DOCSLIB.ORG

The Chiapas Earthquake, Mexico 2017

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Chiapas Earthquake, Mexico 2017 GEOFILE Extension 781 The Chiapas earthquake, Mexico 2017 By Philippa Simmons Synopsis Links This Geofile will explore the causes and impacts of Exam board Link to specification the Chiapas earthquake that occurred in Mexico in AQA September 2017, as well as the responses to it. Mexico AS Component 1 Physical Geography 3.3.1.4 is situated where the Cocos plate converges with the Seismic hazards p18 pdf version North American plate – one of the most tectonically Click here active regions in the world, with up to 40 earthquakes A2 Component 1 Physical Geography 3.1.5.4 a day. The state of Chiapas is located along the Seismic hazards p15 pdf version Click here southern shore of Mexico and borders Guatemala, it is in a subduction zone and is at risk of strong Edexcel AS 1.4c and 1.5c Social and economic impacts of earthquakes. At 23.49 local time on 7 September 2017 tectonic hazards p18 pdf version an earthquake of magnitude 8.2 struck off the coast of Click here Mexico. This was the strongest earthquake to be A2 1.4c and 1.5c Social and economic impacts of recorded globally in 2017, resulting in it being the tectonic hazards p15 pdf version Click here second strongest ever in Mexico. OCR AS Topic 2.5 Hazardous Earth 4b Range of impacts Key terms on people as a result of earthquake activity – Tectonic, tectonic hotspot, plate boundary, case studies convergent boundary, aftershock, magnitude, + 5b Strategies – case studies tsunami, vulnerability. p39 pdf version Click here Learning objectives A2 Topic 3.5 Hazardous Earth 4b There is a range of impacts people experience as a result of After working through this Geofile you should have earthquake activity – case studies learned about: + 5b There are various strategies to manage hazards from earthquakes – case studies ●● the causes of the Chiapas earthquake p51 pdf version ●● the impact of the earthquake, particularly focusing Click here on the people in Chiapas who live in an emerging Eduqas A2 3.1.3 Earthquakes, processes, hazards and their economy impacts 3.1.4 Human factors affecting risk and ●● the nature of the responses to the earthquake from vulnerability the Mexican government 3.1.5 Responses to tectonic hazards ●● the work Mexico still needs to do to improve its P30 of pdf version earthquake preparedness. Click here WJEC AS 1.3.3 Earthquakes, processes, hazards and their impacts 1.3.4 Human factors affecting risk and vulnerability 1.3.5 Responses to tectonic hazards P20 pdf version Click here A2 4.1.3 Earthquakes, processes, hazards and their impacts 4.1.4 Human factors affecting risk and vulnerability 4.1.6 Responses to earthquakes P35 pdf version Click here © Oxford University Press 2019 GeoFile, Series 37 Issue 2, January 2019 1 GEOFILE Extension ● 781 The Chiapas earthquake, Mexico 2017 Mexico – a tectonic breaking point, at which point the million people felt it and it even hotspot upper plate will spring back, lifting caused buildings to sway as far Mexico is situated in a tectonically the ocean floor. Consequently the away as Mexico City (Figure 1). region of Chiapas is at risk of both active area and its inhabitants are Earthquakes are a common large earthquakes and tsunamis. used to regular seismic activity, such occurrence in Mexico (Figure 2), as the devastating earthquake that but the causes behind the Chiapas struck Mexico City in 1985. It The causes of the earthquake were complex. One measured 8.1 on the Richter scale Chiapas earthquake factor was the depth of the and destroyed 100,000 buildings. On 7 September 2017 an earthquake, 70km, deep off the Over 5,000 people died and millions earthquake with a magnitude of southern coast of Mexico. This were left without electricity or fresh 8.2 M , as recorded by the USGS, indicated that the earthquake most w water. The earthquake was so hit shortly before midnight off the probably happened within the catastrophic because Mexico City lies southern coast of Mexico, 100 miles plate, as opposed to at the on a former lake-bed, which results (160 km) from the Chiapas region subduction zone between the North in any earthquake being amplified (Figure 1). Approximately 90 people American and Cocos plates. The by the soft alluvial soil. Research has were killed and great damage was Cocos plate is made up of crust shown that the shaking of the caused to the coastal areas around beneath the Pacific Plate and is 1985 earthquake could have been the epicentre. There was a mass sinking deeper into the earth under amplified by as much as 500%. The evacuation from the coast due to its own weight. It would seem that 1985 earthquake also demonstrated initial tsunami warnings. The this is causing fractures inside the that many buildings in the capital, intensity of the earthquake was so slab bend (Figure 3). Geologists particularly in the informal great that it was stated that nearly believe this could have been the settlements, were not earthquake- half of Mexico’s population of 120 cause of the 2017 earthquake. resistant. In response to this, the Mexican government has put a lot of resources into improving the infrastructure in the country’s main cities. Mexico lies between three tectonic plates: the Pacific, North American and Cocos plates. This not only makes it one of the most seismically active countries in the world, but also leaves it vulnerable to volcanic eruptions. The region of Chiapas lies on the boundary of the Cocos and North American plates. At this convergent plate boundary, the oceanic Cocos plate is being forced below the continental North American plate. This creates a subduction zone due to the Figure 1 The Chiapas earthquake oceanic plate being denser than the continental plate. Converging plate Date Affected Area Magnitude Deaths Injuries boundaries can be the cause of very 23 September 2017 Oaxaca 6.1 M 6 7 large earthquakes, and because the w 19 September 2017 Mexico City, Morelos, 7.1 Mw 370 6,011 Cocos plate is being subducted, the Puebla two plates can lock, resulting in 7 September 2017 Chiapas, Oaxaca 8.2 Mw 98 300 pressure building up. The pressure will build up until it reaches a Figure 2 Notable earthquakes in Mexico, 2017 © Oxford University Press 2019 GeoFile, Series 37 Issue 2, January 2019 2 GEOFILE Extension The Chiapas earthquake, Mexico 2017 ● 781 Impacts of the earthquake Following the earthquake the main areas that were affected were the neighbouring states of Chiapas, Oaxaca and Tabasco, around the epicentre. The earthquake had the following initial impacts: ●● 1.5 million people were affected. ●● In the state of Chiapas the earthquake caused damage to 41,000 homes ●● Approximately 90 people who were killed – 71 in Oaxaca, four in Tabasco and 15 in Chiapas. ●● At least 1 million people were left without electricity Figure 3 Section across the Cocos oceanic plate immediately following the earthquake, and later around There is still a lot of research to be earthquake, the Pacific Tsunami 800,000 people. done, due to the complexity of this Warning Centre issued a warning ●● Following the earthquake, tectonic zone. for the whole of the Central schools were closed in 11 American Pacific coast. It was different states to check the Tsunami hazard originally thought there could be safety of the buildings. tsunami waves of up to 3 m high Earthquakes can cause secondary ●● The states of Chiapas and Oaxaca along the coast of Mexico, but it was impacts, the most devastating of are two of the poorest states in later recorded that there were only these often being a tsunami, such as Mexico and many of the waves as high at 0.7 m along the the one that followed Japan’s 2011 communities are not only poor coast. The warning allowed time for Tohuku earthquake. Tsunamis are but also isolated. Many buildings some coastal communities to commonly created at subduction collapsed due to being made out evacuate as a precaution; eventually zones, due to the amount of of flimsy material which was the warnings were lifted, when the pressure that can build up between easily destroyed. lower threat was realised. the two plates. When this pressure ●● There were reports of buildings is released, it is often in the form of Following the tsunami warning, swaying in Mexico City, and a the overriding plate snapping back, there were a number of aftershocks highway bridge which was under which displaces the water above it, from the initial earthquake. construction near Mexico City’s creating a tsunami. The Chiapas Aftershocks are smaller earthquakes international airport collapsed earthquake was different and was which usually only last a few due to the shaking. due to stresses caused by gravity seconds and happen as the earth’s bending and dragging the Cocos crust is adjusting to the effects of Responses to the earthquake plate into the earth. It created a the main shock. In the hour Public officials were quick to give tsunami due to it being on a normal following the earthquake, at least guidance following the earthquake, fault (Figure 3), where the plate 12 aftershocks were recorded by one of the biggest since the 1985 drops down. This was similar to the the United States Geological Mexico City event. Samoa 2009 earthquake, which Service, and in the week following The Mexican government had caused a much larger tsunami. the earthquake a further 1800 learnt a lot from the 1985 aftershocks occurred, some having The tsunami was smaller for the earthquake, when many residents a magnitude of up to 6.1 on the Chiapas earthquake because it had been trapped under rubble, Richter scale.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Measuring Corruption in Mexico
    MEASURING CORRUPTION IN MEXICO Jose I. Rodriguez-Sanchez, Ph.D. Postdoctoral Research Fellow in International Trade, Mexico Center December 2018 © 2018 by the James A. Baker III Institute for Public Policy of Rice University This material may be quoted or reproduced without prior permission, provided appropriate credit is given to the author and the James A. Baker III Institute for Public Policy. Wherever feasible, papers are reviewed by outside experts before they are released. However, the research and views expressed in this paper are those of the individual researcher(s) and do not necessarily represent the views of the James A. Baker III Institute for Public Policy. Jose I. Rodriguez-Sanchez, Ph.D. “Measuring Corruption in Mexico” Measuring Corruption in Mexico Introduction Corruption is a complex problem affecting all societies, and it has many different causes and consequences. Its consequences include negative impacts on economic growth and development, magnifying effects on poverty and inequality, and corrosive effects on legal systems and governance institutions. Corruption in the form of embezzlement or misappropriation of public funds, for example, diverts valuable economic resources that could be used on education, health care, infrastructure, or food security, while simultaneously eroding faith in the government. Calculating and measuring the impact of corruption and its tangible and intangible costs are essential to combating it. But before corruption can be measured, it must first be defined. Decision-makers have often resorted to defining corruption in a certain area or location by listing specific acts that they consider corrupt. Such definitions, however, are limited because they are context-specific and depend on how individual governments decide to approach the problem.
    [Show full text]
  • (Re)Constructing Professional Journalistic Practice in Mexico
    International Journal of Communication 13(2019), 2596–2619 1932–8036/20190005 (Re)constructing Professional Journalistic Practice in Mexico: Verificado’s Marketing of Legitimacy, Collaboration, and Pop Culture in Fact-Checking the 2018 Elections NADIA I. MARTÍNEZ-CARRILLO Roanoke College, USA DANIEL J. TAMUL Virginia Tech, USA Although fact-checking websites for political news such as FactCheck.org, Politifact, and ProPublica are common in the United States, they are new in Mexico. Using textual analysis, this study examines the strategies used by Verificado 2018, a crowdsourced political fact-checking initiative generated during the largest election in Mexican history by news organizations, universities, and tech companies. Verificado 2018 emphasized legitimacy, collaboration, and critical humor to promote and engage users in fact- checking and viralizing reliable information. Keywords: Verificado, misinformation, Mexico, elections, fact-checking Presenting accurate depictions of news has always been central to journalism (see Schudson, 2011). However, modern journalists are trained to present competing statements as “equally viable truth claims” (Durham, 1998, p. 124). This practice can create a “flight from the truth” in service of objectivity and balance (Muñoz-Torres, 2012; Rosen, 1993, p. 4949). Although both strategies serve to legitimize news outlets by making them appear impartial (McChesney, 2004), fact-checking organizations operate within a separate institutional logic, necessitating journalists to judge the veracity of public statements (see Lowrey, 2017, for a review). Lowrey (2017) contends this violates traditional journalistic norms, eroding the legitimacy of fact-checking. With this context in mind, we examine the case of Verificado 2018—a temporary, collaborative, and decentralized fact-checking newsroom—and its communication strategy in the run-up to the 2018 Mexican campaign season.
    [Show full text]
  • México 2017: El Gobierno En Desventaja Rumbo Al 2018
    REVISTA DE CIENCIA POLÍTICA / VOLUMEN 38 / N° 2 / 2018 / 303-333 MEXICO 2017: INCUMBENT DISADVANTAGE AHEAD OF 2018 México 2017: El gobierno en desventaja rumbo al 2018 EDWIN ATILANO ROBLES Centro de Investigación y Docencia Económicas (CIDE), Mexico ALLYSON LUCINDA BENTON Centro de Investigación y Docencia Económicas (CIDE), Mexico ABSTRACT Weak economic performance, high inflation, and a devalued peso drew criticism of the incumbent Institutional Revolutionary Party’s (PRI) economic and fiscal policy choices, and kept President Enrique Peña Nieto’s approval ratings low. The incum- bent PRI thus entered the 2018 electoral season in a weak position, with reduced chances of defeating its main opposition candidate, Andrés Manuel López Obrador, of the National Regeneration Movement (MORENA). Keywords: economic performance, Mexican earthquake, public security, NAFTA, PRI, public opinion, Mexico RESUMEN El débil desempeño, la alta inflación y la devaluación del peso crearon un escenario de críti- cas hacia las decisiones económicas y fiscales del partido en el gobierno, el Partido Revolucio- nario Institucional (PRI), y de igual forma facilitaron que el presidente Enrique Peña Nieto tuviera una baja tasa de aprobación. El PRI inició el periodo electoral de 2018 en una posi- ción débil, lo cual redujo sus posibilidades de derrotar al principal candidato de oposición, Andrés Manuel López Obrador, del Movimiento de Regeneración Nacional (MORENA). Palabras clave: desempeño económico, terremoto mexicano, seguridad pública, TLCAN, PRI, opinion pública, México EDWIN ATILANO ROBLES • ALLYSON LUCINDA BENTON I. INTRODUCTION Ongoing weak economic growth, important social concerns, and deteriorating security conditions during 2017 put the incumbent Institutional Revolutionary Party (Partido Revolucionario Institucional or PRI) at a disadvantage ahead of the 2018 presidential race.
    [Show full text]
  • Mexico Uncertainty Looms
    Mexico Uncertainty looms By: Jesus Leal Trujillo Inflation and uncertainty ous decades, it is significant enough to warrant at- around NAFTA could slow tention. The liberalization of the energy market, a down growth in 2018 depreciation of the Mexican peso vis-à-vis the dollar, and uncertainty regarding the North American Free The last 15 years have witnessed a period of mac- Trade Agreement (NAFTA) have all helped contrib- roeconomic stability previously unseen in Mexico. ute to the spike in inflation. As Mexico enters the However, by November 2017, inflation had reached new year, the stability achieved over the past de- 6.6 percent on an annual basis.1 While the current cade or so may become fragile. The renegotiation of spike is nowhere near the levels registered in previ- NAFTA looms large over the Mexican economy. Mexico: Uncertainty looms Inflation strikes back and other fuels. Given the early 2017 gasoline price deregulation, it is not surprising that the energy The 6.6 percent year-over-year inflation rate in price index registered a 17 percent increase from November was almost double the average annual the previous year. The prices approved by the gov- rate of 3.5 percent registered between 2012 and ernment index (Energéticos y tarifas autorizadas 2016. While core inflation posted a 4.9 percent rise, por el gobierno), which captures the relative cost of noncore inflation increased by a significant 12 per- other parts of the energy sector, also registered an cent.2 At first glance, these numbers appear alarm- annual increase of 8.2 percent.
    [Show full text]
  • Observations on the State of Indigenous Human Rights in Mexico
    Observations on the State of Indigenous Human Rights in Mexico Prepared for: The 31st Session of Universal Periodic Review Working Group of the United Nations Human Rights Council Submission date: March 2018 Cultural Survival is an international Indigenous rights organization with a global Indigenous leadership and consultative status with ECOSOC. Cultural Survival is located in Cambridge, Massachusetts, and is registered as a 501(c)(3) non-profit organization in the United States. Cultural Survival monitors the protection of Indigenous Peoples' rights in countries throughout the world and publishes its findings in its magazine, the Cultural Survival Quarterly; and on its website: www.cs.org Cultural Survival 2067 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge, MA 02140 Tel: 1 (617) 441 5400 www.culturalsurvival.org [email protected] Observations on the State of Indigenous Human Rights in Mexico I. Executive Issue Summary Violence against Indigenous Peoples plagues Mexico. The Mexican government has made some legislative steps to protect Indigenous rights through international agreements and within its constitution. Mexico voted for the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (UNDRIP) in 2007, is a signatory to the Indigenous and Tribal Peoples Convention (ILO Convention 169), and lists protections for Indigenous Peoples in its constitution, guaranteeing to respect, protect, and fulfil their rights to languages, environments, use of natural resources, and representation. Despite these protections, Indigenous activists face violence and intimidation from illegally operating companies, drug cartels, and from government and police officials. Crimes against Indigenous Peoples are committed with impunity and the government’s support to the affected communities has been limited. II. Background Mexico has a population of 124,574,795 people.
    [Show full text]
  • The Political Culture of Democracy in Mexico and in the Americas, 2016/17: a Comparative Study of Democracy and Governance
    7 7 7 The AmericasBarometer is a regional survey carried out by the Latin American Public Opin- ion Project (LAPOP). LAPOP has deep roots in the Latin America and Caribbean region, via 2016/1 , 2016/1 s public opinion research that dates back over four decades. Its headquarters are at Vander- , 2016/1 The AmericasBarometer is a regional survey carried out by the Latin American Public Opinion Project (LAPOP). bilt University, in the United States. The AmericasBarometer is possible due to the activities LAPOP has deep roots in the Latin America and Caribbean region, via public opinion research that dates back as and support of a consortium of institutions located across the Americas. To carry out each ca over four decades. Its headquarters are at Vanderbilt University, in the United States. The AmericasBarometer ri round of the survey, LAPOP partners with local individuals, firms, universities, development ic organizations,is possible and due others to the in ac 34tiviti countrieses and supp in ortthe of Western a consortium Hemisphere. of institu Thesetions l oceffortsated ac haveross the Americas. To three core purposes: to produce objective, non-partisan, and scientifically sound studies of public opinion; to build capacity and strengthen international relations; and to disseminate me THE POLITICAL CULTURE OF important findings regarding citizens’ experiences with, assessments of, and commitment to A Amer democratic forms of government. e DEMOCRACY IN MEXICO assessments of, and commitment to democratic forms of government. h Since 2004, the AmericasBarometer has received generous support from the United States he Agency for International Development (USAID) and Vanderbilt University.
    [Show full text]
  • The Development of Narcotrafficking and Corruption in Mexico
    Anuario Latinoamericano Ciencias Políticas y Relaciones Internacionales vol. 6, 2018 pp. 213–234 The development of narcotrafficking DOI: 10.17951/al.2018.6.213-234 and corruption in Mexico El desarrollo del narcotráfico y la corrupción en México Nubia Nieto Independent researcher [email protected] https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9454-5922 ABSTRACT In recent decades, Mexico has hit the news headlines due to the high levels of violence, brutality and drug trafficking. Moreover, the links between political power, intelligence agencies, corruption and organised crime have been undeniable in the development of narcotrafficking and violence in Mexico. In this scenario, the following questions are emerging and are intended to be analyzed throughout this text: Why have drug traffickers managed to destabilize the Mexican government? How much responsibilities have the U.S. and Mexican intelligence agencies in the development of drug trafficking and violence? Can Mexico by itself control the development of drug trafficking? Is it possible to establish the rule of law and accountability mechanisms? Does the new government of Andrés Manuel López Obrador represent hope for the control of violence in Mexico? KEYWORDS: corruption, drug trafficking, political elites, Mexico, democracy. RESUMEN En las últimas décadas, México ha encabezado los titulares en la prensa debido a los altos niveles de violencia, brutalidad y tráfico de drogas. Además, pocas veces se cuestionan los vínculos entre poder político, agencias de inteligencia, corrupción y crimen
    [Show full text]
  • Mexico International Renewable Energy Conference
    MEXICO INTERNATIONAL RENEWABLE ENERGY CONFERENCE SEPTEMBER 11TH - 13TH MEXICO CITY Index 05. INTRODUCTION 06. A MESSAGE FROM THE ORGANISERS REN21 CONNECTING 08. DAY 01 THE DOTS: 12. DAY 02 CONVENING PRESS CONFERENCE MULTISTAKEHOLDERS 33. ON RENEWABLE 34. DAY 03 ENERGY 63. FINAL DECLARATION 75. PHOTO GALLERY 2 3 INTRODUCTION A methodical and systematic approach to renewable the generation, and use of renewable energy were energy is one of the fundamental priorities of analysed from an integrated and multifaceted perspective. our current environmental, social, political, and To quote Leonardo Beltrán, Deputy Director of Energy economic situation. The speed of our production Planning and Transition at SENER, the event “reflects and business cycles are derived from a contradictory the commitment of the Mexican Government to dynamic in which, on the one hand energy is required produce 50% of clean energy by the year 2050. for development, while, on the other, traditional MEXIREC is a driving force for the usage and means of production and consumption are polluting. production of renewable energies not only in Latin Renewable energy provides one way to exit this cycle America and the Caribbean but globally, satisfying and ensure clean and affordable energy for all. our energy requirements in a clean, accessible, and sustainable manner”. REN21 convenes international multi-stakeholder leaders to enable a rapid global transition to renewable The talks and presentations revolved around five energy. REN21 promotes renewable energy to meet thematic areas: Policy and Finance; Electricity Sector the needs of both industrialised and developing and Infrastructure; Heating and Cooling/Transport; countries that are driven by climate change, energy Energy Access/Local Value Creation; and Technology security, development and poverty alleviation.
    [Show full text]
  • Amino Acid Changes in HA and Determinants of Pathogenicity
    Virus Research 272 (2019) 197731 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Virus Research journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/virusres Short communication Amino acid changes in HA and determinants of pathogenicity associated T with influenza virus A H1N1pdm09 during the winter seasons 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 in Mexico ⁎ Joel Armando Vázquez-Péreza, , Daniela De La Rosa-Zambonib, Ángel Emmanuel Vega-Sáncheza, Luis Horacio Gutiérrez-Gonzáleza, Norma Angélica Téllez-Navarretea, Fernando Camposa, Cristóbal Guadarrama-Péreza, José Luis Sandovala, Manuel Castillejos-Lópeza, Rodolfo Norberto Jiménez-Juárezb, José Luis Sánchez-Huertab, Brenda Berenice Pérez-Méndezb, Rogelio Pérez-Padillaa a Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosio Villegas, Mexico City, Mexico b Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Mexico City, Mexico ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Keywords: Biennial H1N1pdm09 influenza A virus (IAV) epidemics have been associated with major severity of respiratory Influenza virus disease in Mexico. Atypically and in contrast with what happened in USA, Canada and Europe during 2017, an AH1N1pdm09 increase of infections due to the H1N1pdm09 pandemic virus instead of H3N2 was observed. In order to de- Pathogenicity termine the viral contribution to severe acute respiratory disease, we characterized the pathogenicity de- Molecular determinants terminants of IAV in Mexico during the 2015–2016 and 2016–2017 seasons. The RNA segments of 20 IAV samples were sequenced by NGS platform and phylogenetic analysis was conducted. The analysis of the he- magglutinin (HA) sequences established that all virus samples, except one, belong to clade (6B.1). The IAVs presented the substitution S162 N, which introduces a new glycosylation site in the hemagglutinin. We also found the D222 G substitution, which has been associated with a higher tropism towards the lower respiratory tract, and a non-reported insertion of one Ile in NS1 (Ile113).
    [Show full text]
  • Mexican Healthcare System 2019
    MEXICAN HEALTHCARE SYSTEM 2019 1 GENERAL INFORMATION CONCERNING THE DEMOGRAPHIC AND ECONOMIC STRUCTURE OF THE COUNTRY Population and official languages of the country, age-gender dispersion in the country, the share of elderly population (+65) in the overall population There is no official language in the Federal constitution of the United Mexican States. Mexico has a population of nearly 125 million in 2018 which makes it 11th most populous country in world. Age-Gender Dispersion Percentage Indicator 1910 1921 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 Percentage of men 49.5 48.9 49.0 49.3 49.2 49.9 49.9 49.4 49.1 49.3 48.8 48.7 48.8 48.6 Percentage of women 50.5 51.1 51.0 50.7 50.8 50.1 50.1 50.6 50.9 50.7 51.2 51.3 51.2 51.4 Source: INEGI Yellow: Percentage of men, Red: Percentage of women (INEGI) Main economic activities and sectors, general import and export figures and their ratio to Turkey In Mexico, which has a GDP of 1.2 trillion USD, per capita income is around 9,807 USD. In 2018, the inflation rate was 4.9%, the unemployment rate was 3.3% and the GDP growth rate was 2%. 67% of the population lives in cities and poverty is very high in rural areas. 46% of the population is poor throughout the country and with this ratio Mexico ranks the first among OECD countries in terms of the difference between the richest and poorest 10%.
    [Show full text]
  • Health Coverage for People Without Social Security in Mexico: a Retrospective Cohort to Assess Childhood Acute Lymphoblastic Leukaemia Survival
    medRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.07.09.20149302; this version posted July 11, 2020. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted medRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. All rights reserved. No reuse allowed without permission. Health coverage for people without social security in Mexico: a retrospective cohort to assess childhood acute lymphoblastic leukaemia survival Muñoz-Aguirre P1‡, Huerta-Gutierrez R2‡, Zamora S3, Mohar A4,5, Vega-Vega L6, Hernández-Ávila JE7, Morales-Carmona E7, Zapata-Tarres M8, Bautista-Arredondo S9, Perez-Cuevas R10, Rivera-Luna R8, Reich MR11, Lajous M2,11 1. National Council for Sceince and Technology (CONACyT), Mexico City, Mexico 2. Centre for Research on Population Health, INSP (Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública), Cuernavaca, Mexico 3. Instituto de Investigaciones en Matemáticas Aplicadas y en Sistemas, UNAM (Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México), Mexico City, Mexico 4. Epidemiology Unit, INCan (Instituto Nacional de Cancerología) 5. Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas-UNAM, Mexico City, Mexico 6. Hospital Infantil Teletón de Oncología, Querétaro, Mexico 7. Centre for Research on Evaluation and Surveys, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública. Cuernavaca, Mexico 8. Division of Paediatric Haematology/Oncology, National Institute of Paediatrics, Mexico City, México 9. Centre for Research on Health Systems, INSP (Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública), Cuernavaca, Mexico 10. Division of Social Protection and Health, Jamaica Country Office, Inter-American Development Bank, Montrose Road 6, Kingston, Jamaica 11. Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States of America.
    [Show full text]
  • Mapping Subnational HIV Mortality in Six Latin American Countries with Incomplete Vital Registration Systems Local Burden of Disease HIV Collaborators
    Local Burden of Disease HIV Collaborators BMC Medicine (2021) 19:4 https://doi.org/10.1186/s12916-020-01876-4 RESEARCH ARTICLE Open Access Mapping subnational HIV mortality in six Latin American countries with incomplete vital registration systems Local Burden of Disease HIV Collaborators Abstract Background: Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) remains a public health priority in Latin America. While the burden of HIV is historically concentrated in urban areas and high-risk groups, subnational estimates that cover multiple countries and years are missing. This paucity is partially due to incomplete vital registration (VR) systems and statistical challenges related to estimating mortality rates in areas with low numbers of HIV deaths. In this analysis, we address this gap and provide novel estimates of the HIV mortality rate and the number of HIV deaths by age group, sex, and municipality in Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Guatemala, and Mexico. Methods: We performed an ecological study using VR data ranging from 2000 to 2017, dependent on individual country data availability. We modeled HIV mortality using a Bayesian spatially explicit mixed-effects regression model that incorporates prior information on VR completeness. We calibrated our results to the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. Results: All countries displayed over a 40-fold difference in HIV mortality between municipalities with the highest and lowest age-standardized HIV mortality rate in the last year of study for men, and over a 20-fold difference for women. Despite decreases in national HIV mortality in all countries—apart from Ecuador—across the period of study, we found broad variation in relative changes in HIV mortality at the municipality level and increasing relative inequality over time in all countries.
    [Show full text]