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The Evangelical Church of Central Africa Facing Socio-Ethnic Problems: Missiological Perspectives from the Republic of Burundi

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The Evangelical Church of Central Africa Facing Socio-Ethnic Problems: Missiological Perspectives from the Republic of Burundi THE EVANGELICAL CHURCH OF CENTRAL AFRICA FACING SOCIO-ETHNIC PROBLEMS: MISSIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES FROM THE REPUBLIC OF BURUNDI by PRIVAT-BIBER HARIMENSHI Submitted in accordance with the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF THEOLOGY in the subject MISSIOLOGY at the UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH AFRICA Supervisor: Professor KALEMBA MWAMBAZAMBI June 2011 i DEDICATION I dedicate this work: To God Almighty for the breath of life, love, grace and protection; To the staff of the University of South Africa and to my Professors; To my Supervisor, Professor Kalemba Mwambazambi, who kindly agreed to supervise my research in spite of his heavy schedule and to whom I am deeply grateful; To Professor Nzash U Lumeya for his affection and encouragement; To my dear wife, Cecile Niyimpa, who has been so courageous in difficult times; To my dear children, Eunice Iradukunda, Réï Mahoro and Loïs Mugisha; To Karen Breckon who edited this work with love and understanding; To my scholarly collaborators: Tharcisse Mpawenayo, Charlie Avila, David Mabuluki, Sublime Mabiala, Justin Kingombe, Esperance Ntezukobagire, Pascal Ndayishimiye, Radjabu Amnobe, Michel Sindayigaya and Bukas Basumbandek; and To my family in Christ ii DECLARATION Student number: 4193-229-3 I declare that the “Evangelical Church of Central Africa facing socio-ethnic problems: Missiological perspectives from the Republic of Burundi” is my own work and that all the sources that I have used or quoted have been indicated and acknowledged by means of complete references. Signature Date Privat-Biber Harimenshi June 01, 2011 iii SUMMARY Since independence, Burundi has lost over a million of its inhabitants to ethnic conflict. Political collaboration is divided along ethnic lines and this has destroyed the ethnic solidarity and good social relationships that characterized the pre-colonial period. Ideally, the mission of the Evangelical Church of Central Africa (ECCA) when faced with Burundi’s tragic and successive socio-ethnic wars should have been to promote peace, social justice, ethnic cohabitation, national reconciliation, respect for human rights, national reconstruction and to denounce all harm and discrimination against the human being. The ECCA has a sacred mission to announce the gospel to all humanity and to assist the people towards the positive socio-economic and political transformation of Burundi. This study will be of help to missiological scholars and to the church so that it may better carry out its prophetic mission according to God’s vision and with the purpose of positively transforming Burundian society. Key terms Church; Mission; ECCA; Burundi; Ethnic; Conflicts; Reconciliation; Transformation; Socio- Politic; People. iv LIST OF ABREVIATIONS 1 Cor: 1 Corinthiens 1 Th: 1 Thessaloniciens 2 Th: 2 Thessaloniciens 2 Tim: 2 Timothée AEE: Association des Eglises Emmanuel AG: Assemblée Générale Apoc: Apocalypse ASBL: Association Sans But Lucratif CADHP: Charte Africaine des Droits Humains et des Personnes CCDC: Comités Communaux de développement communautaire CDC: Comités de développement collinaire CDSE: Compendium de la Doctrine Sociale de l’Eglise CEEFC: Communauté des Eglises Évangéliques des Frères en Christ CENAP: Centre d’Alerte et de Prévention des conflits CETA: Conférence des Eglises de Toute l’Afrique CNEB: Conseil National des Eglises du Burundi Col: Colossians COMESA: Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa CSLP: Cadre Stratégique de la Lutte contre la Pauvreté Deut: Deuteronomy ECCA: Evangelical Church of Central Africa EEA: Eglise Evangélique des Amis EEAC: Eglise Evangélique de l’Afrique Centrale EMA: Evangelical Mission for Africa EMU: Eglise Méthodiste Unie Eph: Ephésiens Es: Esaïe Ex: Exode Ez: Ezéchiel Ezech: Ezéchiel Gen: Genèse Hé: Hébreux II Cor: 2 Corinthiens IPC: Indice du Prix à la Consommation Jer: Jérémie Jn: Jean Lc: Luc LDGL: Ligue des Droits de l’homme des Grands Lacs Matt: Matthieu Matth: Matthieu Mc: Marc Mt: Matthieu ONG: Organisme Non Gouvernemental ONU: Organisation des Nations Unies Phil: Philippiens Prov: Proverbes Ps: Psaumes PV: Procès-Verbal RDC: République Démocratique du Congo Rom: Romains SFGFP: Strategic Framework for Growth and the Fight against Poverty SIDA: Syndrome d’immunodéficience Acquise UNICEF: United Nations International Children’s Emergency Fund USA: United State of America VIH: Virus de l’Immunodéficience Humaine VMR: Voix du Monde Rural v TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER 1: GENERAL INTRODUCTION 1.1 Introduction ………………………………………………………. 1 1.1.1 Purpose of this Research………………………………………….. 1 1.1.2 Research Questions ………………………………………………. 2 1.1.3 Delimitation of the Study………………………………………… 3 1.1.4 Current State of Research……………………………………….... 4 1.1.4.1 The Missiological Theoretical Basis..…………………….……. 4 1.1.4.2 Previous Research……………..………………………………….. 6 1.1.4.3 Sources…………………………………………………………… 7 1.1.5 Research Methodology …………………………………………... 7 1.1.6 Division of Dissertation………………………………………….. 8 1.2 Definition of the key concepts used in the research ……………... 8 1.2.1 Church……………………………………………………………. 9 1.2.2 Christian Mission…………………………………………………. 10 1.2.3 Ethnicity………………………………………..…………...……. 12 1.2.4 Religion…………………………………………………............... 13 1.2.5 Politics……………………………………………………………. 14 1.2.6 Reconstruction…………………………………………………… 15 1.3 Partial Conclusion …..…………………………………………... 16 CHAPTER 2: 2. INTRODUCTION TO THE REPUBLIC OF BURUNDI AND THE EVANGELICAL CHURCH OF CENTRAL AFRICA (ECCA) 2.1 Introduction………………………………………………………………………… 18 2.2 Presentation of the Republic of Burundi…………………………………………… 18 2.2.1 Historical ………………………………………………………………………… 18 2.2.2 Geographical Position and Topography………………………………………… 22 2.2.3 Map of the Republic of Burundi…………………………………………………. 23 2.2.4 People, Languages and Religions ethnic groups………………………………… 23 2.2.5 Administrative Divisions and Main Cities………………………………….…… 24 2.2.6 Climate…………………………………………………………………………… 25 2.2.7 Economy……………………………………………………………………………. 26 2.2.8 The Rural and Urban Poor…………………………………………………………. 27 2.2.9 The Internal and External Refugees ……………………………………………….. 28 2.2.10 War, Children, the Elderly and Disabled………………………………………….. 30 2.2.11 The Batwa………………………………………………………………………… 31 2.3 Presentation of the Evangelical Church of Central Africa ………………………… 32 2.3.1 Historical Overview of the Evangelical Church of Central Africa….…………… 32 2.3.2 Organization at National Level…………………………………………………... 35 2.3.3 Organization in the Ecclesiastical Provinces……………………………………….. 37 2.3.3.1 Parish Councils for the ECCA…………………………………………………… 38 2.3.3.2 Map of the Implementation of the Ecclesiastical Provinces of the ECCA………. 40 2.3.4 The Doctrine of the ECCA……….………………………………………………. 41 2.3.5 Theological Profile of the ECCA………………………………………………... 43 2.3.6 Growth of the ECCA…………………………………………………………… 46 2.4 Partial Conclusion ….…………………………………………………………... 49 CHAPTER 3: 3.1 A MISSIOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF DIFFERENT SOCIO-ETHNIC PROBLEMS IN BURUNDI 3.1.1 Introduction……………………………………………………………………… 51 3.2 Genesis and evolution of the Christian mission in Burundi …………………….….. 51 3.2.1 Beginning and Evolution of the Catholic Mission in Burundi ……………………. 53 3.2.1.1 The Mission Stations at Muyaga and Buhonga…………………………………. 58 3.2.1.2 The Mission Station at Mugera………………………………………………….. 59 3.2.1.3 The Mission Stations at Kanyinya and Rugari………………………………… 59 3.2.1.4 The Mission Station at Buhoro…………………………………………………. 60 3.2.2 Retrospective of the Development of the Protestant Mission in Burundi ………… 60 3.2.2.1 The Evangelical Church of the Friends of Burundi ……………………………. 61 3.2.2.2 United Methodist Church of Burundi ………………………………………….. 63 3.2.2.3 Free Methodist Church …………………………………………………………. 65 3.2.2. 4 The Anglican Church of Burundi ……………………………………………… 65 3.2.2.5 Union of Baptist Churches of Burundi ………………………………………… 66 3.2.3 Theological Impact of Catholic and Protestant Missions in Burundi ……………. 69 3.3 Burundi’s ethnic problems ………..……………………………………………... 70 3.3.1 Ethnic Groups in Burundi during the Pre-colonial, Colonial & Postcolonial Periods 71 3.3.2 Ethnic Cohabitation during the Post-colonial Period………………………………. 73 3.3.3 Sources of Ethnic Conflict in Burundi…………………………………………….. 74 3.4 Consequences of the ethnic conflict in Burundi …………………………………. 78 3.4.1 At the Political Level………………………………………………………………. 79 3.4.2 At the Judicial Level………………………………………………………………. 80 3.3.4.3 At the Socio-economic Level……………………………………………………. 82 3.3.4.4 Internationally………………………………………………………………….. 82 3.3.4.5 In the Evangelical Church of Central Africa ………………………………… 83 3.5 Partial conclusion .………………..…………………………………………... 85 CHAPTER 4: 4.1 THE MISSIOLOGICAL CONTRIBUTION OF ECCA TO THE RESOLUTION OF THE SOCIO-ETHNIC PROBLEMS OF BURUNDI 4.1.1 Introduction…………………………………………………………………… 87 4.2 The specific contribution of the ECCA ……………………………..…………. 87 4.3 Contribution of the ECCA in comparison to other Churches ………………...... 90 4.3.1 Catholic and Ecumenism Action………………………………………………. 92 4.3.2 Protestant Action………………………………………………………………. 93 4.4 Weaknesses and missiological challenges of the ECCA ……………………… 94 4.4.1 The ECCA and Culture of Peace………………………………………………... 96 4.4.2 The Missiological Implications of the Transformation of Burundi…………… 99 4.4.2.1 Biblical Basis of Christian Social Engagement………..……………………… 100 4.4.2.2 Relationship between Evangelism and Social Action………….……………. 103 4.4.3 From Exclusion to Inclusion: A Centripetal Force for the ECCA…………........ 106 4.5 Partial conclusion ……...……………………………………………………….. 108 CHAPTER 5: 5.1 MISSIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES FOR THE FUTURE 5.1.1Introduction………………………………………………..………………………
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