About the Authors

Mark J. Ahn Mark J. Ahn is President and Chief Executive Officer, and Director of Galena Biopharma (Nasdaq: GALE) and Professor (adjunct), Biosciences, Creighton University. Prior to Galena, Dr. Ahn was Principal at Pukana Partners, Ltd. that provides strategic consulting to life science companies; and Associate Professor, Global Management at Atkinson Graduate School of Management, Willamette University. He previously served as Chair, Science & Technology Management, Victoria University at Wellington, New Zealand. Dr. Ahn was also founder, President, and Chief Executive Officer of Hana Biosciences. Prior to Hana, he served as Vice President, Hematology and corporate officer at Genentech, Inc., as well as held positions of increasing responsibility at Amgen and Bristol-Myers Squibb Company; and served in the US Army. Dr. Ahn also serves on public and venture capital-backed Board of Directors for Access Pharmaceuticals, Mesynthes and Scribes STAT. Dr. Ahn’s teaching and research interests include global strategy and innovation management; biotechnology and life science industries; leadership and transformational change. Dr. Ahn received a B.A. in History and M.B.A. in Finance from Chaminade University; and M.A. in Classics from Victoria University. He was a graduate fellow in Economics at Essex University, and obtained a Ph.D. in Management from the University of South Australia. Dr. Ahn is a Henry Crown Fellow at the Aspen Institute.

Javier Aranzadi Javier Aranzadi is Associate Professor of Economics at Universidad Auto´noma de Madrid, Spain. Dr. Aranzadi has studied at Institut fu¨r Wirtschaftspolitik at the University of Cologne and has been visiting scholar at Georgetown University. His main areas of interest are Austrian economics, business ethics and philosophical foundations of economic systems. His last book is Liberalism against Liberalism.

Elena Avramidou Elena Avramidou is Educational and Cultural Attache´ at the Embassy of Greece in Beijing and teaches Modern Greek Language and Culture at the Centre for Hellenic

G.P. Prastacos et al. (eds.), Leadership through the Classics, 539 DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-32445-1, # Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2012 540 About the Authors

Studies, Peking University, China. She holds a Doctorate and a Master’s degree in Philosophy from Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece, and graduated from the University of Turin, Italy, with a degree in Law. Her research and scientific interests are in the areas of Comparative Studies between Greek and Chinese thought, especially Plato and Confucius, as well as of the relationship between Intellectuals and Power in China. She acted as organizer and coordinator of cultural events, has been member of the Cultural Events and Activities Planning Committee of the Italian Cultural Institute of Thessaloniki, Greece, and taught Italian Language and Culture. She has also worked as a journalist with newspapers and magazines and had the production and presentation of cultural programs in radio and television.

Steve Bakalis Dr. Steve Bakalis currently oversees the international engagement portfolio in the School of International Business, Victoria University. During his academic career, Steve has also undertaken numerous administrative duties at the University, Faculty and School level. He has also held visiting teaching and research appointments at Central University of Finance and Economics (Beijing-China), University of Thessaly (Volos-Greece), Kasetsart University (Bangkok-Thailand), The Ministry of Higher Education (Muscat-Oman), and the National Europe Centre at The Australian National University (ANU). At The ANU he was the Outreach Coordinator of the European Diaspora Research Network (EDRN) which was initiated under the European Union (EU) Jean Monnet Reflection Activities Program, leading to his involvement as a partner investigator in an Australian Research Council project, entitled, “Australian Diasporas and Brain Gain: Exploring Current and Potential Transnational Linkages”. His research interests lie in the area of Management Control Systems and National Culture, Networks in International Business, International Business Case Studies, Export Strategy, International Education Management, and International Student Mobility Strategies. He has published widely in international and domestic journals also regularly presents at international and domestic academic conferences.

Martha C. Beck Dr. Martha C. Beck is Professor of Philosophy at Lyon College in Batesville, Arkansas. She received her M.A. and Ph.D. in Philosophy from Bryn Mawr College in Philadelphia. She has attended two Summer Seminars sponsored by the National Endowment for the Humanities, on Plato at Duke University and on Aristotle at the University of California in San Diego. She has written 12 books and numerous articles on: Plato, Aristotle, Greek tragedy, Greek mythology, and Aristotle from the perspectives of virtue ethics, archetypal psychology, contemporary systems thinking, environmental ethics, feminist theory, and the United Nations’ capabilities model for human development. Her articles have been published (or will be) in journals in the United States, Greece, The Russian Republic, South Africa, Australia, and China. She has delivered papers in Athens and Olympia, Moscow and St. Petersburg, Beijing and Shang Hai, Ascea, Italy and Prague. She has spent numerous About the Authors 541 summers and a sabbatical living in Athens, doing research on the legacy of the Ancient Greeks and talking to prominent Greek scholars in Philosophy and Environ- mental Archeology. She has received a Fulbright Fellowship to teach Western Thought at Sunan Gunung Djati Islamic State University in Bandung, Indonesia, beginning January 2012.

Marianna Benetatou Marianna Benetatou conducts seminars on Chinese and Comparative philosophy at cultural centers and private institutions in Athens. Her area of research covers Comparative philosophy between China and ancient Greece, Neo-Confucianism and virtue ethics, ancient philosophical theories and modernization and Buddhism. She has graduated from the University Paris IV-Sorbonne, France and holds a bachelor, Masters and Post Graduate Degree in philosophy and a Doctorate Degree in Comparative philosophy. She has been invited by Beijing University as visiting professor and by the Tokyo Institute of Technology as visiting scholar. She has given lectures to different Universities and has participated in various international conferences on philosophy in Greece and abroad. She has published articles in international philosophical reviews and is the author of two books, namely “The Lotus Road. Places Where Lived the Buddha,” Athens, editions Konidaris, 2006 and “Beyond Orientalism. Comparative Approach to Chinese and Greek Philosophy,” Athens, editions Konidaris, 2007. She is a member of the Greek Philosophical Society, of the Greece-China Association and of the Indo-Hellenic Society for Culture and Development.

Vikas Rai Bhatnagar Vikas Rai Bhatnagar is an alumnus of Dayalbagh Educational Institute, India and is presently a research scholar with Management Development Institute, India pursuing his executive doctoral program in Organization Behavior. He served the Indian Army as a Captain and held various leadership and staff roles. Subsequently, Vikas joined the corporate sector and led the Human Resources function in various capacities in General Electric, Aventis, Bayer, Dr. Reddy’s Labs, and currently Vikas is Group Chief Human Resources Officer in Ashok Minda Group. The research interests of Vikas include leadership development, organizational dynamics, and change man- agement. He is passionate about creating knowledge that adds to theory as well as impacts practice. He has presented several papers in international conferences and has a few publications to his credit. Vikas employs his spare time to play tennis; read philosophy, theoretical physics, psychology, and poetry; watch theater, listen to classical music, or perform meditation.

George C. Bitros George C. Bitros, Professor of Economics, Emeritus, Athens University of Economics and Business. He obtained his Ph.D. in Economics from New York University in 1972 and stayed on for teaching and research until 1976. In that year he returned to Greece in the position of Senior Research Associate in the Research Department of the Bank of Greece and 3 years later he moved on to the Athens 542 About the Authors

University of Economics and Business where he served as Professor of Economics until 2007 and Chairman of the Department from 2003 to 2007. He has published extensively in major scholarly journals. He has served as research associate in the National Bureau of Economic Research (USA). He has held advisory posts in government, government commissions, as well as major business concerns, and he serves as referee for several domestic and international journals. Currently he is European Editor of the Journal of Economic Asymmetries.

Chung-ying Cheng Professor Dr. Chung-ying Cheng, was born in 1935 in China, received his college education at National Taiwan University in Taipei with major in philosophy and literature, received his M.A. in Philosophy from University of Washington (1959), and received Ph.D. in Philosophy (with minor in mathematics) from Harvard University (1964). He started teaching in 1964, and became a tenured full Professor of Philosophy by 1972 at University of Hawaii at Manoa. Professor Cheng’s specialization includes philosophy of logic and language, phi- losophy of science, ethics, epistemology, metaphysics, Hermeneutics,and philosophy of culture and value on the Western side, Yijing, Daoism, Confucianism/Neo- Confucianism and Chinese Buddhist Philosophy (Huayan, Tiantai and Chan) on the Eastern side. He is well known for his work in analytical reconstruction of Chinese philosophy, critical study of pragmatism, development of onto-hermeneutics, integrative ethics and theory of creative management based on his work in Yijing onto-cosmology and Daoist onto-ethics. Professor Cheng proposed in 1979 an integrated philosophy of Chinese manage- ment, integrating leadership and strategy, innovation and renovation, human relationship and networking, ethics and economics into a well-organized theory with strong applications. His theory was since then known as “C Theory” or Creativity Theory. His book titled Theory C: Philosophy of Chinese Management (in Chinese) has been published and known in both China and Taiwan and has been used as text and reference for the last 15 years. Professor Cheng has published more than 26 books in both English and Chinese and more than 300 essays and papers in various fields of philosophy as mentioned above. Professor Cheng is the Founder and Editor-in-Chief of the Journal of Chinese Philosophy (a philosophical quarterly with yearly supplement) since 1973; he is also the Founding President for International Society for Chinese Philosophy, Founder and Chairperson for International Society for Yijing, Founder and President for International Association for Chinese Management, and Founder and Chair of Board of International East–West University. Professor Cheng has been awarded an Honorary Doctorate from Russian Acad- emy of Science, Institute of Far Eastern Studies, an Award from British Academy of Sciences and Visiting Professorship at Oxford University, a Senior Research Scholar of Fulbright Programs from U.S. Government. Professor Cheng has been Visiting Professor at many distinguished universities in the world, including Yale University, Oxford University, Berlin Technical University, and London University. About the Authors 543

Wesley Cragg Wesley Cragg is a graduate in philosophy of the Universities of Alberta (M.A.) and Oxford (B. Phil. & D. Phil). He has held academic appointments in philosophy in a number of Canadian Universities. In 1992 he was appointed the first Gardiner Professor of Business Ethics with responsibility to develop an M.B.A. program in business ethics for what is now the Schulich School of Business at York University. He was the founding Chair and President of Transparency International Canada. Dr. Cragg has published widely in Canadian and international journals and written and edited a number of books on business ethics, values based management, corporate codes of ethics and their value and impact, the challenge of bribery and corruption in the global market place, contemporary moral issues, and moral education, among other topics. He has worked in a voluntary and consulting capacity with a number of Departments in the Canadian Government and with a number of Canadian corporations and NGOs. He is currently a York University Senior Scholar in business and philosophy and Project Director and Principal Investigator for the Canadian Business Ethics Research Network (CBERN). Funded by the Canadian Social Science and Humanities Research Council and other donors, CBERN’s goal is to encourage, support and raise the profile of business ethics research in Canada by encouraging networking and dialogue across the private, government, NGO and academic sectors. CBERN is headquartered in the Schulich School of Business at York University.

Changzheng Dai Changzheng Dai is the dean of the School of International Relations at the Univer- sity of International Business and Economics, Beijing, China. Prior to this position, he served as the director of UIBE’s Department of Public Administration from 2001 to 2005. He was the dean of the Department of Social Sciences at Hefei Union University from 1991 to 1998. Changzheng Dai holds a bachelor’s degree from Anhui Teacher’s University and M.L. and doctoral degrees from Renmin University of China. He was a post-doctoral research fellow at the Graduate School of Public Administration, Seoul National University, and a visiting research fellow at John F. Kennedy School of Government of Harvard University. Professor Dai is the author of four books including Grassroots Politics of Con- temporary China, and Government Reform, Public Participation, and Governance Transition in China. He has published over 50 research papers both domestically and abroad. His research focuses on political science theories, the floating population political participation in China, grassroots democratic governance in China, and migration and the state security.

Lipi Das Lipi Das is Faculty – Business Communication at Institute of Management Tech- nology (IMT), Ghaziabad, India. She is Post-Graduate in Management, AIMA- CME – New Delhi, PG (HON) in Airlines, Tourism and Hospitality (ITFT) and Masters in History from Delhi University. She is currently pursuing Ph.D. program in Business Administration from AIMA – AMU. She is member of the Corporate 544 About the Authors

Communications and Media Relations Committee at IMT. Her Soft Skills Academic and Consulting experience has been with IILM-Graduate School of Management, Jaypee Business School, Mafoi Management Consultants, Air Hostess Academy, Indian Retail School. Her research and teaching interests are in the areas of Soft Skills, Business Communication and Mentoring. Her Corporate domain expertise comes from handling Telemarketing start-up Function, ISO Standardization of Customer Service Processes and Procedures, Team Management, Leadership in organizations like Blue Dart Express, Modi Korea Telecom, and TNT Global Express Logistics and as Head-Academics – ITFT-Chandigarh. Some of her notable achievements include being awarded “SILVER STAR” – Trainer of the Month at Air Hostess Academy New Delhi. As Customer Service Manager – TNT Chennai, under her supervision, the Customer Service Team was awarded with “Regional High Flyer Award”. She is also recipient of “Bravo Blue Darter” award for out- standing performance in 1995.

Lila Despotidou Lila Despotidou holds a B.A. in Greek Philology (specialization in Linguistics) and an M.A. in Applied Linguistics (Teaching of Modern Greek as a Foreign Language) from the National and Kapodistrian University of Athens (UoA). She is currently pursuing her Ph.D. in the Department of Management Science and Technology of the Athens University of Economics and Business (AUEB). Her research interests focus on theories, originated in Ancient Greek and Chinese Philosophy, which can be applied to modern management and leadership to increase organizational outcomes. Since 2007, Lila Despotidou works as project manager at AUEB. She has also worked as an adjunct professor of Greek as a Foreign Language at UoA (2003–2007). She has participated as a research fellow in Research Programs of UoA and in the organizing committee of international conferences organized by AUEB and UoA.

Larry W. Ettner Larry W. Ettner, DM is a Professor of Management Practice at Atkinson Graduate School of Management, Willamette University, Salem, Oregon (USA). He holds a Doctorate of Management from Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio. His primary teaching focuses on Experiential Learning, Organizational Leadership, and LEAD (Leadership Effectiveness and Development). His research interests focus on values-based leadership, corporate governance, and organizational ethics. Prior to academia (second career) he was Managing Partner and Chairman of his own partnership with a Wall Street investment bank in Chicago/New York, Executive Vice President of a NYSE public REIT, and division President of an international property and development firm. He serves on the board of directors of several for profit and not-for-profit organizations.

Arianna Fermani Arianna Fermani is a Researcher in History of Ancient Philosophy at the Depart- ment of Philosophy and Human Sciences of the University of Macerata (Italy). About the Authors 545

She holds a Doctorate of Philosophy and Theory of Human Science at the University of Macerata. Her research and teaching interests are in the areas of ancient ethics and, in particular, of Platonic and Aristotelian ethics. Between her principal publications: Vita felice umana: in dialogo con Platone e Aristotle, Eum, Macerata 2006; Aristotele, Le Tre Etiche, edited by A. Fermani, Bompiani, Milano 2008; Attivita e virtu. Anima e corpo in Aristotele, edited by M. Migliori e A. Fermani, introduction by A. Fermani, Vita e Pensiero, Milano 2009; M. Migliori, L.M. Napolitano Valditara and A. Fermani (Eds.), Inner Life and Soul. Psychein Plato, Academia Verlag Sankt Augustin (forthcoming); “To kakon pollachos^ leghetai”: the polivocity of the notion of evil in the Aristotelian Ethics,inC. Baracchi (ed.), Aristotle, Continuum, London (forthcoming).

Eleanna Galanaki Eleanna Galanaki is a Lecturer of Organisational Behaviour with an emphasis on Communication at the Department of Marketing & Communication of the Athens University of Economics & Business. She holds a B.Sc. in Economics, a M.Sc. in Human Resource Management and a Ph.D. in Human Resource Management. For her academic performance she has received various awards and distinctions. She has a wide teaching experience, most notably in Human Resource Manage- ment, Entrepreneurship, Organisational Behaviour and Economics. Her research interests include outsourcing of management functions, management information systems, culture, leadership and entrepreneurship. She has published in various leading international academic journals in her field.

Kevin Gibson Kevin Gibson holds teaching positions in both the Philosophy and Management departments and directs the Center for Ethics Studies at Marquette University, Milwaukee, USA. He has a doctorate from the University of Colorado, and a master’s degree in administration and social planning from Harvard University. He is the author of two textbooks on business ethics. His Introduction to Business Ethics by Cambridge University Press has been translated into Albanian. He is a member of the editorial board of the Journal of Business Ethics, and has published widely in applied ethics, negotiation and conflict resolution. His current research interests include cross-cultural issues of sustainability, and the development of valuation methods for intangible heritage such as communal traditions and sacred spaces. Dr. Gibson has received numerous teaching excellence awards for his work with Executive M.B.A. students, and has consulted with private companies and the U.S. government on ethics and leadership training.

Benedetta Giovanola Benedetta Giovanola is Assistant Professor in Moral Philosophy at the University of Macerata (Italy). She holds a doctorate in Philosophy from The University of Macerata and has been visiting at the Radboud University Nijmegen (The Netherlands) and the Catholic University of Louvain (Belgium), at the Chaire Hoover d’e´thique e´conomique et sociale. Her current research and teaching interests are 546 About the Authors mainly focused on social and economic ethics, business ethics and leadership. She is co-promoter and member of the scientific committee of the International Program:: in Applied Ethics (Macerata-Nijmegen-Leuven), member of the Arbeitsgruppe fur Wirtschaftsethik und Wirtschaftskultur der Deutschen Gesellschaft fu¨r Philosophie, and Fellow of the Foundation for a New Ethical Business. Among her recent publications: Personhood and Human Richness. Good and Well-Being in the Capability Approach and Beyond (“Review of Social Economy”, n. 2/2005, Helen Potter Award 2005); Re-thinking the Anthropological and Ethical Foundation of Economics and Business: Human Richness and Capabilities Enhancement (“Journal of Business Ethics”, n. 3/2009); Sen and Nussbaum on Human Capabilities in Business,inC.Dierksmeieret.al(eds.),:: Humanistic Ethics in the Age of Globality (New York 2011), Okonomisierung und Kommerzialisierung:: als Problem der Philosophie, in M. Kettner – P. Koslowski (Hrsg.), Okonomisierung und Kommerzia- lisierung der Gesellschaft (Mu¨nchen 2011); Ethics and Public Administration. On the Italian Case and Beyond (“International Journal of Public Administration”, n. 1/2011).

Andrea Hornett Andrea Hornett is an Assistant Professor in the USA at the Fox School of Business at Temple University in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. She was previously a member of the faculty at Pennsylvania State University. She has a doctorate in organizational learning from The George Washington University, a masters’ from the University of Pennsylvania, and a bachelors from Mount Holyoke College with a double major in political science and economics. After an extensive career in both government policy and corporate management, she now teaches integrated business applications involving simulations and innovative approaches to combining business functions to good effect in achieving competitive strategies. She has also taught strategy, entrepreneurship, organization theory, and organizational behavior, strategic manage- ment in healthcare, and managing change and innovation. She frequently consults in areas of strategy and change leadership and serves on the board of several organizations including the Knowledge Management Group of Philadelphia. Her research interests include knowledge transfer, virtual organizations, project management, and ethical discernment.

Graeme Hugo Professor Graeme Hugo is ARC Australian Professorial Fellow, Professor of the Discipline of Geography, Environment and Population and Director of the National Centre for Social Applications of Geographic Information Systems at the University of Adelaide. His research interests are in population issues in Australia and South East Asia, especially migration. He is the author of over 300 books, articles in scholarly journals and chapters in books, as well as a large number of conference papers and reports. In 2002 he secured an ARC Federation Fellowship over 5 years for his research project, “The new paradigm of international migration to and from Australia: dimensions, causes and implications”. His recent research has focused on migration and development, environment and migration and migration policy. In About the Authors 547

2009 he was awarded an ARC Australian Professorial Fellowship over 5 years for his research project “Circular migration in Asia, the Pacific and Australia: Empirical, theoretical and policy dimensions”. He is chair of the Demographic Change and Liveability Panel of the Ministry of Sustainability, Environment, Water, Population and Communities and was appointed to National Housing Supply Council in 2011.

Sharon Jackson Sharon Jackson is Teaching Associate at the ‘Doughty Centre for Corporate Responsibility’ Cranfield School of Management UK, Research Fellow and Visiting lecturer (International M.B.A.) at Athens University of Economics and Business, (AUEB) Greece and Visiting Lecturer Cambridge University. She is also the co-founder and Director of the ‘European Sustainability Academy’ (ESA), a bespoke ecological teaching and research centre for managing and leading sustainable business, in Crete. Her research expertise includes an M.Sc. through research and subsequent Ph.D. (2007–2013) at Cranfield, researching the impact of organisational managers’ sensemaking on embedding sustainable business initiatives. Sharon’s expertise includes 15 years plus experience consulting and systems implementation to embed espoused Corporate Responsibility and Sustainability policies in to organisational strategy and daily operations. Through teaching and coaching, board members, senior managers and operational managers she has developed programmes and unique models and tools in the areas of: Practical Ethics in Business, Understanding Stakeholders, Making Sense and Communicating CSR, Congruent Sustainability Leadership, Engaging Employees in CSR, Driving Change for CSR. She has experience in a wide range of industry sectors and has designed and delivered experiential sustainable business leadership programmes in diverse locations including Australia, China and Europe.

Terri Joiner Dr. Terri Joiner is Associate Professor of Management and has held the position of Head, School of Management, Faculty of Business, Economics and Law, Latrobe University, Australia since 2009. Previously she was Head, Department of Man- agement and Marketing at La Trobe University and has held visiting teaching and research appointments at the University of Melbourne, University of Western Australia, Victoria University (Australia) and Kasetsart University, Bangkok. Dr. Joiner earned a Bachelor of Economics with Honours from La Trobe University and her Ph.D., also from La Trobe, explored the influence of culture on the effectiveness of Greek and Australian management control systems. She has an interest in teaching International Management, Organization Theory, and Organi- zation Behaviour. Dr. Joiner’s research interests include cross-cultural management (including Australian ethnic diaspora and transnational linkages), managing people and organizations and management education. She has published widely in inter- national and domestic journals also regularly presents at international and domestic academic conferences. 548 About the Authors

Wen-Chin Kan Wen-Chin Kan is a Ph.D. student at Graduate Institute of Philosophy of the National Central University, Taiwan. She is also a lecturer at Center for General Education of Mei Ho University. She obtained her M.A. degree in Journalism from Cardiff University, Wales, UK; and she received a B.A. degree in Business Administration from National Central University, Taiwan. Her work remains focused on Buddhist Philosophy, then articulated with issues of Business Ethics, Bioethics and Environ- mental Philosophy.

Anastasios D. Karayiannis Anastasios D. Karayiannis was Professor of Economics in the Department of Economics of the University of Piraeus where he taught at the undergraduate and graduate levels courses with main emphasis in the history of economic theory, entrepreneurship, and economic policy. However from his publications it follows that his research interests were much wider. In particular, he focused on the role of values and institutions in economic development as well as on fundamental issues of political economy like the structure and principles of governance from the political and economic perspectives. He authored and/or co-authored over 70 research papers and books, which were published by well-respected journals and publishers in Greece and abroad; and his latest contribution was in the form of a co-authored book regarding the present crisis in democracy and economy in general, and with respect to Greece in particular, published by Papazisis Publishers. Anastasios Karayiannis passed away in January 2012.

Iordanis Kavathatzopoulos Iordanis Kavathatzopoulos is a Professor at the Department of Information Tech- nology, Visual Information and Interaction, Uppsala University, Sweden. He got his Ph.D. in Psychology and he is also Docent in Psychology. His main research interests are in the areas of Ethical Competence, Ethical Training and Assessment, Information Technology Ethics, Ethical Usability and Ethical Autonomous Systems. Professor Kavathatzopoulos has developed education programs for the training of ethical competence of professional decision makers, and he has constructed special tests for the assessment of ethical problem-solving and decision-making ability. He has constructed tools, methods and computerized instruments to be used in designing of ethically usable IT systems and supporting decision makers in real-life ethical issues. Leaders and professionals from the areas of business, politics, and research have been trained using the methods and tools for ethical competence. Private corporations and government organizations have repeatedly applied the tools to support decision-making, to map organizational needs in ethics, and to assess the ethical competence of their employees.

Louis Klein Louis Klein, Founder and CEO since 2001 of Systemic Excellence Group – Indepen- dent Think Tank for Leading Practice, based in Berlin, Shanghai, Cape Town, Berkeley, and Kathmandu. Louis Klein is a systemic thinker, a globally engaged About the Authors 549 social scientist and international management and change consultant. He is chairman of the Focus Group on Social and Cultural Complexity with the International Center for Complex Project Management (ICCPM). He is Vice President of the International Society for the Systems Sciences (ISSS). He serves as Head of Project Studies at Humbold-Viadrina School of Governance, and faculty of Berlin School of Creative Leadership. Louis Klein studied management sciences, cybernetics, sociology, anthropology, psychology, philosophy, politics and economics at universities in Germany and the UK. He holds a Ph.D. in sociology with a focus on systems theory. In 2010 he received the Inaugural Research Prize of the ICCPM.

Jasmin Mahadevan Jasmin Mahadevan is a professor of International and Cross-Cultural Management at the Department of Business Administration and Engineering in the School of Engineering at Pforzheim University, Germany. She is also Dean of Studies for the industrial engineering program in International Management. She holds a doctoral degree in Cultural Anthropology and Intercultural Communication from Ludwig- Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany, and a Master’s degree in International Business and Cultural Studies from Pforzheim University, Germany. Her area of research focuses around culture and identity across micro-, meso- and macro-level. Her main research interests include the complexities of culture and identity, postco- lonial approaches to management and organization studies, and reflexive and auto- ethnographic writing. She has published articles in International Journal of Cross- Cultural Management, Qualitative Research in Organizations and Management, Organizational Ethnography and Interculture Journal. She has guest edited for Equality, Diversity and Inclusion and serves as a reviewer for numerous journals. She also works as an intercultural trainer and consultant for multinational and small- and medium-sized technical companies and has a professional background in the field of organizational and cultural change.

Sompop Manarungsan Sompop Manarungsan received his Ph.D. in Development Economics in 1989 from Groningen University, The Netherlands, Master of Art in Economics, (English Language Program) in 1978 from Thammasat University, Thailand, Master of Art in Agricultural and Rural Development in 1982 from Institute of Social Studies. The Hague, The Netherlands and Bachelor of Art in Economics in 1975 from Thammasat University, Thailand. Sompop Manarungsan is currently the President of Panyapiwat Institute of Management, Thailand. His research interest covers international economics, development strategies, economics crisis management, China-Japan-USA economics.

Jonathan Paul Marshall Jonathan Paul Marshall is a QEII Research Fellow in the Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences at the University of Technology Sydney. This project, with Dr. James Goodman and Prof. Didar Zowghi of the Faculty of IT involves researching the disorders that result from software and its social interactions. This is the subject of a 550 About the Authors forthcoming book entitled Disorder and the Disinformation Society: The Dynamics of Networks and Software, contracted with Routledge. His Doctorate in Anthropol- ogy, from the University of Sydney, was an ethnographic study of the internet mailing list ‘Cybermind’, later published as Living on Cybermind: Categories, Communication and Control, Peter Lang 2007. His Master’s Thesis investigated the history and politics of alchemy in Britain. He has since conducted a collective research on online gender, which appeared in a special issue of the Transforming Cultures Ejournal, and has edited a collection of essays on Depth Psychology Disorder and Climate Change, JungDownunder Books 2009.

Dome`nec Mele´ Dome`nec Mele´ is professor at IESE Business School, University of Navarra, Spain and holds the Chair of Business Ethics at this institution. He also chairs the biennial International Symposium on Ethics, Business and Society led by IESE since 1991. Professor Mele´ earned a doctorate in Industrial Engineering from the Polytechnic University of Catalonia, Spain, and another Ph.D. degree in Theology from the University of Navarra. Over the last 25 years, he has been teaching and writing extensively in his specialization areas, which include economic and business ethics, philosophy of management, international management ethics, corporate social responsibility, Christian ethics and spirituality in management. He is author of more than 60 scientific articles and 20 case studies. In addition he authored or edited a dozen of books on these fields. He serves in several editorial boards of refereed journal and as section editor of the Journal of Business Ethics. His last books are Business Ethics in Action. Seeking Human Excellence in Organizations (Palgrave MacMillan, New York, 2009) and Management Ethics. Placing Ethics at the Core of Good Management (Palgrave MacMillan, New York, 2012).

Afsaneh Nahavandi Afsaneh Nahavandi is a professor of Public Administration in the School of Public Affairs at Arizona State University (ASU). She holds a doctorate and masters in Social Psychology from the University of Utah, and a bachelor degree in psychol- ogy and French from the University of Denver. She has been associate dean of the University College and the College of Public Programs at ASU and director of the M.B.A. program at the West campus of ASU. She was previously a faculty member at Northeastern University. Her research interests include leadership, culture, teams and ethics. Dr. Nahavandi is the author of the best selling The Art and Science of Leadership now in its 6th edition, co-author of Organizational Behavior: The Person-Organization Fit, and Organizational Culture in the Management of Mergers, and author of numerous articles and chapters about leadership and culture. She is the recipient of several teaching awards including the ASU Parents Associate Professor. She is a fellow of ASU’s Distinguished Teaching Academy and has served as a consultant to organizations such as Honeywell and Phelps Dodge.

Seppo E. Niittyma¨ki Seppo E. Niittyma¨ki, Lic.Sc. (Tech.), works as Principal Lecturer at HAMK University of Applied Sciences and is the Finnish Director of the joint M.B.A. About the Authors 551 programme between HAMK and the University of Wales. He has worked in international operations and projects for about 30 years within HAMK and private companies. The biggest of these projects targeted China and Russia.

Silas Marques de Oliveira Silas Marques de Oliveira, Ph.D. is a Full Professor at the James White Library and an Adjunct Professor at the Leadership Program of Andrews University, Michigan, USA. He was previously a Full Professor at the Graduate School of Library and Information Science of the Catholic University of Campinas, Brazil. He holds a Doctorate of Library and Information Science from the University of Illinois, Illinois, USA, and obtained his B.Sc. and M.Sc. also in Library and Information Science from the Fundac¸a˜o Escola de Sociologia e Polı´tica de Sa˜o Paulo and Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil, respectively. His research and teaching interests are in the areas of Innovation in Knowledge Management, Strategic Planning in Information Intensive Environments and Organizations, and Human Resources Management and Leadership. He is a member of various local, national, and international Information Science and also Leadership associations and organizations. Dr. Oliveira has acted as a consultant and speaker to various companies in the manufacturing and service industries, as well as in university and academic settings in issues related to strategic planning and human resources and managerial development. He is also well published in Brazil and in several countries around the world. He has also presented papers in many international conferences.

Iordanis Papadopoulos Iordanis Papadopoulos is tutor in the Hellenic American Educational Foundation, teaching Ancient and Modern Greek Literature, Social Sciences and Philosophy. He is also an affiliate faculty member at the Technological Institute of Piraeus, teaching Philosophy and Management Theory. He was previously an affiliate faculty member at the Athens University of Economics and Business (AUEB), Greece, teaching business ethics. In the past, he has collaborated with the Greek Open University as well as with the University of Washington at Seattle, USA, in distance learning projects. He holds a Ph.D. degree in Philosophy from the University of Kent at Canterbury, U.K., and a B.A. and a M.A. degree from the University of Thessaloniki, Greece. His research interests are in the areas of moral and political philosophy/theory, business ethics and pedagogical theory and practices. Dr. Papadopoulos is a BoD member of the Greek Section of European Business Ethics Network (EBEN) as well as member of the Editorial Board of the Greek scientific journal “Science and Society”.

Nancy Papalexandris Nancy Papalexandris is Professor of Management and founding Director of the M.Sc. Programme in Human Resource Management of the Athens University of Economics and Business. She has served as Vice-Rector for Academic Affairs and Personnel of her University for the period 2001–2007 and has represented the Greek Rectors’ 552 About the Authors

Conference at the European University Association. She holds a Bachelor’s Degree in Business Administration from Pierce College, a Master’s Degree from New York University and a Ph.D. from the University of Bath in the U.K. Her research and teaching interest include Human Resource Management, Cross Cultural Management and Leadership, Public Relations, Organisational Behaviour, Women in Management, Corporate Social Responsibility and Entrepreneurship. She has also taught in various E.U. Universities and in post-training and manage- ment development seminars in Greece and abroad. She has served as University evaluator and Ph.D. examiner in various Universities outside Greece and has done consulting for Greek organizations. She has published books and articles in various international academic journals and has organized and participated in a number of international conferences.

Mar Pe´rezts Mar Pe´rezts is a Ph.D. Candidate in Business Ethics at ESCP Europe and the CNAM in Paris, France. Prior to her Ph.D. and M.Sc. in Management, she conducted studies in Philosophy at the Ecole Normale Supe´rieure d’Ulm (Paris) and holds a Master Degree in Contemporary Philosophy from the University Paris 1 Panthe´on-Sorbonne. Her research draws on both the philosophical and managerial backgrounds to study how ethics is constructed as an embedded practice in organizations, and how this has implications at multiple levels of analysis. Her dissertation explores the specificities of the financial realm during the crisis, and the different mechanisms of the social construction of an ethical practice in times of crisis, risks and regulations. She is currently also affiliated to the Canadian Center for Corporate Social Responsibility of the University of Alberta and is a member of the Social Studies of Finance Association in France.

Marios Philippides Marios Philippides is Chair and Senior Professor of Classics at the University of Massachusetts, Amherst, USA. He has published several articles and monographs on the fall of Constantinople (1453) to the Ottoman Turks, on late Byzantine and early post-Byzantine historioraphy, and on the Palaeologan era. He is the author of The Fall of the Byzantine Empire: A Chronicle by George Sphrantzes, 1401–1477 (Amherst, 1980); Byzantium, Europe, and the Early Ottoman Sultans 1371–1513: An Anonymous Greek Chronicle of the Seventeenth Century (Codex Barberinus Graecus 111) (New Rochelle, 1990); Emperors, Patriarchs, and Sultans of Constantinople, 1371–1513: An Anonymous Greek Chronicle of the Sixteenth Century (Brookline, MA, 1990); Mehmed II the Conqueror and the Fall of the Franco-Byzantine Levant to the Ottoman Turks: Some Western Views and Testimonies (Tempe, Az, 2007). With Walter K. Hanak he has co-authored: Nestor-Iskander: The Tale of Constantinople (of its Origin and Capture by the Turks in the Year 1453) (New Rochelle, Moscow, and Athens, 1998), and The Siege and Fall of Constantinople (1453): Historiography, Topography, and Military Studies (Franham, 2011). About the Authors 553

Gregory P. Prastacos Gregory P. Prastacos is the Dean of the Howe School of Technology Management at Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, USA, since February 2012. Prior to this position he was the Rector of the Athens University of Economics and Business in Greece, where he has also served as the Founding Director of the M.B.A. International Program, the Management Science Laboratory and the Athens Busi- ness Confucius Institute. He has been educated at Columbia University, and has previously been on the faculty of the University of Pennsylvania (Wharton School), and of Columbia University, as well as on the visiting faculty of a number of Universities internationally. His research interests are in Technology and Innovation Management, Managerial Decision Making, and Business Transforma- tion in the Information Society. He has published 8 books and more than 80 papers in academic journals and edited volumes. His papers have appeared in top journals such as Management Science, Operations Research and Journal of Management. His recent book Managerial Decision Making has been translated in Chinese and published by Thinghua University Press. He has been elected Fellow of the Washington Academy of Sciences, and has received a number of international awards, including the Edelman Award by the Institute of Management Sciences. For his work on financial management modelling, he has been awarded the first prize of the Hellenic OR Society. For his contributions in Operations Research he has received the INFORMS Honorary Medal. His work on competency modelling has been used worldwide as a basis for successful human resources development practice. His work on absorptive capacity of organizations has been selected among the best papers of the Academy of Management. He serves or has previously served on a number of international committees and advisory boards.

Rosa Slegers Rosa Slegers is a tenure-track assistant professor of philosophy at Babson College. Her areas of interest include virtue ethics, philosophy and literature, and existen- tialism. Slegers is also pursuing an M.B.A. degree in order to better understand the challenges and possibilities related to ethics education in business schools. Slegers holds a Ph.D. in Philosophy from Fordham University, an M.A. in Literary Theory and an M.A. in Philosophy from the University of Leuven (Belgium), and a B.A. in Philosophy from the Radboud University Nijmegen (Netherlands).

Klas Eric Soderquist Klas Eric Soderquist is currently a Business Faculty member at the Higher Colleges of Technology - Dubai, Women’s Campus, United Arab Emirates. An Associate Professor at the Athens University of Economics and Business, he was the Program Chair of the 2011 conference ‘Leadership and Management in a Changing World’. In his earlier career, he was a member of the faculty at the Grenoble Ecole de Management, France. He holds a Doctorate of Business Administration from Brunel University, and obtained his B.Sc. and M.Sc. in Industrial Engineering from the Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden. His research and teaching interests are in the areas of Innovation and R&D Management, Knowledge Man- agement and Organizational Change and Development. Dr. Soderquist has acted as a 554 About the Authors consultant to various companies in the manufacturing and service industries, to the European Union on issues related innovation policy, and to UNIDO on issues related to technology transfer and strategic alliances. He has also worked as a consultant for the Swedish Office of Science and Technology in Paris.

Zhimin Tang Zhimin Tang received his Ph.D. in Economics in Cambridge University. He worked for a government think-tank and consulting firm in Singapore, and has been teaching M.B.A., D.B.A. and Ph.D. programs for 15 years with universities in USA, France, Australia, Southeast Asia, India, and Greater China. Professor Tang is currently associated with the CP Group and is the Vice Dean of the Faculty of Business Administration, Panyapiwat Institute of Management, Thailand. His research interest covers the government policies and firm strategies for international business in Asian Pacific. He is also a long time student of Chinese philosophy and its implication on management education.

Lauri J. Tenhunen Lauri J. Tenhunen, D.Sc. (Econ.) and Adjunct Professor, has for most of his career worked in executive positions in Finnish and International companies. He earned his doctorate in 1990 while holding the position of Deputy CEO of Upofloor Oy. Among other things, Tenhunen has also served as CEO of PPTH Steel Ltd. and as the Director of the Municipal Federation of Vocational Education in Jyva¨skyla¨. Representing HAMK, he has served as Chairman of the Metnet University co- operation network since 2006. Tenhunen has authored many scientific publications and textbooks.

Paul Vanderbroeck Paul Vanderbroeck is an Executive Coach and Organisational Consultant based in Geneva, Switzerland. Previously he worked as an executive in Human Resource Management with Royal Dutch/Shell, GM, and UBS. He holds a Doctorate of History from the Catholic University of Nijmegen (NL), as well as a B.A. and M.A. from the same institution. His research and teaching interests are in the areas of Gender Diversity, Organisational Behaviour and Leadership History. His article on “The traps that keep women from reaching the top and how to avoid them” in the Journal of Management Development 2010 won an Excellence Award from Emerald Publishing Group. Dr. Vanderbroeck is a member of Lake Leman Organisational Research Group, which unites researchers from business schools around Geneva. He regularly teaches in the executive education programmes of business schools in Switzerland and currently at the HEC Geneva and HEC Lausanne. He is a Visiting Leadership Coach at IMD International in Lausanne. Dr. Vanderbroeck is a Chartered Fellow of the Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development in the UK and holds several coaching certifications.

Fuming Wang Dr. Fuming Wang is currently Professor and Director of the Centre for Economic Cooperation and Development at the University of International Business and About the Authors 555

Economics (UIBE) in Beijing, P.R. China. He has conducted a number of international research projects, including EFTT, FDI Status of Multinational Enterprises in China, Chinese Corporate Governance and National Trade Policy and Structural Reform. He has published many books including Global Trade Policy and Measures, WTO Rules and Mechanism, Governance of Chinese Company, Influence of WTO Rules on Chinese Industries, which was awarded as one of “Best Sellers” by China University Press Association in 2002. He also worked as Chairman of International Conferences on Applied Business Research in China in 2005 and 2007. Some of his major published articles include The Chinese Public Policy and Employment, Influence of Trade Structural Reform, Governance of Chinese Companies, and WTO and Its Impact on State-owned companies. Professor Wang teaches International Business Strategy, Chinese Economy and Management, and Doing Business with China, as well as project-based researches in such fields as project management, global business regulations, Chinese economy, Governance of enterprises. Professor Wang was formerly a Deputy Dean of Public Administration Faculty, and Director of World Trade Training and Research Centre, UIBE; and Deputy Secretary-General of China Multinational Company Research Association. He worked as Director of Australia- China Centre of Economics and Foreign Trade Training from 1997 to 2005.

Thomas S.L. Wong Thomas S.L. Wong is an Information Technology Engineer who combines his knowledge acquired during his postgraduate research in Telecommunications Engineering in Australia, and those acquired during his study of Bachelor of Traditional Chinese Medicine in China. His research areas include physical healthcare protection and mental healthcare protection, employing Traditional Chinese Medicine, alternative medicine, informa- tion medicine and meditation technique as taught by Buddha. These involve researching hardware for monitoring human aura, brain wave and electro-acupuncture meridians, and researching software for data mining, state determination and strategy implementation. His research also involves the convergence of all these research areas by employing ancient and modern system theories, including those embedded in the teaching of Buddha, Taoism and Confucianism. The applications of these researches include hard and soft sciences such as medicine and business management. Every year he will carry out seminars and Special Interest Group (SIG) discussions in order to exchange ideas in the annual meeting of the International Society for the Systems Sciences (ISSS) conference. Being the founder of the Ancient Balance Medicine Research and Education Fund Foundation, he manage the related TCM Clinic, Education Center, Research Institute and Association in Hong Kong.

Cuiping Zhang Cuiping Zhang is an associate professor in the School of International Studies, University of International Business and Economics (UIBE), Beijing, China. She holds a Doctorate in Economics from Curtin University of Technology (CUT), Australia, and obtained her Master of Commerce from CUT, Graduate Diploma of 556 About the Authors

International Economics from Adelaide University, Australia. She got her M.A. and B.A. of English Literature from Nankai University, China. Dr. Zhang also received training in Georgetown University and has been a visiting scholar to the Business School of Columbia University, USA. Her research and teaching interests are in the areas of Cross-cultural Studies, Corporate Culture, Economics, Selected Readings of Economic Classics and Business English. Dr. Zhang has participated and led research projects from national to university level. She has won many honors, such as the Beijing Municipality Award for Excellence in Teacher’s Ethics. She is a Business English trainer for many Chinese corporations.

Xiaoxing Zhu Xiaoxing Zhu, a graduate from Qufu Normal University in Shandong province, is now pursuing her M.A. degree in Business English at the School of International Studies, University of International Business and Economics (UIBE), China. Index

A Ancient ethics and contemporary systems Abhimanyu’s Chakravyuhu, 428–429, 434 Ashtanga Yoga, 64–65 Adi karmas, 176 methods Advice to Rulers, 196 authority and response, 73 Aeneid. See Values-based leadership Boulding’s perspective, power, 70–72 Agama jawi, 366 organizational ethics, 68–69 Aga´pe¯, Christian notion of power and leadership, 72–73 ability and integrity, 89 significance, 74 benevolence, 86 system properties, 74 centrality of, 81–83 yamas and the niyamas, 65–68 Confucian notion of ren, 84–85 Ancient leadership contracts, business life, 86 fairness and pursuit of justice, 198 individual ethics, 87 forgiveness, 199 Levinas’ ethics, 87 humility, 198–199 managerial ethics, 88 integrity and good reputation, 196–197 meaning of, 80–81 kindness and compassion, 197 moral reasoning, 89 knowledge and wisdom, 200 motivation theories, 86 moderation and patience, 199 organizational ethics, 88 Persian culture, 195 personalistic-virtue ethics, 87 universal leadership traits, 195 philosophy of, 83–84 Zoroastrian teachings, 195 societal business ethics, 88–89 Andrews University Leadership Program western moral philosophy, 86 Chinese/Greek philosophical principles Agora, 24–25, 294 and values alignment of, 410–412 Agriculture, 292–293 inclusive care and love, 413 Alpha and Delta Electronics, Japan, 488–489 reflection and practice, 412–413 case-study approach, 495 self cultivation and transformation, CSR report, 496 412 implications, 500–501 servant leadership, 414 informal conversations, 495 competency, 407–409 semi-structured interviews, 495 core values, 407 sensemaking process portfolio development and presentation cultural narratives, 498–499 process, 412 espoused intentions, 500 Taoist principles, 415 manager influences, 496, 497 Antigone, 307–309 scanning stage, 497 Antony, Marc, 325, 328, 329, 334–335 Analects, 52, 54, 56, 59 Aporia, 391

G.P. Prastacos et al. (eds.), Leadership through the Classics, 557 DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-32445-1, # Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2012 558 Index

Aranyaks, 426 political institutions, 291 Aristotelian acting person approach ten Generals, 290 business relationships, 223 economy combine agency theory, 222 agriculture, 292–293 economic entity, 230 distribution, 294 entrepreneurial culture, 231 export–import sector, 295–296 freedom of indifference, 222 manufacturing, 293 good entrepreneurial practice mining, 293 eudaimonia, 233 money and banking, 294–295 financial statement, 233 entrepreneurial and managerial functions Friedman-Freeman debate, 231 activities and responsibilities, 300–301 integrative revolution, 231 exploitation of profit opportunities, intelligence, 234 301–302 possibilities, 232 Oikonomos, 299 separation fallacy, 232 risk and uncertainty, 301 human relationships, 230 small-scale enterprises, 299 institutional order, 231 entrepreneurial incentives, 296–298 market exchange, 223 ethics moral agent, 221 annual employment, 354 social and cultural components, 223–224 Attica’s Laurion, 352 social institutions business argumentation, 353 auxiliary institutions, 224 counter-proposal, 353 creativity and entrepreneurship, democracy, 352 228–229 economic foundations, 351 culture, 226 hoplite forces, 352 individual action, 226–227 initial investment and returns individualism and communitarianism, and profits, 354 224 Persian assault, 351 integrated system, 225 trireme, 353 management development, 225 markets, 24–25 Aristotle Australian Customs Integrated Cargo system, business ethics (see Business ethics) 469–470 economics and riches, 275–279 Australian Research Council (ARC), 528 excellence and self-moderation, 280–281 Autonomous thinking, 392–393 firm (see Aristotelian acting person approach) leadership and management, 447–448 B practical wisdom, 99, 380 Banking rhetoric, 466 in city-state of Athens, 294–295 self-knowledge and wisdom, 281–283 ethics, 96 servant leadership, 405–406 identification practices, 101–102 speculative wisdom, 380 Baqua, 117 virtues, 158–159 Bateson, Gregory, 461 Arthashastra, 430, 434 Battle Creek College, 406 Art of War, 477 Beck, Ulrich, 459 Ashtanga Yoga, 64–65 Bhagavad-Gita, 427–428, 434 Assembly (Ekklesia tou Demou), 290–291 Birbal, 430–431 Atharva Veda, 426 Bodhisattva, 215 Athens Book of Changes, 141 democracy and public governance Bottomry loans, 295 Assembly, 290 Boulding’s organizing systems Council, 290 authority and response, 73 economic institutions, 291–292 exchange system, 70 Index 559

integrative system, 70–71 traditional utilitarian approaches, 34 organizational ethics virtue ethics, 35, 79 Bramacharya, 68 virtuous manager, character traits of non-possessiveness, 68 “do the right thing,” 39–40 potential organizational ethics and managerial regret and reliability, 40–42 management initiatives, 69 Business professionalism yamas and niyamas, 69 ancient philosophy, 450–453 power and leadership, 72–73 “broader good” criterion, 438, 440–441 threat system, 70 conceptual skills, 440 Boule (council), 290 ethical behaviour, 445–447 Bramacharya, 68 ethical conduct, 438, 441 Buddhism expert knowledge, 439, 443 eight fold path, 429, 434 habits, 442 Japanese business philosophy, 490 human skills, 440 mandala conception of power, 365 leadership and management self-interest (see Self-interest, Buddhist Aristotle’s view, 447–448 perspective) Confucius’ five virtues, 448–450 Business and moral leadership skills, 442 Athenian life, 24 special knowledge, possession of, 438 markets and Athenian agora, 24–25 technical skills, 440, 443 social contract value creation to stakeholders, 444–445 emergence of, 27–29 virtues, 442 implications, business, 26–27 Butterfly effect, 464 Socrates conversation, “the Laws,” 26 Buzz, 508 structural relationships, 24 Business ethics aga´pe¯ C ability and integrity, 89 Caesar, Julius, 326–327, 331–332 benevolence, 86 Capitalism, 238, 381, 465 centrality of, 81–83 Causation, 212–214 Confucian notion of ren, 84–85 Celine’s law, 468, 471 contracts, business life, 86 Change management individual ethics, 87 requisite variety, 484 Levinas’ ethics, 87 sustainability managerial ethics, 88 continuous improvement, 476–477 meaning of, 80–81 innovation, 477 moral reasoning, 89 management of change, 476 motivation theories, 86 reflection-in-action, 477 organizational ethics, 88 strategy and efficacy, 477 personalistic-virtue ethics, 87 Yin and Yang of change, 477–478 philosophy of, 83–84 systemic complexity, 484 societal business ethics, 88–89 Yin and Yang of change western moral philosophy, 86 Ba¯ Gua`, 481–483 CSR continuous improvement and innovation and discernment, 45–46 innovation, 482–483 moral strategy, 42–45 marker, 478–479 moral value proposition, company, re-entry, 481–482 46–47 sufficient and deficient, 480–481 Ethical Competence Questionnaire, 393 Tai Chi, 479–480 evolutionary biology, 34 Chang Tzu, 462 moral experiences, 34 Chinese enterprises selfishness CEOs utilitarian business ethics and problems, The Analects, 258 35–36 companies basic information, 259 virtue-based business ethics, 36–38 external environment, 260 560 Index

harmony, 261 in Chinese enterprises ideology and style of management, CEOs, 258–261 258 employees, 262–269 online business, 262 corporate entrepreneurial cultures, 509 reputation, 260 culture and economy, 255 employees economic crisis, 256 benevolence, 262–263 interactive relationship, 256 company, priority concern of, 268–269 Japanese business philosophy, 490 Confucianism, influence of, 268, 269 leadership honesty, 266–267 Analects,59 innovation, 267–268 educational program, 56 questionnaire, 262 exemplary person, 55–56 recruitment and training, 267 human conscience, 52 righteousness, 263–265 and management, 448–450 rites, 265–266 moral and political theory, 51 thinking and behavior of, 262 political power, 54 Chinese leadership philosophies management education (see collectivisim, 406 Management education) love and inclusive care, 404–405 political thoughts (see Political thoughts) reflection and practice, 403–404 ren, notion of, 84–85 self cultivation and transformation, Consciousness-propelled leadership 402–403 framework servant leadership, 405 academicians and theory building, 177 Cleopatra VII, queen of Egypt action research, 162 CEOs, 324–325 first cycle and meta learning leadership assessment, 335 adequate rigor, 165 leadership challenges competencies, 166 joint venture with Rome, 327–328 demonstrating behavior, 165 power and career management, development center score, 166 326–327 Integrated, Unified and Systemic Model regain profitability, 328–329 of Consciousness, 173–175 leadership competencies leadership development, 163 archetype, 331–332 leader-succession crisis, 162 generating positive change, 330–331 limitations, 177–178 internal competition, 330 practitioners, 177 leveraging difference, 331–332 research approach network, 333–335 action research methodology, 163 stakeholder management, 333 context, action research, 163–164 vision and strategy development, integrated leadership development 329–330 model, 164, 165 life and career, 325 leader development, 164 limitations and further research, 337 research questions, 164 modern women leaders, 335–336 second action research cycle performance appraisal, 335 fundamental source, 168 role model, 323–324 holism and interconnectedness, sources, 324 167–168 Concentric circles model, 313–314 immortality and transmigration, Confucianism, 84 169–170 business implications objective reality, 168–169 benevolence, 256–257 research questions, 166 harmony, 257–258 Spiritual-Socio-Psycho-Physical (S2P2) honesty, 257 field righteousness, 257 consciousness, 173 Index 561

Integrated, Unified and Systemic Model task orientation, 511 of Consciousness, 170 Tough-Guy Macho Culture, 513 operational definitions, 172 work hard/play hard culture, 513 physical laws, 171 Corporate Social Performance, 440 Pythagorean concept, 171 Corporate social responsibility (CSR) sentient entities, 170 innovation and discernment, 45–46 umpteen facets, 162 Japanese business philosophy Contract-staffing, 419 codes of conduct, 491 Conversation schema, 421–422 Confucianism and Buddhism, 490 Corporate citizenship, 43, 311 cultural stories and narratives, 493–494 Corporate culture, 9 Kyosei, 491 Corporate entrepreneurial cultures organisational identity, 492–493 adhocracy culture, 514 organisational theory, 491 aggressive/defensive cultures, 512 philosophical stories and narratives, 494 bet your company culture, 513 quantitative study, 491 blame culture, 511 research method (see Alpha and Delta brand congruent culture, 511 Electronics, Japan) causality, 507, 508 sensemaking, 492 clan culture, 514 society and environmental impact, 488 classification model of, 508 stakeholder engagement and business comparative work goals, Germany, Japan ethics, 488 and USA, 514–515 moral strategy, virtuous manager Confucian gentleman, 509, 510 corporate citizenship, 43 consequential cultural dimensions, 507, 508 ethical leadership, 43 constructive cultures, 512 happiness, 44 control systems, 514 instrumental and intrinsic forms of, 44 cultural dimensions, features of, 515 market, 45 cultural innovation and maintenance, 519 strategic advantages, 42 demotivating organizations, 508 moral value proposition, company, 46–47 Edgar Schein’s organizational model, 511 principles of, 488 employees’ performance, 512 Council (Boule), 290 Finnish society, 511 Council for International Trade and Commerce flexibility vs. stability, 512 SA Inc (CITCSA), 528 hierarchy culture, 514 Cross-cultural leadership, Southeast Asia, individualism, 509 367–368 internal vs. external focus, 512 intrapreneurship, 506 intrepreneurial properties, 508 D leadership enriched culture, 512 Danveer Karnan, 428, 434 live and let live culture, 511 Daoism, 405 market culture, 514 Defence of Palemides, 467 motivating organizations, 507, 508, Diaspora. See Greek-Australian diaspora 516–519 Disorder multi-directional culture, 511 Dissoi logoi, 466 non-intrepreneurial properties, 508 flux orientating dimensions, 516 butterfly effect, 464 passive/defensive cultures, 512 Ferrier, James, 463 people orientation, 511 logos, 463 power orientation, 511 Marcus Aurelius, 462 power structures, 514 Plato, 462–463 process culture, 513 Proclus, 463 risk avoidance, 509, 511 Seneca, 463 role orientation, 511 Simplicius, 463 562 Index

Socrates, 463–464 phronesis, 277 Starbuck, Willian, 464 politics, 278 Tetlock, Philip, 464 possession, 276 Theophrastus, 463 poverty, 275 Hippolytus, 464–465 reciprocity society, 278 management theory self-knowledge and wisdom, 281–283 liar paradox, 469 self-moderation, 280 low hierarchies and worker social justice, 278 responsibility, 468 social relationships and friendship, 281 personality traits, 468 virtuous action, 280 software, 469–471 wealth, 275 nomos, 466 Economy and order as opposition China, 377–378 Bateson, Gregory, 461 in city-state of Athens Chang Tzu, 462 agriculture, 292–293 Durkheim, Emile, 461 distribution, 294 enantiodromia, 461 export–import sector, 295–296 Gorgias, 465, 472 manufacturing, 293 Heraclitus, 460, 462, 472 mining, 293 Jung, Carl G., 460–461 money and banking, 294–295 Lao Tzu, 460, 472 Confucianism, 381–382 Legge, James, 462 Edgar Schein’s organizational model, 511 Plutarch, 462 Education, 57–58 rhetoric Eight-fold path, 217, 429 Aristotle, 466 Emmanuel Missionary College (EMC), 407 kairos, 466–467 Enantiodromia, 461 Lao Tzu, 467 Encomium of Helen, 467 nomos, 467 E´ros,80 zombie categories, 459 Ethical competence Dissoi logoi, 466 assessment, 393–395 Distributive justice, 448 business ethics, 389–390 Durkheim, Emile, 461 classical philosophy, 389 Duryodhana, 428, 434 education and training program, 396–398 heteronomy-autonomy dimension, 392–393 E moral problem solving, 390–391 Economics and business in professional life, 389 ancient Greek philosophy, 273 skill to make right decision capitalism, 274 arete, 391 eudaimonia, 280 aristoi/philosophoi, 391 fair exchange, 279 autonomous thinking, 392 global crisis philosophize, 391 external social dimension, 285 philosophy, 392 financial globalization, 284 phronesis, 391 internal social dimension, 285 synthetic apriori, 392 practical wisdom, 286 Ethical Competence Questionnaire, 393–394 self-regulation, 284 Ethics values and “anthropological types,” 286 Athenian triumph goods, groups of, 276 annual employment, 354 human flourishing and riches, 277 Attica’s Laurion, 352 individual and social limits, 279 business argumentation, 353 personal identity and interpersonal counter-proposal, 353 relationships, 274 democracy, 352 Index 563

economic foundations, 351 Golestan, 194 hoplite forces, 352 Great Declaration of Shang Shu, 182 initial investment and returns Greece, global research and profits, 354 administratively competent and decisive Persian assault, 351 leader, 348 trireme, 353 integrity, 347 Byzantine empire method, 341–342 Constantinopolitans, 355 modal leader behavior patterns, 340 defense, 358 mythology, 340 financial problems, 356 objectives, 341 military threat, 354 personal relationship, 340 Ottoman Turks, 355 Plato’s “Philosopher-King,” 345–346 private initiative and state finances, 359 results and implications valiant warriors, 356 desired leadership behaviors, 344 Venetian merchandise, 355 diplomacy, 342 voluntary contributions and willing external environment, 345, 346 donations, 357 individualistic characteristics, 343 and organizational identity integrity, 342 compliance approach, 94 leadership dimensions, 343 ethics/morals, 94–95 malevolent behavior, 343 forgotten ontological dimension, 95–96 participative and collaborative good and bad practices execution, behavior, 344 97–98 team-integrator, 347 good intentions view, 94 Greek-Australian diaspora identification practices, identity ancient diaspora mechanisms and sameness, 101–102 barbarians, 524–525 organizational split of, 98–99 cosmopolitanism, 527 repositioning ethics, 99–101 economic unity, 525 reverse problematic, 102–104 Hellenistic period, 527 yoga, 75–76 homonoia, 525 Eudaimonia, 227 indirect historical contribution, 526 kinship networks, 524 Mutiny at Opis, 526 F Oath at Opis, 526, 527 Ferrier, James, 463 transnational communities and cities, Five force model, 380 524 Flux diaspora linkages, 529–532 butterfly effect, 464 multiculturalism, 527–529 Ferrier, James, 463 policy insights, 532–534 logos, 463 Greek leadership philosophies Plato, 462–463 collectivisim, 406 Proclus, 463 love and inclusive care, 405 Seneca, 463 reflection and practice, 404 Simplicius, 463 self cultivation and transformation, 403 Socrates, 463–464 servant leadership, 405–406 Starbuck, Willian, 464 Guru-shishya parampara, 426–427, 434 Tetlock, Philip, 464 Theophrastus, 463 H Haga’s law, 468 G Haier company Giving Voice to Values,39 benevolence, 262–263 Global Leadership and Organizational Confucianism, influence of, 268, 269 Behavior Effectiveness (GLOBE), employees, thinking and behavior of, 262 193, 341, 368–370 honesty, 266–267 564 Index

Haier company (cont.) J innovation, 267–268 Japanese business philosophy priority concern of, 268–269 codes of conduct, 491 questionnaire, 262 Confucianism and Buddhism, 490 recruitment and training, 267 cultural stories and narratives, 493–494 righteousness, 263–265 Kyosei, 491 rites, 265–266 organisational identity, 492–493 Heteronomous thinking, 392–393 organisational theory, 491 Homo economicus, 70, 380 philosophical stories and narratives, 494 quantitative study, 491 research method (see Alpha and Delta I Electronics, Japan) Identity and ethics sensemaking, 492 organizational split of, 98–99 society and environmental impact, 488 repositioning ethics, 99–101 stakeholder engagement and business Inclusive care, 404–405, 413 ethics, 488 Indian historical cases/traditions, 425 Jung, Carl G., 460–461 Abhimanyu’s Chakravyuhu, Junzi, 55 428–429, 434 Akbar-Birbal relationship, 430–431, 434 Bhagavad-Gita, 427–428, 434 K Duryodhan/Danveer Karnan, 428, 434 kalos kagathos, 140 Guru-shishya parampara, 426–427, 434 Karma, 214–215 Kautilya’s Arthashastra, 429–430, 434 Kautilya, 429–430, 434 Ramakrishna Paramhansa Know-Your-Customer and Anti-Money Bhairabi Bramhani, 431–432, 435 Laundering (KYC-AML), 102 Vivekananda, Swami, 432–433, 435 Kriyaman karmas, 176 Theravada Buddhism, 429, 434 Kyosei, 491 Indigenous spirituality, 366–367 Integrity-based leadership, 11 Intellectual virtues, 448, 450 L Intercultural leadership, mandala model, Lateral thinking, 431 368–371 Laws of Form, 477, 478 Intrapreneurship, 506 Leadership Iranian mystical leadership Aeneid,5 ancient leadership ancient-moral paradigm, 307 fairness and pursuit of justice, 198 Antigone, 307–309 forgiveness, 199 Aristotle’s virtues, universality of, 158–159 humility, 198–199 Chinese/Greek philosophical principles integrity and good reputation, 196–197 and values kindness and compassion, 197 collectivisim, 406 knowledge and wisdom, 200 love and inclusive care, 404–405 moderation and patience, 199 reflection and practice, 403–404 Persian culture, 195 self cultivation and transformation, universal leadership traits, 195 402–403 Zoroastrian teachings, 195 servant leadership, 405–406 benevolence, 201 Cleopatra VII, queen of Egypt epic poet and mystic philosopher, 193–195 (see Cleopatra VII, queen of Egypt) historical and cultural primers, 192–193 community life, 148 innovation, 202 conduct, 136–138 Persian literature and poetry, 191 corporate citizenship, 311 servant leadership, 203 courage, 153–154 Irresolvable moral dilemma, 46 credibility and trust, 311 Index 565

CSV/CSR, 315–317 economic system, 153 cultural climate, 149 free market system, 150 deontology/consequentialism, 306 rational goals, 151 elements, 7, 17 self-control, 152 engagement and responsibility issues self-indulgence, 150 authentic transformational leadership, training 315 awareness, 142 civic engagement, 314 cultivation, 143 concentric circles model, 313 filial piety, 142 CSR programs, 314 harmonious and unobstructed PESTEL analysis, 312 conduct, 143 post-industrial conditions, 312 ideal and reality, 140 social capital, 314 neo-Confucian learning, 141 social thinking, 313 oral teaching, 141 SPICE analysis and strategy, 313 psychology, 142 strategy setting process, 313 stoic cultivation, 141 ethical competence (see Ethical supreme knowledge, 140 competence) transformational leadership, 310 generosity virtue ethics, 132 business and political community, 157 virtues, 309 corporate philanthropy, 156 Legge, James, 462 health-care products and services, 155 Limited liability, 28 legal interference, 157 Love, 404–405, 413 magnificence, 155 private and public funds, 156 goal, 139–140 M good leaders, 147 Mahabharata, 426, 428 individuals’ capacity, 132 Management education Iranian mystical leadership (see Iranian Confucianism and management, 381–382 mystical leadership) Confucianism counterbalance moderation, 147 application, 384 personal and interpersonal virtues, 148 epistemology and methodology, 383 political virtues, 149 ontology, 382–383 practical reasoning, 306 value and practice, 383–384 profile criticism, 381 contextualization, 135 negative view of the world, 380 decision making, 136 pedagogy and research methodology, deliberation, 135 379 entrepreneurial scale, 136 positivism epistemology, 378–379 humaneness, 134 wisdom and knowledge, 380–381 inner disposition and moral conduct, Oriental wisdom, 377–378 133 Mandala model of leadership, 365, 368–371 person-centric model, 134 Man without Qualities, 476 selfishness, 133 Mentors pseudo-transformational leadership, 311 characteristics of, 420 4R Model, 310 conversation schema, 421–422 Southeast Asian perspective story telling (see Story telling) (see Southeast Asia) techniques, 420–421 systematic ethics, 132 Mining, 293 temperance Modern leadership, 12 authoritarian solutions, 151 Mohist Doctrines, 404 bankruptcy, 152 Moral virtues, 56, 448, 451 company policies, 153 Motivating organizations 566 Index

Motivating organizations (cont.) virtue, excellence and self-moderation, Buzz, 508 280–281 cultural development, 518–519 Political thoughts orientation dimensions, 507, European philosophical tradition, 181 516–518, 520 names and justice, ratification of Chou dynasty, 185 city-state, 187 N cultural corruption, 185 Nicomachean Ethics, 33, 243, 447 fictive theory, 188 Niyamas, 67, 72 government, 186 revolutionary ideas, 188 rites, 186 O social duties, 187 Octavian, 325, 328 Ruler of Saint and Philosopher King On War, 477 education system, 184 Organizational Culture Assessment historical limitations, 183 Instrument, 512 laws and penal codes, 182 Organizational cultures. See also Corporate moral character, 182 entrepreneurial cultures noble character, 183 ethics, 88 virtue and humanness, 184 sustainability, 247 visible and intelligible world, 185 symbols and rituals, 9–10 Practical reasoning, 306–307 Oriental wisdom, 377–378 Prarabhda karmas, 176 Our Credo,9 Processual leadership, 368 Professionalism. See Business professionalism Propelling, 508 P Pseudo-transformational leadership, 311 Panyapiwat Institute of Management (PIM), Ptolemy XIII, 325–327 385 Ptolemy XIV, 325, 327 Paramitas, 217–218 Puranas, 426–427 Parental care, 36 Parkinson’s law, 468 Parmenidian tradition, 103 R Performative leadership, 366 Ramakrishna Mission, 431 Personal virtues, 148–149, 310 Ramakrishna Paramhansa Philia,80 Bhairabi Bramhani, 431–432, 435 Philosophical wisdom, 448 Vivekananda, Swami, 432–433, 435 Philosophoi, 391 Ramayana, 426–427 Phronesis,99 Rectificatory justice, 448 Plato Requirements engineering, 470–471 economics and riches, 275–279 Res Gestae, 11, 12 leadership Reverse mentoring, 430–431, 434 educational program, 56 Rig-Veda, 426 human conscience, 52 Rites, 265–266 justice, 53 Rites of Chou, 186 moral and political theory, 51 Rituals, 9–10 philosopher-king theory, 52 4R Model, 310 political power, 54 Role models, 323–324 The Republic, 53, 59 Roman Themes, Aeneid, 7, 17 Philosopher-King, 345–346 Rome political thoughts (see Political thoughts) culture, 8–9 practical reasoning, 306 joint venture with Egypt, 327–328 self-knowledge and wisdom, 281–283 values-based leadership, 4 Index 567

S Social thinking, 313 Sage-King and Philosopher-King theory Society, Partners, Investors, Customers, benevolence and rites, 56–57 Employees (SPICE), 313 education and the State, 57–58 Software, 469–471 exemplary person, 55–56 Southeast Asia features, 52–54 leadership theory human conscience, 52 cross-cultural leadership, 367–368 moral and political theory, 51 indigenous spirituality, 366–367 public and private relations, 58–59 performative leadership, 366 social harmony, 52 mandala model of intercultural leadership, Sama Veda, 426 368–371 Sanchit karmas, 176 power and leadership Scientific knowledge, 448 mandala conception of power, 365 Self-interest, Buddhist perspective substitutional harmony between micro- connotation of and macrocosmos, 364–365 chain of causation, 212–214 South West Airlines, 424 karmic cause, 213 Speculative wisdom, 380 Lankavatara-sutra and Cittamatra Spiritual leadership, 366–367 theories, 211 Spiritual-Socio-Psycho-Physical (S2P2) field Mahayana Buddhism, 212 consciousness, 173 mind action, 214 Integrated, Unified and Systemic Model of moral elements, 214 Consciousness, 170 optimization, 211 operational definitions, 172 self-attachment, 210 physical laws, 171 seventh consciousness, 213 Pythagorean concept, 171 wisdom, cause management, 215–216 sentient entities, 170 constrained maximizer, 208 Stakeholders culmination outcome, 208 decision-making, 13 Hobbesian contractarianism, 208 framework and methodology, 209–210 modified stakeholder framework, 209–210 management, 249–250 political philosophy and economics, 207 clamshell polystyrene boxes, 242 stakeholders Cleopatra VII, queen of Egypt, 333 harm, 217 corporate social responsibility projects, help, 217–218 243 Selfishness moral responsibility, 241 utilitarian business ethics and problems, normative core, 242 35–36 official/contractual relationship, 243 virtue-based business ethics, 36–38 reflective equilibrium, 242 Servant leadership, 405–406, 414 shareholder approach, 241 Shahnameh, 194–195 self-interest, Buddhist perspective Social contract harm, 217 emergence of, 27–29 help, 217–218 implications, business, 26–27 value creation, 444–445 Socrates conversation, “the Laws,” 26 Starbuck, Willian, 464 Social Contract Theory, 439, 440 Stevens Institute of Technology, 452–453 Social institutions Storge,80 auxiliary institutions, 224 Story telling creativity and entrepreneurship, 228–229 Bible, 423 culture, 226 conversation schema, 421–422 individual action, 226–227 elements, 423 individualism and communitarianism, 224 Indian historical cases/traditions, 425 integrated system, 225 Abhimanyu’s Chakravyuhu, management development, 225 428–429, 434 568 Index

Akbar-Birbal relationship, reflective equilibrium, 242 430–431, 434 shareholder approach, 241 Bhagavad-Gita, 427–428, 434 Sutras of Patanjali, 63–64 Duryodhan/Danveer Karnan, 428, 434 Swadhyaya, 67 Guru-shishya parampara, 426–427, 434 Symbolic messages, 10 Kautilya’s Arthashastra, 429–430, 434 Symbols, 9–10 Ramakrishna Paramhansa (see Syojokukata no sosiki, 493 Ramakrishna Paramhansa) Theravada Buddhism, 429, 434 innovation processes, 422 T as management tool, 423–424 Tai Chi, 479–480 South West Airlines, 424 Taoism, 415 Story-Telling Leadership Programme, 423 Tao Te Ching, 460 Sustainability Temporary staffing, 419 business leaders, 237 Tetlock, Philip, 464 change management The Age of Empathy,36 continuous improvement, 476–477 The Online Ethics Quiz, 452–453 innovation, 477 Theravada Buddhism, 429, 434 management of change, 476 The Republic, 53, 59, 183 reflection-in-action, 477 The Sophist, 103 strategy and efficacy, 477 Thriving on Chaos, 468 Yin and Yang of change, 477–478 Timaeus, 103 concepts of Tokyo Electric Power Company (TEPCO), 215 contingent valuation techniques, 241 Transformational leadership, 310–311, 427 cost/benefit calculus, 239 KPMG, 239 opportunity costs, 241 U philosophical approach, 240 Upanishads, 426 triple bottom line, 240 Utilitarianism crisis, 238–239 business ethics, 38 economic metrics, 237 consequences, 41 environment, 446 human nature, 36 investors, 238 moral theory, 35 market indicators, 238 social Darwinistic tendencies, 39 objections, 247–248 phroneˆsis in action, 246–247 V compartmentalization effect, 245 Valmiki Ramayana, 427 corporate decision-making, 243 Values-based leadership eudaimonia, 243 Aeneid, 5 perception, 245 culture practical intelligence, 244 Augustan policy, 9 rationality, 244 imperial growth and prosperity, 9 single and double loop learning, 246 socio-political discourse and cultural sophia, 244 norms, 8 techne¯, 244 symbolism and ritual, 9–10 stakeholder management decision-making, 13 clamshell polystyrene boxes, 242 definition, 5 corporate social responsibility projects, good judgment, 11–12 243 humility, 15–16 moral responsibility, 241 integrity, 10–11 normative core, 242 justice/fairness, 14–15 official/contractual relationship, 243 leadership by example, 12–13 Index 569

methodology, 6–7 principle of change and transformation, order and greatness, 4 115–116 panegyrist, 4 principle of unlimited creativity, 115 perennial leadership, 6 trigrams, 117 sense of urgency, 16 world-determination and self- transformational leadership, 6 determination, 118 trust, 14 world of change, 115 values and motivations, 5 yin-yang interaction, 116 vision, 7–8 greed-oriented industrialism, 112 Vedas, 426 management and leadership Virtuous manager, character traits of creative ability, 122 “do the right thing,” 39–40 creative and co-creative principles, 123 managerial regret and reliability, difference-making change (bianyi), 119 40–42 exchange (jiaoyi) and harmonization Vision statement, 8 (heyi), 120 Vivekananda, Swami (Naren), 432–433 initiation and innovation, 123 non-change (buyi), 119 onto-generative, 122 W principle of capable completion, 122 Whistleblower, 309 principle of cosmic development, 124 principle of humanity, 124 principle of inceptive creation, 122 X principle of simplicity, 122 Xenophon, 299–302 profit-making activities, 125 renewing and differentiating process, 121 Y simple and easeful change (jianyi), 120 Yajur Veda, 426 Taiji, 120–121 Yamas, 65–66 planned abandonment, 113 Yijing Management and Leadership (YML) post-modern society, 113 knowledge-based and value-oriented, self-interest and social equity, 112 127–128 YML, systematic characterization of macroscopic and microscopic, 126–127 knowledge-based and value-oriented, originative and systematic, 127 127–128 predictions and decisions, 128 macroscopic and microscopic, 126–127 transformative and harmonizing, 129 originative and systematic, 127 Yijing philosophy predictions and decisions, 128 creative forces transformative and harmonizing, 129 cosmic process, 114 Yoga C theory, 118–119 eight limbs of, 64–65 divination, 114 ethics, 75–76 ideal goal, 118 identification, 119 interpenetrating activities, 115 Z principle of action, 117 Zoroastrianism, 193