AvailableCameron, on-line Davies: at: Vascular http://www.newzealandecology.org/nzje/ flora of Tiritiri Matangi 307

Changes in the wild vascular flora of Tiritiri Matangi Island, 1978–2010

Ewen K. Cameron1* and Neil C. Davies2 1Auckland War Memorial Museum, Private Bag 92018, Auckland, New Zealand 2Glenfield College, PO Box 40176, Glenfield 0747, Auckland, New Zealand *Author for correspondence (Email: [email protected])

Published online: 18 November 2013

Abstract: Tiritiri Matangi Island (‘Tiri’) in the Hauraki Gulf of the northern North Island of New Zealand was deforested, pastorally farmed, and then farming was abandoned in 1972. This history is typical of many northern New Zealand islands. The island’s modern history is less typical; since 1984 it has been the focus of a major restoration project involving thousands of volunteers. No original forest remains, but grazed secondary forest in a few valley bottoms covered about 20% of the island when farming was abandoned. Tiri’s wild vascular flora was recorded in the 1900s and again in the 1970s. From 2006–2010 we collated all past records, herbarium vouchers, and surveyed the island to produce an updated wild flora. Our results increase the known pre-1978 flora by 31% (adding 121 species, varieties and hybrids). A further six species are listed as known only from the seed rain; 32 species as planted only; and one previous wild record is rejected. These last three decades have seen major changes on the island: the eradication of the exotic seed predator Pacific rat, Rattus exulans, in 1993; the planting of about 280,000 native trees and shrubs during 1984–94 as part of a major restoration project along with a massive increase in human visitation; and the successful translocation of 11 native bird species and three native reptile species. More than two-thirds of the additions to the flora are exotic species, and over half of these are being controlled because of their weedy nature. The 32,000 humans who visit Tiri each year are suspected to be the main vectors of the new exotic plant species added to the flora. The recent planted forest, which covers 64% of the island, has transformed most of the former pasture and bracken fern cover; many of the exotic herbs of open areas are surviving in anthropogenic habitats (mown tracks and lawns); however, 75 species recorded during 1905–1977 appear to have become extinct. We recommend adoption of tighter quarantine requirements, control of more weed species, removal of hybrid ngaio and certain native species, more regular plant surveys, specific rare herb management, and promotion of the Hauraki Gulf threatened flora. We conclude by predicting that over the next 20 years there will be an increase in bird-dispersed seed, increase in seabird guano habitat, few new native tree species, and a continued increase in the proportion of shade-tolerant trees. Keywords: ecological restoration; biological invasions; extinctions; weeds; threatened plants; seabirds; dispersal; human vectors

Introduction general, successions back to woody cover usually cause a reduction in the herbaceous species (Bellingham et al. 2010b; Changing land use of islands directly alters their vegetation Hannus & von Numers 2010). and flora (Hannus & von Numers 2010). Compared with most Tiritiri Matangi Island (hereafter referred to by the local other islands worldwide, human modifications to New Zealand name ‘Tiri’) in many ways is quite a typical northern New islands are very recent (< 800 years; Wilmhurst et al. 2008). Zealand island: deforested, farmed, and then abandoned. Furthermore, compared with many islands worldwide, many However, atypical features include assisted restoration, with New Zealand islands have had repeated visits by botanists widespread planting of native shrubs and trees by volunteers within the post-colonial period (c.1800 to present) so we are (a novelty in New Zealand when it began in 1984), fairly early in a good position to identify trends in how New Zealand eradication of the seed predator (Pacific rat) in 1993, and an island floras alter with changes in land use. Most northern explicit aim of getting a dispersal and pollinator community New Zealand islands have been considerably altered by Māori (at least of birds) re-established on the island (Rimmer 2004; and European settlement, and successional pathways following Craig & Vesely 2007; Galbraith 2009). deforestation and agriculture to secondary forest cover and loss By New Zealand standards Tiri has had a long period of seabirds have been documented (Esler 1967, 1978a,b, 1980, of Māori then European occupation and over 100 years of 2004; Atkinson 2004; Bellingham et al. 2010a). Northern New pastoral farming which ended in 1972. By that time most of Zealand islands that supported warm temperate coastal forest the vegetation was reduced to grassland and bracken fern (Esler were deforested by Māori, who usually also introduced the 1978b; Rimmer 2004: incl. photos p.18 & 79). Because of the Pacific rat (kiore;Rattus exulans), a seed and fauna predator. slow natural regeneration in the dense grassland and bracken Then in European colonial times, many islands were converted (West 1980a,b, pers. comm.; Cashmore 1995) and the desire to pastoral farming, with introduced pasture plants and exotic for forest habitat for selected fauna, planting a native forest mammals. When pastoral farming became uneconomic, was planned in the late 1970s and promoted in the early 1980s agriculture was abandoned and secondary succession from (Drey 1982; Hawley 1997). Most of the seed was sourced, a mixture of native and exotic species usually occurred. In germinated and propagated on the island. The resulting New Zealand Journal of Ecology (2013) 37(3): 307-342 © New Zealand Ecological Society. 308 New Zealand Journal of Ecology, Vol. 37, No. 3, 2013

seedlings were planted out by thousands of volunteers of all Esler (1978b: p.214) predicted some of the consequences ages – marking the beginning, in 1984, of New Zealand’s most of agricultural abandonment and secondary succession for the successful revegetation project involving the public (Mitchell future flora of Tiri. These included: 1985; Rimmer 2004). During 1984–1994 about 280,000 tree 1. “Exotic plants will decline very markedly because nearly and shrub species were planted out as part of a revegetation all are plants of open country.” programme, covering 64% of the island (Fig. 1). Red-crowned 2. “Brush wattle [Paraserianthes lophantha] is a prominent parakeets had been released earlier, in 1973. Pacific rats were feature of Wattle Creek [Valley]…native trees and shrubs eradicated in 1993 and between 1984 and 2009 eleven terrestrial will curb its spread and eventually replace it.” native bird species and three reptile species were introduced 3. “Palatable species will play an increasing role in (Galbraith 2009). The island’s restoration programme has successions as some of the unpalatables decline.” been greatly assisted by the Supporters of Tiritiri Matangi; a large volunteer group founded in 1988 to further the aims In 1980, Tiri was declared an open sanctuary, meaning access of Tiri habitat restoration and species translocation projects by the public was permitted via commercial ferry or their own (http://www.tiritirimatangi.org.nz/). boats. Tiri receives 32,000 visitors annually. This popularity

Tiritiri Matangi Island

Whangaparaoa Peninsula Wooded Island North Point N

Northeast Bay Hauraki Gulf Papakura Pa

No Name Bay

Pohutukawa Cove

Bush 23

Bush 22 Saddleback Bay

Northwest Point Bush 21

Bush 1 Bush 2

Ridge Track Fishermans Bay

Paa Point Bush 3 Pohutukawa Creek

Emergency Landing Hobbs Beach Pumphouse dam Bush 4 Lighthouse dam

Lighthouse Valley

Coronary Hill wharf Wharf Road lighthouse & visitor centre

bunkhouse

Wattle Valley

Little Wattle Valley Chinamans Bay

Bunkhouse Valley

500 m

Figure 1. Place names, vegetation zones (adapted from Rimmer, 2004: p.14) and location of Tiritiri Matangi Island, Hauraki Gulf. Cameron, Davies: Vascular flora of Tiritiri Matangi 309

has helped to raise the profile of the conservation programme 6% isolated trees of pōhutukawa (Metrosideros excelsa), 3% and brought some funding, but it also presents a range of kohekohe (Dysoxylum spectabile) regrowth forest, and 1% management challenges. One likely outcome of these high māpou (Myrsine australis) regrowth forest (Esler 1978b). No visitation rates is the influx of propagules of exotic plants on original forest remained (see aerial photo in Rimmer 2004: the footwear and equipment of visitors. Biosecurity protocols p.18). Esler (1978b) provided full descriptions of the different for the island includes notices at the two ferry departure points components of the vegetation in the 1970s and also mapped regarding checking packs, clothing and boots to minimise risk them. Secondary succession post-Esler has been documented of unwanted introductions (pests, seeds, soil, etc), and there is by West (1980a,b) and Cashmore (1995). usually a volunteer assigned to politely remind people before they embark. There are brushes for cleaning footwear on the Brief descriptions follow for the main present-day vegetation wharf prior to departure and also on the ferries, and public types: notices via the public address system on the ferry. Footwear brushes are also situated at the end of the Tiri wharf and the (a) Natural regrowth forest and isolated pōhutukawa trees ranger reinforces the message again when welcoming visitors (19% of the island’s area; all percentages are from Fig. to the island. There are also notices at the back of the main 1, adapted from Rimmer 2004: p.14) beach and on the wharf for visitors arriving by private boats or The largest areas of tall natural forest are in the valleys kayaks but these are focused on animal stowaways, not plant of Bush 1, 2, 21 and 22 where broadleaf canopy trees of propagules. Despite these measures, propagules still reach kohekohe are commonly present, with occasional trees of Tiri, resulting in an increase in the richness and abundance of māhoe (Melicytus ramiflorus), taraire (Beilschmiedia tarairi), non-native plants, as has occurred on coral cays in Great Barrier karaka (Corynocarpus laevigatus) and tawāpou (Planchonella Reef with high visitation rates (Chaloupka & Domm 1986). costata). Most of the surrounding upper valley slopes are The first aim of this paper is to present a comprehensive dominated by kānuka and in a few places mānuka. Smaller current checklist of the flora of Tiri and then to examine and lower stature forest patches also exist in Bush 3, 4, 23, changes in the flora over time by analysing the species richness and Wattle, Little Wattle and Lighthouse Valleys. Scattered (native and exotic) and estimates of abundance. Secondly, we large pōhutukawa trees are a feature of the Tiri coast, and assess whether exotic plant species richness and abundance often stand alone on the cliff tops (Fig. 2). has increased over time, as could be expected with high visitation rates. Thirdly, we discuss whether the lack of seabird management and subsequent low seabird numbers may have resulted in a scarcity of expected guano-loving plants on Tiri. Finally we make recommendations and predictions regarding the future flora of Tiri.

Study site Tiri is 197 ha (Taylor 1989) and lies 3.5 km off the Whangaparaoa Peninsula on the north-eastern coast of the Auckland region, in the Hauraki Gulf of northern New Zealand (Fig. 1). The island’s centre is at 36° 36' 6" S and 174° 53' 23" E. The island is a long-oval shape and measures about 2.7 km × 0.7 km. The geology comprises eroded ancient greywacke rocks (Jurassic–Triassic) with a thin cap of younger Waitemata Sandstone (Miocene) overlying it (Sporli & McAlister 1995). Its highest point is roughly midway along the central ridge at c. 90 m asl and the island reaches 72 m asl at its southern end (where the historical lighthouse is situated). The main Figure 2. Large solitary pōhutukawa trees are a common feature backbone of Tiri runs NW-SE, c. 60–70 m asl. Valleys run of the Tiri coast. Photo: Pohutukawa Cove, EKC, 3 Dec 2006. off each side, with creeks flowing gently down to the coast. In summer these creeks usually dry up and in places leave a series of pools in shaded forest. Most of these valleys (b) Planted forest (64%) containing bush have been unofficially referred to with This vegetation-type has undergone the most rapid change; different numbers, e.g. Bush 1, 2, 3, etc, and others are named in the 1970s much of the island was either rank pasture or after other attributes, e.g. Wattle Valley, Lighthouse Valley, fernland (Fig. 3). The earliest plantings were mainly of salt- etc (see Fig. 1; for aerial photographs see Rimmer 2004: p. tolerant pōhutukawa and taupata (Coprosma repens), but it was 8, 18). The island is a Scientific Reserve, administered by soon realised that faster growing shrubs, e.g. coastal karamū the Department of Conservation, and managed as an open (Coprosma macrocarpa), houpara (Pseudopanax lessonii), sanctuary (Hawley 1997). Wooded Island (0.95 ha) lies 200 ngaio (Myoporum laetum) and karo (Pittosporum crassifolium), m off Tiri’s northern coast (Fig. 1), reaches 35 m asl, and is shaded out the pasture and fruited much more quickly than included here as part of Tiri. pōhutukawa and the planting emphasis was changed to these species (Ray Walter pers. comm.). The early planted stands Vegetation of pure pōhutukawa have formed dry litter with little to no By 1975 pastoral farming had reduced the vegetation to 52% regeneration underneath. In places their understorey is limited grassland, 27% bracken fernland, 10% mānuka (Leptospermum to grassland dominated by microlaena (Microlaena stipoides). scoparium) and kānuka (Kunzea aff. ericoides) shrubland, Atkinson (2004) found pōhutukawa retards the rate at which 310 New Zealand Journal of Ecology, Vol. 37, No. 3, 2013

Figure 3. Twenty years of change – looking north from Coronary Hill: in pasture in 1989 (a); and the same place in planted forest in 2009 (b). Photos: NCD, 20 Aug 1989 & 6 Feb 2009.

a diverse forest community can develop, and recently some sedges (Carex geminata, C. secta, C. virgata, Machaerina trial felling in the pure pōhutukawa stands has occurred to rubiginosa), rushes (Juncus spp.), ferns (Blechnum novae- encourage more diverse regeneration. The mixed plantings zelandiae, Deparia petersenii, Paesia scaberula), swamp have been much more successful; many are now c. 8m tall millet (Isachne globosa), and herbs (Epilobium pallidiflorum, and there has been regeneration of shade-tolerant shrubs and Ranunculus reflexus, R. urvilleanus). canopy species, especially māhoe and kohekohe. (f) Planted exotic trees (not mapped) (c) Open pasture (10%; including the lighthouse complex) Planted exotic trees are restricted to the lighthouse complex. All This includes mown pasture (tracks, Coronary Hill, lighthouse were planted during 1902–1978 and many have been removed complex and associated paddocks) and rank grassland in recent times. In 2006 the tall exotics were still a landscape left to regenerate (mainly along the main ridge and lower feature by the lighthouse. They included: a shelterbelt of exotic western slopes, but also some steep coastal slopes). The pines (Pinus radiata, P. ?pinaster), gum trees (Eucalyptus mown pasture is dominated by exotic grasses and herbs, saligna), four macrocarpas (Cupressus macrocarpa), two and the rank grassland by microlaena, bracken (Pteridium flame trees (Erythrina ×sykesii) and a Norfolk pine (Araucaria esculentum), pōhuehue (Muehenbeckia complexa) and exotic heterophylla). All the pines and a few of the gum trees were grasses especially sweet vernal (Anthoxanthum odoratum) cut down during 2006/07 and the Norfolk pine and one of and cocksfoot (Dactylis glomerata). A steep coastal slope by the macrocarpas were topped at the same time. There is also Lighthouse Bay is dominated by the native grass, Anthosachne a remnant Australian ngaio (Myoporum insulare) hedge near multiflora. Approximately half the area shown by Rimmer the visitors centre. (2004) as ‘open pasture’ near the southern end has actually been planted (see Fig. 1). Previous botanical investigations The first recording of the vascular flora of Tiri appears to have (d) Natural regenerating area (7%) been by Leonard Cockayne, who visited the island at least The main area is at the northern end of the island, but it is twice. He recorded brief ecological notes in his notebook on actually only about half the size of the area shown by Rimmer 17 February 1905. He listed 17 native plant species along (2004: p.14); the rest has been planted. The steep coastal with some general plant names, i.e. rushes, grasses and thistle slopes that have also been left to regenerate are not included (Cockayne 1905). No herbarium specimens collected by in this 7% total. The northern regenerating area is a mix of Cockayne from Tiri were located. rank grassland, bracken, pōhuehue, flax (Phormium tenax), Thomas Cheeseman compiled a vascular plant list for and shrubs of coastal karamū, hangehange (Geniostoma the island based on specimens sent to him for identification ligustrifolium), māhoe and pōhutukawa. by Anders Hansen, the Tiri lighthouse keeper for 1906–1909 (Cheeseman 1908; Rimmer 2004). Of the 234 entries, about (e) Wetlands (not mapped) 193 native and naturalised vascular plant species were recorded Wetlands in Tiri are mainly narrow strips in valley bottoms being (many names were repeated). Four of these records are actively shaded out by the successful natural regeneration and represented by specimens in the Auckland Museum herbarium plantings of these wetter and more-sheltered sites, e.g. Little (AK) (herbarium acronyms follow Thiers 2010). Wattle, Bush 21 & 22. There is also a series of small earth Alan Esler (1978b) published a full vascular flora of wild dams (c. 10) put in to encourage waterfowl; several of these plants (native and naturalised, but excluding anything that dry up completely after winter rains have ceased. The largest was planted) for the island along with a description of the and most open surviving wetland is in Lighthouse Valley, where vegetation based on field work in December 1970 (5 days), three creeks feed into Pumphouse Creek. Scattered along the October 1975 (4 days) and November 1977 (1 day). He was open margins of this slow-moving creek are tree ferns (mamaku aware of Cockayne’s (1905) observations, but not Cheeseman’s [Cyathea medullaris], whekī [Dicksonia squarrosa]), cabbage (1908) list. Esler’s valuable baseline record of 339 (actually trees (Cordyline australis), shrubs (mānuka, coastal karamū), 347 if all his entries are included) species and varieties (55% Cameron, Davies: Vascular flora of Tiritiri Matangi 311

native) was before abandonment of sheep and cattle grazing species) or “ⁿ” (additional) in column 5 of Appendix 1. The in 1972 and subsequent revegetation planting. Importantly, he Annual Weed Reports (2002–2010) have been invaluable to provided comments on changes in the vegetation over the next document the managed weed species. few years. In the mid-1970s there were only a few hectares of regrowth forest (stock-browsed) in several gullies, otherwise it was mainly grassland and bracken fern. Forty-eight Tiri Results specimens collected by Esler were located in AK herbarium and also a few in CHR. Four hundred and thirteen herbarium vouchers were collected Cameron & West (1986) added 20 (but only 16 based on during our 2006–10 survey on Tiri. A further 241, pre-2006, present knowledge) new wild flora records and commented vascular plant vouchers from Tiri were located in AK, CHR on several others based on many visits from 1978–1986. The and WELT herbaria, the earliest collected in 1906. This brings vascular flora of the adjacent Wooded Island was recorded for the total Tiri vascular plant herbarium collections to 654 the first time by Taylor & Tennyson (1999) based on day visits (representing 71% of the total wild flora): 417 in AK (which in August 1987 and February 1989, making 3 (only 2 based also includes former AKU collections), 223 UNITEC, 13 on present knowledge) additions to the flora of Tiri. Cameron CHR, and 1 WELT. The label information of CHR and WELT (2013) updated and added to the Wooded Island flora, but no herbarium specimens is not yet fully electronically available new records were added to the Tiri flora. Other interesting and those herbaria may contain further records. Tiri records were submitted to AK and AKU herbaria from An annotated checklist is presented for all vascular plant rangers, contract staff and volunteers doing weeding, and records since 1905 in five categories (Appendix 1): (a) wild, (b) university research students. In all, 168 Tiri vascular plant seed rain only, (c) cultivated only (no wildlings), (d) rejected specimens exist in AK from this 1978–2005 period, including wild records, (e) additional records recorded in 2013. The many specimens collected by one of us (EKC). total of all the wild vascular species, varieties and hybrids recorded is 512 taxa with just over half being indigenous (Table 1). Six species (1 native, 5 exotic) are recorded only as seed Methods rain. A further 32 species are categorised as cultivated only (excluding the ranger’s garden): four exotic; eight indigenous During 2006–2010 our objective was to record all wild vascular (but outside their geographical range); and 20 indigenous (part plants, determine their year of establishment and rank current of the revegetation project). A single record is rejected as wild. abundance, and provide voucher specimens for most records The additional five records added in proof are not included in for Tiri. The thousands of plantings were generally ignored the flora totals. The indigenous status of the species follows because our object was to record the wild flora. One of us de Lange & Rolfe (2010). (NCD) spent much of 2006 surveying the island and collecting voucher specimens, EKC had five trips of 1–4 days specifically The wild vascular flora searching for new records. An attempt was also made to locate Ten Nationally (de Lange et al. 2013) and 22 Regionally all previous herbarium collections, relevant publications and (Stanley et al. 2005) Threatened and Uncommon species reports, and talk to knowledgeable people about the island’s have been recorded on Tiri (Table 2). Thirteen of these flora, e.g. weed management staff, and current and former species are now presumed extinct on the island. However, rangers. Plants observed as only seed rain on Tiri, with no Tiri appears to be a regional stronghold for some of these live plants seen, are recorded separately in Appendix 1. species: Anthosachne multiflora, Einadia triandra, Ipomoea As far as possible all previous plant names were updated cairica (Fig. 4), Plantago raoulii (Fig. 5) and Ranunculus to current taxonomy, with indigenous species following de urvilleanus. Based on the numerous seedlings observed in Lange & Rolfe (2010), and the naturalised species following the the forested valleys there is also an expanding population of Landcare Research database (http://nzflora.landcareresearch. tawāpou, a regionally uncommon tree. Esler (1978b) recorded co.nz/, accessed Dec 2012). It was beneficial that the names fewer than 12 tawāpou, including one sapling and no seedlings. on the Cheeseman (1908) list directly related to the names he used in the Manual of the New Zealand Flora (Cheeseman Tiri is also the likely natural geographical southern limit for 1906). Cheeseman herbarium specimens in AK were also Ipomoea cairica (Cheeseman 1925; Cameron 2005) and the specifically referred to for clarification of names being used by population includes an unusual white-flowering form (Fig. 4). him at that time. Where different, all original recorded names Based on present abundance, an attempt was made to are included in the updated annotated checklist (Appendix 1). ascertain whether the pre-1978 taxa have increased, decreased Recording the wild flora is sometimes complicated on Tiri or remained the same since Esler’s (1978b) survey. The overall by the difficulties recognising wild from planted individuals. In totals indicate that 46% decreased, 38% showed no change, 16% this respect, our survey was timely as the plantings were usually increased (Fig. 6) and 121 new additions arrived. Seventy-five recent enough to be able to make this distinction. Also, the of the pre-1978 records (19% of the pre-1978 flora) have not abundance of many naturalised species was influenced by the been confirmed by this update (Table 1, Appendix 1). This management of targeted weed species funded by the Supporters is not surprising because the habitat was being constantly of Tiritiri Matangi. There has been a weeding programme degraded during most of this period by grazing animals. After carried out on the island virtually since the planting began in the stock were removed in 1972 the grazed areas reverted to 1984; this was more formalised in the 1990s (Dunning 1996) rank pasture. Then, the massive replanting project began (in and during the last decade there has been a list of about 40 1984) transforming 64% of the island, but causing many of the targeted weed species recorded in the Annual Weed Reports small herbaceous plants to be shaded out. These unconfirmed (Anon. 2003; Lindsay 2004, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010; records include one Cockayne and 32 Cheeseman records Lindsay & Price 2005). About 20 additional species have been which Esler also did not see. Of these 75 records, 64% were killed when seen. These weeds are all marked “†” (targeted native and 13 were threatened and uncommon species (Table 2). 312 New Zealand Journal of Ecology, Vol. 37, No. 3, 2013

Fig. 4 This exposed, grassy slope at Fishermans Bay is home to the regionally threatened coastal morning glory (Ipomoea cairica) (a), both the usual mauve-flowering form and an unusual white-flowering form (b) occur here – at the likely natural New Zealand geographical southern limit for the species. Photos: NCD, Jan 2009; and 20 Oct 2006.

Table 1. Totals of historical (up to 1977) and recent (post-1977) wild vascular plant species and hybrids in broad plant groups separated into native and exotics for Tiritiri Matangi. xx = combined total of all records (xx) = combined Cockayne, Cheeseman & Esler records (1905–1977) [xx] = post Esler additions (1978–2010) ______Vascular plant group Native Exotic Totals Unconfirmed pre-1978 records: Native + exotic ______Lycopods & Ferns 44 (32)[12] 1 (0)[1] 45 (32)[13] 1 + 0 % increase 38% - 41% 3% loss ______Conifers 2 (1)[1] 4 (1)[3] 6 (2)[4] - % increase 100% 300% 200% ______Trees & Shrubs 1. Dicots 54 (45) [9] 25 (8) [17] 79 (53) [26] 3 + 0 2. Monocots 4 (3) [1] 1 (0) [1] 5 (3) [2] 1 + 0 % comb. increase 21% 225% 49% 7% loss ______Climbers & Allies 1. Dicots 13 (13) [0] 10 (4) [6] 23 (17) [6] 4 + 1 2. Monocots 1 (1) [0] 1 (0) [1] 2 (1) [1] - % comb. increase 0% 175% 39% 28% loss ______Dicot Herbs 1. Daisies 17 (12) [5] 36 (25) [11] 53 (37) [16] 3 + 5 2. excl. Daisies 55 (49) [6] 110 (87) [23] 165 (136) [29] 14 + 15 Monocot Herbs 1. Orchids 9 (7) [2] - 9 (7) [2] 5 + 0 2. Non-orchids 7 (6) [1] 15 (4) [11] 22 (10) [12] 0 + 1 % comb. increase 19% 39% 31% 23% loss ______Other Monocots 1. Rushes & Allies 9 (9) [0] 6 (4) [2] 15 (13) [2] 3 + 0 2. Sedges 32 (30) [2] 3 (2) [1] 35 (32) [3] 9 + 0 3. Grasses 14 (14) [0] 39 (34) [5] 53 (48) [5] 5 + 5 % comb. increase 4% 20% 12% 24% loss ______Totals 261 (222) [39] 251 (169) [82] 512 (391) [121] 48 + 27 51% (native) 49% (exotic) 64% (native) % incr. 15% 49% 31% 19% loss ______Cameron, Davies: Vascular flora of Tiritiri Matangi 313

Table 2. Nationally and Regionally Threatened & Uncommon species recorded on Tiritiri Matangi. ______Nationally Threatened Conservation status Present status on Tiritiri (de Lange et al. 2013) ______Hibiscus richardsonii Nationally Critical scarce Senecio scaberulus Nationally Critical presumed extinct Daucus glochidiatus Nationally Vulnerable presumed extinct Geranium retrorsum Nationally Vulnerable presumed extinct Juncus pauciflorus Nationally Vulnerable presumed extinct Geranium solanderi s.str. Declining occasional Solanum aviculare Declining presumed extinct Planchonella costata Relict locally common Sicyos mawhai Relict presumed extinct Blechnum norfolkianum Naturally Uncommon local ______Regionally Threatened (Stanley et al. 2005) ______Plantago raoulii Regionally Critical local Ranunculus acaulis Regionally Critical scarce Schoenus concinnus Regionally Critical presumed extinct Epilobium pedunculare Regionally Endangered presumed extinct Scleranthus biflorus Regionally Endangered presumed extinct Ranunculus urvilleanus Serious Decline locally common Anthosachne multiflora Gradual Decline locally abundant Myoporum laetum Gradual Decline occasional Einadia triandra Sparse locally common Linum monogynum Sparse local Pelargonium inodorum Sparse local Psilotum nudum Sparse scarce Pteris comans Sparse occasional Senecio quadridentatus Sparse local Tmesipteris sigmatifolia Sparse scarce Wahlenbergia vernicosa Sparse local Dichondra aff. brevifolia Range Restricted local Ipomoea cairica Range Restricted locally common Centipeda aotearoana Data Deficient presumed extinct Epilobium billardiereanum Data Deficient presumed extinct Epilobium chionanthum Data Deficient presumed extinct Urtica incisa Data Deficient presumed extinct ______

Figure 5. This bank under an open pōhutukawa canopy near Paa Point contains one of the best Auckland regional populations of Plantago raoulii. Other species of this native herbfield include Lagenophora pumila, Oxalis exilis, Senecio lautus, Carex flagellifera and Apium prostratum. Sites like this containing a threatened herb will require weed management for the herb to survive. Photos: EKC 15 Sep 2007; and P. raoulii. NCD, 3 Feb 2007. Native Exotic Decreased (47.5% Native) 21.85 24.15 46 No change (63.5% Native) 23.495 13.505 37 Increased (67% 314 New Zealand Journal of Ecology, Vol. 37, No. 3, 2013 Native) 11.39 5.61 17 56.735 43.265

50 120

45 100

40 80 35 60 30 40

25 species of Number Exotic 20 20 Native

15 0 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 10

Percentagechange of overall totals (%) Time (years) 5

0 Figure 7. The accumulative addition of vascular plant species records against time for Tiritiri Matangi Island (1978–2010). The Decreased… No change… Increased… Fig. 7. The accumulative addition of vascular plant species records against time for Tiritiri steepest gradient coincides with the only comprehensive survey Matangi Island (1978–2010). The steepest gradient coincides with the only comprehensive Figure 6. Changes in pre-1978 species populations compared for new additions since Esler’s survey in 1970–77. with present day, lumped into three categories, with native and surveyWhen for the new first-record additions since date Esler’sis uncertain, survey the in 1970median–77. of the suspected exotic components separated (data from Appendix 1, column 6). Whenrange the is first taken.-record date is uncertain, the median of the suspected range is taken.

On the other hand, ten Cheeseman records not confirmed by Epilobium spp. and Juncus spp. may have been eliminated by Esler have now been re-recorded (6 native, 4 naturalised, see grazing livestock and rabbits while the wetlands were still open. Appendix 1) and most were at low numbers. These could The accumulative 121 wild plant additions graphed against have been suppressed by the livestock, existed only in the time (Fig. 7) show that intensive searching during 2006–10 seed bank, been small populations just missed by Esler, or resulted in more new records compared with the passive they became locally extinct and have since returned to the collection of new records for the period 1978–2005. Sixty- island. They include the previously misidentified but now eight percent of the increase is of exotic species and 29% of confirmedEinadia triandra. It is assumed there has been an these are listed as pest plants in the Auckland Regional Pest increased sampling effort during 1978–2010, compared with Management Strategy (Anon. 2008). These and over 20 other the early field surveys. weedy species are currently being controlled on the island Swampy valley bottoms are actively being shaded out (marked ‘†’ or ‘ⁿ’ in Appendix 1). Also, three of the six ‘seed as regeneration progresses to forest. Consequently, some rain only’ records are also regional plant pests (Anon. 2008). wetland species and plants associated with open wetlands are Common vegetables and fruit eaten by humans were decreasing. For example, Esler (1978b) recorded raupō (Typha present in low numbers wild on Tiri, presumably discarded orientalis) as “Locally plentiful in many of the creeks…[and] by visitors, e.g. apple (Malus ×domestica), avocado (Persea almost pure colonies…” in two of the creeks. Raupō is now americana), plum (Prunus ×domestica), pumpkin (Cucurbita reduced to two creek margins and is sparsely distributed in maxima), tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), passionfruit those habitats. Native wetland species that Esler saw and now (Passiflora edulis and probably P. tarminiana), and tree tomato appear to have gone include Centipeda aotearoana (species (Solanum betaceum). uncertain), Eleocharis acuta, Lilaeopsis novae-zelandiae and We have speculated how the 121 additions since 1977 Schoenoplectus tabernaemontani. In 1985 one of us (EKC) might have arrived on the island (Table 3, Appendix 1). Floras counted 75 Ranunculus urvilleanus plants scattered along of other inner Hauraki Gulf Islands of different histories give two open southern Tiri creek margins; 21 years later they clues as to how the recent propagules may have reached Tiri. had decreased to a single plant, most likely because the open Plant species were excluded from the human-assisted category habitat had been overgrown. The Cheeseman-only records of if they were (1) present from the more unmodified inner Hauraki

Table 3. Possible mode of arrival to Tiritiri Matangi for all new vascular plant records1 (exotic and combined) during 1978–2010. ______Possible mode of arrival Exotic totals (%) Combined native & exotic totals (%) ______Human (H)2 36 (42) 38 (30.5) Wind (W) 10 (12) 28 (22.5) Bird (internal) (Bi) / (external) (Be) 13/5 (21) 20/6 (21) From adjacent planted source (Pl) 7 (8) 10 (8) Overlooked (not new) (O) 2 (2) 9 (7) Floated (F) 6 (7) 7 (6) Garden escape (G) 5 (6) 5 (4) Sheep (S) 1 (1) 1 (1) Totals 85 (100) 124 (100) ______1 = note three records are entered arriving by two different means 2 = symbols used in column 7 of Appendix 1 Cameron, Davies: Vascular flora of Tiritiri Matangi 315

Gulf Islands that are dominated by native vegetation and have and newly germinated seedlings are still removed from the relatively low rates of human visitation, e.g. Motuoruhi of 64 boundary of Wattle Valley, most commonly along the open ha (Wilcox et al. 2005), the two main islands of The Noises road margin. Maintenance of the brush wattle is likely to of 8 and 15 ha (Cameron 1998) and Tarahiki Island of 6 ha have been assisted by severe storm events like the one on (Cameron et al. 2007; Cameron 2010a), or (2) present on 10 July 2007 when the associated plants of māhoe, karaka either of the two farmed islands, Rotoroa of 90 ha and Pakihi and coastal karamū were stripped of their foliage and small of 114 ha (Cameron et al. 2007; Cameron 2010a, b) of the branches in the upper southern flank of Wattle Valley (EKC inner Hauraki Gulf that also contained some native bush and pers. obs.) temporarily opening up the canopy to the advantage have low rates of human visitation. Exceptions included 14 of the light-loving brush wattle. It is likely that brush wattle plant species suspected to have been human-assisted because is a persistent component of the soil seed bank, as is the case they were either a popular fruit of humans, or they were only for related species (e.g. Auld 1986). As predicted by Esler located in human-maintained habitats on Tiri. Using the above (1978b), the abundance of palatable species has increased (e.g. criteria nearly one third of all the recent introductions may hangehange, māhoe, kawakawa (Piper excelsum), kohekohe, have been assisted by humans (directly attached, accidently or pigeonwood (Hedycarya arborea), taraire, tawāpou have all intentionally brought, or attached to vehicles, machinery, etc.), appeared to have increased) and some unpalatable species making this the largest single arrival method (Table 3). This is appeared to have declined (e.g. māpou) or stayed the same unsurprising because there are around 32,000 human visitors (e.g. Coprosma rhamnoides). to the island per year. It is consistent with the conclusions of Chaloupka & Domm (1986) for ten coral islands on the Great Lack of seabird management Barrier Reef of Australia where they found the percentage of Comparing Tiri’s vascular flora with nearby seabird islands the alien flora increased with an increase in visitor numbers. showed that very few species were absent due to the lack The next most common method of arrival appears to be of management of native seabirds on Tiri. However, the by wind (22.5%); the 13 additional ferns and lycopods make abundance and vigour of some species may be affected. For up nearly half of this group. Alternatively, these could have example, a suite of plants that benefit from seabird guano been accidently brought in by humans on boots or vehicles. enrichment are either more common or much more lush on However, all these taxa are widespread on other islands in the the major seabird island off Tiri’s NE coast, Wooded Island inner Hauraki Gulf; including several virtually uninhabited (Taylor & Tennyson 1999; Cameron 2013). These include islands (from herbarium specimens; and EKC pers. obs.), and Disphyma australe, taupata, shore groundsel (Senecio lautus), therefore we believe they have more likely to have arrived Einadia trigonos, and glasswort (Sarcocornia quinqueflora). by wind. However, the only plant recorded here that is not on Tiri is Seven species (6% additions since 1977) appeared to have māwhai (Sicyos mawhai), which is now extinct on the island. floated to the island; these include the weedy century plant (Agave americana), Oxalis pes-caprae and smilax (Asparagus Existing breeding seabirds on Tiri are blue penguin, diving asparagoides). At least three species appeared to have arrived petrel, grey-faced petrel, red-billed gull, black-backed gull, by two different methods: smilax by birds (under a known white-fronted tern and probably fluttering shearwater; and there starling roost) and sea (a tuberous root-clump at back of a beach is evidence that the diving petrel and grey-faced petrel colonies amongst driftwood and flotsam); nahui (Alternanthera nahui) are expanding (Mel Galbraith pers. comm.). Expansion of by humans (old nursery site) and waterfowl (in a remote dam the seabird colonies should benefit the guano-loving plants. at the northern end of the island); and naked ladies (Amaryllis Other guano-loving plants listed by Gillham (1960a, b, c) and belladonna) remnant plantings in the lighthouse paddock Norton et al. (1997) present in the Hauraki Gulf but absent which have expanded vegetatively (pink-flowered form), and a from Wooded Island include Cook’s scurvy grass (Lepidium recent illegal planting by Hobbs Beach (white-flowered form). oleraceum), poroporo (Solanum aviculare) (present on Tiri An odd absentee from the island’s flora isSamolus repens; in the past) and sea celery (Apium prostratum) (present on despite plenty of suitable coastline. It was perhaps eliminated Tiri). The widespread demise of māwhai and Cook’s scurvy by the farm stock and/or by rabbits when they were abundant grass is more complex than just a lack of guano and appears about 110 years ago (see Rimmer 2004). However, it is also to be disease-related in māwhai (Delmiglio & Pearson 2006) absent from Wooded Island which appears to have never had and probably partially disease-related in Cook’s scurvy grass exotic mammals. (Norton et al. 1997; Hasenbank et al. 2011). Recommendations Discussion The future composition of the flora of Tiri is likely to be influenced by ongoing human impacts. To ensure dominance How accurate were the earlier predictions? of appropriate native plant species in the future flora of Tiri, we recommend: Esler (1978b) predicted that as woody cover increased during 1. Tighter quarantine requirements for plant propagules. succession, the number of exotic species would decline. This This recommendation is based on the fact that 42% has not happened; instead there has been a net gain of 24 of the exotic additions are suspected of being human exotic herbs: 21 pre-1978 exotic herbs were lost but 45 were introductions; some of the present biosecurity measures gained (Table 1). Many of the exotic herbs on the island are only fauna-focused. now grow in human-related habitats, such as mown lawns, 2. The results indicate that the present quarantine message roads, tracks and their margins. These habitats have been needs to specifically warn visitors about the disposal developed post-Esler. The growth of native trees and shrubs of fruit and vegetable waste. Surprisingly no kiwifruit has suppressed the cover of brush wattle in Wattle Valley (Actinidia deliciosa) have been recorded wild yet over the last three decades (EKC pers. obs.) as Esler (1978b) because the fruit is commonly eaten and wild vigorous predicted would occur. However, brush wattle is still present 316 New Zealand Journal of Ecology, Vol. 37, No. 3, 2013

vines have established in many Auckland school grounds Whangaparaoa Peninsula (3.5 km distant) will increase (EKC pers. obs.). with the recently completed predator-proof fence and 3. That managers consider controlling more weedy mainland island at the tip of the Whangaparaoa Peninsula species on the island, i.e. currently localised species which includes Shakespear Regional Park. This will that are expected to spread and suppress native result in an increase of bird-dispersed seed (native and herbaceous species of open habitats, such as Carex exotic species). divulsa, Cynodon dactylon, Daucus carota, Oxalis pes- 2. The current nesting seabirds (blue penguins, diving caprae, Parentucellia viscosa, Polygonum arenastrum, petrels, grey-faced petrels and possibly fluttering Stenotaphrum secundatum and Torilis arvensis. shearwaters) will keep expanding their present colonies, 4. Removal of ten indigenous species planted in small potentially benefitting a suite of guano-loving plant numbers outside their natural geographical range (listed species. in Appendix 1, a & c) because some may hybridise 3. Natural dispersal to Tiri of native trees that are not with related natural species on the island and others currently present should slowly continue to occur, but may naturalise. Note that seedlings of Pittosporum will be low in number because most of the expected umbellatum and Meryta sinclairii have already been tree species for an island of this size and location are observed, the latter about 200 m from the two planted already present. Island size is a limiting factor because adults. larger islands have more diverse habitats and more areas 5. That managers highlight threatened species of the inner protected from salt-laden winds. Bird-dispersed tree Hauraki Gulf near the island’s visitors’ centre, rather species such as Litsea calicaris, Pittosporum tenuifolium than the current species displayed that are outside their and Pseudopanax crassifolius are likely species that natural geographic range, perhaps beginning with the may colonise the island during the next twenty years. 13 which are suspected to have been lost already (see 4. A rise in the proportion of shade-tolerant tree species Table 2). will continue to occur (e.g. karaka, kohekohe, māhoe, 6. Removal of the Australian ngaio (Myoporum insulare) taraire, and tawāpou) as increasingly shaded habitat hedge and hybrid ngaio (M. insulare × M. laetum) continues to become available for these species as plantings because they will pollute the native ngaio regeneration progresses. (M. laetum) gene pool. 7. Removal of two, planted, yellow-flowering pōhutukawa c. 5 m tall near the top of Bush 22 because they are Acknowledgements not of local origin and they may impact on the local pōhutukawa gene pool. We thank the Supporters of Tiritiri Matangi for encouraging 8. Although feral exotic mammals are now absent from this survey; Barbara and Ray Walter (Tiri rangers from 1983 Tiri, exotic bird and invertebrate species are present and 1986 respectively until June 2006), Helen Lindsay (Tiri and may have a negative impact on the native flora. weed contractor since 2002), Shelley Heiss-Dunlop (involved in One such exotic species worthy of study is the common weeding Tiri since Dec 2004), Ian Price (Tiri ranger 2002–2005 garden snail (Cantareus aspersus) which is present on & 2006–2008), Toby Shanley for plant information and plant Tiri (Chris Green, pers. comm.). collections; Shelley Heiss-Dunlop and Helen Lindsay for field 9. Conduct regular and more frequent surveys for new assistance and checking the planting diaries held on Tiri; Rhys plant species arrivals and local extinctions, ideally every Gardner and Peter de Lange for assistance with identifications; five years. Good management relies on knowing what Jane Cruickshank and Pat Brownsey for herbarium label is present (e.g. Lindenmayer et al. 2012). data from CHR and WELT respectively; Layla Tweedie- 10. The maintenance of populations of rare herbs (Table 2) Cullen and Robert Cameron for producing Figures 1 and 6 that require open sites is unlikely, unless management is respectively; Discovery Cruises for discounted travel costs; changed to ensure persistence of their preferred habitats. Peter Bellingham, Hannah Buckley, Tim Curran, Jo Monks, Apart from the steep coastal slopes, most of their current Carol West and an anonymous referee for critically reviewing habitats are rapidly being shaded and competition from the draft manuscript; others whom we’ve acknowledged in the naturalised herbs is increasing throughout. For the text for information; and Neil Davies thanks the Royal Society non-coastal species there is potential for them to grow of New Zealand for his 2006 Science Teacher Fellowship. along track margins. This is occurring naturally for Ranunculus urvilleanus; however, weed management will be important for maintaining such populations. References 11. If management of open wetland habitats is not maintained, their current flora is likely to keep declining, Anon. 2003. Weed control programme report Tiritiri Matangi e.g. Carex lessoniana, C. secta, Epilobium pallidiflorum, Island, 2002–03. Unpublished Report, Auckland, Juncus primatocarpus, and Ranunculus amphitrichus. Department of Conservation. 8 p. The existing small dams offer minor areas of semi- Anon. 2008. Auckland Regional Pest Management Strategy permanent still water, but the swampy stream habitats 2007–2012. Auckland, Auckland Regional Council. (e.g. Lighthouse Valley) may require a weir or vegetation Atkinson IAE 2004. Successional processes induced by fires management for them to be maintained as open wetland on the northern offshore islands of New Zealand. New habitat. Zealand Journal of Ecology 28: 181-193. Auld TJ 1986. Population dynamics of the shrub Acacia Predictions suaveolens (Sm.) Willd.: Dispersal and the dynamics of Over the next twenty years, we predict that: the soil seed-bank. Australian Journal of Ecology 11: 1. Movement of land birds over the sea between Tiri and the 235–254. Cameron, Davies: Vascular flora of Tiritiri Matangi 317

Bellingham PJ, Towns DR, Cameron EK, Davis JJ, Wardle de Lange PJ, Rolfe JR, Champion PD, Courtney SP, Heenan DA 2010a. New Zealand island restoration: seabirds, PB, Barkla JW, Cameron EK, Norton DA, Hitchmough predators, and the importance of history. New Zealand RA 2013. Conservation status of New Zealand vascular Journal of Ecology 34: 115–136. plants, 2012. New Zealand threat classification series 3. Bellingham PJ, Wiser SK, Wright AE, Cameron EK, Forester Wellington, Department of Conservation. 70p. LJ 2010b. Disperser communities and legacies of goat Delmiglio C, Pearson MN 2006. Effects and incidence of grazing determine forest succession on the remote Three cucumber mosaic virus, watermelon mosaic virus and Kings Islands, New Zealand. Biological Conservation zucchini yellow mosaic virus in New Zealand’s only 143: 926–938. native cucurbit, Sicyos australis. Australasian Plant Cameron EK 1998. 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Matangi Island, 2005–06. Unpublished Report, Wright AE 1984. Beilschmiedia Nees (Lauraceae) in New Department of Conservation, Auckland. 27 p. Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Botany 22: 109–125. Lindsay H 2007. Weed control programme report Tiritiri Matangi Island, 2006–07. Unpublished Report, Department of Conservation, Auckland. 26 p. Lindsay H 2008. Weed control programme report Tiritiri Appendix 1. Wild vascular Flora of Tiritiri Matangi Matangi Island, 2007–08. Unpublished Report, from 1905–2010. Department of Conservation, Auckland. 20 p. Lindsay H 2009. Weed control programme report Tiritiri Key Matangi Island, 2008–09. Unpublished Report, Column 1 Department of Conservation, Auckland. 7 p. * = a naturalised or adventive exotic species Lindsay H 2010. Weed control programme report Tiritiri ** = solely spreading from planted parent(s) Matangi Island, 2009–10. Unpublished Report, **~ = exotic cultivated species which has not naturalised Department of Conservation, Auckland. 20 p. *** = cultivated native species outside their geographic range Lindsay L, Price I 2005. Weed control programme report P = also a limited number planted (< 1000) Tiritiri Matangi Island, 2004–05. Unpublished Report, PP = also a major planted species (> 1000) Department of Conservation, Auckland. 17 p. Mitchell ND 1985. The revegetation of Tiritiri Matangi Island: Column 2 the creation of an open sanctuary. Royal New Zealand C = Cockayne record (Cockayne 1905) Horticultural Society Annual Journal 13: 36–41. Ch = Cheeseman’s list (Cheeseman 1908) compiled Murray BG, Craven LA, de Lange PJ 2008. New observations by Cheeseman from plants sent by Hansen for on chromosome number variation in Hibiscus trionum s.l. identification (Malvaceae) and their implications for systematics and [Ch] = on Cheeseman’s list (1908) under a related name conservation. New Zealand Journal of Botany 46: 315–319. (not a synonym) Norton DA, de Lange PJ, Garnock-Jones PJ, Given DR 1997. The role of seabirds and seals in the survival of Column 3 coastal plants: lessons from New Zealand Lepidium E = listed by Esler (1978b) (Brassicaceae). Biodiversity and Conservation 6: 765–785. [E] = based on a redetermination of an Esler specimen Rimmer A 2004. Tiritiri Matangi – a model of conservation. (not listed by him) Auckland NZ, Tandem Press. Sporli KB, McAlister LM 1995. Structural geology of the Column 5 (current abundance, based on observations 2006–10) greywackes of Tiritiri Matangi Island. Tane 35: 95–111. a = abundant Stanley R, de Lange PJ, Cameron EK 2005. Auckland regional c = common threatened & uncommon vascular plant list. Auckland ex = has been seen post-1977, but possibly now extinct Botanical Society Journal 60: 152–157. on the island Taylor GA 1989. A register of northern offshore islands and Ex = not seen since 1977, presumed extinct on the island a management strategy for island resources. Northern l = local Regional Technical Report Series 13. Auckland, o = occasional Department of Conservation. s = scarce (< 5 populations seen) Taylor GA, Tennyson AJD 1999. Flora and fauna of Wooded † = a weed species being actively managed Island, inner Hauraki Gulf. Tane 37: 91–98. ⁿ = a weed species being partially managed (removed Thiers B 2010. Index herbariorum: a global directory of when seen, but not searched for) public herbaria and associated staff. New York Botanical Garden’s virtual herbarium. http://sweetgum.nybg.org/ih/ Column 6 (estimated abundance change post-Esler) (continuously updated). A = additions since 1977 Walter R 1995. Flora notes. In: Supporters of Tiritiri Matangi D = decreased Island, Bulletin 21. I = increased Walter R 1996. Flora notes. In: Supporters of Tiritiri Matangi NC = no change Island, Bulletin 24. West CJ 1980a. Regeneration studies on Tiritiri Matangi Island. Column 7 (possible mode of arrival to Tiri for additions New Zealand Journal of Ecology 3: 158. post-1977) West CJ 1980b. Aspects of regeneration on Tiritiri Matangi See Table 3 for key to symbols Island. Unpublished MSc thesis, University of Auckland. West CJ 1981. The significance of small plastic boats as seed Column 8 (Current population notes) dispersal agents. Tane 27: 175. C&W = record from Cameron & West (1986) Wilcox M, Donaghy G, Haines L, Jane G, McSweeney C, Young Herbarium acronyms follow Thiers (2010) M 2005. Coromandel Peninsula, Auckland Anniversary Weekend 28/01/05 to 1/02/05. Auckland Botanical Society Journal 60: 1–12. Wilmshurst JM, Anderson AJ, Higham TFG, Worthy TH 2008. Dating the late prehistoric dispersal of Polynesians to New Zealand using the commensal Pacific rat. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 105: 7676–7680. Cameron, Davies: Vascular flora of Tiritiri Matangi 319 of

coastal form AK300557, Wooded I. (= A. flaccidum Wooded of Cheeseman’s list & of Esler). A. bulbiferum of Cheeseman’s of Cheeseman’s list, & B. capense Lomaria capense of Cheeseman’s of Esler). AK271009, UNITEC2029 of Esler). of Cheeseman’s list). UNITEC2047 of Cheeseman’s B. lanceolatum of Esler). AK314029, UNITEC2040 of Esler). A. affine A. falcatum

2 patches: by Ngati Paoa Track (8 x 8m²); and on steep coastal clay slope, Lighthouse Bay (1 1m²). Track 2 patches: by Ngati Paoa UNITEC2398-99 AK222571, UNITEC2073 Epiphyte on pōhutukawa in Bush 22. AK345438 Bay. 2 patches at S end of Fisherman’s Patch-forming mainly in forest (= Comments on current populations (unless otherwise stated); voucher specimens cited at end of entry populations (unless otherwise stated); voucher Comments on current AK288939, UNITEC2216 6 x 2m²; open coastal slope. 2 patches Pöhutukawa Cove, largest and open coastal slopes. UNITEC2048 Bush margins Usually epiphytic in forest. UNITEC2042-43 Best forested areas, e.g. kohekohe forest in Bush 1 & 22 (presumed = AK300536 Rupestral coastal slopes throughout, in open or under pōhutukaw a, including of Esler) Single clump (<1m across) & 2 adjacent young plants, in forest , top of Bush 1 - a new arrival? UNITEC2360 list & of Esler). UNITEC2041 Forest and shrubby coastal slopes; occasionally epiphytic (= A. lucidum of Cheeseman’s Mainly epiphytic in forest (= Creek margins in best forested valleys (= Creek margins Mainly terrestrial in forest and as a low climber, largest continuous patch to 40m across in upper Bush 21 largest Mainly terrestrial in forest and as a low climber, AK314028, UNITEC2028 list). (= Lomaria filiformis of Cheeseman’s AK271023, UNITEC2074 under good forest. Creek margins AK271010 Near creek under forest in Bush 1. kiokio. Especially in damp areas and by creek mouths (= Esler). UNITEC2027 Dispersal

W W W W W Abundance change Abundance

A A NC I A I NC NC I A NC NC I NC NC A NC Current abundance Current

s s s o-lc s o o l o-lc s o o o-lc o-a o l o-lc

1st record 1st

2006? 1995 1906-09 1906-10 2004 1906-09 1906-09 1906-09 1970-77 2006 1906-09 1970-77 1970-77 1906-09 1970-77 1981 1906-09 Esler (1978) Esler

E E E E [E] E E E E E E E Cheeseman (1908), Cockayne (1905) Cockayne (1908), Cheeseman Ch Ch Ch Ch [Ch] Ch Ch Ch Lycopodium volubile Lycopodium Phlegmariurus varius FERNS (41 + 1) Adiantum aethiopicum Adiantum cunninghamii (a) Wild taxa grouped by plant group & by plant group taxa grouped Wild (a) life form LYCOPODS (3 + 0) (= native LYCOPODS naturalised) cernua Lycopodiella Adiantum hispidulum Asplenium flaccidum Asplenium gracillimum Asplenium haurakiense Asplenium lamprophyllum Asplenium oblongifolium Asplenium polyodon Blechnum chambersii Blechnum filiforme Blechnum membranaceum Blechnum norfolkianum Blechnum novae-zelandiae 320 New Zealand Journal of Ecology, Vol. 37, No. 3, 2013 fs).

of Cheeseman’s list & of Cheeseman’s of Cheeseman’s list). of Cheeseman’s of Cheeseman’s list) of Cheeseman’s H. tenuifolia AK271012 Muehlenbeckia complexa Pteris incisa of Esler). UNITEC2036, 2053 Notholaena distans of Cheesemann’s list & of Cheesemann’s Polypodium billardieri AK271027 , e.g. Bush 1, 21 & 22. First record C&W. AK271026, , e.g. Bush 1, 21 & 22. First record C&W. . UNITEC2022 of Esler). UNITEC2045 P. richardii of Esler). richardii list & P. of Cheeseman’s Aspidium richardii Ctenitis decomposita C. dealbata Phymatodes scandens of Esler). UNITEC2024 in Bush 1. First record C&W. AK271025 in Bush 1. First record C&W. Cyathea dealbata. Cyathea dealbata of Cheeseman’s list & of Esler). UNITEC2050 D. media of Cheeseman’s of Cheeseman’s list & of Esler). UNITEC2046 of Cheeseman’s Thelypteris pennigera of Esler). UNITEC2025 Cyathea dealbata ponga. Bush margins, under tall kānuka and in forest. UNITEC2023, 2049 ponga. Bush margins, more sheltered areas than Wetter mamaku. Lighthouse Valley, semi-open swampy creek margin (only locality). AK300502, UNITEC2397 (only locality). semi-open swampy creek margin Valley, Lighthouse UNITEC2361 swampy creek margin. Valley, whekī. Best population (>20 plants) in Lighthouse Most open areas and under forest (= and lower Bush 22 (= Valley Disturbed swampy areas, e.g. Lighthouse UNITEC2031 Landing area. UNITEC2032 Occuring with C. distans , but only observed around the general Emergency Scattered over rocky outcrops along the east coast in open (= Phymatodes diversifolium observed in forest Bush 1 (= Terrestrial, AK300501, UNITEC2030 Forested gullies, near creeks (= Semi-open coastal slopes and in forest (presumed = AK299842, CHR 223509, UNITEC2034, 2058 First record: several plants in Bush 1 1981 (C&W); x2 prese nt there 2006. esculentum aquilinum var. (= P. AK299061, UNITEC2037, 2072 Forested valleys, and shaded coastal slopes. not seen by us Recorded by Esler, open areas, forest and under plantings. UNITEC3036 Widespread, I.), and rupestral by the Wooded epiphytic usually on pōhutukawa (local taupata Widespread, leather fern. AK318481, UNITEC2033 serpens of Esler). list & Pyrrosia coast (= Polypodium serpens of Cheeseman’s Epiphytic in forest, mainly on trunks of Spreading patches in open often with bracken and/or rank microl aena pasture (= AK271030 & 300572, CHR 505848, UNITEC2035 of Esler). Only observed in Bush 1 forest. UNITEC2026 In forest, including a patch 4 x 4m in Bush 2 (= Single plant and 2 young plants in forest Bush 1 up until 2006; appeared to have died 2010 tongue. Mainly terrestrial in forest and shrubby areas (= hound’s sites - in light gaps surrounded by bush, just N of Paa Point and Bush 2; original patch Two tuber ladder fern. AK289398 c.5m² - virtually eradicated. UNITEC2396 Valley. scented fern. Patch 15 x 15m² in wetland, Lighthouse 3 small populations in open: by Lighthouse Dam, track S end H obbs Bch and above the Stamper (SE clif bracken. Most open areas, pure swards in places often with ra nk pasture and Epiphytic in forest, mainly on trunks of UNITEC2359 Epiphytic, on trunks of W W W W W W W W I NC A NC NC NC A NC D NC NC A D D NC NC I I A NC D I A D A D A A o-la o l o c-la l l o l l o-lc s o Ex o c o o-lc l o s c s† s s c o s 1906-09 1970-77 2006 1970-77 1906-09 1906-09 2006 1906-09 1970-77 1970-77 1906-09? 1981 1906-09 1970-77 1906-09 1906-09 1970-77 1906-09 2006 1970-77 1970-77 1906-09 2004 1970-77 2006 1906-09 1981 1981 E E E E E E E E [E] E E E E E E E E E E E Ch Ch Ch Ch Ch Ch Ch Ch Ch Ch Ch

Cyathea dealbata Cyathea medullaris Deparia petersenii Dicksonia squarrosa Doodia australis Histiopteris incisa Cheilanthes sieberi Cheilanthes distans scandens Microsorum Pneumatopteris pennigera Polystichum wawranum Psilotum nudum Pteris comans Pteris macilenta Pteris tremula eleagnifolia Pyrossia Tmesipteris elongata Hypolepis ambigua glabella Lastreopsis microsora Lastreopsis articulatum Lygodium pustulatum Microsorum cordifolia* Nephrolepis Paesia scaberula Pellaea rotundifolia Pteridium esculentum Tmesipteris lanceolata Tmesipteris sigmatifolia Cameron, Davies: Vascular flora of Tiritiri Matangi 321 AK278766 B. tawaroa Visitors Centre. Visitors gency Landing, with the Point to N Point. AK300577, Point to N Point. 1 years latter. First record C&W. AK234265 First record C&W. 1 years latter. gest tree c.10m tall, basal diameter c.80cm in of Esler?). AK284531, UNITEC2161 of Esler?). × C. robusta C. propinqua tree lucerne. Originally c.50 planted out by Wharf Road (below Graham’s Rd) in 1984 as food source for native Wharf Road (below Graham’s tree lucerne. Originally c.50 planted out by pigeons - site still being actively weeded bone-seed. Population virtually confined to the coastal slopes f rom Saddleback Bay Emer shiny karamū. Recorded by Esler as “occasional plants along the creeks”; not seen us coastal karamū. Most frequent coprosma on the island occuring t hroughout in shrublands, forest slopes and AK275690 & 277608, UNITEC2404, 2409 establishing in planted areas. few wild shrubs appeared to be this hybrid (= A main population on the cliffs at Fishermans Bay; seedlings and adults still being found. First record on Hobbs Beach main population on the cliffs AK299053 (C&W). tree coprosma. x5 plants observed in forest: c.0.5 & 10m tall i n upper Bush 21; c.1 3m lower 1; 0.5m AK328121, UNITEC2400 upper Bush 22 where Esler recorded a few plants. In 3 main forested valleys (Bush 1, 21, 22), most frequent in Bush 21. UNITEC2056 3 small shrubs first recorded in Bush 1, and a female floweri ng plant 1 tawaroa. Single tall tree in Bush 1 with >40cm dbh, the leaves are up to 45mm wide and would match of Wright (1984) which is now thought to intergrade with B. tawa ; evidently 2 smaller trees have been recorded in (1984) which is now thought to intergrade Wright of Bush 2 in the past; progeny from 1 seed planted out (c .24 plants), currently only weak survivors (Bush 4 & AK165449, 272524 & 283817, list, and B. sp. of Esler). of Cheesemn’s (= B tawa broad-leaved var. Valley) Wattle UNITEC2078 last record by the Valley; First record 20+ seedlings behind Hobbs Beach, also occurred in Lighthouse barberry. AK222141 weed team 2005-06; not seen by us. Point, and around P ö hutukawa Cove. UNITEC2086 rangiora. Coastal bush slopes, especially from Paa Point to NW putaputawētā. Single seedling c.46cm tall in Bush 1 – this spec ies has never been planted on the island. UNITEC2414 AK216031 few adult trees in best forest areas, especially Bush 2, and occ. seedlings. A taraire. Norfolk pine. Single seedling near the only cultivated adult Norfolk pine (topped in 2006); N side Vistors Centre. Vistors Norfolk pine. Single seedling near the only cultivated adult pine (topped in 2006); N side AK299057 macrocarpa. >12 seedlings to 40cm tall in 2010, open grassy ba nk, by cultivated adults, N side AK314033 kahikatea. First wild seedlings observed in 1996 (Bush 1); a nd since then more widespread. Species also planted. AK225613, UNITEC2087 maritime pine. Single suspected juvenile by Lighthouse paddoc k (2004-05) and several S of the Fog Horn shed (2009) (H Lindsay pers. comm.); cultivated or wild maritime pi nes not seen by us radiata pine. From c.2003-06 <10 seedlings removed on the SE si de of island, and more recently (2010) a few seedlings in the shelterbelt site (H Lindsay & I Price pers. c omm.); seed source was from a planted of pines between lighthouse and bunkhouse which were cut dow n 2006-07; seedlings not seen by us tōtara. Seedlings and saplings in forest under plantings; t he lar Bush 1 associated with another tree c.30cm DBH and several sapl ings 4-6m tall. UNITEC2158 mangrove. 4 plants seen, 0.2-1m tall, upper rocky intertidal s helf from just S of NW Pl Bi Bi Bi Bi Pl Bi Pl Pl F A A D I NC I I A NC A I A NC A NC A A A I A l† l† Ex c s s o-lc s s ex† lc s o-lc s l s ex † ex † o-lc s 1990s? 1981 1970-77 1970-77 [1970-77] 1970-77 1970-77 1986 1906-08 1995 1906-09 1991 1970-77 2007 1970-77 1996 2004-05 c.2003 1970-77 2006 E E [E] E E E E E E E Ch Ch P ) P (incl. B. tawaroa marina Chamaecytisus palmensis* P Chrysanthemoides monilifera* lucida Coprosma subsp . minor P macrocarpa Coprosma x C. propinqua macrocarpa Coprosma Coprosma arborea Coprosma areolata Coprosma grandifolia Coprosma Berberis glaucocarpa* Brachyglottis repanda Carpodetus serratus Beilschmiedia tarairi Beilschmiedia tawa CONIFERS (2 + 4) P Araucaria heterophylla** P macrocarpus** Cupressus Dacrycarpus dacrydioides P Pinus ? pinaster** P(?) Pinus radiata** P Podocarpus totara P TREES & SHRUBS (54 + 25) DICOT Avicennia 322 New Zealand Journal of Ecology, Vol. 37, No. 3, 2013 of Cheeseman’s list). of Cheeseman’s Leptospermum ericoides of AK272526, UNITEC2155 AK 313748. AK271017 & 313748 AK 313748. Veronica salicifolia Veronica of Esler). UNITEC2083 Cyathodes fasciculata by Cheeseman (1906)). AK300573, UNITEC2130 by Cheeseman (1906)). C. robusta of Cheeseman’s list). UNITEC2407-08 of Cheeseman’s Cheeseman’s list & of Esler). AK300558, UNITEC2402 list & of Esler). Cheeseman’s mānuka. Persisting on the steep, coastal slopes and some upper bush areas (e.g. Bush 21); Cheeseman noted “pink for one of the mānuka specimens sent by Hansen; white and pink-flowering forms have been planted flowered var.” from island stock; all the pink-flowering plants we saw were pla nted, e.g. Some wild shrubs appeared to be this hybrid I., exposed Wooded widespread along all coasts, rocky stacks and taupata. Most tolerant woody plant of salt-spray, AK254869, UNITEC2132 plants prostrate. AK217268-69, 234262, 234264 & 234497 Shrubs to 1.5m tall, mainly open coastal slopes. Mainly as understorey shrub in the main forested valleys (Bush 1, 21, 22) and occasionally shrublands on coastal slopes. UNITEC2055 ssp. minor was ( C. macrocarpa with C. macrocarpa several forms intergrade karamū. Bush and open creek margins, not distinguished from record) Bush 23, NE coast (presumed same site as Esler’s tutu. 2 plants to 6m tall (1 dying) in steep gully, (= C. ruscifolia coast, Bush 1, 21 & 22, wild saplings and seedlings local few trees along NW A karaka. kohekohe. Main broadleaf forest canopy species in parts of Bush 1 (dominant species), 2, 21 & 22, being trees in some of the valleys even taller; most dominant in Bush 1 forming a canopy 12-15m tall; scattered large widely regenerating where sheltered, including under plante d pōhutukawa. UNITEC2084 hīnau. Single tree 8m tall c.40cm dbh, head blown out, in Bus h 1 forest; no seedlings seen but often difficult to tell whether natural or planted whau. Bush margins, Visitors Centre Valley eradicated 2004-05; 2 cultivated bushes still present by the Wattle fig. Colony in hangehange. In all main forest areas and shrubland slopes. UNITEC2156 willow-leaved hakea. Single plant c.1.5 m tall x 2 wide appea red amongst teatree/fern/mingimingi, upper AK276686 Valley. Lighthouse koromiko. Shrubby coastal slopes, nowhere common (presumed = AK317171, UNITEC2163 pigeonwood. In all main forest areas, seedlings and saplings l ocally common. AK234637 Single plant, Fishermans Bay near track under a pōhutukawa. tree above canopy in Bush 1 (with a kaka nest box attached) and c.3 smaller ones rewarewa. Single emergent AK272525 the bandstand in Bush 1; no wild seedlings observed. kānuka. Main canopy tree (to 80cm dbh) in the upper forested va lleys of Bush 1, 21 & 22, along flanks of broadleaf forest in the lower valley; widely planted, but li ttle regeneration (= mingimingi. Most frequent on steep, coastal slopes, often low a nd spreading when exposed; scattered inland plants of rank pasture (= on margin tree privet. As a hedge around the lighthouse keepers house and bunkhouse, former removed in 1995 tree privet. in 2006-07 Team Weed latter in 2007, last juveniles recorded by Chinese privet. It has only been recorded in low numbers, the fi rst were 3 juvenile trees at top of Bush 2; were in 2005-06 Team Weed seedlings occur under bird roosts, last recorded by mangeao. Single wild tree in Bush 1 died 1999, cuttings were taken but unsuccessful Bi W Bi Bi D A I NC NC NC NC I I D NC D I A NC I A D NC D D A D o o o-la o o-lc o s o c s o exⁿ c ex† o c ex† s lc o-lc ex† ex† ex 1905 2006 1970-77 1970-77 1970-77 1906-09? 1906-09 1905 1905 1906-09 1906-09 1970-77 1970-77 1987 1906-09 1970-77 1998 1970-77 1906-09 1906-09 1970-77 1992 1906-09 E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E C,Ch Ch Ch C,Ch C Ch Ch Ch Ch Ch Ch P P P P P Leptospermum scoparium P x C. robusta macrocarpa Coprosma Coprosma repens PP repens Coprosma P x C. rhamnoides repens Coprosma rhamnoides Coprosma robusta Coprosma Coriaria arborea Corynocarpus laevigatus P Dysoxylum spectabile Elaeocarpus dentatus P Entelea arborescens Ficus carica* Geniostoma ligustrifolium Hakea salicifolia* stricta P Hebe stricta var. P Hedycarya arborea Hypericum androsaemum* Knightia excelsa ericoides Kunzea aff. Leucopogon fasciculatus Ligustrum lucidum* Ligustrum sinense* Litsea calicaris Cameron, Davies: Vascular flora of Tiritiri Matangi 323 var. var. African var. of var. Wooded I.), Wooded AK272520 of Esler). Piper excelsum ö hutukawa Cove P. laevigata P. AK278795, UNITEC2403 of Cheeseman’s list). of Cheeseman’s -lapping leaf bases match the of Esler). AK300062, of Esler). Leptospermum ericoides of s list & of Esler (= AK272526, UNITEC2155 AK314025, 318479 , there are nearly comparable-sized trees AK 313748. AK271017 & 313748 AK 313748. Albizia lophantha Veronica salicifolia Veronica of Cheeseman’s list, & H. novae-zelandiae of Cheeseman’s of Esler). UNITEC2083 hutukawa Cove in 1993, a large tree cut out of NE Bay in pre-2004, and low ö hutukawa Cove in 1993, a large Hymenanthera latifolia Cyathodes fasciculata by Cheeseman (1906)). AK300573, UNITEC2130 by Cheeseman (1906)). C. robusta ) has been present as a remnant hedge by the lighthouse complex since at least M. insulare of Cheeseman’s list). UNITEC2407-08 of Cheeseman’s boxthorn. Used to be common on coastal slopes around NE Bay and on Wooded I., and scattered generally along the Wooded boxthorn. Used to be common on coastal slopes around NE Bay and northern coasts; since 1995 managed on main island where it has been systematically cut and poisoned at all sites, I. since 2005; presently small populations and regrowth shoots are being managed from Wooded and managed on AK254870 I. Wooded Paa Point northwards around to Fishermans Bay and also on wild flowering tree near Papakura Pa was cut down c.2002; smaller plants by Bush 1, L&S block, and large A apple. rough pasture near the workshop in 2006 AK255398 bead tree. Single seedling in Bush 1. few in forested valleys; also planted A wharangi. coastal māhoe. Main population around NE Bay coast, with scatte red plants occuring down to P AK304885, UNITEC2417 māhoe. Present in the canopy of all forested valleys and shrubl ands, seedlings usually also present. spreading plant spotted on steep slope S of No Name Bay i n 2010 (to be felled later) (wrongly referred to as AK215100 olive in some weed reports). in steep coastal shrublands but nowhere common Widespread akepiro. list & of Esler) of Cheeseman’s tops (= Cassinia retorta tauhinu. Exposed coastal slopes and cliff brush wattle. Originated from a planting of 6 trees in the li ghthouse shelterbelt 1940s; spread and contained where it is still common (= Valley Wattle by active management to on E coast and NW Point on the W, also on Wooded I.; shrubs low-lying in exposed sites and up to 3m tall where Wooded also on W, Point on the on E coast and NW sheltered; leaves pale green (= Bay Three wild seedlings near the 2 planted adults by toilet block, and (to 1.3 m tall) Chinaman’s puka. AK321601 c.200m distant from planted adults. heads (often standing alone) and their emergent trees dominant the coastal cliffs pōhutukawa. Splendid large tree with a canopy spread of 55m mentioned The large I. Wooded protrude from the forested valley canopies; also on by Esler lost one of its major limbs in 1988 during cyclone Bol a, however some of the wild seedlings along coast appear to also be hybrid origin. ngaio. Coastal plants at Hobbs Beach, and along the E coast fr om Lighthouse Bay to appeared flowers), other plants (mainly young plants) along be the NZ species (obvious leaf glands, dark buds and large the NE coast matched this species but leaf buds were green; otherwise plants seen hybrids; including 4 AK272519, UNITEC2162, 2413 I. Wooded planted on and in coastal of forested valleys, open creek margins, māpou. Most common as a canopy cover on margins shrublands. AK232853, UNITEC2160 white maire. Only 1 tree known, c.2m tall in 1991, now c.8m tal l, bush near Paa Point. olive. Shrub c.1.5m tall cut out of P UNITEC2075-77 avocado. Single reord c.1.2m tall, behind Fishermans Bay (Jan Butcher pers. comm.) removed? 1995: p.6); not seen by us (= Single record at Fishermans Bay by G. Hambly in 1995 (Walter Centre Visitors list); also x1 cultivated at Cheeseman’s kawakawa. Present in all forested valleys as an understorey shr ub, also windswept coastal shrublands, frequently with flax; two forms present, one dull leaves, the other wi th shiny leaves and over still present. AK254847 still present. Australian ngaio ( 1970s; much of the planted ngaio for revegetation appears to be hybrid origin (including 4 shrubs on “Hauraki Gulf” form of Gardner (1997) and the earlier records Cheeseman’ Cheeseman’s list & of Esler). AK300558, UNITEC2402 list & of Esler). Cheeseman’s mānuka. Persisting on the steep, coastal slopes and some upper bush areas (e.g. Bush 21); Cheeseman noted “pink for one of the mānuka specimens sent by Hansen; white and pink-flowering forms have been planted flowered var.” from island stock; all the pink-flowering plants we saw were pla nted, e.g. Some wild shrubs appeared to be this hybrid I., exposed Wooded widespread along all coasts, rocky stacks and taupata. Most tolerant woody plant of salt-spray, AK254869, UNITEC2132 plants prostrate. AK217268-69, 234262, 234264 & 234497 Shrubs to 1.5m tall, mainly open coastal slopes. Mainly as understorey shrub in the main forested valleys (Bush 1, 21, 22) and occasionally shrublands on coastal slopes. UNITEC2055 ssp. minor was ( C. macrocarpa with C. macrocarpa several forms intergrade karamū. Bush and open creek margins, not distinguished from record) Bush 23, NE coast (presumed same site as Esler’s tutu. 2 plants to 6m tall (1 dying) in steep gully, (= C. ruscifolia coast, Bush 1, 21 & 22, wild saplings and seedlings local few trees along NW A karaka. kohekohe. Main broadleaf forest canopy species in parts of Bush 1 (dominant species), 2, 21 & 22, being trees in some of the valleys even taller; most dominant in Bush 1 forming a canopy 12-15m tall; scattered large widely regenerating where sheltered, including under plante d pōhutukawa. UNITEC2084 hīnau. Single tree 8m tall c.40cm dbh, head blown out, in Bus h 1 forest; no seedlings seen but often difficult to tell whether natural or planted whau. Bush margins, Visitors Centre Valley eradicated 2004-05; 2 cultivated bushes still present by the Wattle fig. Colony in hangehange. In all main forest areas and shrubland slopes. UNITEC2156 willow-leaved hakea. Single plant c.1.5 m tall x 2 wide appea red amongst teatree/fern/mingimingi, upper AK276686 Valley. Lighthouse koromiko. Shrubby coastal slopes, nowhere common (presumed = AK317171, UNITEC2163 pigeonwood. In all main forest areas, seedlings and saplings l ocally common. AK234637 Single plant, Fishermans Bay near track under a pōhutukawa. tree above canopy in Bush 1 (with a kaka nest box attached) and c.3 smaller ones rewarewa. Single emergent AK272525 the bandstand in Bush 1; no wild seedlings observed. kānuka. Main canopy tree (to 80cm dbh) in the upper forested va lleys of Bush 1, 21 & 22, along flanks of broadleaf forest in the lower valley; widely planted, but li ttle regeneration (= mingimingi. Most frequent on steep, coastal slopes, often low a nd spreading when exposed; scattered inland plants of rank pasture (= on margin tree privet. As a hedge around the lighthouse keepers house and bunkhouse, former removed in 1995 tree privet. in 2006-07 Team Weed latter in 2007, last juveniles recorded by Chinese privet. It has only been recorded in low numbers, the fi rst were 3 juvenile trees at top of Bush 2; were in 2005-06 Team Weed seedlings occur under bird roosts, last recorded by mangeao. Single wild tree in Bush 1 died 1999, cuttings were taken but unsuccessful of Esler ). AK300582, UNITEC2079 majus of Esler ). list, & M. excelsum var. major of Cheeseman’s H Bi Pl Bi H Pl Bi W Bi Bi D A A NC I I D NC NC A I I D A D A I I A D A I NC NC NC NC I I D NC D I A NC I A D NC D D A D l† sⁿ s l o-lc o-lc o o lcⁿ l c o o-lc s s† sⁿ s o-lc o o o o-la o o-lc o s o c s o exⁿ c ex† o c ex† s lc o-lc ex† ex† ex 1970-77 2006 2001 1906-09 1906-09 1906-09 1906-09 1905 1970-77 2006 1905 1970-77 1905 1991 1970-77 2008 1906-09 1906-09 2010 1905 2006 1970-77 1970-77 1970-77 1906-09? 1906-09 1905 1905 1906-09 1906-09 1970-77 1970-77 1987 1906-09 1970-77 1998 1970-77 1906-09 1906-09 1970-77 1992 1906-09 E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E Ch Ch Ch Ch C,Ch C C Ch Ch C,Ch Ch Ch C,Ch C Ch Ch Ch Ch Ch Ch P P P P P P subsp. excelsum P Lycium ferocissimum* Lycium Malus × domestica* Melia azedarach* Melicope ternata Melicytus novae-zelandiae Melicytus ramiflorus P Olearia furfuracea Ozothamnus leptophyllus Paraserianthes lophantha* Meryta sinclairii** excelsa PP Metrosideros Myoporum laetum P Myrsine australis Nestegis lanceolata subsp. europaea* Olea europaea Persea americana* Pimelea urvilleana Piper excelsum × M. laetum** Myoporum insulare* Leptospermum scoparium P x C. robusta macrocarpa Coprosma Coprosma repens PP repens Coprosma P x C. rhamnoides repens Coprosma rhamnoides Coprosma robusta Coprosma Coriaria arborea Corynocarpus laevigatus P Dysoxylum spectabile Elaeocarpus dentatus P Entelea arborescens Ficus carica* Geniostoma ligustrifolium Hakea salicifolia* stricta P Hebe stricta var. P Hedycarya arborea Hypericum androsaemum* Knightia excelsa ericoides Kunzea aff. Leucopogon fasciculatus Ligustrum lucidum* Ligustrum sinense* Litsea calicaris 324 New Zealand Journal of Ecology, Vol. 37, No. 3, 2013 C. P. phylicifolia P. Paratrophis Paratrophis P. mollissima in the P. C. pepo of Esler?). Point; many localities in AK272528-29, UNITEC2410 Valley and Lighthouse Bay; now being Valley AK207277 of Cheeseman’s list). UNITEC2057 of Cheeseman’s Ipomoea palmata of Cheeemans list & Esler). t see it subsequently; not seen by us . AK271024 . of Cheeseman’s list). UNITEC2153-54 of Cheeseman’s ge spreading tangle there 1994 (behind the P. elliptica P. C. indivisa of Esler). AK222063 Dolichos lignosus of Esler). hutukawa Cove. WELT85995, UNITEC2123 WELT85995, ö hutukawa Cove. . AK275753-54 & 313747, UNITEC2164; AK300556 (hybrid?) AK275753-54 & 313747, UNITEC2164; M. australis . Prunus sp.?) of Esler). AK271008, UNITEC2054 of Esler). , AK 217699). AK217699, 300507, 300599 & 314262 AK 217699). , pūriri. Only 2 original trees present; emergent canopy tree in upper Bush 1 with a divided trunk c.1m diameter; pūriri. Only 2 original trees present; emergent another canopy tree in upper Bush 21 with associated seedlings; widely planted on the island and many of these are now fruiting (seed local trees & Puriri Drive street in E psom) of Cheeseman’s list & of Esler). AK314015, UNITEC2131 list & of Esler). of Cheeseman’s list was a single shrub by Paa Point in 1986; there are now scattered The first record after Cheeseman’s kūmerahou. plants present, but difficult to be sure if planted or wild (= plum. Unhealthy old tree near the head of Bush 21 in earl y 2000s (H. Lindsay pers. comm.)(= single wild recorded by Esler as tawāpou. Few adult trees present on coast and forested valleys; in lower Bush 22 >100 seedlings near several AK272523, UNITEC2124 trees; seedlings also frequent in Bush 21. sweet pea shrub. Confined to northern part of island from about a line north NW open shrublands, pasture and coastal slopes; all localities monitored seedlings, saplings adults still being AK229593 & 299060, UNITEC2406 removed. on bare clay in northern part of the island (= tauhinu. Open coastal slopes and artififical dam margins Landing - both plants: on the bank above wharf; and head of true left valley Emergency Two peach. removed whauwhaupaku. Present in all size classes most bush areas. U NITEC2418 Single 1.5m tall plant under kohekohe in Bush 1. First record C &W houpara. Scattered along the coast, abundant at P karo. Widespread coastal shrub in all size classes, including rock stacks on E side and Wooded I; often associated Wooded coastal shrub in all size classes, including rock stacks on E side and Widespread karo. with taupata. UNITEC2122 kōhūhū. Noted by Esler at the head of Bush 22 in 1970, but he didn’ 1996: p.6) removed (Walter Valley, Wattle oak. Single seedling c.20cm tall, entrance to Never common, the few scattered sites are monitored; last record was a juvenile behind bunkhouse sweet briar. (2007-08) list; not seen by Esler or us; a trial planting in 1987 failed poroporo. On Cheeseman’s tamarillo. Seedlings close to cultivated plants by the bunkhouse - adults and seedlings removed of bracken below Bush 2 seeding adult on margin woolly nightshade. Single record - 1 large kōwhai. Regenerating under planted pōhutukawa, seed source from widely kowhai (ex Hen I., Rangitoto Although kowhai seed used to naturally be present along the drift line before it was ever Whangaparaoa Penin.). & AK300605, UNITEC2411 pers. comm.). West it did not manage to self establish (Carol Tiri, planted on few plants in Bush 1, tallest >5m with galled branchlets, local regeneration (= A tūrepo/milk tree. microphylla (uprooted) - no adults on the island; not seen by us Valley Wattle single seedling in A monkey apple. Japanese wax tree. First record two 1.5m plants and 2 seedlings in Bush 2; followed mainly by under and Pumphouse Creek, the last record was in 2005-06; not Valley Wattle starling roosts and a 3m plant in Bush 3, 280991 & 282614 AK251140, seen by us (= Rhus sp. of the weed reports). but most common at the northern end where it forms pure patches, otherwise more as scattered Widespread, gorse. individuals/small patches on steep coastal slopes; most will ul timately be shaded out by regeneration in on exposed coastal slopes, rank pasture and around artificial ponds it is expanding; currently only places, however, controlled on track margins moth plant. Curently being managed at sites throughout the isla nd, but very few adults now found. First record as A. sericifera C&W AK217694 & 254858 in the open. pink bindweed. Mainly swampy creek and artificial pond margins - back of all sandy beaches the inland extensions mentioned by Esler is more likely to Widespread shore bindwed. AK217698 be the hybrid taxon (EKC pers. obs.). Valley, Wattle tops, e.g. An intermediate form in open or through rank pasture, from coast to cliff hybrid bindweed. Point, P ö hutukawa Cove, Fishermans Bay to Lighthouse (collected a nd included by Esler under NW soldanella a presumed hybrid with this species was recorded list; not seen by Esler or us, however, On Cheeseman’s list as “perhaps C. parviflora” ; not seen by Esler or us On Cheeseman’s clematis. Only observed in the main forested valleys (= pumpkin. Single small plant in disturbed area by bunkhouse - fr om compost waste? (= AK300581 mile-a-minute. Spread from the lighthouse shelterbelt down to L ighthouse elaeagnus. Originally a hedge in lighthouse complex; it was l ar monitored since then; occasional seedlings/regrowth found in that vicinity, bach), chain sawed down shortly later, AK222344 Valley Wattle Single seedling in ivy. spreading mats in the open through rank pasture at Fishermans Bay from back of Large coastal morning glory. tops is the colony along cliff tops (Fig. 4); most the usual mauve-flowering form, however, the beach to cliff white-flowering with mauve restricted to inside the corolla thr oat (= AK7382-83, 254850 & 271021, UNITEC2214 Japanese honeysuckle. Garden escape from the lighthouse comple x; well established in southern part of in the early 1980s (1 occurrence Bush 22), actively managed Valleys Wattle & Little Wattle island, especially since 1984, including herbicide spraying; occ. new populations are found, but now mainly reduced to a few juveniles AK230330 occurring at known southern sites. list as M. scandens ; not seen by Esler or us On Cheeseman’s UNITEC2071 few vines on bush/track margins. A pōhuehue. patches in microlaena meadows, and I., large Wooded in open along coastal slopes including Tangles pōhuehue. - many of these latter plants high-climbing (4-5m) and smothering many of the plantings along trackside margins appear to be hybrids with Present as a liane in the main forested valleys on ground nd high-climbing. managed there and at one outlier No Name Bay (= passionfruit. At least 3 vines found - Wattle Valley in 1993 & 1998 and another in Bunkhouse Valley in 2006-07; not Valley in 1993 & 1998 and another Bunkhouse Valley Wattle At least 3 vines found - passionfruit. AK236681 seen by us. Wharf Road; also at least 2 vines and several seedlings removed of banana passionfruit. First vine was on margin not seen by us (recorded as Valley; Wattle between 2002-06, 1 was fruiting, all records from weed reports) Scrambling through rank pasture NE of lighthouse, almost eradic ated. Two wild seedlings (Barbara Walter pers. comm.) near planted adults (seed ex Little Barrier I., >100 planted; x3 Walter wild seedlings (Barbara Two . UNITEC2219 Valley Wattle seen 5-7m tall in 2006), W H Bi H H Bi Pl Bi Bi W G Bi H H G Pl NC I D I A NC A I A I I D A D D A A A NC A A I A NC NC NC D D NC NC I A A I D D NC I NC A A A A s o ex† o-lc lc† l s† lc s lc o-c Ex sⁿ ex† Ex ex† ex† lc l ex ex† o-lc l† lc lc l Ex Ex o s l† ex† ex† lc ex† Ex l o-la l ex† ex† lⁿ s 1970-77 1906-09 1970-77 1996 1906-09 2003 1970-77 1981 1970-77 1970-77 1970-77 1970 1996 1970-77 1906-09 2000s 2003-04 2006 1970-77 2002-03 2000 1970-77 1983 1970-77 1906-09 1970 1906-09 1906-09 1906-09 [1970-77] 1970-77 1994 2006 1906-09 1970-77 1906-09 1906-09 1905 1906-09 1993 1995 1991 2010 E E E E E E E E E E E E E [E] E [E] E E E E E E Ch Ch Ch Ch Ch Ch Ch Ch Ch Ch C,Ch Ch P × C. tuguriorum P subsp. roseata P Pomaderris kumeraho P Prunus ×domestica* Polygala myrtifolia* Pomaderris amoena Prunus persica* P Pseudopanax arboreus lessonii Pseudopanax crassifolius × P. Pittosporum umbellatum** Pseudopanax lessonii Pittosporum crassifolium PP Pittosporum tenuifolium robur* Quercus Rosa rubiginosa* P Solanum aviculare Solanum betaceum* Solanum mauritianum* Sophora chathamica** heterophyllus Streblus Syzygium smithii* succedaneum* Toxicodendron Ulex europaeus* lucens Vitex DICOT CLIMBERS & RELATED CLIMBERS & RELATED DICOT TRAILERS (13 + 10) Araujia hortorum* Calystegia sepium Calystegia soldanella Calystegia soldanella Calystegia tuguriorum Clematis ? cunninghamii Clematis paniculata Cucurbita maxima* Dipogon lignosus* Elaeagnus × reflexa* Hedera helix* Ipomoea cairica Lonicera japonica* fulgens Metrosideros Muehlenbeckia australis Muehlenbeckia complexa Parsonsia heterophylla Passiflora edulis* Passiflora ? tarminiana* Rosa multiflora* Planchonella costata Cameron, Davies: Vascular flora of Tiritiri Matangi 325 C. P. phylicifolia P. Paratrophis Paratrophis P. mollissima in the P. C. pepo of Esler?). Point; many localities in AK272528-29, UNITEC2410 Valley and Lighthouse Bay; now being Valley AK207277 of Cheeseman’s list). UNITEC2057 of Cheeseman’s Ipomoea palmata of Cheeemans list & Esler). t see it subsequently; not seen by us . AK271024 . of Cheeseman’s list). UNITEC2153-54 of Cheeseman’s ge spreading tangle there 1994 (behind the P. elliptica P. C. indivisa of Esler). AK222063 Dolichos lignosus of Esler). hutukawa Cove. WELT85995, UNITEC2123 WELT85995, ö hutukawa Cove. . AK275753-54 & 313747, UNITEC2164; AK300556 (hybrid?) AK275753-54 & 313747, UNITEC2164; M. australis . Prunus sp.?) of Esler). AK271008, UNITEC2054 of Esler). , AK 217699). AK217699, 300507, 300599 & 314262 AK 217699). , pūriri. Only 2 original trees present; emergent canopy tree in upper Bush 1 with a divided trunk c.1m diameter; pūriri. Only 2 original trees present; emergent another canopy tree in upper Bush 21 with associated seedlings; widely planted on the island and many of these are now fruiting (seed local trees & Puriri Drive street in E psom) of Cheeseman’s list & of Esler). AK314015, UNITEC2131 list & of Esler). of Cheeseman’s list was a single shrub by Paa Point in 1986; there are now scattered The first record after Cheeseman’s kūmerahou. plants present, but difficult to be sure if planted or wild (= plum. Unhealthy old tree near the head of Bush 21 in earl y 2000s (H. Lindsay pers. comm.)(= single wild recorded by Esler as tawāpou. Few adult trees present on coast and forested valleys; in lower Bush 22 >100 seedlings near several AK272523, UNITEC2124 trees; seedlings also frequent in Bush 21. sweet pea shrub. Confined to northern part of island from about a line north NW open shrublands, pasture and coastal slopes; all localities monitored seedlings, saplings adults still being AK229593 & 299060, UNITEC2406 removed. on bare clay in northern part of the island (= tauhinu. Open coastal slopes and artififical dam margins Landing - both plants: on the bank above wharf; and head of true left valley Emergency Two peach. removed whauwhaupaku. Present in all size classes most bush areas. U NITEC2418 Single 1.5m tall plant under kohekohe in Bush 1. First record C &W houpara. Scattered along the coast, abundant at P karo. Widespread coastal shrub in all size classes, including rock stacks on E side and Wooded I; often associated Wooded coastal shrub in all size classes, including rock stacks on E side and Widespread karo. with taupata. UNITEC2122 kōhūhū. Noted by Esler at the head of Bush 22 in 1970, but he didn’ 1996: p.6) removed (Walter Valley, Wattle oak. Single seedling c.20cm tall, entrance to Never common, the few scattered sites are monitored; last record was a juvenile behind bunkhouse sweet briar. (2007-08) list; not seen by Esler or us; a trial planting in 1987 failed poroporo. On Cheeseman’s tamarillo. Seedlings close to cultivated plants by the bunkhouse - adults and seedlings removed of bracken below Bush 2 seeding adult on margin woolly nightshade. Single record - 1 large kōwhai. Regenerating under planted pōhutukawa, seed source from widely kowhai (ex Hen I., Rangitoto Although kowhai seed used to naturally be present along the drift line before it was ever Whangaparaoa Penin.). & AK300605, UNITEC2411 pers. comm.). West it did not manage to self establish (Carol Tiri, planted on few plants in Bush 1, tallest >5m with galled branchlets, local regeneration (= A tūrepo/milk tree. microphylla (uprooted) - no adults on the island; not seen by us Valley Wattle single seedling in A monkey apple. Japanese wax tree. First record two 1.5m plants and 2 seedlings in Bush 2; followed mainly by under and Pumphouse Creek, the last record was in 2005-06; not Valley Wattle starling roosts and a 3m plant in Bush 3, 280991 & 282614 AK251140, seen by us (= Rhus sp. of the weed reports). but most common at the northern end where it forms pure patches, otherwise more as scattered Widespread, gorse. individuals/small patches on steep coastal slopes; most will ul timately be shaded out by regeneration in on exposed coastal slopes, rank pasture and around artificial ponds it is expanding; currently only places, however, controlled on track margins moth plant. Curently being managed at sites throughout the isla nd, but very few adults now found. First record as A. sericifera C&W AK217694 & 254858 in the open. pink bindweed. Mainly swampy creek and artificial pond margins - back of all sandy beaches the inland extensions mentioned by Esler is more likely to Widespread shore bindwed. AK217698 be the hybrid taxon (EKC pers. obs.). Valley, Wattle tops, e.g. An intermediate form in open or through rank pasture, from coast to cliff hybrid bindweed. Point, P ö hutukawa Cove, Fishermans Bay to Lighthouse (collected a nd included by Esler under NW soldanella a presumed hybrid with this species was recorded list; not seen by Esler or us, however, On Cheeseman’s list as “perhaps C. parviflora” ; not seen by Esler or us On Cheeseman’s clematis. Only observed in the main forested valleys (= pumpkin. Single small plant in disturbed area by bunkhouse - fr om compost waste? (= AK300581 mile-a-minute. Spread from the lighthouse shelterbelt down to L ighthouse elaeagnus. Originally a hedge in lighthouse complex; it was l ar monitored since then; occasional seedlings/regrowth found in that vicinity, bach), chain sawed down shortly later, AK222344 Valley Wattle Single seedling in ivy. spreading mats in the open through rank pasture at Fishermans Bay from back of Large coastal morning glory. tops is the colony along cliff tops (Fig. 4); most the usual mauve-flowering form, however, the beach to cliff white-flowering with mauve restricted to inside the corolla thr oat (= AK7382-83, 254850 & 271021, UNITEC2214 Japanese honeysuckle. Garden escape from the lighthouse comple x; well established in southern part of in the early 1980s (1 occurrence Bush 22), actively managed Valleys Wattle & Little Wattle island, especially since 1984, including herbicide spraying; occ. new populations are found, but now mainly reduced to a few juveniles AK230330 occurring at known southern sites. list as M. scandens ; not seen by Esler or us On Cheeseman’s UNITEC2071 few vines on bush/track margins. A pōhuehue. patches in microlaena meadows, and I., large Wooded in open along coastal slopes including Tangles pōhuehue. - many of these latter plants high-climbing (4-5m) and smothering many of the plantings along trackside margins appear to be hybrids with Present as a liane in the main forested valleys on ground nd high-climbing. managed there and at one outlier No Name Bay (= passionfruit. At least 3 vines found - Wattle Valley in 1993 & 1998 and another in Bunkhouse Valley in 2006-07; not Valley in 1993 & 1998 and another Bunkhouse Valley Wattle At least 3 vines found - passionfruit. AK236681 seen by us. Wharf Road; also at least 2 vines and several seedlings removed of banana passionfruit. First vine was on margin not seen by us (recorded as Valley; Wattle between 2002-06, 1 was fruiting, all records from weed reports) Scrambling through rank pasture NE of lighthouse, almost eradic ated. Two wild seedlings (Barbara Walter pers. comm.) near planted adults (seed ex Little Barrier I., >100 planted; x3 Walter wild seedlings (Barbara Two . UNITEC2219 Valley Wattle seen 5-7m tall in 2006), W H Bi H H Bi Pl Bi Bi W G Bi H H G Pl NC I D I A NC A I A I I D A D D A A A NC A A I A NC NC NC D D NC NC I A A I D D NC I NC A A A A s o ex† o-lc lc† l s† lc s lc o-c Ex sⁿ ex† Ex ex† ex† lc l ex ex† o-lc l† lc lc l Ex Ex o s l† ex† ex† lc ex† Ex l o-la l ex† ex† lⁿ s 1970-77 1906-09 1970-77 1996 1906-09 2003 1970-77 1981 1970-77 1970-77 1970-77 1970 1996 1970-77 1906-09 2000s 2003-04 2006 1970-77 2002-03 2000 1970-77 1983 1970-77 1906-09 1970 1906-09 1906-09 1906-09 [1970-77] 1970-77 1994 2006 1906-09 1970-77 1906-09 1906-09 1905 1906-09 1993 1995 1991 2010 E E E E E E E E E E E E E [E] E [E] E E E E E E Ch Ch Ch Ch Ch Ch Ch Ch Ch Ch C,Ch Ch P × C. tuguriorum P subsp. roseata P Pomaderris kumeraho P Prunus ×domestica* Polygala myrtifolia* Pomaderris amoena Prunus persica* P Pseudopanax arboreus lessonii Pseudopanax crassifolius × P. Pittosporum umbellatum** Pseudopanax lessonii Pittosporum crassifolium PP Pittosporum tenuifolium robur* Quercus Rosa rubiginosa* P Solanum aviculare Solanum betaceum* Solanum mauritianum* Sophora chathamica** heterophyllus Streblus Syzygium smithii* succedaneum* Toxicodendron Ulex europaeus* lucens Vitex DICOT CLIMBERS & RELATED CLIMBERS & RELATED DICOT TRAILERS (13 + 10) Araujia hortorum* Calystegia sepium Calystegia soldanella Calystegia soldanella Calystegia tuguriorum Clematis ? cunninghamii Clematis paniculata Cucurbita maxima* Dipogon lignosus* Elaeagnus × reflexa* Hedera helix* Ipomoea cairica Lonicera japonica* fulgens Metrosideros Muehlenbeckia australis Muehlenbeckia complexa Parsonsia heterophylla Passiflora edulis* Passiflora ? tarminiana* Rosa multiflora* Planchonella costata 326 New Zealand Journal of Ecology, Vol. 37, No. 3, 2013

of (= Gnaphalium of Cheeseman’s of Cheeseman’s of Esler). of Cheeseman’s of Cheeseman’s E. collinus of Esler). AK300504 of Esler). T. trigyna of Esler). T. of Esler). AK299048, of Esler). gins and back of beaches AK217344, CHR 219963 of Cheeseman’s L. forsteri of Cheeseman’s Gnaphalium calviceps Gnaphalium japonicum of var. pulchella var. Gnaphalium luteo-album of gin (Ridge Track) gin (Ridge AK300528 gins. AK207275, 212287, 271020 Gnaphalium simplicicaule gins and around the lighthouse complex; it was Matricaria matricarioides Erechtites hispidula I. (= Erechtites Wooded of Esler) Erythraea centaurium of Cheeseman’s list & C. nutans of annual weeding reports). of Cheeseman’s of Esler). AK317880, UNITEC2377 of Esler). C. pycnocephalus of Cheeseman’s list & Picris echioides of Cheeseman’s of Esler). AK276476 list & E. floribundus of Esler). of Cheeseman’s Japanese cudweed. Track margins, sunny banks and open areas between plantings (= margins, Track Japanese cudweed. list, & G. sphaericum of Esler). UNITEC2349 Cheeseman’s silky cudweed. Mown track (Wharf Road) and around disturbed are as by workshop (= list, & Esler) Cheeseman’s Esler recorded it spreading from a planted hedge at the lighthouse station; around mid-1990s reached Cape ivy. its peak dominating >30 x 100m of pasture on the main ridge N side lighthouse complex before eradication was initiated in 1996; very occasional plants still occurring this area. Australian fireweed. Disturbed areas, usually along mown track m ar more common in 1985 as a weed in cleared areas for planting. AK314027 more common in 1985 as a weed cleared areas for planting. AK269646 nasturtium. Recorded by Esler at the lighthouse station; not seen us Mexican devil. By the early 2000s it was widespread in sout hern part of island with main population and 2 occurrences to the north (Bush & 22); a few adults juveniles are still being removed at Valley, Wattle as Eupatorium adenoporum known sites. First record C&W AK220773 last seen on the island in 2003-04 at same locality. Valley, Wattle Single patch first found in mist flower. tops, from N Point and down the E coast to Pumphouse Cape weed. Grassy and open bare areas, especially cliff Creek (= Cryptostemma calendula AK313746 Mainly track and artificial pond margins. sea aster. In mown lawn by lighthouse complex and a few in Coronary Hill lawn daisy. just below Bush 1 forest Track California thistle. Single patch in pasture by Kawerau coastal slopes and rank pasture mainly as indivduals on track margins, Widespread, Scotch thistle. more common in pasture the 1980s (C&W), now mainly reduced to edge of Was winged thistle. Lighthouse paddock (presumed = AK254856 couple of apparent grubbed up adults and an adjacent seedling in a disturbed site Lighthouse A thistle. saffron AK298019 paddock – no others seen. list; not seen by Esler or us yellow star thistle. On Cheeseman’s Scattered individual plants on open coastal slopes (= centaury. māwhai. Known only from a collection from Goat Rock [Wooded I.] by Hansen (Cameron 2013), Cheeseman’s list I.] by Hansen (Cameron 2013), Cheeseman’s māwhai. Known only from a collection Goat Rock [Wooded and a letter by Hansen to Cheeseman saying that the vines on G oat Rock attain great length, nearly 9m; not seen AK 9198 I. (= S. angulata of Hansen). Wooded (1999) who surveyed Tennyson & Taylor us, or Esler, around the coast in open and partial shade on rocky slopes (incl. rock stacks Widespread native spinach. I.), back of sandy beaches, and well in from the coast under pōhutukawa canopy (= Wooded AK275577, UNITEC2376 list). Recorded as C. orbicularis by Esler; but not seen us AK300555 A few patches along mown Ridge Road and Lighthouse lawn. wavy-leaved fleabane. Throughout in most disturbed and open areas, some plants sheltered places were up to 2.36m tall fleabane. Wharf pond (= Gnaphalium involucratum of tracks and by creeping cudweed. Grassy margins & 300583, CHR 219964 sunny banks and open areas between plantings (presumed = creeping cudweed. Grassy track margins, AK217343, CHR 219966, UNITEC2387 list, & G naphalum gymnocephalum of Esler). collinum of Cheeseman’s AK300565, Esler). UNITEC2348 and open areas between plantings herb of mown tracks and lawns, track margins Widespread purple cudweed. AK314034 list). Erigeron linifolius (= Erigeron I. Wooded coastal slopes mown areas and button. Seasonally obvious along open track margins, soldier’s AK300597, UNITEC2223 UNITEC2125 button. By seeps over coastal rocks, e.g. N Fishermans Bay. bachelor’s and mown pasture margins Track hawksbeard. Wattle & Lighthouse) and 1 present in bracken fernland; more A few by open creeks (Little Brazilian fireweed. AK207276 common in 1991. then a flowering plant in 2004-05 upper Bush 21; not seen by Track, Valley Wattle 2 seedlings on Mexican daisy. us creeping cudwed. Collected by Esler on “dry sunny coastal slope s” but included him within AK300567 (= Gnaphalium spicatum of Esler). and open areas between plantings (= Open coastal slopes, track margins fireweed hybrid. Present along with both suspected hybrid parent s, grassy track mar and coastal slopes, including back of Hobbs Beach; often Widespread in rank pasture, track margins fireweed. AK300534, UNITEC2346 growing with other fireweed species. AK222345 and rocky coast on S third of island. fireweed. Disturbed areas of pasture, roadsides, clifftops Esler’s fireweed hybrid. Present along with both suspected hybrid parent s, grassy track mar it was more common in an artificial pond near N end, and track margins; Valley, fireweed. By wetland in Lighthouse AK275450 1985 as a weed in cleared areas for planting. First record C&W. and less commonly coastal slopes; it was more road margins fireweed. Main habitat is now mown track margins, common in 1985 as a weed cleared areas for planting; als o on Gnaphalum gymnocephalum ) at that time; not seen by us, but coastal habitat still prese nt. AK276474 & 230331 as near artificial pond in 1985 & 2006. First record C&W Wharf Road margin silky cudweed. Only site is lower Gnaphalium subfalcatum. AK176668 & 275453 oxtongue. Disturbed areas, especially around the lighthouse com plex, also mown track mar UNITEC2384 of one the artificial ponds in N (= Jersey cudweed. Coastal rocks, and margin (= Helminthia echioides AK300505 and microlaena meadows. Open sites, track and creek margins, smooth catsear. mown areas, and microlaena meadows. Some individuals appeared Open sites, track and creek margins, catsear. AK254862 & 275758 AK 300506 & 300587. intermediate of the two species, i.e. Single, shady locality amongst other native herbs under pōhut ukawa near Paa Point (= AK217651, UNITEC2357 list). nipplewort. Recorded by Esler; not seen us hawkbit. Esler recorded it as “occasional in pastures i n 1972, but not seen … recently”; surprisingly by us because suitable coastal habitat is still present rayless chamomile. On several of the mown tracks in open (= W W H H S H W H W W W W H I NC I NC D A A NC I A A D D A D NC D I D A NC NC D NC NC D NC A A D NC I A A A A NC A NC NC NC NC D D D I l l s† o Ex l† ex† o o-lc l s o ⁿ l† exⁿ Ex l Ex lc Ex l o-lc l o o o-lc l o lⁿ ex† Ex o-lc l o-lc o l l lc l o-lc l o lc s Ex Ex lc 1906-09? 1970-77 1970-77 1970-77 1970-77 1983 1994 1970-77 1970-77 2006 2007 1970-77 1906-09 2006 1906-09 1906-09 1906-09 1970-77 1970-77 2006 1906-09 1970-77 1906-09 1970-77 1906-09 1906-09 1970-77 1991 2003-04 1970 1970-77 2006 1994 2006 1985 1906-09 2007 1985 1906-09 1906-09 1970-77 1906-09 1906-09 1970-77 1972 1970-77 E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E [E] E E E E E E E E E E Ch Ch Ch Ch Ch Ch Ch Ch Ch Ch Ch Ch Ch Ch × S. diaschides × S. hispidulus ? aotearoana bipinnatisectus* bipinnatisectus* Euchiton sphaericus Gamochaeta calviceps* Senecio angulatus* Senecio Senecio Tropaeolum majus* Tropaeolum HERBS - DAISIES (17 + 36) DICOT Ageratina adenophora* Ageratina riparia* calendula* Arctotheca Aster subulatus* Bellis perennis* Cirsium arvense* Cirsium vulgare* tenuiflorus* Carduus Carthamus lanatus* solstitialis* Centaurea Centaurium erythraea* Sicyos mawhai implexicoma Tetragonia Centipeda Conyza bonariensis* Conyza sumatrensis* Euchiton involucratus Euchiton japonicus Gamochaeta coarctata* Cotula australis Cotula coronopifolia capillaris* Crepis valerianifolia* Erechtites karvinskianus* Erigeron Euchiton audax Gamochaeta simplicicaulis* Senecio diaschides Senecio esleri Senecio glomeratus Senecio glomeratus Senecio hispidulus Gamochaeta subfalcata* Helminthotheca echioides* Pseudognaphalium luteoalbum Hypochaeris glabra* Hypochaeris radicata* Lagenophora pumila Lapsana communis* Leontodon taraxacoides* Matricaria discoidea* Cameron, Davies: Vascular flora of Tiritiri Matangi 327

of Gnaphalium of Esler). of Cheeseman’s of Cheeseman’s of Esler). AK300504 of Esler). of Esler). AK299048, of Esler). gins and back of beaches of Cheeseman’s L. forsteri of Cheeseman’s Gnaphalium calviceps Gnaphalium japonicum of Gnaphalium luteo-album of gin (Ridge Track) gin (Ridge AK300528 gins. AK207275, 212287, 271020 Gnaphalium simplicicaule gins and around the lighthouse complex; it was Matricaria matricarioides Erechtites hispidula I. (= Erechtites Wooded of Esler) of Cheeseman’s list & Picris echioides of Cheeseman’s Japanese cudweed. Track margins, sunny banks and open areas between plantings (= margins, Track Japanese cudweed. list, & G. sphaericum of Esler). UNITEC2349 Cheeseman’s silky cudweed. Mown track (Wharf Road) and around disturbed are as by workshop (= list, & Esler) Cheeseman’s Esler recorded it spreading from a planted hedge at the lighthouse station; around mid-1990s reached Cape ivy. its peak dominating >30 x 100m of pasture on the main ridge N side lighthouse complex before eradication was initiated in 1996; very occasional plants still occurring this area. Australian fireweed. Disturbed areas, usually along mown track m ar more common in 1985 as a weed in cleared areas for planting. AK314027 more common in 1985 as a weed cleared areas for planting. creeping cudweed. Grassy margins of tracks and by Wharf pond (= Gnaphalium involucratum of tracks and by creeping cudweed. Grassy margins & 300583, CHR 219964 sunny banks and open areas between plantings (presumed = creeping cudweed. Grassy track margins, AK217343, CHR 219966, UNITEC2387 list, & G naphalum gymnocephalum of Esler). collinum of Cheeseman’s AK300565, Esler). UNITEC2348 and open areas between plantings herb of mown tracks and lawns, track margins Widespread purple cudweed. AK314034 list). of Esler). AK300567 (= Gnaphalium spicatum of Esler). and open areas between plantings (= Open coastal slopes, track margins fireweed hybrid. Present along with both suspected hybrid parent s, grassy track mar and coastal slopes, including back of Hobbs Beach; often Widespread in rank pasture, track margins fireweed. AK300534, UNITEC2346 growing with other fireweed species. AK222345 and rocky coast on S third of island. fireweed. Disturbed areas of pasture, roadsides, clifftops Esler’s fireweed hybrid. Present along with both suspected hybrid parent s, grassy track mar it was more common in an artificial pond near N end, and track margins; Valley, fireweed. By wetland in Lighthouse AK275450 1985 as a weed in cleared areas for planting. First record C&W. and less commonly coastal slopes; it was more road margins fireweed. Main habitat is now mown track margins, common in 1985 as a weed cleared areas for planting; als o on AK276474 & 230331 as near artificial pond in 1985 & 2006. First record C&W Wharf Road margin silky cudweed. Only site is lower Gnaphalium subfalcatum. AK176668 & 275453 oxtongue. Disturbed areas, especially around the lighthouse com plex, also mown track mar UNITEC2384 of one the artificial ponds in N (= Jersey cudweed. Coastal rocks, and margin (= Helminthia echioides AK300505 and microlaena meadows. Open sites, track and creek margins, smooth catsear. mown areas, and microlaena meadows. Some individuals appeared Open sites, track and creek margins, catsear. AK254862 & 275758 AK 300506 & 300587. intermediate of the two species, i.e. Single, shady locality amongst other native herbs under pōhut ukawa near Paa Point (= AK217651, UNITEC2357 list). nipplewort. Recorded by Esler; not seen us hawkbit. Esler recorded it as “occasional in pastures i n 1972, but not seen … recently”; surprisingly by us because suitable coastal habitat is still present rayless chamomile. On several of the mown tracks in open (= W W W W H I NC I NC NC D NC NC I A A A A NC A NC NC NC NC D D D I l l s† o l o o o-lc l o-lc o l l lc l o-lc l o lc s Ex Ex lc 1906-09? 1970-77 1970-77 1970-77 1970-77 1906-09 1970-77 1970-77 2006 1994 2006 1985 1906-09 2007 1985 1906-09 1906-09 1970-77 1906-09 1906-09 1970-77 1972 1970-77 E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E Ch Ch Ch Ch Ch Ch Ch × S. diaschides × S. hispidulus bipinnatisectus* bipinnatisectus* Euchiton sphaericus Gamochaeta calviceps* Senecio angulatus* Senecio Senecio Euchiton involucratus Euchiton japonicus Gamochaeta coarctata* Gamochaeta simplicicaulis* Senecio diaschides Senecio esleri Senecio glomeratus Senecio glomeratus Senecio hispidulus Gamochaeta subfalcata* Helminthotheca echioides* Pseudognaphalium luteoalbum Hypochaeris glabra* Hypochaeris radicata* Lagenophora pumila Lapsana communis* Leontodon taraxacoides* Matricaria discoidea* 328 New Zealand Journal of Ecology, Vol. 37, No. 3, 2013 AK300553 ö hutukawa of Cheesman’s of Cheesman’s ; not seen by us which ö hutukawa Creek. A. foemina of Esler). Erechtites Erehtites scaberula Erehtites ). AK271022 A. hastata ). AK230332, UNITEC2096 Track and mouth of P Track AK251558, 272527 & 275451, UNITEC2394 of Cheeseman’s list). AK272403, list). A. australe of Cheeseman’s has now replaced this species throughout much of its of Cheeseman’s list). AK315065 list). A. sanguisorbae of Cheeseman’s ; collected by Esler in 1970 as of Esler). AK299044-45, UNITEC2353 B. campestris of Esler). AK300508, UNITEC2218 also on rocks at track above Lighthouse Bay, parsley piert. Scattered tiny annual plants on bare clay cliff-top Emergency Landing. AK301021 and free floating in upper Track; of Ridge Centre; depression margin Visitors 3 small populations: by water celery. AK299047 & 314020, UNITEC2366 artificial pond Silvester wetland by NE Point. Scattered along the coast within reach of salt spray (= NZ celery. UNITEC2090 coastal high tide fringe on sandy and gravel beaches (= Widespread orache. beet. Recorded by Esler; but not seen us Visitors and down adjacent steep coastal slope, E coast, in front of cottage near wild turnip. >50 plants, clifftop Centre (= sea rocket. Recorded by Esler, not seen by us. Caklie maritima sea rocket. Recorded by Esler, New Zealand range (Cousens & Cousens 2011) nahui. In lawn by Visitors Centre (near old nursery site); and free-floating in upper Silvester artificial pond near NE Visitors nahui. In lawn by AK301529 & 314020 Point. (presumed = A. arvensis from open coastal slopes to track and rank pasture margins Widespread scarlet pimpernel. list). UNITEC2217 of Cheeseman’s blue pimpernel. Mainly E coastal sites, but also in disturbed l awn site near bunkhouse (= shore groundsel. Widespread on coastal rocks in the open or light shade under pōhutukawa within reach of saltspray, on coastal rocks in the open or light shade under pōhutukawa within reach of saltspray, Widespread shore groundsel. AK219199, 269644 & 275568, UNITEC2358 I. Wooded including amongst grass under an open p A single record by Cameron Kilgour on track margin cotton fireweed. AK251139 tree; 8 plants present; NE end of island. list as Erichites scaberula fireweed. On Cheeseman’s is consistent with the overall decline of this NZ endemic threa tened species (= list). CHR219967 gravel groundsel. First record was a single plant in Pumphouse Creek (C&W), and then at the N end of AK176671 & 318740 the island in 2010. wood groundsel. Recorded by Esler from a single locality in the north-west; not seen us list; not seen by Esler or us On Cheeseman’s Onehunga weed. Mown tracks and lighthouse complex lawns, all ac henes seen were the unwinged form. AK300575 few plants in a disturbed area the lighthouse complex 2007. A prickly sow thistle. but no where common, open coastal slopes and disturbed areas in lighthouse complex, also Widespread sow thistle. on I. AK254865 Wooded dandelion. Only c.5 plants seen: Lighthouse complex lawn, mai n Ridge UNITEC2082 Present in rank pasture at least until 2000; not seen by us si nce then. bidibid. Patches in rank microlaena pasture throughout (= bidibid. Patches in rank microlaena pasture and mown areas thr oughout. H H,Be W W H D A I NC D NC D A I D NC A D A D D A NC D D D NC NC l s o-lc o-lc Ex† lc Ex l o-lc o lc l Ex s Ex Ex lc s o l ex l lc 1970-78 2006 1906-09 1970-77 1970-77 1970-77 1970-78 2008 1906-09? 1970-77 1906-09 2000 1906-09 1985 1970-77 1906-09 2006 1970-77 1906-09 1906-09 1970-77 1906-09 1970-77 E E E E E E E E E [E] E E E E E E E Ch Ch Ch Ch Ch Ch Ch Ch var . arvensis* var . coerulea* var. aequispina* var. Aphanes inexspectata* Apium nodiflorum* var . prostratum Apium prostratum Atriplex prostrata* Beta vulgaris* Brassica rapa subsp. sylvestris* Cakile edentula* Alternanthera nahui Anagallis arvensis Anagallis arvensis Senecio lautus Senecio quadridentatus Senecio scaberulus Senecio skirrhodon* Senecio sylvaticus* Sigesbeckia orientalis* Soliva sessilis* Sonchus asper* Sonchus oleraceus* officinale* Taraxacum HERBS - excl. Daisies (55 + 110) DICOT Acaena agnipila Acaena anserinifolia Acaena novae-zelandiae Cameron, Davies: Vascular flora of Tiritiri Matangi 329

of AK300553 ö hutukawa of Cheesman’s of Cheesman’s ; not seen by us which E. triandra but ö hutukawa Creek. A. foemina of Esler). Erechtites Erehtites scaberula Erehtites AK218232, UNITEC2091-92 ). AK271022 A. hastata ). AK230332, UNITEC2096 AK220973, UNITEC2350 Track and mouth of P Track gins in Wattle & Lighthouse Valleys and Valleys & Lighthouse Wattle gins in AK251558, 272527 & 275451, UNITEC2394 of Cheeseman’s list). AK272403, list). A. australe of Cheeseman’s has now replaced this species throughout much of its was this species). AK219279, Rhagodia triandra was this species). of Cheeseman’s list). AK315065 list). A. sanguisorbae of Cheeseman’s ; collected by Esler in 1970 as ). AK300510, UNITEC2127 Rhagodia triandra was E. trigonos ). of Esler). AK299044-45, UNITEC2353 B. campestris of Esler). AK300508, UNITEC2218 also on rocks at track above Lighthouse Bay, parsley piert. Scattered tiny annual plants on bare clay cliff-top Emergency Landing. AK301021 and free floating in upper Track; of Ridge Centre; depression margin Visitors 3 small populations: by water celery. AK299047 & 314020, UNITEC2366 artificial pond Silvester wetland by NE Point. Scattered along the coast within reach of salt spray (= NZ celery. UNITEC2090 coastal high tide fringe on sandy and gravel beaches (= Widespread orache. UNITEC2370 list but not seen by Esler or us On Cheeseman’s list; but not seen by Esler or us On Cheeseman’s beet. Recorded by Esler; but not seen us Visitors and down adjacent steep coastal slope, E coast, in front of cottage near wild turnip. >50 plants, clifftop Centre (= collection of I. (Esler’s Wooded was more frequent, also on sea rocket. Recorded by Esler, not seen by us. Caklie maritima sea rocket. Recorded by Esler, New Zealand range (Cousens & Cousens 2011) around the rocky coast, in sunny and semi-shaded sites, frequently occuring with Widespread nahui. In lawn by Visitors Centre (near old nursery site); and free-floating in upper Silvester artificial pond near NE Visitors nahui. In lawn by AK301529 & 314020 Point. (presumed = A. arvensis from open coastal slopes to track and rank pasture margins Widespread scarlet pimpernel. list). UNITEC2217 of Cheeseman’s blue pimpernel. Mainly E coastal sites, but also in disturbed l awn site near bunkhouse (= starwort. Small patches in damp muddy hollows on tracks or cree k mar Bush 22 starwort. Coastal seep (N Fishermans Bay rocky headland), artifi cial ponds (Wharf Pond) and damp muddy hollows by creeks (Bush 22) AK300595, UNITEC 2369 purse. Mown tracks and mown Lighthouse pasture. shepherd’s list as C. hirsuta ; not seen by Esler or us On Cheesemn’s and open shrubland in southern part of island. UNITEC2229 Lawns, mown pasture, open creek margins AK300552, of Grahams Road on bank amongst rank grasses. Single population margin mouse ear-chickweed. UNITEC2374 and open coastal slopes Mown lawns, track margins annual mouse ear-chickweed. fathen. Recorded by Esler; but not seen us nettle-leaved fathen. Recorded by Esler; but not seen us AK301527 by Hobbs Beach. clammy goosefoot. Several plants in full sun, track margin of mown tracks and around the lighthouse complex; managed since 1991; only seen by us hemlock. Margins AK299069 the lighthouse complex. field bindweed. One small population recorded by Esler; not see n us. shore groundsel. Widespread on coastal rocks in the open or light shade under pōhutukawa within reach of saltspray, on coastal rocks in the open or light shade under pōhutukawa within reach of saltspray, Widespread shore groundsel. AK219199, 269644 & 275568, UNITEC2358 I. Wooded including amongst grass under an open p A single record by Cameron Kilgour on track margin cotton fireweed. AK251139 tree; 8 plants present; NE end of island. list as Erichites scaberula fireweed. On Cheeseman’s sea rocket. Back of beaches at Hobbs, NE, No Name, and Fisherma ns Bays. Scattered tiny annual plants on bare clay on cliff-top track above Lighthouse Bay, also on rocky outcrops at track above Lighthouse Bay, Scattered tiny annual plants on bare clay cliff-top AK300594, 300596, 318470 I. Wooded and Landing, N Fishermans Bay, Emergency sieberiana I. (= Tillaea Wooded coast, also on Mainly on sunny coastal slopes and rocky outcrops E NW AK300498, 318467, 318477 list & of Esler). Cheeseman’s small populations on open mown track margins Two wild carrot. list as D. brachiatus , and recorded by Esler; not seen us On Cheeseman’s AK300599 small patches, on top exposed rock just above splash zone. N end of Fishermans Bay, Mercury Bay weed. Most abundant under pōhutukawa canopy (wild & planted), also in shrublands, mown pasture, AK269645, UNITEC2391 I. Wooded coastal slopes, back of beaches, rocky headlands and track margins, I.; most luxuriant in seabird guano sites Wooded mats on coastal rocks and stacks, incl. Widespread NZ ice-plant. list) (= Mesembryanthemum australe of Cockayne & Cheeseman’s E side of island (H Lindsay pers. comm.) Steep coastal slopes on clay, sundew. in a varitity of habitats; often damp areas shaded forest, and or sunny Widespread Indian strawberry. UNITEC2390 of artificial ponds, mown areas and track margins. margins I. (= Rhagodia nutans of Wooded around the rocky coast, in sunny and semi-shaded sites, also on Widespread collection of list; Esler’s Cheeseman’s is consistent with the overall decline of this NZ endemic threa tened species (= list). CHR219967 gravel groundsel. First record was a single plant in Pumphouse Creek (C&W), and then at the N end of AK176671 & 318740 the island in 2010. wood groundsel. Recorded by Esler from a single locality in the north-west; not seen us list; not seen by Esler or us On Cheeseman’s Onehunga weed. Mown tracks and lighthouse complex lawns, all ac henes seen were the unwinged form. AK300575 few plants in a disturbed area the lighthouse complex 2007. A prickly sow thistle. but no where common, open coastal slopes and disturbed areas in lighthouse complex, also Widespread sow thistle. on I. AK254865 Wooded dandelion. Only c.5 plants seen: Lighthouse complex lawn, mai n Ridge UNITEC2082 Present in rank pasture at least until 2000; not seen by us si nce then. bidibid. Patches in rank microlaena pasture throughout (= bidibid. Patches in rank microlaena pasture and mown areas thr oughout. H H,Be H W H O W H D A I NC D D D NC D I A I D D I I D NC A NC D D D D D NC A D I A NC NC D A NC NC D I I A D D A NC D D D NC NC l s o-lc o-lc Ex Ex Ex† lc Ex o-lc l o-lc o l l o Ex l l o Ex Ex s l† Ex lc l Ex lc l lc lⁿ Ex l o-a c l o-lc o-lc s Ex Ex lc s o l ex l lc 1970-78 2006 1906-09 1970-77 1906-09 1906-10 1970-77 1970-77 1970-78 1970 2008 1906-09? 1970-77 1906-09 1970-77 1970-77 1906-09 1970-77 2006 1906-09 1970-77 1970-77 1970-77 1970-77 1970-77 1906-09 2000 1906-09 1970-78 2007 1906-09 1970-77 1906-09 2007 1905 1905 1906-09 1970-77 1906-07 1985 1970-77 1906-09 2006 1970-77 1906-09 1906-09 1970-77 1906-09 1970-77 E E E E E E [E] E E E E E E E E E E E E E [E] E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E Ch Ch Ch Ch Ch Ch Ch Ch Ch Ch Ch C,Ch C,Ch Ch Ch Ch Ch Ch Ch var . arvensis* var . coerulea* agg. subsp. trigonos var. aequispina* var. Aphanes inexspectata* Apium nodiflorum* var . prostratum Apium prostratum Atriplex prostrata* Epilobium billardiereanum Epilobium chionanthum Beta vulgaris* Brassica rapa subsp. sylvestris* Cakile edentula* Einadia trigonos Alternanthera nahui Anagallis arvensis Anagallis arvensis Callitriche muelleri Callitriche stagnalis* Capsella bursa-pastoris* debilis Cardamine Centella uniflora Cerastium fontanum* Cerastium glomeratum* Chenopodium album* Chenopodium murale* Chenopodium pumilio* Conium maculatum* Convolvulus arvensis* Senecio lautus Senecio quadridentatus Senecio scaberulus Cakile maritima* Crassula decumbens* Crassula sieberiana Daucus carota* Daucus glochidiatus brevifolia Dichondra aff. Dichondra repens Disphyma australe auriculata Drosera Duchesnea indica* Einadia triandra Senecio skirrhodon* Senecio sylvaticus* Sigesbeckia orientalis* Soliva sessilis* Sonchus asper* Sonchus oleraceus* officinale* Taraxacum HERBS - excl. Daisies (55 + 110) DICOT Acaena agnipila Acaena anserinifolia Acaena novae-zelandiae 330 New Zealand Journal of Ecology, Vol. 37, No. 3, 2013

G. dissectum ; not Geranium solanderi by Coronopus squamatus of gins (= Coronopus var. G. dissectum & var. of Esler). AK216639 H. japonicum of Esler). of Cheeseman’s list & of Esler). AK300585 list & of Esler). G. parisiense of Cheeseman’s “large petals”. AK275567 & petals”. as G. solanderi “large ). First record by C&W G. gardneri Hibiscus trionum agg.)? aff. dissectum with petals 6-7mm and mentioned by him under Geranium aff. “of very limited distribution”; not seen by us Haloragis procumbens of Cheeseman’s list). AK230329, 254852 & 275562, UNITEC2212 list). of Cheeseman’s pasture/fernland areas, between plantings and rocky The most common geranium present, open track margins, coastal outcrops; flowers usually pale pink, but a deep pink for m also present (incl. within AK299043, UNITEC2367 Esler). tall willowherb. By Visitors Centre near old nursery area Visitors tall willowherb. By list as E. junceum ; but not seen by Esler or us On Cheeeman’s swampy creek margin Valley swamp willowherb. Lighthouse ; but not seen by Esler or us pedunculare list as E. nummulariifolium var. On Cheeseman’s list; but not seen by Esler or us On Cheeseman’s list; not seen by Esler or us storksbill. On Cheeseman’s musky storksbill. Recorded by Esler; not seen us Coastal slopes on both coasts in partial shade and a few disturbed pasture areas especially by Lighthouse spurge. complex. AK300560, UNITEC2088 AK300058, UNITEC2093 Patch (c. 4 x m) at back of Hobbs Beach. rampant fumitory. AK345444 Wharf Rd 300 m up from wharf. of Patch on margin scrambling fumatory. and open areas between plantings; weeded out when seen because the burs catch cleavers. Mainly on track margins feathers in the bird’s Mown tracks and disturbed sites (= slender bedstraw. ; not seen by Esler or us list as G. umbrosum On Cheeseman’s in the open, mown areas and rank pasture (= margins Track cut-leaved cranesbill. AK216605, 271007 & 298379-80 Esler). AK herbarium collections (Oct 1981), without a Although recorded in the note line as present 3 not seen by us voucher the record remains doubtful; recorded by Esler, AK254851 foot. Last definite record appears to have been in 1978. dove’s Collected by Esler as wort cress. Disturbed sites in the open, Lighthouse comple x and mown track mar seen by us. AK216602 seen by us. in rank microlaena pasture, its root tuber possibly gives it enough resources to compete with the pasture Widespread G. solanderi now treated as (Esler’s 301044, UNITEC2230 Recorded by Esler as coastal slopes and back of beaches of mown tracks, creek margins, in open sites: margin Widespread toatoa. list) (= H. alata of Cheeseman’s (may have on bank above artificial pond, NE Bay in 2006. First record C&W Single plant with pale-centred flower, been dark-centred form list; not seen by Esler or us hydrocotyle. On Cheeseman’s Australian hydrocotyle. In lawn near bunkhouse list; not seen by Esler or us On Cheeseman’s wetland (= Valley in Lighthouse Single locality: open swampy creek margin H H O H H I D D NC D D D D D A A D NC D D D D D NC A D I A D A D D lc l Ex l Ex Ex Ex Ex l s s oⁿ s Ex o-lc Ex ex Ex l o Ex o-lc s Ex l Ex l 1970-77 1970-77 1906-09 1906-09 1906-09 1906-09 1906-09 1970-77 1970-77 2006 2006 1970-77 1906-09 1906-09 1906-09 1970-77 1970-77 1977 1970-77 1985 1970-77 1906-09 1986? 1906-09 2006 1906-09 1970-77 [E] E E E E E E E E E E [E] E E E E Ch Ch Ch Ch Ch Ch Ch Ch Ch Ch Ch

Geranium gardneri* Epilobium ciliatum* Epilobium cinereum Epilobium pallidiflorum Epilobium pedunculare Epilobium rotundifolium cicutarium* Erodium moschatum* Erodium Euphorbia peplus* Fumaria capreolata* Fumaria muralis* Galium aparine* Galium divaricatum* Galium propinquum Geranium dissectum* Geranium homeanum Geranium molle* Geranium retrorsum Lepidium coronopus* Geranium solanderi s.str. Gonocarpus incanus Haloragis erecta Hibiscus richardsonii moschata Hydrocotyle tripartita* Hydrocotyle Hypericum humifusum* Hypericum pusillum Cameron, Davies: Vascular flora of Tiritiri Matangi 331

M. multifida of G. dissectum ; not Geranium solanderi by of Cheeseman’s list, & of Cheeseman’s gins and coastal rocks, sp.” of Esler, CHR Lotus sp.” of Esler, Coronopus squamatus of gins (= Coronopus var. G. dissectum & var. of Esler). AK216639 H. japonicum of Esler). of Cheeseman’s list & of Esler). AK315751, list & of Esler). of Cheeseman’s of Cheeseman’s list & of Esler). AK300585 list & of Esler). G. parisiense of Cheeseman’s of Esler). AK297969 M. spicata of Esler). “large petals”. AK275567 & petals”. as G. solanderi “large ). First record by C&W G. gardneri of Esler). AK300576 didymus of Esler). list, & Coronopus of Cheeseman’s Hibiscus trionum agg.)? of Cheeseman’s list). UNITEC2220 M. maculata of Cheeseman’s aff. dissectum with petals 6-7mm and mentioned by him under Geranium aff. at a creek-mouth site by the jetty; not seen by us. AK217256 L. lacustris at a creek-mouth site by the jetty; not seen us. “of very limited distribution”; not seen by us Haloragis procumbens twin cress. Disturbed sites in the open, mainly by Lighthouse c omplex, mown track mar I. (= Senebiera didyma Wooded Recorded by Esler as (= L. marginale pale flax. Pasture and mown track margins UNITEC2388 AK 328511 Fishermans Bay & below the Fog Horn. NZ true flax. Coastal cliffs, yellow flax. Open coastal slopes. UNITEC2352 around the coast, especially in damp areas (creek mouths and seeps), also along some creek margins, Widespread AK254859, UNITEC2095 Valley. e.g. Little Wattle on sunny coastal slopes and mown tracks (incl. “ Widespread slender birdsfoot trefoil. 326645). AK219556, CHR 326645 & 326648 326645). in the open (= L. corniculatus of Point and grassy track margins lotus. Only a few patches seen on the coast by NW list). UNITEC2365 Cheeseman’s and back of beaches The most frequent lotus species: open coastal slopes, track margins hairy birdsfoot trefoil. (= L. subbiflorus of Esler). UNITEC2380 AK299052 of artificial pond (Wharf Pond). water purslane. Margin AK278778 in artificial pond 1990, observed there again 2008. Submerged primrose willow. Recorded by Esler; but not seen us dwarf mallow. AK299050 edges of pasture. Disturbed areas on southern part of island, open track margins, French mallow. tops edges of pasture, cliff Disturbed areas on southern part of island, open track margins, small-flowered mallow. AK299055, 314032, 317881 & 318445-47 I. Wooded on E coast, and AK235540 & 299059 small colony by the lighthouse paddock is still present. horehound. Esler’s of mown tracks and lawns in the open, around spotted bur medick. Disturbed areas, especially along the margins the lighthouse area (= bur medick. Disturbed areas, including track margins and coastal slopes (= M. denticulata bur medick. Disturbed areas, including track margins M. polymorpha of Esler). UNITEC2362 King Island melilot. Open coastal sites, especially at the bac k of Hobbs and Fishermans Beaches. First record C&W AK297507 mint. Garden escape - spreading through rank pasture c.30m below the bunkhouse. bergamot UNITEC2363 Track. pennyroyal. In lawn near bunkhouse and on Ridge spearmint. Spreading through rank pasture just south of bunkhouse; and still present where Esler saw it near wharf toilets (H. Lindsay pers. comm.) (presumed = In open along mown tracksides and coastal slopes disturbed pasture areas (= creeping mallow. list). UNITEC2221 Cheeseman’s AK254864, UNITEC2385 watercress. Only observed by P ö hutukawa Creek mouth. AK219408, UNITEC2379 yellow serradella. Rocky open coast, e.g. Lighthouse Bay. Wharf Road. UNITEC2215 of especially at back of beach, and margin broomrape. Back of Fishermans Bay, AK209191 Valley. Wattle Single occurrence at back of rocky beach by AK219478 & 299892 few plants observed in open areas, mainly lighthouse complex. A of Cheeseman’s list). AK230329, 254852 & 275562, UNITEC2212 list). of Cheeseman’s pasture/fernland areas, between plantings and rocky The most common geranium present, open track margins, coastal outcrops; flowers usually pale pink, but a deep pink for m also present (incl. within AK299043, UNITEC2367 Esler). tall willowherb. By Visitors Centre near old nursery area Visitors tall willowherb. By list as E. junceum ; but not seen by Esler or us On Cheeeman’s swampy creek margin Valley swamp willowherb. Lighthouse ; but not seen by Esler or us pedunculare list as E. nummulariifolium var. On Cheeseman’s list; but not seen by Esler or us On Cheeseman’s list; not seen by Esler or us storksbill. On Cheeseman’s musky storksbill. Recorded by Esler; not seen us Coastal slopes on both coasts in partial shade and a few disturbed pasture areas especially by Lighthouse spurge. complex. AK300560, UNITEC2088 AK300058, UNITEC2093 Patch (c. 4 x m) at back of Hobbs Beach. rampant fumitory. AK345444 Wharf Rd 300 m up from wharf. of Patch on margin scrambling fumatory. and open areas between plantings; weeded out when seen because the burs catch cleavers. Mainly on track margins feathers in the bird’s Mown tracks and disturbed sites (= slender bedstraw. ; not seen by Esler or us list as G. umbrosum On Cheeseman’s in the open, mown areas and rank pasture (= margins Track cut-leaved cranesbill. AK216605, 271007 & 298379-80 Esler). AK herbarium collections (Oct 1981), without a Although recorded in the note line as present 3 not seen by us voucher the record remains doubtful; recorded by Esler, AK254851 foot. Last definite record appears to have been in 1978. dove’s Collected by Esler as wort cress. Disturbed sites in the open, Lighthouse comple x and mown track mar seen by us. AK216602 seen by us. in rank microlaena pasture, its root tuber possibly gives it enough resources to compete with the pasture Widespread G. solanderi now treated as (Esler’s 301044, UNITEC2230 Recorded by Esler as coastal slopes and back of beaches of mown tracks, creek margins, in open sites: margin Widespread toatoa. list) (= H. alata of Cheeseman’s (may have on bank above artificial pond, NE Bay in 2006. First record C&W Single plant with pale-centred flower, been dark-centred form list; not seen by Esler or us hydrocotyle. On Cheeseman’s Australian hydrocotyle. In lawn near bunkhouse list; not seen by Esler or us On Cheeseman’s wetland (= Valley in Lighthouse Single locality: open swampy creek margin Be Be O G F H H O H H NC D NC NC NC NC NC D NC A A D I I NC NC NC A A I D D D NC NC A D I D D NC D D D D D A A D NC D D D D D NC A D I A D A D D o Ex o l lc o lc l lc l l Ex lc lc l o-lc l lc exⁿ l sⁿ o l l l ex† l lc l Ex l Ex Ex Ex Ex l s s oⁿ s Ex o-lc Ex ex Ex l o Ex o-lc s Ex l Ex l 1906-09 1970-77 1906-09 1970-77 1970-77 1905 1970 1906-09 1970-77 2006 1990 1970-77 1970-77 1970-77 1970-77 1906-09 1906-09 1978 1991 1906-09 1970-77 1906-09 1970-77 1970-77 1970-77 1992 1970-77 1970-77 1970-77 1906-09 1906-09 1906-09 1906-09 1906-09 1970-77 1970-77 2006 2006 1970-77 1906-09 1906-09 1906-09 1970-77 1970-77 1977 1970-77 1985 1970-77 1906-09 1986? 1906-09 2006 1906-09 1970-77 E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E [E] E E E E E E E E E E [E] E E E E Ch Ch C,Ch Ch Ch Ch Ch Ch Ch Ch Ch Ch Ch Ch Ch Ch Ch Ch Ch

* subsp. montevidensis* var. corniculata* var. citrata* var. subsp. tomentosa* Lepidium didymum* Lilaeopsis novae-zelandiae Linum bienne* Linum monogynum Linum trigynum* Lobelia anceps Lotus angustissimus* Lotus pedunculatus* Lotus suaveolens* Ludwigia palustris* Ludwigia peploides Malva neglecta* Malva nicaeensis* Malva parviflora* Marrubium vulgare* Medicago arabica* Medicago nigra* Melilotus indicus* Mentha × piperita Mentha pulegium* Mentha spicata Modiola caroliniana* Nasturtium officinale Ornithopus pinnatus* minor* Orobanche Osteospermum jucundum* Oxalis corniculata Geranium gardneri* Epilobium ciliatum* Epilobium cinereum Epilobium pallidiflorum Epilobium pedunculare Epilobium rotundifolium cicutarium* Erodium moschatum* Erodium Euphorbia peplus* Fumaria capreolata* Fumaria muralis* Galium aparine* Galium divaricatum* Galium propinquum Geranium dissectum* Geranium homeanum Geranium molle* Geranium retrorsum Lepidium coronopus* Geranium solanderi s.str. Gonocarpus incanus Haloragis erecta Hibiscus richardsonii moschata Hydrocotyle tripartita* Hydrocotyle Hypericum humifusum* Hypericum pusillum 332 New Zealand Journal of Ecology, Vol. 37, No. 3, 2013 of Cheeseman’s list R. rivularis of Cheeseman’s sp. of Esler). AK219117-18, AK219117-18, Polygonum sp. of Esler). of Cheeseman’s list) of Cheeseman’s O. corniculata record of Cockayne & of Cheeseman’s list & Esler). UNITEC2375 R. hirtus of Cheeseman’s of Cheeseman’s list). AK300533, UNITEC2372 list). australe of Cheeseman’s P. hutukawa Cove, and Wooded I. AK318474 I. Wooded ö hutukawa Cove, and of Esler). AK219486-87 & 271018 crassifolia of Esler). O. corniculata var. UNITEC2231 2005-06; not seen by us Team Weed Never common, controlled at least since 2002 and last seen by cape gooseberry. most common in disturbed sites: coastal slopes, forest gaps the lighthouse complex, and Widespread, inkweed. I. AK313690 Wooded pasture, back of beaches, sunny coastal slopes, narrow-leaved plantain. Mown tracks and lawns, open track margins, AK254849, UNITEC2383 including rock stacks on E side. AK271034 & 300578, UNITEC2382 broad-leaved plantain. Mown tracks and lawn open creek margins. Single locality (most likely the same as recorded by Esler) under pōhutukawa canopy with other native herbs over AK219079, UNITEC2356 c.3 x 2m, near Paa Point (Fig. 5). AK301530 I. Wooded on coastal slopes and rocks, including rock stacks E coast Widespread allseed. & 304753, UNITEC2381 Prostrate mats in open to 1m diameter; widely and well establis hed when first observed along most mown tracks, AK299056 gravel tracks and lawns. AK300601 purslane. Only seen on rocky outcrop at the N end of Fishermans Bay. AK314024, UNITEC2393 and locally in pasture. selfheal. Mainly mown lawns and tracks, track margins; AK219036 & 275564 Valley. Wattle by mouth of the Little Single colony on wet coastal cliff of lower Bush 22 only location seen post 2005 (= Shallow wetlands, stream margin AK4324, 219042 & 276015 & of Esler). AK275452, UNITEC2389 Track. especially Ridge Along open track margins, small-flowered buttercup. wetland on raised tree bases (= Valley Present by Lighthouse Single occurrence by the generator shed. AK283496 Single occurrence by the generator shed. and some of the artificial ponds (= Several of the swampy creek margins not seen by us creeping buttercup. Recorded by Esler, AK4349 list). sessiliflorus of Cheeseman’s Mown lawn by bunkhouse (= R. parviflorus var. not recognised by Cheeseman at that time). AK275570, CHR 219244 list - O. exilis not recognised by Cheeseman at that time). Cheeseman’s AK210012 & 279013 patches, between wharf and toilets. Two lilac oxalis. including 2 of the rock Bermuda buttercup. Patches from NE Bay along the open E coast to at least Lighthouse Bay, AK343852 between wharf and Hobbs Beach. and track margin stacks N of Lighthouse Bay, Open coastal slopes (= AK300019 Single collection, rocky coast, S end Fishermans Bay. AK318212 Single flowering plant in disturbed ground behind bunkhouse; uprooted. small flowered opium poppy. of mown tracks and pasture, e.g. Grahams Road; on dry headland, N end Fishermans Bay. tarweed. Margin AK275578, UNITEC2373 First record C&W. Only observed on a steep coastal bank at P In dry shrublands/clay banks on E coast (= endlicheri I. (= P. Wooded on shady coastal rocks and Widespread Widespead on open and semi-shaded coastal slopes (presumed = Widespead H H H F O H W D NC NC NC NC NC A NC NC D NC D D A NC D I A A NC A A A NC NC NC D ex† o-lcⁿ o-lc o l o-lc lc l o s l o l ex† lc Ex l ex† lc l s sⁿ l l l o-lc o 1970-77 1906-09 1906-09 1906-09 1906-09 1906-09 2006 1906-09 1970-77 1970-77 1906-09 1906-09 1906-09 2002 1970-77 1970-77 1906 1992 2010 1970-77 2006 2010 1979 1906-09 1906-09 1906-09 1905 E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E Ch Ch Ch Ch Ch Ch Ch Ch Ch Ch Ch Ch Ch C,Ch Physalis peruviana* Phytolacca octandra* Plantago lanceolata* Plantago major* Plantago raoulii Polycarpon tetraphyllum* Polygonum arenastrum* Portulaca oleracea* Prunella vulgaris* Ranunculus acaulis Ranunculus amphitrichus Ranunculus parviflorus* Ranunculus reflexus Persicaria capitata* Persicaria decipiens Ranunculus repens* Ranunculus sessiliflorus* Oxalis incarnata* Oxalis pes-caprae* Oxalis rubens Oxalis thompsoniae Papaver somniferum subsp. segiterum* viscosa* Parentucellia Parietaria debilis inodorum Pelargonium urvilleana Peperomia Oxalis exilis Cameron, Davies: Vascular flora of Tiritiri Matangi 333 of Cheeseman’s list). R. flexuosus of Cheeseman’s , the Lighthouse Creek would at back of shell/sand beach ±springtide level, S of Esler). AK313707 S. sodomeum of Esler). Triglochin striata Triglochin of Cheeseman’s list) R. viridis of Cheeseman’s of Cheeseman’s list). AK298004, UNITEC2371 list). media of Cheeseman’s Spergularia native sea spurrey. Widespread on bare coastal rocks within reach of saltspray, including Wooded I.; surprisingly not Wooded including on bare coastal rocks within reach of saltspray, Widespread native sea spurrey. recorded by Esler (= staggerweed. On Cheeseman’s list; not seen by Esler or us staggerweed. On Cheeseman’s Open creek and mown track margins; the 75 plants reported in the two southern catchments [creek margins] in Nov the 75 plants reported in two southern catchments [creek margins] Open creek and mown track margins; 1985 (C&W) are now reduced to a single plant because of regener ation, however AK219051, 275449 & are now an important habitat for this species. support nearly 100 plants, and the track margins 276028 wild raddish. Back of Hobbs and Fishermans Beaches; also wee d by disturbed area in Lighthouse complex AK269647 & 271029, UNITEC2097-99 (suspected = R. maritimus of Esler). AK254868, ponds. artificial some of margin and tops cliff open pasture, thin in weed, Mown trackside sorrel. sheep’s UNITEC2126 hooked dock. Coastal slopes in pasture along the E side of island (presumed = AK218263 of some artificial ponds - nowhere weed, pasture, back of gravel beaches and margin Trackside clustered dock. common (presumed = also present in steep pastural slopes curled dock. First collected on coastal rocks at the N end of Fishermans Bay, AK275576 & 300579 (e.g. Chinamans Bay), and at the back of Hobbs Beach. broad-leaved dock. Recorded by Esler; not seen us fiddle dock. On mown tracks AK222346 spread to a few patches, now eradicated. Valley, Wattle climbing dock. Single occurrence in upper list; not seen by Esler or us despite ideal habitat being present annual pearlwort. On Cheeseman’s procumbent pearlwort. Coastal rocks, south coast list; only seen by Esler on Hobbs Beach; not us saltwort. On Cheeseman’s I. (= Salicornia Wooded including on coastal rocks, rock stacks within reach of saltspray, Widespread glasswort. list & of Esler) australis of Cheeseman’s list; not seen by Esler or us On Cheeseman’s 2 x 4m² with remuremu. Several patches, largest tomato. 2 fruiting plants at Hobbs Beach in the sand, occasiona l around lighthouse complex, especially by AK300580 bunkhouse and workshop. Wooded black nightshade. Mainly in disturbed areas and around by the lighthouse complex paddock; also on AK237516 & 298992, UNITEC2089 I. Widespread in semi-sheltered and open areas, particularly where recent disturbance has small-flowered nightshade. AK271033 & 298020 list). I. (presumed = S. nigrum of Cheeseman’s Wooded occurred, and on of Fishermans Bay. First record C&W of Fishermans Bay. Esler recorded it as occasional in pasture 1970 but not seen there since; the last record appears field madder. that is was locally frequent in grassy areas Nov 1978; not seen by us during the recent survey. to be by C&W AK275575 AK269643, UNITEC2210-11 Coastal slopes on rocks, thin soils and open grasslands. catchfly. AK318213 hedge-mustard. In disturbed ground by bunkhouse. apple of Sodom. Just persisting in a few coastal sites, partic ularly Fishermans Bay where collapsed 4 x 6m² patch was present in the winter 2010; all known localities monitore d (= O H O H I D I I NC D D A D D A D D D NC D A A D NC D NC D D lc Ex lc lcⁿ lc l o o Ex l ex† Ex l Ex lc Ex l l l o-lc ex o l l† 1906-09 1906-09 1970-77 1975 1906-09 1906-09 1906-09 1978 1970-77 1970-77 1990 1906-09 1970-77 1906-09 1906-09 1906-09 1983 2007 1970-77 1906-09? 1970 1906-09 1906-09 1970-77 E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E Ch Ch Ch [Ch] Ch Ch Ch Ch Ch [Ch] Ch Ch Spergularia tasmanica Spergularia Stachys arvensis* Ranunculus urvilleanus Raphanus raphanistrum subsp. raphanistrum* Rumex acetosella* Rumex brownii* Rumex conglomeratus* Rumex crispus* Rumex obtusifolius* Rumex pulcher* Rumex sagittatus* Sagina apetala* Sagina procumbens* Salsola kali* quinqueflora Sarcocornia Scleranthus biflorus Selliera radicans Solanum lycopersicum* Solanum nigrum* Solanum nodiflorum Sherardia arvensis* Sherardia Silene gallica* Sisymbrium officinale* Solanum linnaeanum* 334 New Zealand Journal of Ecology, Vol. 37, No. 3, 2013

AK299063, V. angustifolia V. W. gacilis of Esler). W. Track in Jan 2008; and Track gins of mown tracks and in ö hutukawa Cove; also AK238334, 254848 & f top by bach, workshop AK300496, UNITEC2354 T. filiforme , and recorded by Esler from Fishermans Bay; not seen T. hutukawa Cove (same locality as Hambly 1998: p.7). AK217707 ö hutukawa Cove (same locality as Hambly 1998: p.7). W. gacilis of Esler). UNITEC2347 W. plants & Bush 21; some large Valleys Lighthouse Wattle, tī/cabbage tree. Still dominates parts of some valleys, e.g. in forest areas & scattered shrublands; also widely planted few plants appeared to be this hybrid A AK300499 I., flowers blue (? = in part Wooded and on Valley, Wattle NZ harebell. Only seen on open grassy bank above spreading hedge parsley. In 2006 it was well established bordering the lawn from toilets to bunkhouse spreading hedge parsley. (>50m) and also some on the N side of lawn & E shelter belt; x1 lower Kawerau now also locally on Hobbs Beach; seeds with curved spines easil y dispersed by attachment to animals. 299067 & 301528, UNITEC2351 ; not seen by Esler or us procumbens list as T. hop trefoil. On Cheeseman’s in mown tracks and lawns, coastal slopes (sunny shaded) including on the Widespread suckling clover. AK300554, UNITEC2364 inshore E islets. AK300531 Coastal rocks, including on an inshore E islet, only seen in 2 places coast. clustered clover. Listed by Cheeseman as lesser suckling clover. by us Only observed in lawns, mown tracks and track margins white clover. Only observed in lighthouse complex lawn. UNITEC2368 subterranean clover. list; not seen by Esler or us native nettle. On Cheeseman’s purple-top. Scattered localities, many in pasture throughout t he lighthouse complex, mar Wharf Pond; adult plants still occuring in 2010; first recorded planted shrublands, 1 plant 3m tall in the canopy by AK299051, UNITEC2401 1999). Tennyson & I. (Taylor Wooded collection on AK216074 & 299049 field speedwell. Mown tracks and lawns. scrambling speedwell. Only recent record in disturbed part of l ighthouse paddock. AK222347 & 300593, UNITEC2209 Wharf Road. of and margin I., flowers pale blue (? = in part Wooded NZ harebell. Coastal rocks in salt-spray zone, including Australasian speedwell. Mainly steep, coastal grassy slopes, al so in shrublands. AK254855, UNITEC2100 sativa of Esler). & V. and artificial pond magins; often ocurring open coastal slopes, mown track margins Widespread vetch. four-seeded AK300543, UNITEC2222 list). gemella of Cheeseman’s sativa (= V. with V. periwinkle. Spread from lighthouse garden; managed at 4 sites: below bunkhouse, clif 276473 turf speedwell. In lawn near bunkhouse two-seeded vetch. Single record, thin pasture on steep coastal slope, upper Lighthouse Bay coastal slopes, pasture and back of beaches (including vetch. Most common vetch, on track margins, chickweed. Coastal slopes under light shade, only a few populat ions seen including at P I. Wooded reported from Single locality at P H H H NC NC NC A D NC D D D D D A NC D NC NC D D NC A I D D lc s s lc Ex o s Ex o l Ex l† o s l o o l† l s lc l s 1905 1970-77 1970-77 2006 1906-09 1970-77 1906-09 1906-09 1970-77 1906-09 1906-09 1987 1970-77 1970-77 1970-77 1906-09 1906-09 1970-77 1906-09 2006 1906-09 1906-09 1906-09 E E E? E E E E E E E E? E E E E E E C Ch Ch Ch Ch Ch Ch Ch Ch Ch Ch Ch PP × C. banksii MONOCOT TREES & SHRUBS (4 + 1) MONOCOT australis Cordyline australis Cordyline Wahlenbergia violacea Wahlenbergia Torilis arvensis* Torilis campestre* Trifolium dubium* Trifolium glomeratum* Trifolium micranthum* Trifolium Trifolium repens* Trifolium subterraneum* Trifolium Urtica incisa bonariensis* Verbena arvensis* Veronica persica* Veronica vernicosa Wahlenbergia Veronica plebeia Veronica tetrasperma* Vicia major* Vinca Veronica serpyllifolia* Veronica disperma* Vicia sativa* Vicia Stellaria media* Stellaria parviflora Cameron, Davies: Vascular flora of Tiritiri Matangi 335 D.

of AK299063, V. angustifolia V. W. gacilis of Esler). W. sinclairii var. Track in Jan 2008; and Track gins of mown tracks and in ö hutukawa Cove; also AK238334, 254848 & f top by bach, workshop Leptocarpus similis of Esler) AK300496, UNITEC2354 until 1949; unrecorded since Hansen Acianthus fornicatus gins. AK275565-66 & 275750 gins. Warkworth). AK338120 Warkworth). Corybas trilobus of Esler) D. trullifolium T. filiforme , and recorded by Esler from Fishermans Bay; not seen T. of Esler) Juncus gregiflorus , but small Hauraki Gulf island populations are more likely t o be ; but not seen by us. AK245814 O. strictum ; but not seen by us. hutukawa Cove (same locality as Hambly 1998: p.7). AK217707 ö hutukawa Cove (same locality as Hambly 1998: p.7). W. gacilis of Esler). UNITEC2347 W. plants & Bush 21; some large Valleys Lighthouse Wattle, tī/cabbage tree. Still dominates parts of some valleys, e.g. in forest areas & scattered shrublands; also widely planted few plants appeared to be this hybrid A AK300499 I., flowers blue (? = in part Wooded and on Valley, Wattle NZ harebell. Only seen on open grassy bank above spreading hedge parsley. In 2006 it was well established bordering the lawn from toilets to bunkhouse spreading hedge parsley. (>50m) and also some on the N side of lawn & E shelter belt; x1 lower Kawerau now also locally on Hobbs Beach; seeds with curved spines easil y dispersed by attachment to animals. 299067 & 301528, UNITEC2351 ; not seen by Esler or us procumbens list as T. hop trefoil. On Cheeseman’s in mown tracks and lawns, coastal slopes (sunny shaded) including on the Widespread suckling clover. AK300554, UNITEC2364 inshore E islets. AK300531 Coastal rocks, including on an inshore E islet, only seen in 2 places coast. clustered clover. Listed by Cheeseman as lesser suckling clover. by us Only observed in lawns, mown tracks and track margins white clover. Only observed in lighthouse complex lawn. UNITEC2368 subterranean clover. list; not seen by Esler or us native nettle. On Cheeseman’s purple-top. Scattered localities, many in pasture throughout t he lighthouse complex, mar Wharf Pond; adult plants still occuring in 2010; first recorded planted shrublands, 1 plant 3m tall in the canopy by AK299051, UNITEC2401 1999). Tennyson & I. (Taylor Wooded collection on AK216074 & 299049 field speedwell. Mown tracks and lawns. scrambling speedwell. Only recent record in disturbed part of l ighthouse paddock. AK222347 & 300593, UNITEC2209 Wharf Road. of and margin I., flowers pale blue (? = in part Wooded NZ harebell. Coastal rocks in salt-spray zone, including Australasian speedwell. Mainly steep, coastal grassy slopes, al so in shrublands. AK254855, UNITEC2100 sativa of Esler). & V. and artificial pond magins; often ocurring open coastal slopes, mown track margins Widespread vetch. four-seeded AK300543, UNITEC2222 list). gemella of Cheeseman’s sativa (= V. with V. periwinkle. Spread from lighthouse garden; managed at 4 sites: below bunkhouse, clif 276473 turf speedwell. In lawn near bunkhouse two-seeded vetch. Single record, thin pasture on steep coastal slope, upper Lighthouse Bay coastal slopes, pasture and back of beaches (including vetch. Most common vetch, on track margins, Recorded by Esler as AK278646, UNITEC2392 Small colonies observed in forest Bush 1 & 22. sun orchid. Scattered plants mainly along the open E coast; best population headland at N end of Fishermans Bay; AK300603, UNITEC2395 open white flowers some with a flush of pink. AK280972 Wharf Road. sun orchid. Single plant on sunny bank up (= Valley Wattle oioi. Single 3 x 4m² patch on coastal ledge at creek mouth of Little Single occurrence by Wharf Dam. AK300568 Wharf Dam. Single occurrence by Wharf & near N Point jointed rush. Observed in a few artificial dams, e.g. Mainly an occasional component of microlaena meadows & track ma r AK300509, UNITEC2333 toad rush. Bare patches in mown lawn near bunkhouse. In pasture and by creeks artificial dams (= AK215521 Valley. especially in Lighthouse soft rush. Open creek margins, AK300561 & 300586 In rank pasture, roadsides & artificial dams. chickweed. Coastal slopes under light shade, only a few populat ions seen including at P I. Wooded reported from Single locality at P dwarf cabbage tree. Forest areas, including upper Wattle Valley Wattle dwarf cabbage tree. Forest areas, including upper and a Valley; Wattle Wharf Road, upper Canary Island palm. First record as 5 seedlings under a starling roost by last recorded by the weed team Valley; also found behind Saddleback Bay and Lightouse further 8 seedlings later, 2005-06; not seen by us 1996); seedlings present in Bush 21; planted low nīkau. Neil Mitchell reported at least 2 wild seedlings (Walter numbers in many of the forested valleys (seed ex Little Barrier I. & smilax. First record under pines by lighthouse; also occurre d behind Hobbs Beach and No Name Bay (coastal slope), and then 3 years later a sprouting clump in 2010 at the bac k of No Name Bay beach appeared to be washed in. AK256253 & 314026 supplejack. Forested gullies of Bush 1, 21 & 22. UNITEC2081 Esler recorded a few groups of plants in mapou stands; not see n by us (= Esler) trullifolia list as Pterostylis On Cheeseman’s (EKC, pers. obs.) which wasn’t distinguished from alobium (EKC, pers. obs.) which wasn’t onion orchid. On Cheeseman’s list and recorded by Esler; but not seen us onion orchid. On Cheeseman’s AK246030 & 278647, UNITEC2213 & thin pasture areas. onion orchid. Open inland sites, e.g. track margins Recorded by Esler as occasional in mapou stands; not seen us (= H H H O W Be Be Bi Pl Bi,F NC NC NC A D NC D D D D D A NC D NC NC D D NC A I D A NC A NC A D D D D D A D D NC A A A NC D D D D D lc s s lc Ex o s Ex o l Ex l† o s l o o l† l s lc Ex l lc s s l l o-lc l l l o-lc l s s ex† l s† lc Ex Ex Ex o Ex 1905 1970-77 1970-77 2006 1906-09 1970-77 1906-09 1906-09 1970-77 1906-09 1906-09 1987 1970-77 1970-77 1970-77 1906-09 1906-09 1970-77 1906-09 2006 1906-09 1970-77 1990 1906-09 2002 1970-77 2006 1970-77 1970-77 1970-77 1970-77 1970-77 2006 1906-09 1906-09 1970-77 2003-04 c.1994 2002 1970-77 1906-09 1906-09 1906-09 1970-77 1970-77 E E E? E E E E E E E E? E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E C Ch Ch Ch Ch Ch Ch Ch Ch Ch Ch Ch Ch Ch Ch Ch P PP × C. banksii MONOCOT TREES & SHRUBS (4 + 1) MONOCOT australis Cordyline australis Cordyline Wahlenbergia violacea Wahlenbergia Torilis arvensis* Torilis campestre* Trifolium dubium* Trifolium glomeratum* Trifolium micranthum* Trifolium Trifolium repens* Trifolium subterraneum* Trifolium Urtica incisa bonariensis* Verbena arvensis* Veronica persica* Veronica vernicosa Wahlenbergia Veronica plebeia Veronica tetrasperma* Vicia major* Vinca Veronica serpyllifolia* Veronica disperma* Vicia sativa* Vicia Orthoceras novae-zeelandiae banksii Pterostylis Thelymitra longifolia Thelymitra pauciflora ALLIES (9 + 6) RUSHES & Apodasmia similis Juncus acuminatus* Juncus articulatus* Juncus australis bufonius* Juncus bufonius var. Juncus edgariae Juncus effusus* Juncus flavidus* Stellaria media* Stellaria parviflora Cordyline pumilio Cordyline Phoenix canariensis* Rhopalostylis sapida CLIMBERS (1 + 1) MONOCOT Asparagus asparagoides* Ripogonum scandens ORCHIDS (9 + 0) Acianthus sinclairii Diplodium ? alobulum Microtis parviflora Microtis unifolia Microtis Nematoceras trilobum 336 New Zealand Journal of Ecology, Vol. 37, No. 3, 2013 Wattle Wattle

of Esler) of Esler). Point (H Lindsay gins. AK275757 & gins. Cladium glomeratum of Cheeseman’s list). of Cheeseman’s Scirpus ? fluviatilis gins; also occ. in rank pasture; of Cheeseman’s list). AK254861 list). of Cheeseman’s A. agrestis AK217961 Schoenus axillaris of Cheeseman’s list). UNITEC2341 of Cheeseman’s . Since 2006: margin of Graham’s Road; and by of Graham’s . Since 2006: margin of Cheeseman’s list & of Esler). Scirpus inundatus of Cheeseman’s ö hutukawa Creek mouth (= of Esler). AK218042, UNITEC2328 of Esler). of Cheeseman’s list & A. tenuis A. vulgaris of Cheeseman’s of Cheeseman’s list & of Esler). UNITEC2319 of Cheeseman’s A. caryophyllea of Cheeseman’s list). UNITEC2228 U. australis of Cheeseman’s ]; not seen by Esler or us of Esler). UNITEC2321 of Esler). AK218038 & 300532 scabrum of Esler). Agropyron of Esler). AK216961 Cortaderia splendens of Esler). of Cheeseman’s list). AK275756 list). grandispiculosus (AK275756); (= Mariscus ustulatus of Cheeseman’s of Esler - a mixup of names by him?). AK300529, UNITEC2224 C. dipsacea of Esler - a mixup names by him?). Isolepsis lacustris ; not seen by us of Cheeseman’s list, & of Esler). AK254860 list, & of Esler). of Cheeseman’s AK300180-81 AK300177 Patch in small ±shaded wetland, lower Bush 22 near creek. & Bush 22 Valleys, Wattle of Lighthouse & Little Small patches mainly along the open creek margins AK300178-79 of Esler). (= Scirpus chlorostachyus square-stemmed sedge. Recorded by Esler; but not seen us pōhutukawa, outflow of Bush 22 (= Cladium junceum Single patch c.10 x 10m² in coastal gut under large list & Baumea juncea Cheeseman’s creek (= Valley Wattle wetland by creek; and 2-4m wide sward along Little Valley Lighthouse AK300571 list & Baumea rubiginosa of Esler). of Cheeseman’s ; not seen by Esler or us list as Gahnia arenaria On Cheeseman’s Recorded by Esler as list; not seen by Esler or us On Cheeseman’s Recorded by Cockayne (1905) on moist ground; not seen since & Bush 22 (= Valley In a few damp shaded hollows e.g. Lighthouse Margin of 2 artificial ponds (near wharf & top Bush 22) (= Margin UNITEC2322 hook grass. Main bush areas hook grass. Main bush areas and mapou stands (= browntop. Patches in rank grassland & mown lawns (= AK300512, UNITEC2330 Annual on thin soils, open coastal rock & slopes (= meadow foxtail. Probably died out - no record since 1978 (pres umed = blue wheatgrass. Mainly steep, sunny coastal slopes on the E c oast – a regional stronghold for species giant rush. On Cheeseman’s list; not seen by Esler or us giant rush. On Cheeseman’s list; not seen by Esler or us On Cheeseman’s AK217055, UNITEC2314 Valleys). Wattle (e.g. Lighthouse & Little flat-leaved rush. Open creek margins AK314023 V. & lower dam near N Point). Wharf dam, Lighthouse & artificial dams (i.e. Open creek margins Recorded by Esler; but not seen us and mown lawns (= J. tenuis margins Track track rush. AK300549 Wharf Dam. Only observed by the Bunkhouse Dam (flowers); & sterile patch c. 1 x 4m² at P I., on soil, rock and in sand, occasionally Wooded knobby sedge. Mainly open coastal slopes throughout including AK275752 list, & of Esler). (= Scirpus nodosus of Cheeseman’s inland in pasture & track margins bamboo sedge. Occasional in forests, most frequent coastal shrublands and forest margins Salt spray zone of coastal rocks and on sand where there is a f reshwater seep; best colony at outfall Little list, & of Esler). UNITEC2334 creek (= Scirpus cernuus of Cheeseman’s list & A. kirkii multiflorus of Cheeseman’s (= Agropyron pers. comm.); not seen by us (= coast) W needle tussock. Close to the sea, usually on rock, most common N end of island (both E & (= Stipa teretifolia AK271019, UNITEC2332 redleg grass. Mainly sunny (hot) open grassy coastal slopes. Mainly grassy, sunny areas along E coast. AK300598 sunny areas along E coast. Mainly grassy, Shaded forest areas (= Small tussocks, mainly in rank pasture, roadsides & partiall y open bush areas S part of island; top Bush 22 was AK254867, UNITEC2227 the most N seen. (= C. lucida of mainly coastal in open & semi-open areas; also along track bush margins Widespread, UNITEC2324 AK271011, list). Cheeseman’s AK216195, 271014 & 300545, UNITEC2225 this taxon has female spikes 9-12cm long. Swampy creek margins; Mainly small colonies, sunny open areas, including mown lawn, r ank pasture, track & bush mar 300646, UNITEC2323 AK271028 & 300530, UNITEC2325 Valley. Forest areas, especially Bush 1, 22 & Lighthouse specimens matches this species with female spikes only 2-2.5cm long; seen by us at NE Bay dam (= One of Esler’s AK216196, UNITEC2317 list). C. ternaria of Cheeseman’s Recorded by Esler as occasional in woody vegetation; not see n us. Rank pasture at S end of island (= AK254857, UNITEC2339-40 sweet vernal. Pasture component & open coastal slopes. toetoe. Shrubby coastal slopes, only 3 young plants were now known in 2007: E coast & near NW In sand, back of Fishermans Bay. UNITEC2313 In sand, back of Fishermans Bay. & Bush 22, some plants with trunks to 1m tall; also planted from local Valley Swampy valley bottoms of Lighthouse AK271013, UNITEC2226 stock at 2 artificial dams. AK217991 & 300562 Forest areas, especially Bush 1 & 22. list as C. vaccilans [ vacillans On Cheeseman’s Recorded by Esler as occasional in mapou stands; not seen us creek Valley Wattle and less commonly semi-open bush areas; best colonies lower Bush 21 & Little Creek margins margins umbrella sedge. First record was as a contaminant in the nurser y artificial dam near NE Point. AK235023 artificial dam near NE Point. giant umbrella sedge. Mainly open coastal sites and along ope n swampy creek mar one collection is the form list and recorded by Esler as occasional in some swampy creeks; surprisingly not seen us On Cheeseman’s O O H A D D NC NC D D D D NC NC NC NC I NC D NC D D D D D NC D I NC I NC I D A D I NC NC D I D D I NC D D NC D D D NC A D D l l Ex s l Ex Ex Ex Ex l l o-lc o-lc o-lc lc ex o-la Ex Ex l l Ex o l l o-lc o-lc o-lc o-lc lc o l o o lc o o-lc l Ex o-lc o-la s l l o Ex Ex o-lc l† o-lc Ex 2006 1970-77 1970-77 1906-09 1906-09 1906-09 1970-77 1906-09 1905 1906-09 1906-09 1970-77 1906-09 1906-09 1906-09 1906-09 1906-09 1906-09 1906-09 1906-09 1970-77 1970-77 1906-09 1970-77 1970-77 1905 1906-09 1906-09 1906-09 1970-77 2006 1970-77 1970-77 1906-09 1970-77 1906-09 1970-77 1906-09 1970-77 1970-77 1906-09 1970-77 1905 1970-77 1970-77 1906-09 1970-77 1906-09 1998 1905 1906-09 E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E [E] E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E Ch Ch Ch Ch C Ch Ch Ch Ch Ch Ch Ch Ch Ch Ch Ch C,Ch Ch Ch Ch Ch Ch Ch Ch C Ch Ch C,Ch Ch subsp. caryophyllea* P Isolepis reticularis Isolepis sepulcralis* Lepidosperma australe Machaerina juncea Machaerina rubiginosa affinis Morelotia Schoenoplectus tabernaemontani Schoenus brevifolius Schoenus concinnus Schoenus maschalinus Isolepis inundata Uncinia banksii Uncinia uncinata GRASSES (14 + 39) capillaris* Agrostis Aira caryophyllea Alopecurus pratensis* Anthosachne multiflora Juncus pallidus Juncus pauciflorus Juncus planifolius Juncus prismatocarpus Juncus sarophorus tenuis* Juncus tenuis var. Juncus usitatus SEDGES (32 + 3) Bolboschoenus fluviatilis Ficinia nodosa Gahnia lacera cernua Isolepis cernua var. stipoides Austrostipa Bothriochloa macra* Carex breviculmis Carex dissita Carex divulsa* Carex flagellifera Carex geminata Carex inversa Carex lambertiana Carex lessoniana Carex ochrosaccus Carex Anthosachne scabra* Anthoxanthum odoratum* splendens Austroderia Carex pumila Carex secta Carex solandri Carex spinirostris Carex Carex testacea Carex virgata Carex Cyperus eragrostis* Cyperus ustulatus Eleocharis acuta Cameron, Davies: Vascular flora of Tiritiri Matangi 337 Wattle Wattle

of Esler) of Esler). Point (H Lindsay gins. AK275757 & gins. Cladium glomeratum of Cheeseman’s list). of Cheeseman’s Scirpus ? fluviatilis gins; also occ. in rank pasture; of Cheeseman’s list). AK254861 list). of Cheeseman’s A. agrestis AK217961 Schoenus axillaris of Cheeseman’s list). UNITEC2341 of Cheeseman’s . Since 2006: margin of Graham’s Road; and by of Graham’s . Since 2006: margin of Cheeseman’s list & of Esler). Scirpus inundatus of Cheeseman’s ö hutukawa Creek mouth (= of Esler). AK218042, UNITEC2328 of Esler). of Cheeseman’s list & A. tenuis A. vulgaris of Cheeseman’s of Cheeseman’s list & of Esler). UNITEC2319 of Cheeseman’s A. caryophyllea of Cheeseman’s list). UNITEC2228 U. australis of Cheeseman’s ]; not seen by Esler or us of Esler). UNITEC2321 of Esler). AK218038 & 300532 scabrum of Esler). Agropyron of Esler). AK216961 Cortaderia splendens of Esler). of Cheeseman’s list). AK275756 list). grandispiculosus (AK275756); (= Mariscus ustulatus of Cheeseman’s of Esler - a mixup of names by him?). AK300529, UNITEC2224 C. dipsacea of Esler - a mixup names by him?). Isolepsis lacustris ; not seen by us of Cheeseman’s list, & of Esler). AK254860 list, & of Esler). of Cheeseman’s AK300180-81 AK300177 Patch in small ±shaded wetland, lower Bush 22 near creek. & Bush 22 Valleys, Wattle of Lighthouse & Little Small patches mainly along the open creek margins AK300178-79 of Esler). (= Scirpus chlorostachyus square-stemmed sedge. Recorded by Esler; but not seen us pōhutukawa, outflow of Bush 22 (= Cladium junceum Single patch c.10 x 10m² in coastal gut under large list & Baumea juncea Cheeseman’s creek (= Valley Wattle wetland by creek; and 2-4m wide sward along Little Valley Lighthouse AK300571 list & Baumea rubiginosa of Esler). of Cheeseman’s ; not seen by Esler or us list as Gahnia arenaria On Cheeseman’s Recorded by Esler as list; not seen by Esler or us On Cheeseman’s Recorded by Cockayne (1905) on moist ground; not seen since & Bush 22 (= Valley In a few damp shaded hollows e.g. Lighthouse Margin of 2 artificial ponds (near wharf & top Bush 22) (= Margin UNITEC2322 hook grass. Main bush areas hook grass. Main bush areas and mapou stands (= browntop. Patches in rank grassland & mown lawns (= AK300512, UNITEC2330 Annual on thin soils, open coastal rock & slopes (= meadow foxtail. Probably died out - no record since 1978 (pres umed = blue wheatgrass. Mainly steep, sunny coastal slopes on the E c oast – a regional stronghold for species giant rush. On Cheeseman’s list; not seen by Esler or us giant rush. On Cheeseman’s list; not seen by Esler or us On Cheeseman’s AK217055, UNITEC2314 Valleys). Wattle (e.g. Lighthouse & Little flat-leaved rush. Open creek margins AK314023 V. & lower dam near N Point). Wharf dam, Lighthouse & artificial dams (i.e. Open creek margins Recorded by Esler; but not seen us and mown lawns (= J. tenuis margins Track track rush. AK300549 Wharf Dam. Only observed by the Bunkhouse Dam (flowers); & sterile patch c. 1 x 4m² at P I., on soil, rock and in sand, occasionally Wooded knobby sedge. Mainly open coastal slopes throughout including AK275752 list, & of Esler). (= Scirpus nodosus of Cheeseman’s inland in pasture & track margins bamboo sedge. Occasional in forests, most frequent coastal shrublands and forest margins Salt spray zone of coastal rocks and on sand where there is a f reshwater seep; best colony at outfall Little list, & of Esler). UNITEC2334 creek (= Scirpus cernuus of Cheeseman’s list & A. kirkii multiflorus of Cheeseman’s (= Agropyron pers. comm.); not seen by us (= coast) W needle tussock. Close to the sea, usually on rock, most common N end of island (both E & (= Stipa teretifolia AK271019, UNITEC2332 redleg grass. Mainly sunny (hot) open grassy coastal slopes. Mainly grassy, sunny areas along E coast. AK300598 sunny areas along E coast. Mainly grassy, Shaded forest areas (= Small tussocks, mainly in rank pasture, roadsides & partiall y open bush areas S part of island; top Bush 22 was AK254867, UNITEC2227 the most N seen. (= C. lucida of mainly coastal in open & semi-open areas; also along track bush margins Widespread, UNITEC2324 AK271011, list). Cheeseman’s AK216195, 271014 & 300545, UNITEC2225 this taxon has female spikes 9-12cm long. Swampy creek margins; Mainly small colonies, sunny open areas, including mown lawn, r ank pasture, track & bush mar 300646, UNITEC2323 AK271028 & 300530, UNITEC2325 Valley. Forest areas, especially Bush 1, 22 & Lighthouse specimens matches this species with female spikes only 2-2.5cm long; seen by us at NE Bay dam (= One of Esler’s AK216196, UNITEC2317 list). C. ternaria of Cheeseman’s Recorded by Esler as occasional in woody vegetation; not see n us. Rank pasture at S end of island (= AK254857, UNITEC2339-40 sweet vernal. Pasture component & open coastal slopes. toetoe. Shrubby coastal slopes, only 3 young plants were now known in 2007: E coast & near NW In sand, back of Fishermans Bay. UNITEC2313 In sand, back of Fishermans Bay. & Bush 22, some plants with trunks to 1m tall; also planted from local Valley Swampy valley bottoms of Lighthouse AK271013, UNITEC2226 stock at 2 artificial dams. AK217991 & 300562 Forest areas, especially Bush 1 & 22. list as C. vaccilans [ vacillans On Cheeseman’s Recorded by Esler as occasional in mapou stands; not seen us creek Valley Wattle and less commonly semi-open bush areas; best colonies lower Bush 21 & Little Creek margins margins umbrella sedge. First record was as a contaminant in the nurser y artificial dam near NE Point. AK235023 artificial dam near NE Point. giant umbrella sedge. Mainly open coastal sites and along ope n swampy creek mar one collection is the form list and recorded by Esler as occasional in some swampy creeks; surprisingly not seen us On Cheeseman’s O O H A D D NC NC D D D D NC NC NC NC I NC D NC D D D D D NC D I NC I NC I D A D I NC NC D I D D I NC D D NC D D D NC A D D l l Ex s l Ex Ex Ex Ex l l o-lc o-lc o-lc lc ex o-la Ex Ex l l Ex o l l o-lc o-lc o-lc o-lc lc o l o o lc o o-lc l Ex o-lc o-la s l l o Ex Ex o-lc l† o-lc Ex 2006 1970-77 1970-77 1906-09 1906-09 1906-09 1970-77 1906-09 1905 1906-09 1906-09 1970-77 1906-09 1906-09 1906-09 1906-09 1906-09 1906-09 1906-09 1906-09 1970-77 1970-77 1906-09 1970-77 1970-77 1905 1906-09 1906-09 1906-09 1970-77 2006 1970-77 1970-77 1906-09 1970-77 1906-09 1970-77 1906-09 1970-77 1970-77 1906-09 1970-77 1905 1970-77 1970-77 1906-09 1970-77 1906-09 1998 1905 1906-09 E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E [E] E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E Ch Ch Ch Ch C Ch Ch Ch Ch Ch Ch Ch Ch Ch Ch Ch C,Ch Ch Ch Ch Ch Ch Ch Ch C Ch Ch C,Ch Ch subsp. caryophyllea* P Isolepis reticularis Isolepis sepulcralis* Lepidosperma australe Machaerina juncea Machaerina rubiginosa affinis Morelotia Schoenoplectus tabernaemontani Schoenus brevifolius Schoenus concinnus Schoenus maschalinus Isolepis inundata Uncinia banksii Uncinia uncinata GRASSES (14 + 39) capillaris* Agrostis Aira caryophyllea Alopecurus pratensis* Anthosachne multiflora Juncus pallidus Juncus pauciflorus Juncus planifolius Juncus prismatocarpus Juncus sarophorus tenuis* Juncus tenuis var. Juncus usitatus SEDGES (32 + 3) Bolboschoenus fluviatilis Ficinia nodosa Gahnia lacera cernua Isolepis cernua var. stipoides Austrostipa Bothriochloa macra* Carex breviculmis Carex dissita Carex divulsa* Carex flagellifera Carex geminata Carex inversa Carex lambertiana Carex lessoniana Carex ochrosaccus Carex Anthosachne scabra* Anthoxanthum odoratum* splendens Austroderia Carex pumila Carex secta Carex solandri Carex spinirostris Carex Carex testacea Carex virgata Carex Cyperus eragrostis* Cyperus ustulatus Eleocharis acuta 338 New Zealand Journal of Ecology, Vol. 37, No. 3, 2013 of . AK300574 . . AK303603 of Cheeseman’s list & I. australis of Cheeseman’s gins. UNITEC2345 Bromus mollis of I. (= Bromus Wooded of Cheeseman’s list & O. imbecillis of Cheeseman’s ; not seen by us of Esler). AK276475 of Esler). breviaristatus Bromus Pennisetum clandestinum F. rubra ); not seen by us F. & other perennial grasses. AK254866, UNITEC2331 & other perennial grasses. ö hutukawa Cove. UNITEC2329 O. aemulus & undulatifolius ; Esler’s voucher is L. littoralis ; Esler’s Muehlenbeckia complexa of Esler). AK216372, 300503, 318463, UNITEC2326 L. filiformis of Esler). shivery grass. Coastal rocks on E coast, e.g. P ripgut brome. Scattered along coastal slopes; biggest population in sand at back of beach Fishermans Bay; also on AK254863 & 317493, UNITEC2208 I. Wooded soft brome. Open grassy areas, including mown lawns, and on roc ky ledges I., but lacking from some Wooded widespread, including coastal wind grass. Coastal rocks within reach of salt spray, parts of the coast (= Cheeseman’s list, & of Esler). AK318484, UNITEC2337 list, & of Esler). Cheeseman’s Wharf Road & near Paa Point (= Chilean brome. Only observed along of Esler) wind grass. Recorded by Esler; but surprisingly not seen us list as Deyeuxia forsteri On Cheeseman’s ryegrass. Mainly as patches in Lighthouse paddock, mown lawns , and track mar of Cheeseman’s list & of Esler). unioloides of Cheeseman’s I. (= Bromus Wooded in open areas, including Widespread prairie grass. AK318850, UNITEC2338 kikuyu grass. First seen by us in 2008 as a single 3 x 5m patch lighthouse paddock vehicle track, and still there in 2010; but recorded previously on the island by Dunning (1996) as purple pampas grass. Single fertile clump on steep coastal sl ope of Lighthouse Bay in 2010 is the only confirmed AK313455 record of this species; some earlier pampas records may also have been species. and Wattle Point, and in Little pampas grass. Mainly along steep E coastal slopes; used to also occur near NW all known sites being actively managed and very few plants now reach maturity. Valleys; Lighthouse Creek AK313459 AK254853 barley grass. Last recorded at Hobbs Beach in 1978. Indian doab. Patches to 10m across in the open, especially and by Lighthouse paddock; also present Point. UNITEC2344 artificial dam near NW AK275754 Throughout in most grassy communities, including the microlaena meadows. cocksfoot. list & recorded by Esler; surprisingly not seen us plume grass. On Cheeseman’s list; not seen by Esler or us hedgehog grass. On Cheeseman’s AK301045 track. Eradicated. Valley Wattle of upper veldt grass. Single plant record by Peter de Lange on margin [second patch c. 50 m from original found Oct 2013 (S Heiss-D unlop pers. comm.)] chewings fescue. Recorded by Esler as a few plants in grassla nd (as I. Wooded also on fog. Local patches in pasture and track margins, Yorkshire and below Pumphouse dam (= Valley swamp millet. Swampy areas of Ligthouse annual ryegrass. Several patches in Lighthouse paddock; also i n sand at back of beach, NE Bay Under forest, usually as small-sized mats (= microlaena. The dominant grass on the island forming nearly pure meadows in most open & light-shaded situations; microlaena. common associates are bracken fern, Esler). UNITEC2128 AK218022 & on open coastal rocks and occasioanl beach within the salt-spray zone. Widespread sickle grass. 275563, UNITEC2335-36 H W H H F I NC D NC D D D D D A A D D A NC D D A D D NC A NC D NC l o-la o o-lc l Ex Ex o-lc o-lc ex† s † l † ex l o-a Ex Ex s † Ex o lc o-lc lc la lc 1906-09 1970-77 1906-09 1970 1970-77 1970-77 1906-09 1906-09 1906-09 1996 2010 1970-77 1970-77 2006 1906-09 1906-09 1906-09 2007 1970-77 1906-09 1906-09 2007 1906-09 1906-09 1970-77 E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E Ch Ch Ch Ch Ch Ch Ch Ch Ch Ch Ch Ch subsp. littoralis Briza minor* Bromus diandrus* Bromus hordeaceus* Bromus littoralis Lachnagrostis Bromus lithobius* Bromus billardierei Lachnagrostis filiformis Lachnagrostis Lolium perenne* Bromus willdenowii* Bromus Cenchrus clandestinus* Cortaderia jubata* Cortaderia selloana* Critesion murinum subsp . murinum* Cynodon dactylon* Dactylis glomerata* Dichelachne crinita Echinopogon ovatus erecta* Ehrharta Festuca rubra subsp. commutata* Holcus lanatus* Isachne globosa Lolium rigidum* Oplismenus hirtellus subsp. imbecillis Microlaena stipoides Microlaena Parapholis incurva* Cameron, Davies: Vascular flora of Tiritiri Matangi 339 of

. AK300574 . . AK303603 gins. AK275755, UNITEC2327 gins. gin or mown lawns (= S. indicus of of Cheeseman’s list & I. australis of Cheeseman’s gins. UNITEC2345 Bromus mollis of I. (= Bromus Wooded of Cheeseman’s list, scobiculatum of Cheeseman’s P. of Cheeseman’s list & O. imbecillis of Cheeseman’s gest patch ~opposite top of Bush 22, of Esler). AK299068 Paspalum paspalodes of Esler). ; not seen by us of Esler). AK276475 of Esler). breviaristatus Bromus Pennisetum clandestinum F. rubra ); not seen by us F. of Esler). AK271016, Notodanthonia racemosa of Esler). & other perennial grasses. AK254866, UNITEC2331 & other perennial grasses. hutukawa Cove - removed. AK236680 ö hutukawa Cove - removed. of Esler). CHR318060 of Cheeseman’s list); not seen by Esler or us of Cheeseman’s ö hutukawa Cove. UNITEC2329 O. aemulus & undulatifolius ; Esler’s voucher is L. littoralis ; Esler’s Muehlenbeckia complexa Festuca elatior Notodanthonia purpurascens ; but not seen by us of Esler). AK216372, 300503, 318463, UNITEC2326 L. filiformis of Esler). ). AK318482 & R. unarede R. biannulare Recorded by Esler; but not seen us paspalum. Scattered plants throughout pasture, open coastal sl opes, and track mar AK216862 & 271015 & of Esler). AK216492 lesser canary grass. Recorded by Esler at the lighthouse station; not seen us. AK218083-84 Mainly on steep coastal slopes, occasionally open inland banks. I. Wooded mown lawns and coastal slopes, including annual poa. Open track margins, smooth meadow grass. Open track margins UNITEC2343 Track. of Ridge rough meadow grass. Rough pasture near bunkhouse and margin list could I. ( Danthonia semiannularis of Cheeseman’s Wooded also on Open coastal slopes and track margins, include both Open grassy areas (= Notodanthonia penicillata Mercer grass. Single mat c.12m x 1m at back of Hobbs Bch by a s eep (= scobic. Last record appears to be in rank pasture behind Hobbs Bch 1981 (= list, (presumed = Danthonia pilosa on Cheeseman’s Steep coastal slopes, ridgetops, open banks, and track margins Cheeseman lumped most exotic danthonias under this name; & = CHR318059 Recorded by Esler as list could include both ( Danthonia semiannularis of Cheeseman’s Coastal slopes and grassland margins of Esler). AK216982 of Esler). ; = Notodanthonia unarede & R. unarede R. biannulare tall fescue-rye grass hybrid (= ratstail. Mainly on open coastal rocks; less comonly edge of pasture, track mar AK275644, UNITEC2129 list). Cheeseman’s UNITEC2355 grass. Observed as a sward in the Lighthouse paddock and west of Northeast Bay. buffalo (= Festuca bromoides I.), banks & pond margins Wooded vulpia hair grass. Mainly on bare coastal slopes (including AK300548, 318465, UNITEC2342 list). of Cheeseman’s list as Festuca myurus ; not seen by Esler or us vulpia hair grass. On Cheeseman’s century plant. Single medium-sized plant washed up in P creek, in shade by Bunkhouse Dam, and back of Valley Wattle onion weed. Patches in lawn by bunkhouse, Little population increased markedly by Oct 2013 (S Heiss-Dunlop Valley Wattle AK299165, 343850 [Little Hobbs Beach. pers. comm.)] wild onion. Mainly scattered small patches in rank pasture or bracken; lar AK299607, UNITEC2312 scapes to >1m tall. few patches up to c.20 plants in or near Lighthouse paddock, their pink flowers obvious Feb-Mar. A naked ladies. pure white flowering clump of 4 bulbs at north end Hobbs Bch just appeared, illegal planting(?), eradicated. First A AK236175, 236605, 321826 record C&W. AK300511 I. Wooded especially on the E coast; also rengarenga. Coastal cliffs, shivery grass. Coastal rocks on E coast, e.g. P ripgut brome. Scattered along coastal slopes; biggest population in sand at back of beach Fishermans Bay; also on AK254863 & 317493, UNITEC2208 I. Wooded soft brome. Open grassy areas, including mown lawns, and on roc ky ledges I., but lacking from some Wooded widespread, including coastal wind grass. Coastal rocks within reach of salt spray, parts of the coast (= Cheeseman’s list, & of Esler). AK318484, UNITEC2337 list, & of Esler). Cheeseman’s Wharf Road & near Paa Point (= Chilean brome. Only observed along of Esler) wind grass. Recorded by Esler; but surprisingly not seen us list as Deyeuxia forsteri On Cheeseman’s ryegrass. Mainly as patches in Lighthouse paddock, mown lawns , and track mar of Cheeseman’s list & of Esler). unioloides of Cheeseman’s I. (= Bromus Wooded in open areas, including Widespread prairie grass. AK318850, UNITEC2338 kikuyu grass. First seen by us in 2008 as a single 3 x 5m patch lighthouse paddock vehicle track, and still there in 2010; but recorded previously on the island by Dunning (1996) as purple pampas grass. Single fertile clump on steep coastal sl ope of Lighthouse Bay in 2010 is the only confirmed AK313455 record of this species; some earlier pampas records may also have been species. and Wattle Point, and in Little pampas grass. Mainly along steep E coastal slopes; used to also occur near NW all known sites being actively managed and very few plants now reach maturity. Valleys; Lighthouse Creek AK313459 AK254853 barley grass. Last recorded at Hobbs Beach in 1978. Indian doab. Patches to 10m across in the open, especially and by Lighthouse paddock; also present Point. UNITEC2344 artificial dam near NW AK275754 Throughout in most grassy communities, including the microlaena meadows. cocksfoot. list & recorded by Esler; surprisingly not seen us plume grass. On Cheeseman’s list; not seen by Esler or us hedgehog grass. On Cheeseman’s AK301045 track. Eradicated. Valley Wattle of upper veldt grass. Single plant record by Peter de Lange on margin [second patch c. 50 m from original found Oct 2013 (S Heiss-D unlop pers. comm.)] chewings fescue. Recorded by Esler as a few plants in grassla nd (as I. Wooded also on fog. Local patches in pasture and track margins, Yorkshire and below Pumphouse dam (= Valley swamp millet. Swampy areas of Ligthouse annual ryegrass. Several patches in Lighthouse paddock; also i n sand at back of beach, NE Bay Under forest, usually as small-sized mats (= microlaena. The dominant grass on the island forming nearly pure meadows in most open & light-shaded situations; microlaena. common associates are bracken fern, Esler). UNITEC2128 AK218022 & on open coastal rocks and occasioanl beach within the salt-spray zone. Widespread sickle grass. 275563, UNITEC2335-36 F H H,Pl H W H H F D D D NC D D D NC NC NC D NC D D D D D NC D A A NC A I I NC D NC D D D D D A A D D A NC D D A D D NC A NC D NC Ex o Ex o o-lc l l lc o l ex la Ex l Ex lc l † o-lc Ex s † o † o l o-lc l o-la o o-lc l Ex Ex o-lc o-lc ex† s † l † ex l o-a Ex Ex s † Ex o lc o-lc lc la lc 1970-77 1970-77 1970-77 1906-09 1970-77 1906-09 1970-77 1906-09 1970 1970-77 1906-09 1906-09 1970-78 1906-09 1906-09 1906-09 1970-77 1906-09 1906-09 1998 2006 1970-77 1982 1970-77 1906-09 1970-77 1906-09 1970 1970-77 1970-77 1906-09 1906-09 1906-09 1996 2010 1970-77 1970-77 2006 1906-09 1906-09 1906-09 2007 1970-77 1906-09 1906-09 2007 1906-09 1906-09 1970-77 E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E Ch Ch [Ch] Ch [Ch] [Ch] Ch Ch Ch Ch Ch Ch Ch Ch Ch Ch Ch Ch Ch Ch Ch Ch subsp. littoralis Parapholis strigosa* Paspalum dilatatum* Phalaris minor* Poa anceps Poa annua* Poa pratensis* Poa trivialis* biannulare Rytidosperma penicillatum* Rytidosperma Paspalum distichum* Paspalum orbiculare* racemosum* Rytidosperma Rytidosperma tenuius* Rytidosperma unarede Rytidosperma × Schedololium holmbergii* Sporobolus africanus* Sporobolus Stenotaphrum secundatum* bromoides* Vulpia myurus* Vulpia HERBS (7 + 15) OTHER MONOCOT Agave americana* Allium triquetrum* Allium vineale* Amaryllis belladonna* cirratum Arthropodium Briza minor* Bromus diandrus* Bromus hordeaceus* Bromus littoralis Lachnagrostis Bromus lithobius* Bromus billardierei Lachnagrostis filiformis Lachnagrostis Lolium perenne* Bromus willdenowii* Bromus Cenchrus clandestinus* Cortaderia jubata* Cortaderia selloana* Critesion murinum subsp . murinum* Cynodon dactylon* Dactylis glomerata* Dichelachne crinita Echinopogon ovatus erecta* Ehrharta Festuca rubra subsp. commutata* Holcus lanatus* Isachne globosa Lolium rigidum* Oplismenus hirtellus subsp. imbecillis Microlaena stipoides Microlaena Parapholis incurva* 340 New Zealand Journal of Ecology, Vol. 37, No. 3, 2013

AK222139 AK304817 & 307224 D. latissima (vouchered) – the recently ö hutukawa Cove southwards; all known sites on shell & sand, at ±springtide level; N Fishermans Bay, S on shell & sand, at ±springtide level; N Fishermans Bay, of Cheeseman’s list). AK300500 list). triandra of Cheeseman’s T. Selliera radicans Aleuosmia spp.), but not seen by us G. natalensis of Esler) s.lat. However, smaller plants in the forest and coastal slopes may be this species or D. nigra s.lat. However, monitored, seedlings, adults and regrowth still occurring. UNIT EC2101 1981) ashore in a toy boat (West Washed Morton Bay fig. Seed rain from starling roost (Flohr 2004) Himalaya honeysuckle. Seed rain from starling roost (Flohr 2004) firethorn. Seed rain from starling roost (Flohr 2004) Seed rain from starling roost (Flohr 2004) [also see under (e) below] blackberry. spinifex. Seedheads only on Hobbs Beach and near North Point jonquil. Margin of artificial dam near NE Point, brought in with soil from lighthouse area, flowers not seen, however, however, seen, not flowers area, lighthouse from soil with in brought Point, NE near dam artificial of Margin jonquil. suspected to be similar jonquils in and near the ranger's garden AK300592 Centre - garden relic? Visitors Several plants in rank pasture E side of NZ flax. Pure stands still exist in some gullies; scattered clum ps throughout including open coastal slopes a 2 x 4m² clump with 4 patches, largest of Fishermans Bay & Little Hobbs Beach (= no longer Valleys), Wattle side (Bunkhouse & Little on SW raupō. Scattered along two swampy creek margins “almost pure colonies” as reported by Esler and pasture from P coastal sites, creek margins Widespread, arum lily. separated species from AK299066 & 314022 D. nigra s.str. Present in rank pasture (= AK205796, 279012 & 279015 In pasture, Lighthouse Bay in 1991; not seen 2000s. wild gladiolus. Salt spray zone of coast, in sand and shallow s oil over rocks, particularly by Paa Point, Fishermans & AK300604 & 300606 NE Bays. AK235620 [single seedling in Eradicated. Valley. Wattle Only record is two 1m plants in lower kahili ginger. found Oct 2013 (S Heiss-Dunlop pers. comm.)] Valley Bunkhouse purple-backed duckweed. Covering artificial dam behind Hobbs Bea ch - single occurrence. Single epiphyte (leaves to 30cm long) on ponga trunk, in Bush 21. AK314031 Single epiphyte (leaves to 30cm long) on ponga trunk, in Bush 21. montbretia. 3 open sites below Bush 2, and a garden escape bel ow the bunkhouse - last seen by weed team 2005- 06; not seen by us of shrubland and forest matched on margins Tussocks tussock blueberry. c. 10 years old. AK343668 c. 10 years old. AK219506, UNITEC2412 Australian ngaio. Remnant hedge by workshop. heketara. Evidently planted (Mitchell (1985) not seen by us AK315064 Centre. Visitor x1 plant in in 2006. UNITEC2316 Valley Wattle At least 1 plant in Seed ex Little Barrier I. and by Bunkhouse dam, all <1m tall in 2010. UNITEC2159 Valley Wattle miro. Planted out; observed in AK314030, (x2), Bush 22, and 21 (x4 all c.1.6m tall). Valley Wattle Seed ex Little Barrier I. Observed in UNITEC2080 Italian arum. Esler recorded some wild on the lighthouse stati on; not seen by us stack of but also absent from many; rarely epiphytic; on SW coastal astelia. Mainly terrestrial on cliffs, I. Wooded clivia. Single clump c.15m in from the edge of Hobbs Beach unde r shrubs. Removed. planted no wildings seen. UNITEC2157 Widely tītoki. plants between main ridge and Fishermans Bay; Esler (1978b: p.208) found no soil evidence of kauri Two kauri. Tiri ever growing on in 2007 Valley Wattle Seed ex Little Barrier I. Only a few survived - x1 Evidently planted (Mitchell 1985, as AK299054 follows Murray et al. (2008). Taxonomy ? H. richardsonii of Bush 22, 4m tall (2006). UNITEC2318 Top Rd, first seen in Sep 2013 and estimated to be of Graham’s green mistletoe. Single plant on karo at margin Widely planted out in small numbers. UNITEC2152 Widely Seed ex Little Barrier I. Planted out - appears to have failed Centre (provenance Visitors Ridge Rd which died in the drought autumn 2010; and x1 kākā beak. Several off Moturemu Island) (Bec Stanley pers. comm.) nothing appeared so far Track Seed ex Little Barrier I. Sown in 3 places by the Kawerau akeake. Planted out, x1 on Ridge Rd 3-4m high. UNITEC2085 Track Wattle Planted out, x1 on Visitors Centre trees by Two large flame tree. AK298016 >15m tall - a few felled in late 2000s. Planted shelterbelt of c.10 trees in a row, pers. comm.) Walter planting, died out (Ray Trial Ex Little Barrier I. planting, evidently one survived, but may now have died Trial Ex Little Barrier I. Centre Visitors Planted out, x1 by Centre in 2010 Visitors x1 AK223414, Centre. Visitors x2 healthy plants, Lighthouse paddock behind shelterbelt in 2006 and x1 by UNITEC2405 Centre in 2010 Visitors x1 x6 unofficially planted at Fishermans Bay in 2006 (with dark-ce ntred flowers), presumably mistake for F Bi Bi Bi Bi F H G G F Bi Be Bi H Bi A A A A A A A A NC NC D D D A A A A A A NC D I A s l l l l l s s† o-lc l lc l† ex† ex† lc† ex† ex s ex† o l Ex? s s s o Ex o-lc s† o s s Ex? l s o Ex? s Ex? s s s l Ex s s s s s l 1979 2004 2004 2004 2004 2007 2010 2007 1905 1906-09 1970-77 1970-77 1970-77 1991 2004 1997 1995 2010 2002-03 1970-77 pre-1977 1984-85 1984-94 1984-94 1984 1984-85 1970-77 1906-09 2009 1984-94 1984-94 1984-94 1984-94 1984-94 c.2003 1984-94 1984-95 1984-94 1998 1984-94 1984-94 pre-1980 pre-1981 1984-94 1984-95 1984-94 1984-94 1984-94 1984-94 2006 E E E E [E] E E C Ch Ch subsp. e xcelsus P subsp. peltatum*** (b) Additions recorded only as seed rain Additions recorded (b) (1 + 5) Amaranthus sp.* Ficus macrophylla* Leycesteria formosa* Pyracantha ? angustifolia* Rubus fruticosus agg.* Spinifex sericeus Narcissus cv.* Narcissus gracile* Nothoscordum Phormium tenax + striata Triglochin orientalis Typha Zantedeschia aethiopica* Gladiolus dalenii* Gladiolus tristis var . tristis* Gladiolus undulatus* Hedychium gardnerianum* Landoltia punctata* Collospermum hastatum × crocosmiiflora* Crocosmia Dianella latissima **~ Myoporum insulare Olearia rani Piper excelsum Pittosporum cornifolium Prumnopitys ferruginea Rhabdothamnus solandri Arum italicum* Astelia banksii Clivia miniata* Additional planted natives and exotics (c) (excluding gardens) (28 + 4) Alectryon excelsus Agathis australis Alseuosmia macrophylla Alseuosmia quercifolia Hoheria populnea Ileostylus micranthus Carmichaelia australis Carmichaelia williamsonii Clianthus puniceus Dactylanthus taylorii Dodonaea viscosa Elingamita johnsonii*** Erythrina ×sykesii**~ Eucalyptus saligna**~ Euphorbia glauca Fuchsia excorticata Fuchsia procumbens*** Hebe macrocarpa Hebe pubescens subsp. sejuncta*** Hibiscus diversifolius*** Hibiscus trionum agg.**~ Cameron, Davies: Vascular flora of Tiritiri Matangi 341

AK222139 AK304817 & 307224 D. latissima (vouchered) – the recently ö hutukawa Cove southwards; all known sites on shell & sand, at ±springtide level; N Fishermans Bay, S on shell & sand, at ±springtide level; N Fishermans Bay, of Cheeseman’s list). AK300500 list). triandra of Cheeseman’s T. Selliera radicans Aleuosmia spp.), but not seen by us G. natalensis of Esler) s.lat. However, smaller plants in the forest and coastal slopes may be this species or D. nigra s.lat. However, monitored, seedlings, adults and regrowth still occurring. UNIT EC2101 1981) ashore in a toy boat (West Washed Morton Bay fig. Seed rain from starling roost (Flohr 2004) Himalaya honeysuckle. Seed rain from starling roost (Flohr 2004) firethorn. Seed rain from starling roost (Flohr 2004) Seed rain from starling roost (Flohr 2004) [also see under (e) below] blackberry. spinifex. Seedheads only on Hobbs Beach and near North Point jonquil. Margin of artificial dam near NE Point, brought in with soil from lighthouse area, flowers not seen, however, however, seen, not flowers area, lighthouse from soil with in brought Point, NE near dam artificial of Margin jonquil. suspected to be similar jonquils in and near the ranger's garden AK300592 Centre - garden relic? Visitors Several plants in rank pasture E side of NZ flax. Pure stands still exist in some gullies; scattered clum ps throughout including open coastal slopes a 2 x 4m² clump with 4 patches, largest of Fishermans Bay & Little Hobbs Beach (= no longer Valleys), Wattle side (Bunkhouse & Little on SW raupō. Scattered along two swampy creek margins “almost pure colonies” as reported by Esler and pasture from P coastal sites, creek margins Widespread, arum lily. separated species from AK299066 & 314022 D. nigra s.str. Present in rank pasture (= AK205796, 279012 & 279015 In pasture, Lighthouse Bay in 1991; not seen 2000s. wild gladiolus. Salt spray zone of coast, in sand and shallow s oil over rocks, particularly by Paa Point, Fishermans & AK300604 & 300606 NE Bays. AK235620 [single seedling in Eradicated. Valley. Wattle Only record is two 1m plants in lower kahili ginger. found Oct 2013 (S Heiss-Dunlop pers. comm.)] Valley Bunkhouse purple-backed duckweed. Covering artificial dam behind Hobbs Bea ch - single occurrence. Single epiphyte (leaves to 30cm long) on ponga trunk, in Bush 21. AK314031 Single epiphyte (leaves to 30cm long) on ponga trunk, in Bush 21. montbretia. 3 open sites below Bush 2, and a garden escape bel ow the bunkhouse - last seen by weed team 2005- 06; not seen by us of shrubland and forest matched on margins Tussocks tussock blueberry. c. 10 years old. AK343668 c. 10 years old. AK219506, UNITEC2412 Australian ngaio. Remnant hedge by workshop. heketara. Evidently planted (Mitchell (1985) not seen by us AK315064 Centre. Visitor x1 plant in in 2006. UNITEC2316 Valley Wattle At least 1 plant in Seed ex Little Barrier I. and by Bunkhouse dam, all <1m tall in 2010. UNITEC2159 Valley Wattle miro. Planted out; observed in AK314030, (x2), Bush 22, and 21 (x4 all c.1.6m tall). Valley Wattle Seed ex Little Barrier I. Observed in UNITEC2080 Italian arum. Esler recorded some wild on the lighthouse stati on; not seen by us stack of but also absent from many; rarely epiphytic; on SW coastal astelia. Mainly terrestrial on cliffs, I. Wooded clivia. Single clump c.15m in from the edge of Hobbs Beach unde r shrubs. Removed. planted no wildings seen. UNITEC2157 Widely tītoki. plants between main ridge and Fishermans Bay; Esler (1978b: p.208) found no soil evidence of kauri Two kauri. Tiri ever growing on in 2007 Valley Wattle Seed ex Little Barrier I. Only a few survived - x1 Evidently planted (Mitchell 1985, as AK299054 follows Murray et al. (2008). Taxonomy ? H. richardsonii of Bush 22, 4m tall (2006). UNITEC2318 Top Rd, first seen in Sep 2013 and estimated to be of Graham’s green mistletoe. Single plant on karo at margin Widely planted out in small numbers. UNITEC2152 Widely Seed ex Little Barrier I. Planted out - appears to have failed Centre (provenance Visitors Ridge Rd which died in the drought autumn 2010; and x1 kākā beak. Several off Moturemu Island) (Bec Stanley pers. comm.) nothing appeared so far Track Seed ex Little Barrier I. Sown in 3 places by the Kawerau akeake. Planted out, x1 on Ridge Rd 3-4m high. UNITEC2085 Track Wattle Planted out, x1 on Visitors Centre trees by Two large flame tree. AK298016 >15m tall - a few felled in late 2000s. Planted shelterbelt of c.10 trees in a row, pers. comm.) Walter planting, died out (Ray Trial Ex Little Barrier I. planting, evidently one survived, but may now have died Trial Ex Little Barrier I. Centre Visitors Planted out, x1 by Centre in 2010 Visitors x1 AK223414, Centre. Visitors x2 healthy plants, Lighthouse paddock behind shelterbelt in 2006 and x1 by UNITEC2405 Centre in 2010 Visitors x1 x6 unofficially planted at Fishermans Bay in 2006 (with dark-ce ntred flowers), presumably mistake for F Bi Bi Bi Bi F H G G F Bi Be Bi H Bi A A A A A A A A NC NC D D D A A A A A A NC D I A s l l l l l s s† o-lc l lc l† ex† ex† lc† ex† ex s ex† o l Ex? s s s o Ex o-lc s† o s s Ex? l s o Ex? s Ex? s s s l Ex s s s s s l 1979 2004 2004 2004 2004 2007 2010 2007 1905 1906-09 1970-77 1970-77 1970-77 1991 2004 1997 1995 2010 2002-03 1970-77 pre-1977 1984-85 1984-94 1984-94 1984 1984-85 1970-77 1906-09 2009 1984-94 1984-94 1984-94 1984-94 1984-94 c.2003 1984-94 1984-95 1984-94 1998 1984-94 1984-94 pre-1980 pre-1981 1984-94 1984-95 1984-94 1984-94 1984-94 1984-94 2006 E E E E [E] E E C Ch Ch subsp. e xcelsus P subsp. peltatum*** (b) Additions recorded only as seed rain Additions recorded (b) (1 + 5) Amaranthus sp.* Ficus macrophylla* Leycesteria formosa* Pyracantha ? angustifolia* Rubus fruticosus agg.* Spinifex sericeus Narcissus cv.* Narcissus gracile* Nothoscordum Phormium tenax + striata Triglochin orientalis Typha Zantedeschia aethiopica* Gladiolus dalenii* Gladiolus tristis var . tristis* Gladiolus undulatus* Hedychium gardnerianum* Landoltia punctata* Collospermum hastatum × crocosmiiflora* Crocosmia Dianella latissima **~ Myoporum insulare Olearia rani Piper excelsum Pittosporum cornifolium Prumnopitys ferruginea Rhabdothamnus solandri Arum italicum* Astelia banksii Clivia miniata* Additional planted natives and exotics (c) (excluding gardens) (28 + 4) Alectryon excelsus Agathis australis Alseuosmia macrophylla Alseuosmia quercifolia Hoheria populnea Ileostylus micranthus Carmichaelia australis Carmichaelia williamsonii Clianthus puniceus Dactylanthus taylorii Dodonaea viscosa Elingamita johnsonii*** Erythrina ×sykesii**~ Eucalyptus saligna**~ Euphorbia glauca Fuchsia excorticata Fuchsia procumbens*** Hebe macrocarpa Hebe pubescens subsp. sejuncta*** Hibiscus diversifolius*** Hibiscus trionum agg.**~ 342 New Zealand Journal of Ecology, Vol. 37, No. 3, 2013 gency Landing, Oct S. chathamica patē. Seed ex Little Barrier I. A few adult trees along western margin of Ridge Rd. UNITEC2315 few adult trees along western margin A patē. Seed ex Little Barrier I. Only seen by bunkhouse dam in 2010; presumably a mistake planting instead of x1 (male) Wattle Track, c.1m high Track, Wattle x1 (male) Centre (fl. Jun 2010), x2 by Bunkhouse Dam (very rarely flowers), another below Bush 21. Visitors x1 by UNITEC2416 Centre in 2006 Visitors Poor Knights lily. based on a single plant in Bush 1 by Paa Point- this species has never been confirmed akeake. Only record by C&W in the wild but has been planted AK345437 Single plant, valley just N of Paa Point, Oct 2013. aristea. Single patch of a few sterile adult plants and many se edlings on steep slope, S Emer 2013. AK345442 AK345436 Single plant on shaded stream bank, valley just N of Paa Point, Oct 2013. AK345443 Wharf Rd, Oct 2013. bitter cress. Roadside weed near workshop along AK345444 Single seedling, between bunkhouse and gum trees, Oct 2013. blackberry. W ? W H Bi A A A A A l s s s s s s s† s l s † 1984-94 1984-94 1984-94 1984-94 1984-94 1986 2013 2013 2013 2013 2013 Schefflera digitata Sophora tetraptera*** Streblus smithii*** Streblus speciosa*** Tecomanthe callistemon*** Xeronema (1 + 0) (d) Rejected wild records Dodonaea viscosa + P Additions to the flora added in proof (e) (based on specimens collected by Shelley Shanley in Oct Toby Heiss-Dunlop and 2013) (1 + 4) Adiantum raddianum* Aristea ecklonii* Asplenium hookerianum hirsuta* Cardamine Rubus fruticosa agg.*