Water Quality Model for Evaluation of Nonpoint Source Impacts of Rice Field Runoff
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Louisiana State University LSU Digital Commons LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses Graduate School 2000 Water Quality Model for Evaluation of Nonpoint Source Impacts of Rice Field Runoff. Elizabeth Deette Smythe Louisiana State University and Agricultural & Mechanical College Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_disstheses Recommended Citation Smythe, Elizabeth Deette, "Water Quality Model for Evaluation of Nonpoint Source Impacts of Rice Field Runoff." (2000). LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses. 7231. https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_disstheses/7231 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at LSU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses by an authorized administrator of LSU Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. 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WATER QUALITY MODEL FOR EVALUATION OF NONPOINT SOURCE IMPACTS OF RICE FIELD RUNOFF A Dissertation Submitted to The Graduate Faculty of the Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in The Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering by Elizabeth deEtte Smythe B.S., Louisiana State University, 1979 M.S., M'Neese State University, 1986 May, 2000 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. UMI Number 9979295 UMI UMI Microform9979295 Copyright 2000 by Bell & Howell Information and Learning Company. All rights reserved. This microform edition is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. Bell & Howell Information and Learning Company 300 North Zeeb Road P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The preliminary phase of this research was funded by a grant through the U.S. EPA and the Louisiana Department of Environmental Quality. A special note of appreciation is extended to Dick Duerr and Marian Aguillard, of the LDEQ Engineering Section, and Fred Lee and Duane Everett with the University of Southwestern Louisiana all of whom who contributed data, technical advice and assistance. A word of thanks to a group of people whom 1 cannot thank enough. Drs. D. Dean Adrian and V.P. Singh who read through countless versions and gave their critiques and enthusiasm. I will always remember my weekly Wednesday meetings with Dr. Adrian to review dissertation chapters with elation. Such encouragement and perseverance will certainly earn him wings! Knowing these two men has been one of the most important gifts this collaboration has brought me. I would also like to express my appreciation to the other members of my graduate advisory committee, Drs. R Bengtson and J. Pardue. Forever, I will be indebted to my mentor, Dr. Michael G. Waldon, who, for a decade, patiently taught me the ropes of surface water surveying and modeling. He saw my dissertation as a “wrap” of the tools developed during my career as an engineer. Most profoundly, I thank my family. To my twin sister, Rebecca, my best friend and confidant, who assured me that my words would be in print someday. To my parents and my three children, Charles, III, Aiden and Erin, my thanks and love to you all! Finally, to my partner in life and crime who gave me a notebook computer and liberal human insight, for being excited about the bits and pieces of cutting-edge discoveries and for tolerating my passion for all of my projects, Charles, you are my gift. ii Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ................................................................................. ii LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................ viii LIST OF FIGURES ............................................................................................. xi ABSTRACT xiv CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................... 1 1.1 Objectives .....................................................................................8 2 BACKGROUND INFORMATION AND LITERATURE REVIEW ............................................................................................. 11 2.1 Modeling Nonpoint Source Pollution ............................................... 11 2.1.1 An Overview of the 13 EPA-Approved Case Studies ........... 13 2.1.1.1 EPA’s Case Studies’ Use of Steady-State vs Dynamic Models ....................................26 2.1.1.2 Case Studies Reporting Impacts of Hydromodification on Water Quality ........ 27 2.1.1.3 Case Studies Reporting Instream DO Deficits .............................................. 27 2.1.1.4 Case Studies Reporting Excessive SOD or Benthal Oxygen Demand ....................... 28 2.2 Ricefield Runoff Characterization, Receiving Stream Impacts and BMP Assessments ...................................................................... 32 2.2.1 Components of Agricultural Runoff ....................................33 2.2.2 Rice Planting Practices .............................................. 35 2.2.3 LSUCE Measurements .............................................. 38 2.3 Model Selection ....................................................................... 44 2.3.1 Water Quality Models for Lakes and Reservoirs .............. 45 2.3.2 Water Quality Models for Streams and Rivers .............. 45 2.3.2.1 Steady-State Models .....................................45 2.3.2.2 Dynamic Models .................................... 46 2.3.3 Empirical Models for Estimating Reaeration in Louisiana Streams ...................................................................... 47 2.3.4 Empirical Models for Estimating Dispersion in Louisiana Streams ...................................................................... 51 iii Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 3 METHODOLOGY ...................................................................................55 3.1 Stream Site Selection and Description ................................... 58 3.1.1 Description of the Study Area 59 3 .1.2 Discharger Description and Inventory ..................... 59 3.1.2.1 Point Sources .............................................. 59 3.1.2.2 Nonpoint Sources .............................................. 62 3.2 Data Collection and Collation 62 3.2.1 Field Methods and Measurements ...................................62 3.2.2 Laboratory Methods and Measurements .......................64 3.2.3 Determination of the Watershed and Runoff Areas ...........64 3.3 Instream Model Selection and Description ....................................65 3.3.1 WASP5-EUTR05 Data Group Descriptions .......................66 3.3.1.1 DATA GROUP A: Model Identification and Simulation Control .............................................. 66 3.3.1.1.1 Integration timestep, dt ............ 66 3.3.1.1.2 Numerical dispersion, D ........ 66 3.3.1.2 DATA GROUP B: Exchange Coefficients 67 3.3.13 DATA GROUP C: Volumes ....................... 67 3.3.1.4 DATA GROUP D: Flows .....................................67 3.3.1.5 DATA GROUP E: Boundary Conditions .............67 3.3.1.6 DATA GROUP F: Waste Loads ....................... 67 3.3.1.7 DATA GROUP G: Parameters .........................67 3.3.1.8 DATA GROUP H: Constants ....................... 69 3.3.1.9 DATA GROUP I: Kinetic Time Functions ............. 69 3.3.1.10 DATA GROUP J: Initial Concentrations .............69 3 .4 Additional Support Models ..................................................................69 3.4.1 GSBOD .............................................................................. 69 3.4.2 Thomthwaite-Mather Water Budget ...................................70 3.4.3