes.

James Connolly Justice denied: A section of the crowd dressed in Born in Edinburgh’s Cowgate in period costume make their feelings clear at the 1868, Connolly left school at the 1913 commemoration on August 31st in Dublin age of 10 and worked in un- Picture: Congress skilled occupations until joining the British army in 1882. After leaving the army he worked again as a carter in Edinburgh and became active in socialist politics. Moving to Dublin in 1896 he es- The tablished the Irish Socialist Repub- lican Party. Largely self-educated, By he was a prolific writer and edi- Padraig tor. After a period in the United Yeates States he was back in Dublin dur- ing the Lockout, Connolly took over as acting secretary of the PADRAIG YEATES outlines ITGWU and commander of the the main events of the 1913 Citizen Army after Larkin left for America in 1914. Connolly was Lockout and why the core Commandant General of the re- issue of the great industrial publican forces in Easter 1916. dispute, recognition of workers’ right to collective bargaining, is still unresolved William Martin Murphy Born in Cork in 1845 to a middle- class family, Murphy became the HE Lockout Cente- tin Murphy, the first Catholic nation- Murphy, who had been an Irish tricts of the inner city. The Dublin most important business leader nary is important not alist to be elected President of the Party MP during the Land League Metropolitan Police, reinforced by in nationalist Ireland. A former just because it saw Chamber of Commerce. days and well understood the poten- the Royal Irish Constabulary, re- Home Rule MP, he refused a the birth of the mod- Murphy succeeded in uniting em- tial of social solidarity and mass mo- stored order with a level of brutality knighthood because Britain had ernT labour movement and the ployers, Catholic and Protestant, Na- bilisation, was determined to nip that even shocked some employers. not granted self-government to defeat of the most deter- tionalist and Unionist to attempt to Larkinism in the bud. It culminated in Bloody Sunday on Ireland. mined attempt by employers extirpate Larkinism from the city. When the ITGWU recruited mem- 31st August, 1913, when hundreds By 1913 he owned the Dublin ever undertaken in this coun- Jim Larkin, a Liverpool-Irish trade bers in his Dublin United Tramway of people were seriously injured. United Tramway Company, the try to crush mass trade union leader did not merely seek Company and Independent Newspa- The scale of the attacks shocked Irish Independent, Sunday Inde- unionism, but because it is a better pay and conditions for the per enterprises he systematically public opinion across Britain. The pendent, Evening Herald and the reminder of what we have city’s unskilled and semi-skilled purged them. Lockout became a battle over basic Irish Catholic newspapers, the failed to achieve since – the workers, he preached a revolution- When the tramway workers then democratic rights to free speech, Imperial Hotel and Clerys De- right to collective bargaining. ary socialist gospel based on the be- went on strike in pursuit of better freedom of association, freedom of partment Store. Murphy was pre- This is unfinished business and, lief that by coming together in one pay and conditions he locked them assembly and freedom of con- pared to negotiate with until we learn the lessons of the big union, workers could overthrow out. science. ‘respectable’ unions but spear- Lockout and these rights are se- capitalism and replace exploitation That was on 26th August, 1913. Undeterred by the bloodshed and headed the Dublin employers ef- cured, a major democratic deficit of man by man with a universal The city quickly became a cauldron violence, employers proceeded to fort to break the ITGWU because will continue to fester at the heart of brotherhood. of unrest fired by appalling housing demand that workers sign declara- he saw ‘Larkinism’ as threatening Irish society. It was this vision, articulated by conditions and the worst mortality tions that they were not members of the very basis of capitalist soci- The Lockout was a general offen- his magnificent oratory, that mo- rates in the United Kingdom, partic- the ITGWU, would immediately re- ety. sive by Dublin employers against the bilised thousands of workers who ularly for young children. sign if they were and would not as- infant Irish Transport and General had been impervious to earlier at- By 30th August, rioting had bro- sociate with ITGWU members if Workers Union led by William Mar- tempts to do so. ken out in all the working class dis- they were in other unions. Feature Liberty • 1913 Lockout Special 19

Heiton’s coal being delivered under mounted police Countess Markievicz escort on Sackville Street, 1913 (Irish Life magazine) Born Constance Gore-Booth in Picture: UCC History Dept Multitext project 1868, a member of a wealthy Anglo-Irish landed family from Sligo. After the breakdown of her marriage to a Polish nobleman, she became interested in radical politics. Markievicz was a strong supporter of the Irish Women Workers Union and approved of the ITGWU’s militant tactics. During the Lockout she ran soup kitchens at Liberty Hall and in inner-city areas. In 1914 Markievicz became honorary treasurer of the Citizen Army (ICA), and as a member of the ICA took part in the . Sentenced to death but reprieved, Markievicz was elected to West- minster as a Sinn Féin MP in 1918 and became Minister for Labour in the first Dáil.

Dora Montefiore Born into an upper-class English family in 1851, Montefiore was a supporter of women’s suffrage and a member of the Social Democratic Federation. She spoke alongside Larkin at a rally in support of the Dublin workers in London during October 1913 and afterwards discussed with him the idea of giving refuge to strikers’ children in homes in England. Larkin agreed and soon there were hundreds of offers of accommodation for the children. The 100 year war The Catholic Church and the press denounced the ‘kiddies scheme’ They rejected settlement propos- This was due in large part to a re- amid claims Catholic children were als from the Government’s special Big Bill Haywood (IWW), James Connolly and James Larkin strictive franchise which meant being sent to Protestant homes to spoke at a meeting organised by the Liverpool Trades Council most working class men were not el- tribunal chaired by Sir George in support of Dublin workers. Inset: William Martin Murphy be converted. Mobs prevented chil- igible to vote, and to a massive Askwith to end the dispute. Picture: UCC History Dept Multitext project dren from leaving Dublin port. media campaign by the Independent Employers isolated themselves Montefiore was arrested and group of newspapers, augmented by briefly, but found a new weapon in charged with kidnapping, though attacks from many of the Catholic the well-intended but poorly the case was later dropped. She re- clergy, but it was also down to tacti- thought-out proposal from Dora mained active in labour and social- cal political errors by the labour Montefiore to take strikers’ children ist politics until her death in 1933. to foster homes in Britain. movement itself and a belief that The Catholic Church condemned the justice of their cause was suffi- cient to secure victory. the scheme and put the trade union Sean O’Casey At a more fundamental level the movement in the city on the defen- Born in 1880 to a Protestant fam- Lockout resulted in one of the sive. ily, O’Casey was raised in Dublin’s paradoxes of modern Irish his- In the end, the Lockout became a north inner-city and worked as a war of attrition which could only tory in that defeat helped labourer for the Great Northern end in one way. Larkin tried to re- split the labour movement Railway. cruit the big battalions of British on national grounds. and Docks Board, one of the enter- than £7 for As a result, Irish workers O’Casey became involved with trade unionism to his cause in 1913. prises most affected, only fell by every £1 of The British TUC lacked both the fought in the vanguard of the ITGWU in 1911 and was soon 8.4%. the enemy). contributing articles to the Irish organisational power and the politi- the struggle for independ- Murphy’s Dublin United Tramway Facing de- ence but found themselves Worker. He was secretary of the cal capacity to win Dublin’s battles Company at the epicentre of the dis- feat, unions a small minority in the Free Women and Children’s Relief for it. The unions were simply out- pute saw profits fall by 16%, but the turned in- State, which was over- Fund during the Lockout and a matched by the employers. annual dividend was only cut by creasingly on whelmingly dominated by member of the Citizen Army. The figures speak for themselves. 0.5%. each other. farming and property-owning The TUC sent £93,000 in strike pay The cost of subsidising the Lock- Larkin and O’Casey resigned from the ICA in interests. and provisions to Dublin in 1913- out for allies of Dublin’s employers James Connolly a dispute over its relationship Today the labour movement is 1914 and at least another £13,000 was less than £20,000, with the accused the TUC with the Irish Volunteers. After came from other sources. largest amounts coming from the leadership of selling much larger and has more potential 1918, O’Casey was best-known as But lost wages in Dublin are esti- British Shipping Federation, the En- them out, while TUC leaders accused than ever before, but it still lacks a a writer and dramatist, his most mated at £400,000. Businesses suf- gineering Federation and Lord Larkin of destroying the unity of the coherent strategy and ideology to ef- famous plays such as ‘Juno and fered more in absolute financial Iveagh, head of the Guinness dy- movement. fectively challenge the status quo. the Paycock’ and ‘The Plough and terms with losses of approximately nasty. The last straw came in the Dublin Nor has it drawn all the lessons it the Stars’ dealing with life in £2.3 million. But this was widely In other words, for every £5 spent municipal elections of January 1914 needs from 1913. inner-city tenement Dublin. when a slate of 10 ‘Larkinite’ candi- Padraig Yeates is a journalist and histo- spread and, as Murphy constantly by the TUC on class war in Dublin, rian. His book Lockout: Dublin 1913 is reminded workers, the employers the enemy was spending £1. (Some dates secured 70% of the vote the definitive account of the conflict and has could still afford three square meals commentators calculate total British secured by nationalist councillors been republished by Gill & Macmillan. He is Compiled by Brian Hanley a day. The revenue of the Dublin Port trade union aid at £150,000 or more but won only one seat. the co-ordinator of the 1913 Committee. 20 Liberty • 1913 Lockout Special Feature

Left: a group of mostly barefoot children stand with a woman in By Summerhill, near Gardiner Street in Dublin, ca 1913. Above: a disinfecting van in Dublin in 1911. Below: Lady Aberdeen, who Catríona started a campaign against tuberculosis. Crowe Photos courtesy of RSAI; North Inner City Folklore Project

hile Dublin may have been re- garded as the "second city" of Wthe British Empire in the 19th century, the Dublin of 1911 had Dublin 100 years ago: death, the worst housing conditions of any city in the United King- dom. And its extensive slums were not limited to the back- streets or to impoverished ghettos: they also incorporated disease and overcrowding great Georgian houses on the capital's previously fashionable streets and squares. ciation for the Prevention of Tuber- thousand was 22.3; in London it census return for the Richmond Fe- up of the prison population. Overcrowding was rife, with culosis and the Women’s National was just 15.6. In particular, child- male Lunatic Asylum in Upper The prisons of Dublin, including 26,000 families living in tenement Health Association launched a cam- birth was life-threatening for many Grangegorman lists 900 patients, Mountjoy and Gloucester Street, houses, and 20,000 of those living in paign of education and eradication, mothers. Geographical location and suffering from such illnesses as were home to hundreds of petty single-room dwellings. One house with travelling wagons that dissem- social class were major determining melancholia, paranoia, mania, de- criminals, invariably from the in Henrietta Street was home to 104 inated information. factors in mortality. Babies mentia, imbecility and poorer areas of the city, but Dublin people in 1911. Some unkind wags referred to born in urban areas epilepsy, which was was not regarded as particularly A housing inquiry in 1914 found Lady Aberdeen as “Lady Microbe”, were twice as vulner- wrongly believed to be crime-ridden. There was some seri- that 16 members of Dublin Corpo- mocking her zeal for the eradication able as those born a mental illness. ous crime, however, and the prison ration owned tenements and it was of germs. However, these initiatives in the country- Crime in Dublin records document men in custody clear that Corporation members in- had considerable success, bringing side: the urban was more associ- for indecent assault, conspiracy to tervened to foil the enforcement of down the numbers dying from TB. infant mortality ated with petty extort money, shop-breaking, regulations against their properties. Between 1905 and 1918, better eco- rate was 150 theft than with manslaughter and infanticide. The Corporation did attempt a nomic and social conditions, im- per 1,000 live violence, and Typically for a city in which large number of successful social housing proved standards of domestic births, while in the city was no- numbers of men lived away from projects, including one on Benburb hygiene and public recognition of rural areas it table for high home and where female poverty Street and Corporation Buildings off the dangers of infection combined was 74 per levels of public was rampant, prostitution was a the north quays. Other initiatives to reduce the death rate from TB by 1,000. drunkenness and thriving business in Dublin. Reli- from the Dublin Artisans’ Dwelling about a quarter. A baby born disorder. In 1910 gious organisations – both Protes- Company and the Iveagh Trust pro- Other threats included typhoid, into the family of a there were 2,462 tant and Catholic – frequently vided greatly improved housing for dysentery and other diseases labourer was 17 times charges of drunken- attempted to close brothels in the the working-class, but these were mainly caused by overcrowding, un- more likely to die within ness in the Dublin Metro- city, while a number of the now in- necessarily limited in scale. sanitary living conditions, poor nu- a year than was the child of a politan police district, while a famous Magdalene asylums at- Tuberculosis (TB) was the biggest trition and lack of hygiene. Families professional. total of 3,758 people were drunk tempted to "save" or "reform" health threat, killing more than were large: 36% of married women Sufferers of mental illness often when they were taken into custody. women who worked the streets. 12,000 people a year nationally. in 1911 had seven children or more. ended up in one of the city’s asy- The nature of crime in the city Brothels, or "kip-houses" as they Many of these were in Dublin, The death rate in Dublin per lums or in the workhouse. The 1911 was naturally reflected in the make- were known locally, were an estab- where the disease spread easily lished feature of life in tenement through overcrowded tenements, areas. The Monto district around mainly among those in the 15-25 Gloucester Street was the best age group. A housing inquiry in 1914 found that 16 members of Dublin known home to prostitutes in the Lady Aberdeen, wife of the Lord Corporation owned tenements and it was clear that city, but there were also well-known Lieutenant, started a campaign brothels around the docks and in against TB. Germ theory was still Corporation members intervened to foil the enforcement of the south inner city. poorly understood, and people still Caitríona Crowe is editor of 'Dublin believed that “the white plague” regulations against their properties 1911', published by the Royal Irish was hereditary. The National Asso- Academy Feature Liberty • 1913 Lockout Special 21 The Lockout and the Church Archbishop of Dublin Dr Diarmuid Martin By reflects on the role of the Catholic Church Dr Diarmuid Martin during the 1913 Lockout, and that of his predecessor William Walsh

uch has been said not happy that Catholic children necessaries in their own homes, and written were being sent to Britain, where rather than by wasting it on ship- about the role of there was uncertainty as to the peo- ping them backwards and forwards the Church dur- ple they would stay with. to England." He quotes from a letter he re- The Archbishop acknowledged Ming the Lockout of 1913, espe- ceived from a man in Lancashire the good work being carried out by cially concerning the who had enclosed a cheque for £5: religious and lay organisations relocation of children. There "It seems to me that anyone who re- throughout the city. Many mislead- is no doubt that the available ally desires to assist these children ing statements had been uttered documentary evidence shows would do much more good by giving from public platforms regarding that many clergymen, includ- money to provide food and other this work. He said these had been ing some bishops, did not listened to in "cowardly silence" by support the workers or what the people whose children had been fed and clothed by the charities. they were trying to achieve. He also challenged the city offi- A number of letters from priests cials, asking what they were doing, to archbishops of the time refer to especially in relation to the slum the strikers as "scum of the slums". conditions prevailing throughout The women and girls were de- the city. He said the plight of the scribed as "barbarian maniacs" while children was a problem for all of so- praise was given to the police for ciety and not one that solely had to being ‘so restrained’. be resolved by the Church. What should be remembered is The following Sunday, 2nd No- that in the midst of all this there vember, a church collection was were Christian people who were not taken up in the archdiocese, which swayed by either side. One of these yielded almost £2,436. A further individuals was Archbishop William £2,048 was contributed through a Images above: Draft letter from Archbishop William Walsh to Dora Montefiore, Walsh. public appeal, while the National regarding her efforts to organise refuge for Dublin children with families in the UK. Walsh was Archbishop of Dublin Pilgrimage to Lourdes gave its sur- from 1885 to 1921. Archives record plus fund of almost £2,000. Each him as having regularly sought the parish set up a committee to chan- views and opinions of others, but he nel these funds to the most needy. was not afraid to be an independent People wrote to During the months of November, thinker, something which was obvi- December, January and half of Feb- ous during the Lockout of 1913. the Archbishop ruary, between 9,000 and 10,000 Archbishop Walsh had been children were provided with a meal abroad recovering from a long ill- imploring him to or meals each day. The total amount ness. His secretary, Fr Michael Cur- spent on food was £2,996. Children ran, kept him up-to-date on all the intervene and were also provided with clothes, activities of Jim Larkin and the trade with a total of £3,319 spent on unions. He received the newspapers help find a clothing. daily and, while Fr Curran was very resolution. The Diocesan Archive recalls how much against the workers and the people contributed money from strike, Walsh seems to have been a Others wrote to across the world and from various voice of reason. Christian faiths. Others wrote to the On 27th October 1913, Walsh is- speak their Archbishop imploring him to inter- sued an address entitled, ‘The vene in the dispute and help find a Dublin Children’s Distress Fund: mind about the resolution. the Society of St Vincent de Paul’. inaction of some Others wrote to speak their mind This was the date on which he es- about the inaction of some priests tablished the fund to help feed and priests and and voiced their bitterness. The clothe the children. He donated workers, claimed one correspon- £100 at the inauguration and voiced their dent, "show a grander and nobler handed in a further £22.8.0, which spirit, are more truly followers of had been sent to him from people bitterness the Lowly Nazarene than you or Locked out workers rally at Butt Bridge on the quays in 1913. all over Ireland and the UK. your black coated brethren’. Walsh did acknowledge he was Picture: National Library of Ireland 22 Liberty • 1913 Lockout Special Nationwide

1913 Timeline (continued from page 9) 12 DECEMBER Connolly phones Ernest Guinness and asks if he will take back boatmen Wexford’s iron men faced down dismissed in October for refusing to handle ‘tainted’ goods. Request re- jected. Jacob’s also rejects pleas by Connolly to take back strikers. Re- newed violence erupts as strikers react angrily to developments and strike-breakers fire on them. the foundry owners... 17 DECEMBER A Joint Labour Board delegation arrives for a last attempt to resolve the dispute. It meets with all the unions at the Dublin Trades Council Hall in Capel St. The delegates demand full reinstatement.

18 DECEMBER The meeting resumes and agreement is reached which represents considerable movement by the unions from their demand for immedi- ate reinstatement of all union members. Talks resume with employers in the Shelbourne Hotel while a few streets away serious shooting in- cidents occur. In one of them a leading ship broker, John Holwey, is shot accidentally by a strike-breaker as he passes an affray on Pool- beg Street. In the other incident a strike-breaker fires his revolver into the roadway in front of a crowd as a warning and a ricochet hits 16-year-old Alicia Brady in the hand.

19 DECEMBER President Michael D. Higgins unveiling the commemorative sculpture by Wexford Artist Peter Hodnett on the commemoration of the The Daily Herald publishes an appeal from Larkin calling on ‘rank and 1911 Lockout in the Faythe Wexford on Saturday 12th May 2012. From left to right Pat Collins, Town clerk, Wexford Borough Council file’ trade unionists to repudiate ‘a black and foul conspiracy’ by the Sabina Higgins, President Higgins, Peter Hodnett, Artist and former ITGWU member, Mayor of Wexford Councillor David Hynes. TUC to betray Dublin. EXFORD’S indus- the industry in Wexford. Contemporary police reports re- 22 DECEMBER trialised character The result was that over 700 men veal how the authorities in 1911 had The TUC ships £9,009 8s 9d worth of food to Dublin for the Christmas was unique in were thrown out of their employ- barely come to terms with the rela- ment. In September 1911, Michael holiday period. The shipment is accompanied by James Seddon, one southern Ireland tively recent status of legality W O’Leary, an innocent bystander, died granted to trade unions by a series of of Larkin’s principal targets in his attacks on the TUC. and derived from the town’s seafaring and trading links from wounds sustained in a baton enactments culminating in the Trade charge after police reinforcements 23 DECEMBER with Bristol. Disputes Act of 1906. were brought in to the town. In February 1912, James Connolly Bailiffs try to evict Larkin’s family from their rented home at 27 The foundry industry had become A bitter and prolonged dispute de- well established in the town by the brokered a settlement to the dispute. veloped. The workers received sup- Auburn Street. He is out on union business, but his wife Elizabeth bar- end of the nineteenth century. The foundry men were allowed to ricades the doors and refuses to leave. Solicitors for the ITGWU obtain In June 1911, dockworkers became port from friendly societies, local combine in the Irish Foundry Work- a stay of execution. the first members of the ITGWU in newspapers and shopkeepers upon ers’ Union (IFWU), an associate of Wexford and soon after ironworkers whom they depended for credit the ITGWU. All the workers were al- through the winter months. 29 DECEMBER in the foundries were joining the lowed to return to work apart from union. The local GAA also supported the Two hundred workers at the Morgan Mooney fertiliser plant in the workers, staging challenge matches Richard Corish, who instead became Alexandra Basin become the first large contingent of ITGWU manufac- The foundry disputes stemmed secretary of the IFWU. from the dismissal of a known union to raise funds. However, the Catholic turing workers to abandon the strike. Larkin managed to ensure they hierarchy condemned the ITGWU Connolly told the workers that member by Pierce’s foundry in Au- they were returning to work as: “A return on their old pay and conditions. gust 1911. The recourse to a lockout and its members. In December 1911, Richard Corish was convicted, along body united, joined together, realis- on the part of foundry owners was a ing what their position is… one pre-emptive blow aimed at ensuring with another local activist, Richard solid body to act in unity for a com- that the newly emergent ITGWU Furlong, and the ITGWU’s organiser would not get itself established in P.T. Daly for actions taken in pursuit mon purpose.” 1914 of the dispute. 4 JANUARY The ITGWU buries its latest martyr, Alicia Brady. The teenage Jacob’s Cork's 1909 lockout foreshadowed 1913 factory worker had contracted tetanus from her gunshot wound By Lúcás Ó Duinnín received on 18 December and died on New Year’s Day. Thousands follow her funeral cortege from her home to Glasnevin cemetery, THE 1909 lockout in Cork City were locked out by employers main united and well-organised was short-lived, but it was an across the city. under William Martin Murphy. It where Connolly says ‘Every scab and every employer of scab labour Workers marched through Cork demonstrated that “organised in Dublin is morally responsible for the death of the young girl we event that influenced the ac- tions of both unions and em- on successive days from 23rd to ruthlessness” against the ITGWU have just buried’. 26th June. By 1st July 1909, some was the road to victory. ployers in the run-up to the 6,000 men were either on strike or The ITGWU also learned that it 5 JANUARY Dublin Lockout four years locked out and sacked from their needed major financial resources The Commission into the Dublin Disturbances opens. Augustine Birrell later. jobs. The Cork Employers’ Federa- to support its members on a pro- On Thursday 10th June, 1909, tion began to employ blacklegs or longed strike or lockout. reneges on a promise to appoint a working class representative and several coal porters affiliated to Workers’ Union men, which led to During the Cork strike, James Larkin tells trade unionists not to testify before what he predicts will the ITGWU at a company called serious animosity. Fearon of the ITGWU organised a be a whitewashing exercise. Messrs Sutton walked off their Strike pay for unionised labour protective militia among the work- jobs as a result of being forced to was minimal, while many workers ers to protect them from the at- 7 JANUARY work alongside others from the received no income at all. With tacks of the RIC and imported The Parliamentary Committee of the TUC finds there is only £1,500 in British-based Workers’ Union of workers' protests being met with vi- blacklegs. This was possibly the Great Britain and Ireland. hand for the Dublin strike fund and writes to William O’Brien, treas- olence from the RIC, the strike and first time the Irish working class What started as inter-union hos- lockout fell apart in the early days had come together for the purpose urer of the Dublin strike committee, informing him that ‘remittances tility led to a prolonged and vi- of July 1909. The lockout left Cork’s of mutual self-defence. for this week would be the only ones that could be forwarded to meet cious labour war across Cork city. labour movement in a shambolic The emergence of the Irish Citi- the strike pay of the Dublin workers unless the rank and file re- According to the Cork Constitu- state. zen Army in Dublin in 1913 may tion newspaper, some 500 police- sponded more generously’. Food shipments continue until February. These events in Cork influenced have owed its gestation to the ear- men occupied Cork by 18th June to the formation in 1911 of the lier organised efforts to protect prevent the growing violence. By Dublin Employers' Federation, workers from the baton charges in 22nd June thousands of workers with employers determined to re- Cork. Continued on page 23 Nationwide Liberty • 1913 Lockout Special 23

1913 Timeline (continued from page 22) 13 JANUARY West’s awake... how Sligo Larkinites hold a torch-lit procession through the city. 14 JANUARY Polling day in the municipal elections.

15 JANUARY strike set scene for what When the votes are counted, the Larkinites secure 12,026 votes to 16,627 for the Nationalists (Irish Party), but only win one seat. The property franchise means a lot of workers do not have a vote. Never- theless, the Larkinites came within 150 votes of winning four seats. followed The one successful candidate was Henry Donnelly of the Coach- builders’ union, who won a seat in the Labour stronghold of New Kil- Months before the Dublin Lockout, the ITGWU staged a successful mainham. docks strike in Sligo. History lecturer JOHN CUNNINGHAM looks 16 JANUARY at a dispute where the use of scab labour became a significant factor A convoy of coal carts belonging to Heiton & Company is attacked by a mob on Abbey Street. Five free labourers are beaten ‘unmercifully’. N SEVERAL respects, the scale to the later Dublin conflict. Sligo strike of March to The introduction by Jackson of 17 JANUARY June 1913 anticipated the strike-breakers from Liverpool on Two free labourers, Thomas Harten and George Maguire, leave the safety of Dublin lockout. Sligo 26th March would have tragic conse- the Employers’ Federation House at 2 Beresford Place to go for a drink. I quences. was much smaller than They are attacked on the quays. Harten is kicked to death and Maguire Dublin – with a population of Several hundred police could not badly beaten. Police charge Thomas Daly, an unemployed coal labourer, 11,000 in 1911 – but its dom- prevent women and girls, armed with Harten’s murder. He is already facing assault charges over attacks on with sticks, from boarding the SS inant employer was as deter- two other ‘scabs’. The murder case against him quickly collapses, but he is Liverpool and assaulting the 29 mined an opponent of trade given two years on assault charges. unionism as William Martin scabs. Nearby, ITGWU member, Patrick Murphy. 18 JANUARY Arthur Jackson operated the Dunbar, received a fatal blow to the head. Dunbar’s local strikebreaking Strikers gather at Croydon Park where Larkin advises them to go back Pollexfen family enterprises, includ- to work on the best terms available. His one injunction to them is not ing the Sligo Steam Navigation Com- assailant was subsequently charged to sign the form renouncing the ITGWU. The next day 1,000 dockers try pany. with murder but acquitted on grounds of self-defence. to return to work. Only half are taken back. By 1913, he was a veteran union regime (unionised employees only) buster, having driven out the Na- The tragic death of Dunbar at the port. prompted outside intervention, but 19 JANUARY tional Union of Dock Labourers Frustrated, he set about preparing (NUDL) in 1891, and maintained a Jackson resisted the appeals of The SS Hare brings one of the final food consignments to Dublin. Huge to drive out the ITGWU, just as he queues gather outside Liberty Hall next morning for food tickets. non-union regime for 20 years by had driven out the NUDL. mayor, bishop, and the Board of favouring certain stevedores and Trade. Like William Martin Murphy 21 JANUARY work gangs, thereby preventing would do, Jackson liaised with the Then, suddenly, on 6th May 1913, workers from making common The TUC Parliamentary Committee tells Larkin and fellow Dublin strike authorities, and arranged a supply of he conceded completely, evidently cause. leaders that no further material aid would be forthcoming. There are vio- strikebreaking ‘scab’ labour. accepting that he could not over- Reaching Sligo in September 1911, lent clashes in the city. One of the worst is when a group of strike-break- Preparations made, he set about come the determination of the the ITGWU organised local dockyard ers arriving in a body for work at Tedcastle & McCormick’s is attacked on provoking a strike. ITGWU members, a determination and mill labourers. Dockworker, First he had unionised sailors Tara Street. They are subjected to a shower of bricks, bottles and stones. reinforced by the killing of Dunbar. John Lynch, was appointed organ- sacked and prosecuted, and replaced Shots are fired on both sides. Twelve strikers are arrested. Following this iser. The local bishop preached The 1913 union victory in Sligo them by local scab labour. He contin- incident Tedcastle & McCormick reopen talks on a return to work, as do against the union and against James was significant – among the major ued to act provocatively until most other companies. Larkin when he came to speak, but Sligo workers had gone on strike achievements of the ITGWU in the workers paid no heed. rather than handle ‘tainted goods’. view of James Larkin. 23 JANUARY In June 1912, employers were sur- The writer is a history lecturer NUI Gal- With up to a thousand workers and The collapse of the Lockout overshadows the mayoral election on Dublin prised by a strike and Jackson was their families affected, the eight- way, joint editor of Saothar, journal of Irish obliged to concede a ‘closed shop’ Labour History, and a long-time workplace Corporation. William Partridge launches a ferocious attack on the re- week-long strike was comparable in representative for the ITGWU and SIPTU. elected Mayor, Lorcan Sherlock, for his betrayal of workers.

27 JANUARY The annual general meeting of the Dublin Chamber of Commerce gives a vote of thanks to William Martin Murphy on his Presidency and Sligo strike martyr remembered commissions William Orpen to paint his portrait. 31 JANUARY A plaque and gravestone in ise, to freedom of association, memory of ITGWU member to participate in collective The United Building Labourers’ Union members return to work and Patrick Dunbar were unveiled bargaining, to respect and agree to sign pledges renouncing the ITGWU. in Sligo during August. dignity at work, to be heard Patrick was killed during a and listened to, is as relevant 16 FEBRUARY confrontation with strike- today as it was when Patrick The report of the Commission on the Dublin breakers in March 1913 dur- Dunbar was laid to rest 100 Disturbances is published and is indeed a whitewash exercise. ing the Sligo Dock Strike and years ago.” was buried in Sligo Cemetery SIPTU Sligo District Commit- 1 JUNE without a gravestone. tee secretary, John McCarrick, Larkin is elected President of the Irish Trade Union Congress. He tells del- At the dedication of the said: “The Sligo Dock Strike egates, ‘The employers know no sectionalism. The employers gave us the gravestone erected by the ended in a victory for the title of “the working class”. Let us be proud of the term. . . . Let us be SIPTU Sligo District Commit- workers. This meant only comrades in the true sense of the word and join with our brothers the tee, on Thursday, 29th Au- trade union members could world over to advance the cause of the class to which we belong’. gust, SIPTU General President be employed on Sligo Docks, Jack O’Connor addressed a something that pertained large crowd of local trade until the last dockers were union and political activists. made redundant a few years He said: “The right to organ- ago.” 24 Liberty • 1913 Lockout Special Evictions

The mural on Merchant's Road was adapted by local artist Arthur Kavanagh from a photograph of the evictions. It includes a Starry Plough, a red hand union badge and lyrics from The Day They Set Jim Larkin Free. Picture: East Wall History Group Mural revives legacy of East Wall evictions By Joe Mooney

uring the 1913 ing company "ejectment notices" also performed. James Connolly ago, and artist Arthur Kavanagh Coombes family, who are justifi- Lockout more than since October with legal assistance Heron, great-grandson of James has skilfully created the illusion of ably proud of their family history. 60 workers and supplied by the ITGWU but at the Connolly, and the Fintan Lalor the eviction scene fitting in realis- While people still debate the tically between the existing their families were end of November the company got Pipe Band also participated. "success" or "failure" of the Lock- D legal approval to evict them. The centrepiece of the commem- houses. out, here is something worth con- evicted from company-owned Despite being the largest single oration was the spectacular mural, Some of those evicted in Decem- sidering: an ITGWU membership houses in Dublin's East Wall, eviction in the city’s history and painted by local artist Arthur Ka- ber 1913 found temporary shelter list of Merchants Carters, drawn and the houses were then despite the sheer scale of the suf- vanagh. The mural is based on a in tents set up nearby, while others up in 1915, includes the names of handed over to scabs. fering, it was virtually unrecorded photograph of the evictions, with were taken into the already over- some of those evicted, and shows Up to 300 men, women and chil- for almost 100 years. That is, until a top panel that includes a Starry crowded homes of other workers. there was an influx of new union dren were made homeless by their 15th September, 2013 when a Plough, a red hand union badge Many would eventually settle members in that year. employer/landlord, the Merchants major community commemoration and lyrics from Black 47’s The Day down nearby throughout the north Less than two years after the Warehousing Company on 4th De- took place, with a mural and They Set Jim Larkin Free. docks. A century later, their de- evictions, some of the evicted scendants still live locally, includ- cember, 1913. On a wet and windy plaque unveiled to ensure that The houses on Merchant's Road workers had got their jobs back and ing numerous members of the day they showed their defiance by these families and their sacrifice look much as they did a century remained in the union, which was singing union songs at the bailiffs would never be forgotten. still recruiting within the company. and cheering for James Larkin. It was a very emotional event, That is a victory, one of so many we The men had been locked out of with descendants of two of the Less than two years after the owe to the workers of 1913. their work since September 1913 evicted families, the Coombes and Joe Mooney is a community ac- but, despite the hardship, their Dunnes, performing the unveil- evictions, some of those evicted had tivist and SIPTU shop steward. loyalty to the ITGWU had re- ings. Members of the local Drama got their jobs back and remained in For more on the evictions see the mained. Among their number were and Variety group sang lockout-era history section of: members of the newly-formed Cit- songs, just as the evictees had. A the union, which was still recruiting www.eastwallforall.ie izen Army, including Daniel Court- recently re-discovered 1913 ballad If you have any information on ney, who lived at 1 Merchant's The Bold Labour Men, written by within the company. That is a victory. other evicted families contact: Road. The families had been fight- locked-out local Joe O’Grady was [email protected] Tenement Collapse Liberty • 1913 Lockout Special 25 Victims of Church Street tenement collapse remembered at cemetery

By Padraig Yeates

The deaths of seven people in ICTU Assistant General Secretary the Church Street tenement Sally Anne Kinahan said: “There collapse in Dublin in Septem- was a direct link between the ap- ber 1913 were marked at a palling housing conditions in Dublin, some of the worst in Eu- commemoration at their rope at the time, and the low-wage graves in Glasnevin Cemetery economy. on 2nd September last. “Unskilled workers, who made Speaking at the event, which was up over a quarter of the adult male organised by ICTU’s 1913 Commit- population, could not afford decent tee, the Lord Mayor of Dublin, housing or adequate food and Oisín Quinn, described the col- clothing for their families. lapse as the single greatest tragedy “The high infant mortality rates of the Dublin Lockout. “Following in particular, from preventable dis- on Bloody Sunday 1913, the stark- eases, can be traced directly to the est and most tragic event was the filthy, insanitary conditions in collapse of 66 and 67 Church Street which at least 20,000 families were less than 48 hours later. consigned to live. “The death toll would have been “The fight by Jim Larkin and the much greater if it had happened at ITGWU for the right to collective bargaining was a strategy of self- help to secure a greater share of the The deaths of fruits of their labour. The issue is as alive today as it was then. Once Eugene and more we are seeing those in vulner- Elizabeth Salmon able, low-paid occupations being locked out of decent employment were particularly and, consequently, a decent life for tragic. Eugene had their families and themselves. “The Government initiative to in- been locked out at troduce new legislation on collec- Jacob's Biscuit tive bargaining, as promised in the Programme for Government, is factory and ran very much to be welcomed as the into the crumbling key that can unlock this strategy of exclusion to which so many of our tenement in an citizens are subjected.” unsuccessful Dr Mary McAuliffe of UCD and the Stoneybatter and Smithfield Houses adjoining 66 and 67 attempt to save his People’s History Project said the Church St in Dublin following the tragic collapse on 2nd public outcry after the Church St September 1913. Photo courtesy of RSAI sister disaster “focused attention on the dire living conditions of Dublin’s working class and resulted in a night, when nearly 100 people British government inquiry into would have been present in the housing conditions in November of buildings. 1913. “It would also have been much “As the locked-out workers greater if the Capuchin Friars, who walked the picket lines, their fami- still do wonderful work in the com- lies lived in some of the most unhy- munity, had not organised a chil- gienic, overcrowded, disease-ridden dren's party that afternoon.” tenements in Europe; the fabric of Those killed were Eugene Sam- these tenements had been seri- mon (17), Elizabeth Sammon (4½), ously neglected by their landlords, Nicholas Fitzpatrick (40), Elizabeth and many stood close to collapse. Fagan (50), John Shiels (3), Peter “Several inquests into the ap- Crowley (6) and Margaret Rourke palling housing conditions in (55). Dublin had been held prior to The deaths of Eugene and Eliza- 1913, but it took a tragedy to force beth Sammon were particularly the issue to the attention of the tragic. Eugene had been locked out powers that be”. Lord Mayor of Dublin Oisín at Jacob's Biscuit factory and ran Mark Toner, Pipe Major with Quinn, and (left) Mark Toner, a piper with Dublin Fire Brigade, at into the crumbling tenement in an Dublin Fire Brigade, played a the commemoration in Glasnevin unsuccessful attempt to save his lament at the gravesides. Cemetery on 2nd September. sister. 26 Liberty • 1913 Lockout Special Review Stunning theatre that brings history to life

Members of ANÚ theatre company perform scenes from Living the Lockout at No 14 Henrietta Street during the summer. Picture: Leon Farrell/Photocall

LONG with the 1913 Scripted in three scenes and Docklands, the Luas and Tapestry project, one staged on the ground floor of No Markievicz Leisure Centre. of the lead SIPTU- 14, it told the story of the Lockout Thirteen involved a new per- sponsored events in and its effect on four tenement- formance each day from 9th to Athe Centenary programme dwellers. The story was sometimes 21st September. Therefore you has been the Living the Lock- harrowing and always stunning. could go up to Dublin Castle to see The attention to period detail, Inquiry, a powerful drama based out experience. Devised by on the Askwith Tribunal into the the award-winning ANÚ the- the minimalist setting and a back- ground soundscape of tenement 1913 Lockout. You could then pro- atre company, it represented ceed to Collins Barracks for Incite- life all complemented the out- scenes from the Lockout as it ment, an innovative and engaging affected people in an authen- standing dramatic skills of this so- piece about contemporary life and tic tenement house of the pe- cially-engaged group, led by Louise youth emigration. riod, No 14 Henrietta Street. Lowe and Owen Boss. Over at the Markievicz Leisure The experience originated with a No one who visited will be likely Centre on Townsend Street, there proposal for a permanent tene- to forget it. Some said they learned was a re-enactment of the “Save ment museum, inspired by a visit more about the Lockout from their No one who visited will be likely to the Kiddies” scheme which in turn to the New York Lower East Side 45 minutes in Henrietta Street led you to Liberty Hall for Suasion. Tenement Museum, and put for- than in all their years in school. forget it. Some said they learned This was a tremendous experi- ward by the same SIPTU/1913 Among the hundreds of visitors ence of ensemble acting, set in the Committee team that devised the were former residents of No 14; more about the Lockout from their soup kitchen of the time and rep- Tapestry project. That proposal film director Jim Sheridan; critics 45 minutes in Henrietta Street than resenting some of the major char- still remains to be delivered upon. Fintan O'Toole and Martina De- acters from the Lockout, including However, with the involvement vlin; Ministers Leo Varadkar and in all their years in school Jim Larkin, Rosie Hackett, Helena of Congress, Dublin City Council, Joe Costello; MEP Emer Costello; Moloney, PT Daly and Dora Monte- the owners of No 14 and the Irish the Cuban ambassador Teresita fiore. Heritage Trust, the idea was devel- Trujillo and President Michael D ing the Lockout, ANÚ (supported This involved putting on 13 dif- This cutting-edge company was oped further into what turned out Higgins. by ICTU/SIPTU among others) also ferent site-specific events reflect- described by Fintan O’Toole in the to be a sold-out programme of Building on the success of their staged an ambitious project, Thir- ing the Lockout and related issues Irish Times as “Ireland’s best pub- seven daily performances, six earlier work in Laundry (about the teen, as one of the major produc- at various locations, including Lib- lic theatre”. That they should re- days a week for nine weeks of the Magdelene Laundries) and The tions of the Dublin Fringe Festival erty Hall, Dublin Castle, Collins main so is to the benefit of us all. summer. Boys of Foley Street, as well as Liv- in September. Barracks, Temple Bar, Dublin Michael Halpenny Reviews Liberty • 1913 Lockout Special 27

Tenements in Dublin: the Askwith inquiry people's history played out on screen air raid shelter on Gardiner Street HE Inquiry, a dra- formance encompasses both Larkin's shaped modern Dublin. to allow some old women to get to matic re-creation of fiery and abrasive rhetoric and his The BAI-funded production was safety on the night of the North the Askwith Inquiry deep-seated sense of morality. directed by documentary-maker Strand bombs. into the 1913 Lock- James Connolly (played by well- Brian Gray (Meeting Room, Tapestry, T known stage actor Patrick O'Don- The second is about a young fel- out, is Dublin Community Stailc 1913), written by Turlough nell) is highlighted as a steely, low who was naive enough to trust Television's first foray into Kelly of DCTV's Dole TV and shot in an infamous Garda from Store feature-length drama. analytical foil to the passionate and three days at the offices of the Tech- Street who asked him to do gardaí The film recreates the dramatic demonstrative Larkin. Timothy Healy a favour by lining up in an identity events of the Board of Trade Inquiry KC (screen veteran Gerry O'Brien) nical Engineering and Electrical parade. He got six years in an in- chaired by Sir George Askwith at puts the case for the Employers' Union in central Dublin. dustrial school when an old lady Dublin Castle during the autumn of Federation with forceful relish. The Inquiry is a co-production picked him out for stealing her 1913. The film climaxes with Larkin's with theatre group Anú, and fea- handbag! Convened in a forlorn attempt to famous and tense cross-examination tured in their acclaimed Thirteen The diverse range of stories are resolve the dispute, the Askwith In- of William Martin Murphy (Bosco cycle during the Dublin Fringe Festi- quiry brought Jim Larkin face-to-face gathered under chapter headings Hogan, one of Ireland's foremost val, which saw Murray reprising his with his nemesis William Martin such as sickness, religion, money, stage and screen actors), followed by role as Jim Larkin. food, school and the law. This pro- Murphy, the city's leading and most a brilliant and impassioned rendi- Further screenings of The Inquiry vides a fluent and informative hardline employer, for the first time. tion of Larkin's iconic final address read that captures the lived expe- The film balances fidelity to the to the tribunal. are planned over the autumn/winter rience of entire communities. The existing (though incomplete) docu- Sharp, high-definition black-and- period, and further details can be ob- Dublin Tenements book is well-edited and includes mentary record of the proceedings white visuals echo the stark and tained by contacting DCTV, visiting By Terry Fagan numerous fine photographs. with a fast-paced narrative thrust. irreconcilable differences between http://dctv.ie/, or via The Inquiry Stephen Murray's remarkable per- and the North Inner City Dublin Tenements by Terry the parties to the dispute which page on Facebook. Folklore Project Fagan and the North Inner city Folklore Project is being distrib- THE North Inner City Folk- uted by Easons nationwide and is lore project has recently pub- also available at easons.ie. lished an important and Dave Connolly unique book documenting local memories of life in Dublin’s notorious tene- ments. Written by local his- torian Terry Fagan, Dublin Tenements includes the tes- timonies of more than 40 people who lived in the most While the book appalling housing conditions from the early 1920s to the effectively Passionate performance: Face to face: Larkin squares up to late 1970s. Stephen ‘Jed’Murray as Jim Larkin William Martin Murphy in The Inquiry The interviews with some of the oldest residents in the north inner dismisses the ‘we city were recorded by Fagan over the past 20 years and provide were poor but we some of the most graphic and de- tailed descriptions of the hard- were happy’ ships endured in raising large families, often in single-room ten- myth, it is An Ghaeilge agus 1913 ement flats. Despite the sometimes harrow- impossible not to By Aindrias Ó Cathasaigh ing testimony, the sense of a shared experience and community Bhí Micheál Ó Maoláin as Árainn solidarity shines through. feel heartened by Ní i mBéarla amháin a thit cúr- saí amach i 1913. Dúradh a lan ina thimire ag an ITGWU, agus While the book effectively dis- chaith sé cupla mí i bpríosún i misses the “we were poor but we the sometimes i nGaeilge freisin faoin bh- frithdhúnadh agus na ceis- 1913 as ucht “imeaglú” a were happy” myth, it is impossi- dhéanamh ar dhíoltóir nach ble not to feel heartened by the humorous teanna a d’eascair as. bpléifeadh leis an gceardchumann. sometimes humorous reminis- Bhí go leor tuairiscí ar an stailc Is beag aird atá tugtha ar thaobh cences of otherwise tragic circum- reminiscences of ar An Claidheamh Soluis, páipéar na Gaeilge den fhrithdhúnadh, ach stances. Chonradh na Gaeilge, chomh tá léargas breise le fáil ann. Is gné Many of the tragic comic occur- otherwise tragic maith le díospóireacht faoin Lorcá- eile de scéal 1913 é atá ag teacht rences involved conflict with the nachas. chun solais leis an gcomóradh. forces of the law. Two such stories circumstances Fiú an Daily Herald, páipéar na stand out. heite clé i Sasana, chuir sé póstaer Tá leabhar nua Aindrias Uí Chatha- One concerned the young man i nGaeilge amach. A eagarthóir saigh, An Diabhal in Uachtar in Áth who got two months in Mountjoy cúnta Liam P Ó Riain ba chúis leis Cliath: Frithdhúnadh 1913 trí Prison for breaking and entering sin, duine a chuir ar shon na n-oib- shúile na nGael, foilsithe ag Cois- after he smashed the locks on the rithe go láidir i rith an aighnis, i céim ar €10 nGaeilge agus i mBéarla. 28 Liberty • 1913 Lockout Special Obituaries Revealed: the face of 1913 martyr

By James Curry a building he regularly frequented as was ably seconded by two of the Jervis Street Hospital. from serious head injuries shortly a member of the ITGWU. Metropolitan police, who, as the un- Nolan never regained conscious- after his release from Jervis Street PLAQUE commemorating Various eye-witness accounts of fortunate man attempted to rise, ness and was pronounced dead the Hospital. four “Lockout Martyrs” his death exist, some contradictory. beat him about the head until his following morning, a few hours be- The two other martyrs of 1913 of 1913 can be found at- The most striking is perhaps that skull was smashed in, in several fore the infamous ‘Bloody Sunday’ were teenagers Alice Brady and Eu- A tached to a wall on the of military man Robert Mon- places. riot on Sackville (now O’Connell) gene Salmon. ground floor in Liberty Hall. teith in his 1932 book Case- “They then rejoined their Street during which hundreds of Brady was a 16-year-old Irish A small portrait drawing of the ment’s Last Adventure. patrol, leaving him in his people were injured. Women Workers’ Union member first of these martyrs, 33-year-old He wrote: “I witnessed blood. For saying, ‘You More than 10,000 people attended shot in the wrist by a strike-breaker labourer James Nolan, appeared in the murder of Nolan. damn cowards’, I was his funeral at Glasnevin Cemetery during a Great Brunswick (now the 3rd September 1913 issue of the He was walking quietly instantly struck by two on 3rd September – a terrific demon- Pearse) Street scuffle on 18th Decem- Irish Independent. It does not ap- down Eden Quay policemen and fell to stration of strength by the belea- ber 1913 . pear to have been published since. when he was met by a the ground, where I guered ITGWU. She died two weeks later from Rather than being a “Lockout Mar- mixed patrol of Dublin had sense enough to A large banner reading ‘In memory tetanus. tyr”, the North Strand man was de- Metropolitan Police lie until the patrol had of our murdered brother James Salmon was a 17-year-old ITGWU scribed in the 1913 news report as and the Royal Irish passed on.” Nolan’ was draped across the front member who was killed during the “The Strike Victim” – hardly surpris- Constabulary. The Somewhat inebri- of Liberty Hall at the time. Church Street tenement disaster on Bludgeoned: ing considering that William Martin strength of the patrol James Nolan ated himself, the unfor- At an inquiry into his death two 2nd September 1913 while trying in Murphy was the owner of the news- was about thirty-five, all tunate Nolan had just left days later, a jury determined that vain to save his four-year-old sister paper in question. more or less drunk. a city centre public house Nolan had indeed died from a baton Elizabeth, having successfully saved It is nice to finally put a (highly re- “One of the constabulary only to get caught up in one of blow, but that “the evidence was so his five other younger sisters from spectable looking) face to one of the walked from the centre of the road the many riots which engulfed conflicting that they were unable to the crumbling four-storey building fatalities of that bitter industrial dis- on to the sidewalk and without the Dublin that bloody weekend. say by whom the blow was in- moments before. pute. slightest provocation felled the poor After being brutally struck down, flicted”. At the bottom of the Liberty Hall Nolan died from horrific head in- man with a blow from his staff. he was left lying unconscious on the That same day, another ITGWU commemorative plaque is the fa- juries received on 30th August 1913 “The horrible crunching sound of quayside for around 20 minutes member caught up in the Dublin mous ITGWU slogan, “An injury to during a baton charge in the Eden the blow was clearly audible fifty until an ambulance finally arrived, riots on 30th August, James Byrne of one is the concern of all”. Quay area not far from Liberty Hall, yards away. This drunken scoundrel before being brought to the nearby Lower Gloucester Street, also died

Funeral of James Byrne passes along Eden 1913 Lockout Martyrs Quay, Dublin Picture: UCC History Dept Multitext Project

JAMES NOLAN, a labourer and ITGWU member from the North Strand, 33 years JOHN BYRNE, a 50-year of age, died after being old labourer and ITGWU beaten by police at Eden member, died after Quay on 30th August 1913. 10,000 people attended his being attacked by police funeral on 3rd September. on 30th August.

JAMES BYRNE, 32 years of age, was a coal- JOHN McDONAGH, a paralysed heaver. He was secre- former carter, died after being tary of the ITGWU in beaten in his bed during police Dun Laoghaire and of raids on Corporation Buildings in Bray and Kingstown Trades Council. Ar- Dublin's north inner-city on 31st rested on 20th October August 1913. 1913, he died of pneu- monia contracted dur- ing a hunger-strike on ALICIA BRADY, was a 16-year-old 1st November. 3,000 locked out Jacob's worker and member people attended his fu- of the Irish Women Workers’ Union. neral, at which James She was shot and injured on 18th De- EUGENE SALMON, was a 17-year-old ITGWU member who Connolly gave the ora- cember when she and other women was killed during the Church Street tenement disaster on 2nd tion. confronted scabs on Great Brunswick September 1913 while trying in vain to save his four-year-old Street (Pearse Street). She died on 2nd sister Elizabeth, having successfully saved his five other younger January 1914. The strike-breaker who sisters from the crumbling four-storey building moments before. shot her was not prosecuted. Letters Liberty • 1913 Lockout Special 29 REMEMBERING 1913 May O’Brien The Red Hand of How the Countess saved our lives... union solidarity ‘I WORKED as a 15-year-old you so intent on running away from In a short time he found him- girl in the Clothing Branch of us?" she asked. self running alongside a tall man By Francis Devine the ITGWU in 1947 in the old Her accent was British and hard to with a bag of coal over his shoul- Liberty Hall which was on the understand but the question had to der and pockets stuffed with bags. TRADE union badges first be- same site as the current build- be answered. He tried so hard to ex- He himself had his food parcel came commonplace with the ing. plain but wasn't sure he could. again and his docket safe in his rise of the ‘New Unionism’ of I worked till 6.00 p.m. each day. "Well," he said, "Me Ma is crying, pocket. They went up the stairs, the 1890s among the previ- One of my banisters and ously unorganised dockers, tasks was to steps missing, carters and general workers tend the two already burnt, in Britain and Ireland. fires which and the man In order to ensure union members kept the damp- paused out- were given preferential treatment at ness at bay side the door the dock gate, a badge was issued to and to ensure of their room. each member for a fixed period and they were "You go in then withdrawn in exchange for a q u e n c h e d first, son," he different badge but only to those when I left. said. "And tell who cleared their contribution A few men your Da that is cards. would sit in with Madam's At the time of the Lockout, the the office compliments four provincial emblems were being waiting for a and she'll call used in rotation by the ITGWU: the Replica of original ITGWU badge later meeting herself when red hand of Ulster in 1913; the three used by the Irish Citizen Army and if I could things are a lit- crowns of Munster in 1915; the Con- I'd make a cup tle easier." nacht arms within a blue circle in song Who Fears to Wear the Blood of tea for them And then he 1917; and the harp of Leinster in Red Badge by the Scotsman Andrew Countess Markievicz’s grave 1918. Patrick Wilson that was published in before putting in Glasnevin Cemetery lit the fire, the fire out. made tea, and The most famous ITGWU badge the Irish Worker in October 1913. One man told they'd bread was the red hand with the letters In 1919, the ITGWU Executive de- this story sev- and jam to go ITWU and the date of 1913. This was cided to permanently use the red the emblem of resistance in the hand badge, which had become syn- eral times to us and became emo- and me Da is crying too, but the with it. And the man crumbled Lockout and was adopted as a cap onymous with the union in the pub- tional about it. I don't know his baby doesn't cry any more. And me bread in a cup with warm milk for badge by the Irish Citizen Army. lic mind due to the events of the name – they all had nicknames – the little girl, and the baby was two sisters, well, they have to stay It also became immortalised in the Lockout. but I'm quite sure the story is true. brought to the fire wrapped in a He was 10 in the closing months warm shawl and a rug provided of the Lockout. He lived in a tene- for the girls’ bed. Who Fears to Wear the Red Hand Badge? ment room with his family near Do- And that night, And that night, as the man al- minick Street. ways said, warmth, food, and Who fears to wear the blood red badge His Dad told him he must go to as the man hope had been given – it was Upon his manly breast? Liberty Hall for the food parcel and Heaven! What scab obeys the vile command the docket was so valuable it was always said, And next morning a woman Of Murphy and the rest? pinned to his pocket. warmth, food doctor and a nurse arrived and He’s all a knave and half a slave He went barefoot since he'd out- dealt with the health problems. Who slights his Union thus, grown his boots and the city was de- and hope had His mother had a breast infec- But true men, like you men, serted. His docket inspected, he tion and couldn't feed the baby Will show the badge with us. joined the queue and after his been given – it who was fading away and the lit- docket was inspected again got his was Heaven! tle girl had lost the will to live. They dared to fling a manly brick, food allocation. It was Countess Markievicz he They wrecked a blackleg tram, Turning at a run for the door he had met that day in Liberty Hall They dared give Harvey Duff a kick, They didn’t care a damn, collided with a woman carrying a in bed all the time – their clothes, and he reckoned she was the per- son who'd ensured his family's They lie in gaol and can’t get bail tray of stuff and everything landed well... and the little one doesn't talk Who fought their corner thus, on the floor, including his own any more." survival and the fact that he was But you men, with sticks men, food. The woman indicated he should now a grandfather was due to Must make the Peelers ‘cuss’. The women around turned on sit down at a table and she sat op- what she did for a family who had him and thumped him and called posite. nothing – no possibility of sur- We rise in sad and weary days him the stupidest of boys. "Can you light a fire?" she asked. vival and he'd willingly give up his To fight the workers’ cause, He was conscious he'd lost the He thought for a moment. Every- life for her. We found in Jim, a heart ablaze food for the family and possibly the thing around his home that could be The man's friends would clap To break down unjust laws, docket would be taken from him was burned – there was nothing him on the back, and say, "Times But ‘tis a sin to follow him, and that would be the end for all of left. He nodded his head. were surely bad then" and offer Says Murphy and his crew, them. The woman looked at him for a him a cigarette and comfort him.’ Though true men, like you men, Then a hand behind his back moment in silence. "Yes," she said, May O'Brien is a retired SIPTU of- Will stick to him like glue. pushed him into another room. A "You need heat – a hot meal. We can ficial and worked in the old Liberty tall, thin woman faced him looking give you that – and replace what Hall. She was only the second Good luck be with him, He is here very stern. went on the floor. woman to be appointed as a full- To win for us the fight, He thought she'd take the docket “But you need medical help too – time Branch Secretary and in 1982 To suffer for us without fear and the tears ran down his cheeks. we can do that but it'll be early to- was appointed Women's Affairs of- To champion the right, He was sure she'd send him away morrow – a nurse and a doctor. Tell ficer, the first such appointment in So stick to Jim, let nothing dim empty-handed. your mother that. Tomorrow morn- the trade union movement in Ire- Our ardour in the fray, The woman spoke. "Why were land. And true Jim, our own Jim ing early. Now come with me." Will win our fight today. 30 Liberty • 1913 Lockout Special Sport Fury as scabs take to the pitch

NE OF the more pe- culiar incidents in the course of the O 1913 Lockout was a football clash in Ringsend, when Bohemians and Shel- bourne went head to head in a match that occurred early on in the dispute. There was physical confrontation at this clash between trade unionists and football supporters, Shelbourne and Bohemians were already two well-established work- ing class institutions in Dublin by the time of the 1913 Lockout. Writing in his classic book Dublin Made Me, C.S Andrews noted that at the time of his youth “there were only two senior soccer clubs in Dublin – Bohemians and Shel- bourne – and the people on the southside followed Shelbourne.” He went on to write that “the sup- porters and players of the game were DMP mounted constables keep a close eye on exclusively of the lower middle and crowds in Dublin city centre. Trouble would later working classes”. flare in Ringsend Picture: UCC History Dept Multitext project In Padraig Yeates’ classic account Lockout: Dublin 1913, it is noted that the game between the two sides DONAL FALLON recounts an incident on 30th August saw “about six thou- sand spectators” gather in Ringsend, during the Lockout when the beautiful where they were met by “a picket of game and industrial struggle clashed about a hundred tramway men” who had gathered outside the involving a crowd attacking trams ing them back towards the centre of ground and exchanged insults with was only brought to an end when Ringsend. Further trouble escalated the football crowd. “one of the passengers jumped from quickly, however, at Bridge Street, Yeates quotes The Irish Times, the tram, produced a revolver, and where one rioter even succeeded in which noted that “the members of effectively dispersed the crowd.” liberating an inspector of the sword the Bohemian team, who pluckily It is noted in Lockout: Dublin from his scabbard. drove to the scene of the match on 1913 that following this incident: This led to a police horse falling, outside cars through a hostile crowd “A section of the crowd, which bringing its rider down with it. It of roughs, were assailed with coarse now numbered between five and six was not until the pubs in the area epithets.” were forcibly closed by police that Why was there a picket of striking the crowds began to disperse from tramway men in Ringsend that day? the area, with the inaugural opening The answer is found in the pages of match of Shelbourne’s new ground the Irish Worker, where Larkin’s ‘One of the well and truly overshadowed. paper had denounced two players In total, 16 arrests were made at publicly as “scabs”. passengers jumped Ringsend that day, with over 50 He had also allegedly attacked this people treated in hospital for their match in a speech he had delivered from the tram, injuries. the night previously, and called on The punishments were severe, workers not to attend the clash be- produced a revolver, tween the sides unless to picket it. and effectively with Thomas Deevey initially The two players named in the sentenced to “three months’ impris- paper, were Bohs’ Jack Millar and dispersed the onment with hard labour for striking Jack Lowry of Shelbourne. a policeman on the leg with a bottle This game was actually a charity crowd.’ at Bridge Street, Ringsend.” game to inaugurate the new Shels The newspapers blamed the influ- ground, but with tensions high in ence of outside “hooligans” for the Dublin following the outbreak of the actions of the “usually peaceful and tram dispute, it didn’t take much to hundred, decided to march on the industrious inhabitants of spark trouble. nearby DUTC power station.” Ringsend” on the day, but events on Trams carrying supporters to the At 4.30pm College Street DMP sta- the following day would greatly game were attacked, following a tion received a call from an anxious overshadow what had happened at failed attempt by protestors to rush sergeant at the plant appealing for Ringsend. the gates into the ground. help. An outlawed labour meeting on The Irish Times report on the in- Inspector Bannon commandeered Sackville Street would provide the cident claimed that some picketers a passing tram, put his 10 men on location for ‘Bloody Sunday’, leaving had actually gained access to the board, and headed for Ringsend. By hundreds injured. ground, and “hurled vile language at Donal Fallon is a historian who con- Trams carrying supporters to the the time he arrived, the crowd had tributed a chapter to Locked Out. A ver- game were attacked. the players.” quietened and he began shepherd- sion of this article originally appeared on the Picture: UCC History Dept Multitext project It also claimed that the incident Come Here to Me blog. Events Liberty • 1913 Lockout Special 31

‘Dublin Divided' exhibition at Hugh Lane Gallery

DUBLIN City Gallery The Hugh Gallery's collection contains many Fury as scabs take to the pitch Lane is marking the centenary of portraits of key figures of the Lock- the 1913 Lockout with a special out as well as works by artists in- exhibition, Dublin Divided: Sep- volved in the dispute, including tember 1913. William Orpen and George Russell It provides an opportunity to re- (AE). The exhibition also provides a flect on the agendas of those in- rich resource of evocative images volved in the dispute and explore that depict life in Dublin in the late how the history of the gallery was 19th and early 20th centuries. interwoven with the Lockout. The exhibition features paint- James Larkin appreciated art and ings, sculpture and drawings by beauty and sought the cultural as artists including John Lavery, Sarah well as economic and social libera- Purser, John and Jack B. Yeats, tion of the manual labourer. Seán Casimir Markievicz, Auguste Rodin, O'Casey noted that Larkin wanted Sarah Cecilia Harrison, Maurice the rose along with the loaf of MacGonigal and Louis le Brocquy. bread on a worker's table. The exhibition continues until A century later, the Hugh Lane 2nd February 2014. 1913 Lockout remembrance service in Dublin 6pm, Tuesday, 12th November 2013 Newman University Church, St Stephen’s Green, Dublin 2

To mark the centenary of the 1913 Lockout, a Service ganising for fairness at work and justice in society”. of Remembrance for the Deceased will take place at We welcome all faiths, traditions and community Newman University Church on St Stephen’s Green at organisations and the event will be addressed by 6pm on Tuesday, 12th November 2013. representatives of these groupings throughout Ire- The service will celebrate those who lived and died land (North and South), including senior Church assisting in the growth of the trade union movement leaders. in Ireland and in doing so made this country a better The Lord Mayor, Oisín Quinn, will be in attendance place to live, in accordance with the 1913 Lockout along with general officers, staff and retired and cur- motto, “an injury to one is the concern of all”, and rent members of SIPTU, ICTU and other trade encompassing the more contemporary motto: “or- unions.

https://www.facebook.com/ JamesConnollySongsOfFreedom Sabina Higgins with singer Mary McPartland (left) and musician, Steve Cooney, at the ‘September 1913’ concert in Liberty Hall theatre on 22nd September. SIPTUUTIPS MEMBERSHIPEBEMM PIHSRE SERVICESERS SECIVER

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