Universidade Do Estado Do Rio De Janeiro Centro De Ciências Sociais Faculdade De Direito

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Universidade Do Estado Do Rio De Janeiro Centro De Ciências Sociais Faculdade De Direito Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro Centro de Ciências Sociais Faculdade de Direito Eduardo Aidê Bueno de Camargo O Judiciário e o aborto: como os juízes devem lidar com o desacordo moral razoável no conflito entre direitos fundamentais? Rio de Janeiro 2018 Eduardo Aidê Bueno de Camargo O Judiciário e o aborto: como os juízes devem lidar com o desacordo moral razoável no conflito entre direitos fundamentais? Dissertação apresentada, como requisito parcial para obtenção do grau de Mestre, ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Direito da Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro. Área de concentração: Direito Público. Orientadora: Prof.ª Dra. Jane Reis Gonçalves Pereira Rio de Janeiro 2018 CATALOGAÇÃO NA FONTE UERJ/REDE SIRIUS/BIBLIOTECA CCS/C C172 Camargo, Eduardo Aidê Bueno de. O judiciário e o aborto: como os juízes devem lidar com o desacordo moral razoável no conflito entre direitos fundamentais / Eduardo Aidê Bueno de Camargo. - 2018. 298 f. Orientador: Profª. Dra. Jane Reis Gonçalves Pereira. Dissertação (Mestrado). Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Faculdade de Direito. 1. Direito constitucional - Teses. 2. Direitos fundamentais –Teses. 3.Proporcionalidade (Direito) – Teses. I. Pereira, Jane Reis Gonçalves. II. Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro. Faculdade de Direito. III. Título. CDU 342.7 Bibliotecária: Marcela Rodrigues de Souza CRB7/5906 Autorizo, apenas para fins acadêmicos e científicos, a reprodução total ou parcial desta tese, desde que citada a fonte. _______________________________________ _____________________ Assinatura Data Eduardo Aidê Bueno de Camargo O Judiciário e o aborto: como os juízes devem lidar com o desacordo moral razoável no conflito entre direitos fundamentais? Dissertação apresentada, como requisito parcial para obtenção do grau de Mestre, ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Direito da Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro. Área de concentração: Direito Público. Aprovada em 23 de fevereiro de 2018. Banca Examinadora: ________________________________________ Prof.ª Dra. Jane Reis Gonçalves Pereira (Orientador) Faculdade Direito – UERJ ________________________________________ Prof. Dr. Rodrigo Brandão Viveiros Pessanha Faculdade Direito – UERJ ________________________________________ Prof. Dr. Cláudio Pereira de Souza Neto Universidade Federal Fluminense Rio de Janeiro 2018 DEDICATÓRIA Dedico este trabalho à minha mãe, minha esposa e meu filho. Amores eternos. RESUMO CAMARGO, Eduardo Aidê Bueno de. O Judiciário e o aborto: como os juízes devem lidar com o desacordo moral razoável no conflito entre direitos fundamentais? 2018. 298f. Dissertação (Mestrado em Direito) - Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 2018. Muitos observaram o processo de expansão do Judiciário como uma verdadeira retirada dos representantes do povo na construção do significado da Constituição, impedindo-os de dar uma interpretação democrática ao texto constitucional. Não obstante, uma visão adequada da realidade indica que as cortes possuem um poder bastante limitado por fatores sociais e políticos. No entanto, é inegável que a função de revisão da constitucionalidade dos atos de outras instâncias políticas desperta indagações importantes sobre quem detém a última palavra a respeito do conteúdo e do significado das normas constitucionais, principalmente naqueles casos em que houver uma relevante divergência moral, em que os cidadãos não conseguem resolver ou ignorar de forma simples, nem mesmo através de um esforço deliberativo mais intenso, os denominados desacordos morais razoáveis. O aborto é um desses casos de desacordo. No direito brasileiro, inclusive, a doutrina costuma analisar a questão do aborto de forma bastante unilateral, ignorando sua complexidade e sua faceta poliédrica. A pretensão, neste trabalho, será estabelecer uma visão mais lapidada e ampliada sobre a questão, construindo uma análise coerente e holística de argumentos jurídicos, morais e políticos para que tribunais e, sobretudo, a Corte Constitucional possam adequadamente enfrentar este desacordo moral razoável e contribuir para o debate público sobre o tema. Assim sendo, a abordagem será feita com os olhos voltados para a pretensão de justiça que as normas sobre direitos fundamentais possuem e também para o contexto ou arranjo sociopolítico em que estamos inseridos. Ao final, após analisar e avançar por diversas questões teóricas relevantes, a conclusão será de que o Judiciário efetivamente possui a possibilidade de reconhecer a inconstitucionalidade de uma política de aborto focada unicamente na criminalização, ainda que esta declaração de incompatibilidade venha acompanhada de um modelo fraco de controle judicial. Palavras-chave: Direito constitucional. Direitos fundamentais. Diálogos constitucionais. Proporcionalidade. Aborto. ABSTRACT CAMARGO, Eduardo Aidê Bueno de. The Judiciary and abortion: how should judges deal with reasonable moral disagreement in the conflict between fundamental rights? 2018. 298p. LLM Thesis (Master of Laws) - Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 2018. Many have observed the process of expansion of the Judiciary as a real withdrawal of the people representatives in the construction of the meaning of the Constitution, preventing them from giving a democratic interpretation to the constitutional text. Nevertheless, an adequate view of reality indicates that the courts have a very limited power by social and political factors. However, it is undeniable that the function of reviewing the acts of other political instances raises important issues about who has the last word on the substance and meaning of constitutional norms, especially in those cases where there is a relevant moral divergence in which citizens cannot solve or ignore in a simple way, even through a more intense deliberative effort, the so-called reasonable moral disagreements. Abortion is one of those cases of disagreement. In Brazilian law, doctrine usually analyzes the abortion debate quite unilaterally, ignoring its complexity and its polyhedral facet. The aim of this paper is to establish a broader and more expanded view of the issue by launching a coherent and holistic analysis of legal, moral and political arguments for which courts and especially the Constitutional Court can adequately address this reasonable moral disagreement and contribute to the public debate about it. Therefore, the approach will be focused on the pretension of justice that the norms of fundamental rights have and also on the sociopolitical context or arrangement in which we are inserted. In the end, after analyzing and advancing in several relevant theoretical issues, the conclusion will be that the Judiciary effectively has the possibility of recognizing the unconstitutionality of an abortion policy focused solely on criminalization, even if this declaration of incompatibility is accompanied by a weak model of judicial review. Keywords: Constitutional law. Fundamental rights. Constitutional Dialogues. Proportionality. Abortion. SUMÁRIO INTRODUÇÃO .......................................................................................................... 8 1 O PANORAMA DO ABORTO NO BRASIL E NO MUNDO ............................. 20 1.1 Introdução ................................................................................................................. 20 1.2 Países que Migraram para um Viés Liberalizante ................................................ 21 1.3 Países que Migraram para um Viés Restritivo ...................................................... 31 1.4 Paradigmas de Ativismo Judicial ............................................................................ 33 1.5 O Panorama do Aborto no Brasil ........................................................................... 39 1.6 Conclusão .................................................................................................................. 45 2 O PLURALISMO POLÍTICO: LEVANDO O DESACORDO MORAL A SÉRIO ........................................................................................................................ 47 2.1 Introdução ................................................................................................................. 47 2.2 O que é o Desacordo Moral Razoável? ................................................................... 50 2.3 O Desacordo Razoável: Pessoas Razoáveis, Argumentos Razoáveis e Razões Públicas ...................................................................................................................... 54 2.4 A Razão Pública e seus Críticos .............................................................................. 63 2.5 A Democracia Deliberativa e as Condições Democráticas de Deliberação ......... 71 2.6 O Judiciário e o Desacordo Moral Razoável .......................................................... 74 2.7 Conclusão .................................................................................................................. 78 3 O PODER JUDICIÁRIO E O DESACORDO MORAL RAZOÁVEL .............. 80 3.1 Introdução ................................................................................................................. 80 3.2 O Poder Judiciário e a Democracia Deliberativa .................................................. 82 3.2.1 O fortalecimento do Judiciário e a supremacia judicial ............................................. 82 3.2.2 O poder menos perigoso? ........................................................................................... 88 3.2.3 A dificuldade
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