DOCSLIB.ORG

Mexico Uncertainty Looms

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Mexico Uncertainty Looms Mexico Uncertainty looms By: Jesus Leal Trujillo Inflation and uncertainty ous decades, it is significant enough to warrant at- around NAFTA could slow tention. The liberalization of the energy market, a down growth in 2018 depreciation of the Mexican peso vis-à-vis the dollar, and uncertainty regarding the North American Free The last 15 years have witnessed a period of mac- Trade Agreement (NAFTA) have all helped contrib- roeconomic stability previously unseen in Mexico. ute to the spike in inflation. As Mexico enters the However, by November 2017, inflation had reached new year, the stability achieved over the past de- 6.6 percent on an annual basis.1 While the current cade or so may become fragile. The renegotiation of spike is nowhere near the levels registered in previ- NAFTA looms large over the Mexican economy. Mexico: Uncertainty looms Inflation strikes back and other fuels. Given the early 2017 gasoline price deregulation, it is not surprising that the energy The 6.6 percent year-over-year inflation rate in price index registered a 17 percent increase from November was almost double the average annual the previous year. The prices approved by the gov- rate of 3.5 percent registered between 2012 and ernment index (Energéticos y tarifas autorizadas 2016. While core inflation posted a 4.9 percent rise, por el gobierno), which captures the relative cost of noncore inflation increased by a significant 12 per- other parts of the energy sector, also registered an cent.2 At first glance, these numbers appear alarm- annual increase of 8.2 percent. ing, but it is worth remembering that during the Alongside the rising costs of energy and fuels, 1980s and 1990s, prices rose 44 percent per year on the depreciation of the Mexican peso against the average.3 It wasn’t until the aftermath of the 1994 fi- dollar―as of December 2017, the peso lost 12.4 nancial crisis that Mexico adopted robust monetary percent of its value with respect to December 2015 policies aimed at stabilizing the exchange rate and levels―also contributed to higher prices of basic controlling spiraling prices. staples for Mexican consumers. Fruits and vegeta- One of the main factors behind the recent in- bles and meat and eggs posted annual increments crease in prices is the liberalization of gasoline pric- of 14.9 percent and 5.2 percent, respectively.5 One es in Q1 2017. The change in policy was part of Pres- of the often-overlooked aspects of the trade rela- ident Enrique Peña Nieto’s marquee energy reform tionship between Mexico and the United States is approved in 2013, which ended a 75-year monopoly the agricultural sector. In 2016, Mexico imported on the energy sector.4 Besides opening markets for food and live animals worth more than $14 billion— private investment, the initiative also ended a policy 76 percent of its agricultural and animal product of fixed prices and eliminated subsidies for gasoline imports—from the United States.6 About 43 percent Figure Consumer price index CPI and its components, 2226 160 150 140 10 120 110 100 90 80 70 60 Jan 2012 Jul 2012 Jan 201 Jul 201 Jan 2014 Jul 2014 Jan 2015 Jul 2015 Jan 2016 Jul 2016 Jan 2017 Jul 2017 CPI Core CPI NonCore CPI Source: Deloitte analysis of ational Institute of Statistics and eography IEI data. Deloitte Insights deloittecominsights 2 Mexico: Uncertainty looms Figure 2. Annual change in noncore inflation price index and energy sub-indexes, 2012–2017 20 15 10 5 0 5 Jan 2012May 2012Sep 2012Jan 2013May 2013Sep 2013Jan 2014May 2014Sep 2014Jan 2015May 2015Sep 2015Jan 2016May 2016Sep 2016Jan 2017May 2017Sep 2017 onCore CPI Energy price inde Prices set y goernment price inde Source: Deloitte analysis of ational Institute of Statistics and eography IEI data. Deloitte Insights | deloitte.com/insights of all the food consumed by Mexican households is diture. The policies have stopped the spiraling of imported;7 thus, variations on exchange rates have prices and in some cases, the indexes are return- important effects on the inflation levels. ing to their historical growth averages. But while The Mexican government has responded to the these measures have been relatively successful, they inflationary pressure with higher interest rates, alone will likely not be sufficient to curb inflation tighter monetary policy, and lower public expen- given the speculation around the future of NAFTA. Figure 3 Exchange rate, Mexican peso and US dollar 22 20 18 16 14 12 10 Jul 2012 Jan 2013 Jul 2013 Jul- 2014 Jul 2015 Jul 2016 Jul 2017 Jan 2012Apr 2012 Oct 2012 Apr 2013 Oct 2013Jan 2014Apr 2014 Oct 2014Jan 2015Apr 2015 Oct 2015Jan 2016Apr 2016 Oct 2016Jan 2017Apr 2017 Oct 2017 Source: Deloitte analysis of Central Bank of eico BAICO data. Deloitte Insights deloittecominsights 3 Mexico: Uncertainty looms Renegotiating NAFTA resolution mechanism, and restrictions on produce and agricultural goods.13 These remain salient and For the first time in modern history, the event delicate points and could derail the negotiations, that will likely have the largest impact on the Mexi- potentially leading to an abrupt end of the 24-year- can economy will not be the election for a new old trade agreement. president (scheduled in July 2018), but rather, the An abrupt exit will place additional pressure on results of the NAFTA renegotiation talks. Many ana- the Mexican economy, particularly around foreign lysts credit the free trade agreement with spurring direct investment in a context of fiscal reform in the economic modernization in Mexico over the past United States.14 However, with a unique geographic decade, particularly in the manufacturing sector.8 advantage, a free-floating currency that can adjust The country’s stakes in successfully renegotiating to make exports attractive, relatively cheap labor, the trade agreement is therefore high. However, and competitive transnational supply and produc- the lack of substantial progress achieved in the five tion chains, Mexico can remain competitive in the rounds of negotiation held to date suggests that manufacture of goods in a post-NAFTA scenario. some skepticism about the outcome of the negotia- tion is in order. The latest round of negotiations held in October Looking forward to 2018 2017 in Mexico City did not produce significant re- sults.9 One of the most contentious points discussed The inflationary spike resulted in a tightening is the demand from the US negotiators to increase of public expenditure as well as an increase in the the rules of origin for the automotive industry to target interest rate by the Central Bank of Mexico 85 percent (from the current 62.5 percent), with to 7 percent, the highest level since the 2008 finan- at least 50 percent of US content.10 This is a critical cial crisis. It is expected that this rate will be held roadblock given the prominence of the automotive at this level for the majority of the first half of 2018. industry for the Mexican economy. The industry As a result, investment and consumption have been now accounts for 3 percent of the country’s GDP, 18 affected, and the International Monetary Fund has percent of all manufacturing value added, and 27 lowered its GDP growth forecast for 2018 to 1.9 per- percent of all exports.11 Mexican negotiators have cent, down from the 2.0 percent projected in April stressed the importance that the agreement has 2017.15 for the US, Mexican, and Canadian automotive in- While the fate of NAFTA will probably be the dustries, hoping that the US negotiators would find most central development affecting the economy, common ground. But Mexican policy makers are the elections may bring additional uncertainty to also preparing for a scenario where NAFTA is termi- the Mexican economy. The Mexican business com- nated. The European Union and Japan could be al- munity is concerned that a victory by the populist ternative markets as Mexican exports could become leftist candidate Andrés Manuel López Obrador even more competitive, thanks to a cheaper peso (AMLO) could harm the country’s economic pros- and Mexico’s other existing free trade agreements.12 pects,16 and that his perceived protectionist stance Other aspects of the negotiation that have result- could lead to a further depreciation of the peso. ed in disagreements between the negotiating par- While the Mexican economy has a complicated ties include minimum wages and work conditions road ahead, the solid macroeconomic basis that pol- of Mexican manufacturing workers, a provision that icy makers have built over the last 15 years as well would end the agreement after five years unless all as their competitive manufacturing sector should the participants agree upon its renewal, partici- help the Mexican economy navigate the turbulent pation of Mexican and Canadian firms in US gov- first half of 2018. ernment contracts, elimination of a trade dispute 4 Mexico: Uncertainty looms ENDNOTES 1. Deloitte analysis of the National Institute of Statistics and Geography inflation database, accessed January 3, 2018. 2. Ibid. 3. Deloitte analysis of the National Institute of Statistics and Geography inflation database. 4. Jorge Castilla and Sampat Prakash, Mexican energy reform: Opportunity knocks, Deloitte, 2014. 5. Deloitte analysis of the National Institute of Statistics and Geography inflation database. 6. Deloitte calculations with data from the United Nations COMTRADE database, accessed January 5, 2018. 7. Ernesto Mendez, “Es hora de ir al grano; México importa 43% de los alimentos,” Excelsior, May 5, 2013. 8. Joseph Parilla and Alan Berube, Metro North America: Metros as hubs of advanced industries and integrated goods trade, The Brookings Institution, accessed January 23, 2018. 9. Anthony Esposito and Adriana Barrera, “NAFTA talks hit wall as Mexico, Canada push back on US demands,” Reuters, November 21, 2017.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Chiapas Earthquake, Mexico 2017
    GEOFILE Extension 781 The Chiapas earthquake, Mexico 2017 By Philippa Simmons Synopsis Links This Geofile will explore the causes and impacts of Exam board Link to specification the Chiapas earthquake that occurred in Mexico in AQA September 2017, as well as the responses to it. Mexico AS Component 1 Physical Geography 3.3.1.4 is situated where the Cocos plate converges with the Seismic hazards p18 pdf version North American plate – one of the most tectonically Click here active regions in the world, with up to 40 earthquakes A2 Component 1 Physical Geography 3.1.5.4 a day. The state of Chiapas is located along the Seismic hazards p15 pdf version Click here southern shore of Mexico and borders Guatemala, it is in a subduction zone and is at risk of strong Edexcel AS 1.4c and 1.5c Social and economic impacts of earthquakes. At 23.49 local time on 7 September 2017 tectonic hazards p18 pdf version an earthquake of magnitude 8.2 struck off the coast of Click here Mexico. This was the strongest earthquake to be A2 1.4c and 1.5c Social and economic impacts of recorded globally in 2017, resulting in it being the tectonic hazards p15 pdf version Click here second strongest ever in Mexico. OCR AS Topic 2.5 Hazardous Earth 4b Range of impacts Key terms on people as a result of earthquake activity – Tectonic, tectonic hotspot, plate boundary, case studies convergent boundary, aftershock, magnitude, + 5b Strategies – case studies tsunami, vulnerability. p39 pdf version Click here Learning objectives A2 Topic 3.5 Hazardous Earth 4b There is a range
    [Show full text]
  • Measuring Corruption in Mexico
    MEASURING CORRUPTION IN MEXICO Jose I. Rodriguez-Sanchez, Ph.D. Postdoctoral Research Fellow in International Trade, Mexico Center December 2018 © 2018 by the James A. Baker III Institute for Public Policy of Rice University This material may be quoted or reproduced without prior permission, provided appropriate credit is given to the author and the James A. Baker III Institute for Public Policy. Wherever feasible, papers are reviewed by outside experts before they are released. However, the research and views expressed in this paper are those of the individual researcher(s) and do not necessarily represent the views of the James A. Baker III Institute for Public Policy. Jose I. Rodriguez-Sanchez, Ph.D. “Measuring Corruption in Mexico” Measuring Corruption in Mexico Introduction Corruption is a complex problem affecting all societies, and it has many different causes and consequences. Its consequences include negative impacts on economic growth and development, magnifying effects on poverty and inequality, and corrosive effects on legal systems and governance institutions. Corruption in the form of embezzlement or misappropriation of public funds, for example, diverts valuable economic resources that could be used on education, health care, infrastructure, or food security, while simultaneously eroding faith in the government. Calculating and measuring the impact of corruption and its tangible and intangible costs are essential to combating it. But before corruption can be measured, it must first be defined. Decision-makers have often resorted to defining corruption in a certain area or location by listing specific acts that they consider corrupt. Such definitions, however, are limited because they are context-specific and depend on how individual governments decide to approach the problem.
    [Show full text]
  • (Re)Constructing Professional Journalistic Practice in Mexico
    International Journal of Communication 13(2019), 2596–2619 1932–8036/20190005 (Re)constructing Professional Journalistic Practice in Mexico: Verificado’s Marketing of Legitimacy, Collaboration, and Pop Culture in Fact-Checking the 2018 Elections NADIA I. MARTÍNEZ-CARRILLO Roanoke College, USA DANIEL J. TAMUL Virginia Tech, USA Although fact-checking websites for political news such as FactCheck.org, Politifact, and ProPublica are common in the United States, they are new in Mexico. Using textual analysis, this study examines the strategies used by Verificado 2018, a crowdsourced political fact-checking initiative generated during the largest election in Mexican history by news organizations, universities, and tech companies. Verificado 2018 emphasized legitimacy, collaboration, and critical humor to promote and engage users in fact- checking and viralizing reliable information. Keywords: Verificado, misinformation, Mexico, elections, fact-checking Presenting accurate depictions of news has always been central to journalism (see Schudson, 2011). However, modern journalists are trained to present competing statements as “equally viable truth claims” (Durham, 1998, p. 124). This practice can create a “flight from the truth” in service of objectivity and balance (Muñoz-Torres, 2012; Rosen, 1993, p. 4949). Although both strategies serve to legitimize news outlets by making them appear impartial (McChesney, 2004), fact-checking organizations operate within a separate institutional logic, necessitating journalists to judge the veracity of public statements (see Lowrey, 2017, for a review). Lowrey (2017) contends this violates traditional journalistic norms, eroding the legitimacy of fact-checking. With this context in mind, we examine the case of Verificado 2018—a temporary, collaborative, and decentralized fact-checking newsroom—and its communication strategy in the run-up to the 2018 Mexican campaign season.
    [Show full text]
  • México 2017: El Gobierno En Desventaja Rumbo Al 2018
    REVISTA DE CIENCIA POLÍTICA / VOLUMEN 38 / N° 2 / 2018 / 303-333 MEXICO 2017: INCUMBENT DISADVANTAGE AHEAD OF 2018 México 2017: El gobierno en desventaja rumbo al 2018 EDWIN ATILANO ROBLES Centro de Investigación y Docencia Económicas (CIDE), Mexico ALLYSON LUCINDA BENTON Centro de Investigación y Docencia Económicas (CIDE), Mexico ABSTRACT Weak economic performance, high inflation, and a devalued peso drew criticism of the incumbent Institutional Revolutionary Party’s (PRI) economic and fiscal policy choices, and kept President Enrique Peña Nieto’s approval ratings low. The incum- bent PRI thus entered the 2018 electoral season in a weak position, with reduced chances of defeating its main opposition candidate, Andrés Manuel López Obrador, of the National Regeneration Movement (MORENA). Keywords: economic performance, Mexican earthquake, public security, NAFTA, PRI, public opinion, Mexico RESUMEN El débil desempeño, la alta inflación y la devaluación del peso crearon un escenario de críti- cas hacia las decisiones económicas y fiscales del partido en el gobierno, el Partido Revolucio- nario Institucional (PRI), y de igual forma facilitaron que el presidente Enrique Peña Nieto tuviera una baja tasa de aprobación. El PRI inició el periodo electoral de 2018 en una posi- ción débil, lo cual redujo sus posibilidades de derrotar al principal candidato de oposición, Andrés Manuel López Obrador, del Movimiento de Regeneración Nacional (MORENA). Palabras clave: desempeño económico, terremoto mexicano, seguridad pública, TLCAN, PRI, opinion pública, México EDWIN ATILANO ROBLES • ALLYSON LUCINDA BENTON I. INTRODUCTION Ongoing weak economic growth, important social concerns, and deteriorating security conditions during 2017 put the incumbent Institutional Revolutionary Party (Partido Revolucionario Institucional or PRI) at a disadvantage ahead of the 2018 presidential race.
    [Show full text]
  • Observations on the State of Indigenous Human Rights in Mexico
    Observations on the State of Indigenous Human Rights in Mexico Prepared for: The 31st Session of Universal Periodic Review Working Group of the United Nations Human Rights Council Submission date: March 2018 Cultural Survival is an international Indigenous rights organization with a global Indigenous leadership and consultative status with ECOSOC. Cultural Survival is located in Cambridge, Massachusetts, and is registered as a 501(c)(3) non-profit organization in the United States. Cultural Survival monitors the protection of Indigenous Peoples' rights in countries throughout the world and publishes its findings in its magazine, the Cultural Survival Quarterly; and on its website: www.cs.org Cultural Survival 2067 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge, MA 02140 Tel: 1 (617) 441 5400 www.culturalsurvival.org [email protected] Observations on the State of Indigenous Human Rights in Mexico I. Executive Issue Summary Violence against Indigenous Peoples plagues Mexico. The Mexican government has made some legislative steps to protect Indigenous rights through international agreements and within its constitution. Mexico voted for the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (UNDRIP) in 2007, is a signatory to the Indigenous and Tribal Peoples Convention (ILO Convention 169), and lists protections for Indigenous Peoples in its constitution, guaranteeing to respect, protect, and fulfil their rights to languages, environments, use of natural resources, and representation. Despite these protections, Indigenous activists face violence and intimidation from illegally operating companies, drug cartels, and from government and police officials. Crimes against Indigenous Peoples are committed with impunity and the government’s support to the affected communities has been limited. II. Background Mexico has a population of 124,574,795 people.
    [Show full text]
  • The Political Culture of Democracy in Mexico and in the Americas, 2016/17: a Comparative Study of Democracy and Governance
    7 7 7 The AmericasBarometer is a regional survey carried out by the Latin American Public Opin- ion Project (LAPOP). LAPOP has deep roots in the Latin America and Caribbean region, via 2016/1 , 2016/1 s public opinion research that dates back over four decades. Its headquarters are at Vander- , 2016/1 The AmericasBarometer is a regional survey carried out by the Latin American Public Opinion Project (LAPOP). bilt University, in the United States. The AmericasBarometer is possible due to the activities LAPOP has deep roots in the Latin America and Caribbean region, via public opinion research that dates back as and support of a consortium of institutions located across the Americas. To carry out each ca over four decades. Its headquarters are at Vanderbilt University, in the United States. The AmericasBarometer ri round of the survey, LAPOP partners with local individuals, firms, universities, development ic organizations,is possible and due others to the in ac 34tiviti countrieses and supp in ortthe of Western a consortium Hemisphere. of institu Thesetions l oceffortsated ac haveross the Americas. To three core purposes: to produce objective, non-partisan, and scientifically sound studies of public opinion; to build capacity and strengthen international relations; and to disseminate me THE POLITICAL CULTURE OF important findings regarding citizens’ experiences with, assessments of, and commitment to A Amer democratic forms of government. e DEMOCRACY IN MEXICO assessments of, and commitment to democratic forms of government. h Since 2004, the AmericasBarometer has received generous support from the United States he Agency for International Development (USAID) and Vanderbilt University.
    [Show full text]
  • The Development of Narcotrafficking and Corruption in Mexico
    Anuario Latinoamericano Ciencias Políticas y Relaciones Internacionales vol. 6, 2018 pp. 213–234 The development of narcotrafficking DOI: 10.17951/al.2018.6.213-234 and corruption in Mexico El desarrollo del narcotráfico y la corrupción en México Nubia Nieto Independent researcher [email protected] https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9454-5922 ABSTRACT In recent decades, Mexico has hit the news headlines due to the high levels of violence, brutality and drug trafficking. Moreover, the links between political power, intelligence agencies, corruption and organised crime have been undeniable in the development of narcotrafficking and violence in Mexico. In this scenario, the following questions are emerging and are intended to be analyzed throughout this text: Why have drug traffickers managed to destabilize the Mexican government? How much responsibilities have the U.S. and Mexican intelligence agencies in the development of drug trafficking and violence? Can Mexico by itself control the development of drug trafficking? Is it possible to establish the rule of law and accountability mechanisms? Does the new government of Andrés Manuel López Obrador represent hope for the control of violence in Mexico? KEYWORDS: corruption, drug trafficking, political elites, Mexico, democracy. RESUMEN En las últimas décadas, México ha encabezado los titulares en la prensa debido a los altos niveles de violencia, brutalidad y tráfico de drogas. Además, pocas veces se cuestionan los vínculos entre poder político, agencias de inteligencia, corrupción y crimen
    [Show full text]
  • Mexico International Renewable Energy Conference
    MEXICO INTERNATIONAL RENEWABLE ENERGY CONFERENCE SEPTEMBER 11TH - 13TH MEXICO CITY Index 05. INTRODUCTION 06. A MESSAGE FROM THE ORGANISERS REN21 CONNECTING 08. DAY 01 THE DOTS: 12. DAY 02 CONVENING PRESS CONFERENCE MULTISTAKEHOLDERS 33. ON RENEWABLE 34. DAY 03 ENERGY 63. FINAL DECLARATION 75. PHOTO GALLERY 2 3 INTRODUCTION A methodical and systematic approach to renewable the generation, and use of renewable energy were energy is one of the fundamental priorities of analysed from an integrated and multifaceted perspective. our current environmental, social, political, and To quote Leonardo Beltrán, Deputy Director of Energy economic situation. The speed of our production Planning and Transition at SENER, the event “reflects and business cycles are derived from a contradictory the commitment of the Mexican Government to dynamic in which, on the one hand energy is required produce 50% of clean energy by the year 2050. for development, while, on the other, traditional MEXIREC is a driving force for the usage and means of production and consumption are polluting. production of renewable energies not only in Latin Renewable energy provides one way to exit this cycle America and the Caribbean but globally, satisfying and ensure clean and affordable energy for all. our energy requirements in a clean, accessible, and sustainable manner”. REN21 convenes international multi-stakeholder leaders to enable a rapid global transition to renewable The talks and presentations revolved around five energy. REN21 promotes renewable energy to meet thematic areas: Policy and Finance; Electricity Sector the needs of both industrialised and developing and Infrastructure; Heating and Cooling/Transport; countries that are driven by climate change, energy Energy Access/Local Value Creation; and Technology security, development and poverty alleviation.
    [Show full text]
  • Amino Acid Changes in HA and Determinants of Pathogenicity
    Virus Research 272 (2019) 197731 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Virus Research journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/virusres Short communication Amino acid changes in HA and determinants of pathogenicity associated T with influenza virus A H1N1pdm09 during the winter seasons 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 in Mexico ⁎ Joel Armando Vázquez-Péreza, , Daniela De La Rosa-Zambonib, Ángel Emmanuel Vega-Sáncheza, Luis Horacio Gutiérrez-Gonzáleza, Norma Angélica Téllez-Navarretea, Fernando Camposa, Cristóbal Guadarrama-Péreza, José Luis Sandovala, Manuel Castillejos-Lópeza, Rodolfo Norberto Jiménez-Juárezb, José Luis Sánchez-Huertab, Brenda Berenice Pérez-Méndezb, Rogelio Pérez-Padillaa a Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosio Villegas, Mexico City, Mexico b Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Mexico City, Mexico ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Keywords: Biennial H1N1pdm09 influenza A virus (IAV) epidemics have been associated with major severity of respiratory Influenza virus disease in Mexico. Atypically and in contrast with what happened in USA, Canada and Europe during 2017, an AH1N1pdm09 increase of infections due to the H1N1pdm09 pandemic virus instead of H3N2 was observed. In order to de- Pathogenicity termine the viral contribution to severe acute respiratory disease, we characterized the pathogenicity de- Molecular determinants terminants of IAV in Mexico during the 2015–2016 and 2016–2017 seasons. The RNA segments of 20 IAV samples were sequenced by NGS platform and phylogenetic analysis was conducted. The analysis of the he- magglutinin (HA) sequences established that all virus samples, except one, belong to clade (6B.1). The IAVs presented the substitution S162 N, which introduces a new glycosylation site in the hemagglutinin. We also found the D222 G substitution, which has been associated with a higher tropism towards the lower respiratory tract, and a non-reported insertion of one Ile in NS1 (Ile113).
    [Show full text]
  • Mexican Healthcare System 2019
    MEXICAN HEALTHCARE SYSTEM 2019 1 GENERAL INFORMATION CONCERNING THE DEMOGRAPHIC AND ECONOMIC STRUCTURE OF THE COUNTRY Population and official languages of the country, age-gender dispersion in the country, the share of elderly population (+65) in the overall population There is no official language in the Federal constitution of the United Mexican States. Mexico has a population of nearly 125 million in 2018 which makes it 11th most populous country in world. Age-Gender Dispersion Percentage Indicator 1910 1921 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 Percentage of men 49.5 48.9 49.0 49.3 49.2 49.9 49.9 49.4 49.1 49.3 48.8 48.7 48.8 48.6 Percentage of women 50.5 51.1 51.0 50.7 50.8 50.1 50.1 50.6 50.9 50.7 51.2 51.3 51.2 51.4 Source: INEGI Yellow: Percentage of men, Red: Percentage of women (INEGI) Main economic activities and sectors, general import and export figures and their ratio to Turkey In Mexico, which has a GDP of 1.2 trillion USD, per capita income is around 9,807 USD. In 2018, the inflation rate was 4.9%, the unemployment rate was 3.3% and the GDP growth rate was 2%. 67% of the population lives in cities and poverty is very high in rural areas. 46% of the population is poor throughout the country and with this ratio Mexico ranks the first among OECD countries in terms of the difference between the richest and poorest 10%.
    [Show full text]
  • Health Coverage for People Without Social Security in Mexico: a Retrospective Cohort to Assess Childhood Acute Lymphoblastic Leukaemia Survival
    medRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.07.09.20149302; this version posted July 11, 2020. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted medRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. All rights reserved. No reuse allowed without permission. Health coverage for people without social security in Mexico: a retrospective cohort to assess childhood acute lymphoblastic leukaemia survival Muñoz-Aguirre P1‡, Huerta-Gutierrez R2‡, Zamora S3, Mohar A4,5, Vega-Vega L6, Hernández-Ávila JE7, Morales-Carmona E7, Zapata-Tarres M8, Bautista-Arredondo S9, Perez-Cuevas R10, Rivera-Luna R8, Reich MR11, Lajous M2,11 1. National Council for Sceince and Technology (CONACyT), Mexico City, Mexico 2. Centre for Research on Population Health, INSP (Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública), Cuernavaca, Mexico 3. Instituto de Investigaciones en Matemáticas Aplicadas y en Sistemas, UNAM (Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México), Mexico City, Mexico 4. Epidemiology Unit, INCan (Instituto Nacional de Cancerología) 5. Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas-UNAM, Mexico City, Mexico 6. Hospital Infantil Teletón de Oncología, Querétaro, Mexico 7. Centre for Research on Evaluation and Surveys, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública. Cuernavaca, Mexico 8. Division of Paediatric Haematology/Oncology, National Institute of Paediatrics, Mexico City, México 9. Centre for Research on Health Systems, INSP (Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública), Cuernavaca, Mexico 10. Division of Social Protection and Health, Jamaica Country Office, Inter-American Development Bank, Montrose Road 6, Kingston, Jamaica 11. Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States of America.
    [Show full text]
  • Mapping Subnational HIV Mortality in Six Latin American Countries with Incomplete Vital Registration Systems Local Burden of Disease HIV Collaborators
    Local Burden of Disease HIV Collaborators BMC Medicine (2021) 19:4 https://doi.org/10.1186/s12916-020-01876-4 RESEARCH ARTICLE Open Access Mapping subnational HIV mortality in six Latin American countries with incomplete vital registration systems Local Burden of Disease HIV Collaborators Abstract Background: Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) remains a public health priority in Latin America. While the burden of HIV is historically concentrated in urban areas and high-risk groups, subnational estimates that cover multiple countries and years are missing. This paucity is partially due to incomplete vital registration (VR) systems and statistical challenges related to estimating mortality rates in areas with low numbers of HIV deaths. In this analysis, we address this gap and provide novel estimates of the HIV mortality rate and the number of HIV deaths by age group, sex, and municipality in Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Guatemala, and Mexico. Methods: We performed an ecological study using VR data ranging from 2000 to 2017, dependent on individual country data availability. We modeled HIV mortality using a Bayesian spatially explicit mixed-effects regression model that incorporates prior information on VR completeness. We calibrated our results to the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. Results: All countries displayed over a 40-fold difference in HIV mortality between municipalities with the highest and lowest age-standardized HIV mortality rate in the last year of study for men, and over a 20-fold difference for women. Despite decreases in national HIV mortality in all countries—apart from Ecuador—across the period of study, we found broad variation in relative changes in HIV mortality at the municipality level and increasing relative inequality over time in all countries.
    [Show full text]