A Timeline of the Story of the Death of Baloch Leader, Nawab Akbar Khan Bugti, from Baloch Authored and Non-Baloch Authored Sources
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Bugti and the Baloch Cause
Letter from South Asia His government, Musharraf can claim with some justification, has increased public Bugti and the Baloch Cause investment in Balochistan manifold – mainly in the construction of a new port close to The killing of Akbar Bugti, the rebellious tribal chief and leader of the Persian Gulf at Gwadar, national high- ways linking that port with other parts of the the Baloch nationalist Jamhoori Watan Party by state security country, and other supporting infrastructure. forces in his mountain hideout marks an important watershed in All of these developments threaten the hold the troubled history of relations between the Baloch political that the tribal chiefs have over their people and the rebellion is a futile last-ditch attempt movements, the colonial British Indian empire and at stopping change. Akbar Bugti was “fixed”, the post-colonial Pakistani state. The circumstances leading up to and according to initial reports he indeed did his death and the events following after also reveal something not know what hit him – the latter being an about the contradictions within the establishment. allusion to advanced rocket navigation tech- nology allegedly used by the security forces against the tribal insurgents. HARIS GAZDAR There was a strong reaction also in the poor The problem with Musharraf’s colonial working class slums of old Karachi as well narrative on Balochistan, however, is that he killing of Nawab Akbar Khan as other Baloch neighbourhoods and urban there are many even in the Pakistani main- Bugti, the rebellious octogenarian villages around the city. For many of the stream who simply do not believe it. -
China-Pakistan Economic Corridor
U A Z T m B PEACEWA RKS u E JI Bulunkouxiang Dushanbe[ K [ D K IS ar IS TA TURKMENISTAN ya T N A N Tashkurgan CHINA Khunjerab - - ( ) Ind Gilgit us Sazin R. Raikot aikot l Kabul 1 tro Mansehra 972 Line of Con Herat PeshawarPeshawar Haripur Havelian ( ) Burhan IslamabadIslamabad Rawalpindi AFGHANISTAN ( Gujrat ) Dera Ismail Khan Lahore Kandahar Faisalabad Zhob Qila Saifullah Quetta Multan Dera Ghazi INDIA Khan PAKISTAN . Bahawalpur New Delhi s R du Dera In Surab Allahyar Basima Shahadadkot Shikarpur Existing highway IRAN Nag Rango Khuzdar THESukkur CHINA-PAKISTANOngoing highway project Priority highway project Panjgur ECONOMIC CORRIDORShort-term project Medium and long-term project BARRIERS ANDOther highway IMPACT Hyderabad Gwadar Sonmiani International boundary Bay . R Karachi s Provincial boundary u d n Arif Rafiq I e nal status of Jammu and Kashmir has not been agreed upon Arabian by India and Pakistan. Boundaries Sea and names shown on this map do 0 150 Miles not imply ocial endorsement or 0 200 Kilometers acceptance on the part of the United States Institute of Peace. , ABOUT THE REPORT This report clarifies what the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor actually is, identifies potential barriers to its implementation, and assesses its likely economic, socio- political, and strategic implications. Based on interviews with federal and provincial government officials in Pakistan, subject-matter experts, a diverse spectrum of civil society activists, politicians, and business community leaders, the report is supported by the Asia Center at the United States Institute of Peace (USIP). ABOUT THE AUTHOR Arif Rafiq is president of Vizier Consulting, LLC, a political risk analysis company specializing in the Middle East and South Asia. -
Baloch Resistance During Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto's Era: Causes and Consequences
South Asian Studies A Research Journal of South Asian Studies Vol. 29, No. 1, January – July 2014, pp. 321-331 Baloch Resistance during Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto's Era: Causes and Consequences Gulshan Majeed University of the Punjab. Lahore. Rehana Saeed Hashmi University of the Punjab. Lahore. Abstract Rising insurgency in Balochistan is one of the most serious threats to the federation of Pakistan. The Baloch tribal homeland is a vast area of desert and mountains. Geographically the province of Balochistan is considered the largest province of Pakistan while demographically it is smallest. Balochistan is the most underdeveloped province of Pakistan and this under-development reveals the alarming situation .Since 1947 Baloch have been facing different forms of deprivations and this sense of deprivation amongst Baloch has become one of the major reasons to give birth a number of uprisings against the federal government. Political arrangements under long military rules added doubts in the minds of Baloch people who had a scant representation in military and civil services of Pakistan. This situation has become a major source to strengthen sense of nationalism among the people of Balochistan. This study will highlight various causes of third Baloch insurgency during Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto's era and its impacts on Pakistan. Key Words Insurgency, Nationalism, Deprivation, Coercive Means, Confidence building measures. Introduction In a federation powers are distributed among federal government and federating units according to the constitution. Bothe federal and provincial governments perform their functions within their prescribed limitations. A federal system can be more successful and stable when there is smooth functioning of federal government and federating units. -
Mir Gul Khan Nasir - Poems
Classic Poetry Series Mir Gul Khan Nasir - poems - Publication Date: 2012 Publisher: Poemhunter.com - The World's Poetry Archive Mir Gul Khan Nasir(14 May 1914 - 6 December 1983) Mir Gul Khan Nasir(Urdu: ??? ?? ??? ????), also widely regarded as Malek o- Sho'ara Balochistan (Urdu: ???? ??????? ????????; ) was a prominent politician, poet, historian, and journalist of Balochistan, Pakistan. Born on 14 May 1914 in Noshki, Gul Khan Nasir was at the forefront of the Baloch Nationalist Movement and was most active between 1935 to 1980. His father’s name was Mir Habib Khan and he belonged to the Paindzai family of the Zagar Mengal sub branch of the Mengal tribe. Mir Gul Khan’s mother “Bibi Hooran” belonged to the Rakhshani branch of the Bolazai Badini. Mir Habib Khan had five sons and three daughters. Mir Gul Khan Nasir was number seven among his eight siblings and he was the fourth amongst his brothers (i.e.) Mir Samand Khan, Mir Lawang Khan, Mir Lal Bux, Mir Gul Khan and n Mohammad Khan. <b> Education </b> Mir Gul Khan Nasir studied until Fourth Grade in his village. For further studies he was sent to Quetta where he got admission in Government Sandeman High School. After passing his matriculation examination from this school, he went to Lahore in order to pursue a higher education in Islamia College Lahore. During his second year in Islamia College, a piece of coal went into Mir Gul Khan’s eye due to which he had to discontinue his education and return to Quetta. Lahore, at that time, was the hub of knowledge and political and social activities. -
Mir Ghous Bakhsh Bizenjo: the Evolution of a Leftist Politician in Balochistan: JSRP, Vol
Mir Ghous Bakhsh Bizenjo: The Evolution of a Leftist Politician in Balochistan: JSRP, Vol. 57, Issue 3(July-Sept 2020) Himayatullah Yaqubi Iftikhar Ahmad Mir Ghous Bakhsh Bizenjo: The Evolution of a Leftist Politician in Balochistan Abstract Political landscape of Balochistan has always been marred by ethnic and progressive issues. Ranging from provincial autonomy to separatist movements, Balochistan has been largely an integrated unit of the federation of Pakistan. It produced variety of leaders who propagated ethnic Baloch interests with clear leftist and progressive outlook in politics. Mir Ghaus Bakhsh Bizenjo was among those politicians in Balochistan who upheld ideas of fraternity, human dignity, and liberal democratic principles. Some of the author has mentioned that he was a formal member of the Communist Party of Pakistan. Coming from politically less-exposed society, he carved out a place for himself on national level during Pakistan first decade after independence. This article traces the political career of Bizenjo from the time of pre-1947 India. He remained active in the politics of the Kalat State spreading anti- imperial, leftist and anti-Khan ideas. The study investigates the principles and the techniques he followed in the political milieu of Balochistan and Pakistan. It analyses the ethnic discourse, his reservations on the issues related to Balochistan and the role he played on national level. It would have also been explored that why he was arrested by the successive regimes and what charges were brought against him. The article explores that how the evolution of a leftist-cum-regionalist politician took place with convincingly nationalist political bearings. -
Balochis of Pakistan: on the Margins of History
BALOCHIS OF PAKISTAN: ON THE MARGINS OF HISTORY November 2006 First published in 2006 by The Foreign Policy Centre 23-28 Penn Street London N1 5DL www.fpc.org.uk Email: [email protected] © Foreign Policy Centre 2006 All rights reserved ISBN-13: 978-1-905833-08-5 ISBN-10: 1-905833-08-3 PREFACE The Foreign Policy Centre is keen to promote debate about some of the worlds lesser known conflicts. The situation in Balochistan is one such example. This pamphlet sets out a powerful and well argued case that the Balochi people have been let down - by the British Empire, by the founders of modern India and by successive Governments in Pakistan. It is a fascinating analysis which we hope will contribute to constructive discussion about Balochistans future. The Foreign Policy Centre Disclaimer : The views in this paper are not necessarily those of the Foreign Policy Centre. CONTENTS Baloch and Balochistan through History A Brief Prologue The Khanate of Kalat: Between Dependency and Sovereignty The Colonial Era: The British Policy of Divide et Empera Boundary Demarcation and Trifurcation of Baloch Terrain Pakistan absorbs the Khanate Partition and the Annexation of Balochistan The Indian Position Baloch Insurgencies 1948-1977 First Guerrilla Revolt The Second Revolt Third Balochi Resistance: The 1970s The State of Nationalist Politics Today Signifiers of Balochi Nationalism a) Language b) Islam c) Sardari System d) Aversion towards Punjabi and Pathan Immigration The Post-1980 Phase The Contemporary Socio-Political Scenario in Balochistan Influence of Jihad in Afghanistan Does Islam blunt Baloch nationalism? The Baloch Resistance Movement 2000-2006 The state of Baloch Insurgency Human Rights Violations Killing of Nawab Bugti Causes of Baloch Disaffection a) Richest in Resources, Yet the Poorest Province b) Lack of Representation c) The case for Autonomy d) Development as Colonisation The Future The Weaknesses The Road Ahead Endnotes ABSTRACT The Balochis, like the Kurds, their cousins from Aleppo, do not have a sovereign state of their own. -
Resolving the Pakistan-Afghanistan Stalemate
UNITED STATES InsTITUTE OF PEACE www.usip.org SPECIAL REPORT 1200 17th Street NW • Washington, DC 20036 • 202.457.1700 • fax 202.429.6063 ABOUT THE REPORT Barnett R. Rubin and Abubakar Siddique The United States Institute of Peace has been working on the stabilization and reconstruction of Afghanistan since 2002. Institute initiatives focus on security, the rule of law, conflict resolution, building civil society, and education in Afghanistan and Afghanistan’s relations with its neighbors. The Institute’s Afghanistan Working Group, chaired by Dr. Barnett R. Rubin, is composed of government officials Resolving the Pakistan- and nongovernmental organizations that discuss critical issues facing Afghanistan with top experts and policymakers and work directly to help the Afghan people build a peaceful and prosperous society. Afghanistan Stalemate The idea for this report started with discussions by Barnett Rubin with delegates to the Afghan constitutional Loya Jirga, President Hamid Karzai, and journalist Ahmed Rashid in December 2003. In spring and summer 2004 Abubakar Siddique conducted field work on the current positions of the diverse stakeholders in this complex region. During subsequent trips the coauthors carried out additional research, most recently in July–August 2006, when Rubin visited Afghanistan and Siddique visited Pakistan. Grants from the Rockefeller Foundation, the Open Society Institute, the Royal Government of Norway, and the Government of the United Kingdom supported the research. The authors gratefully acknowledge the assistance of Afrasiab Khattak and Ahmed Rashid in Pakistan and Omar Zakhilwal, Rasul Amin, Hamed Wardak, and Humayun Hamidzada in Afghanistan. They also thank many anonymous informants and commentators from Pakistan, Afghanistan, and the United States. -
A Case Study of Baloch Nationalism During Musharraf Regime
Ethnic Nationalism in Pakistan: A Case Study of Baloch Nationalism during Musharraf Regime Muhammad Ijaz Laif Muhammad Amir Hamza This paper is an attempt to define ethnic nationalism in Pakistan with reference to Balochistan. The federation is weakened by military regimes that cannot understand the real situation of Baloch nationalism and its deep roots among the people of Balochistan. To explain and analyze the problem, the study has used books, journals, newspapers, government documents and interviews for quantitative/explanatory analysis. To analyse the situation, the philosophy of ethnicity and nationalism and their difference has been discussed. Balochistan has become a gateway to Central Asia, Afghanistan, China, and Europe. It is also approachable to West Asia due to the Gawadar port and some other mega projects. Peace, development, rule of law, and political stability has become of utmost priority to the area of Balochistan and Pakistan. Therefore, it is very important to analyze the present situation of Balochistan which includes the characteristics of Baloch nationalism, its roots, brief history, and ethnic elements of Pakistani nationalism, provincial autonomy and the basic causes of Baloch uprising during Pervez Musharraf regime. The paper analyses the seriousness of Baloch nationalist movement and its future’s consequences and impact on the mega projects in Balochistan. Introduction Ethnicity refers to rather complex combination of racial, cultural, and historical characteristics by which societies are occasionally divided into separate and probably hostile, political families. In its simplest form the idea is exemplified by racial grouping where skin colour alone is the separating 50 Pakistan Vision Vol 10 No 1 characteristics. -
The Reasons of Violence in Balochistan:An
The Reasons of Violence in Balochistan: An Analytical Study of Various Uprisings Abdul Basit Khan*, Muhammad Azhar**and Ayaz Muhammad*** Abstract The Baloch nationalist sentiments urging to resist the British occupation had been germinated since the early twentieth century. After the establishment of Pakistan, Balochistan witnessed various uprisings and consequent army actions causing heavy losses to the people as well as forces of the state. In retaliation to the frequent use of coercive power by the state, the insurgents, from time to time, have substantially damaged the state-installations like railway lines, bridges, gas fields, pipelines and electric transmissions. Over the years, the ever- prevailing misunderstanding and lack of trust between the Baloch nationalists and the policy-makers in Islamabad have rather intensified thus making the issue much complex and complicated. The alleged foreign involvement in the province further sensitized the issue. The instant study evaluates the historical discourse of various Baloch uprisings in Pakistan and their impact on the present trends of violence in Balochistan. It concludes that this situation prevails because neither the federal government has been able to comprehend and accommodate the aspirations of the confronting Balochs nor the latter have ever appreciated the ground realities which may still provide them opportunities to secure their objectives properly within the larger framework of the federation of Pakistan. Key Words: Uprisings in Balochistan, Baloch Nationalist Movement, Militancy, Violence (An earlier draft of this paper was presented in an International Conference on ‘Terrorism, Extremism and Militancy in Pakistan: Domestic and International Factors’ held in Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, on 17- 18 January, 2017.) * Abdul Basit Khan ,Assistant Professor, Department of Political Science & International Relations, Government College University, Faisalabad. -
Ethno-Nationalist Movement in Balochistan (1999-2013)
Ethno-nationalist Movement in Balochistan (1999-2013) By Muhammad Hassan National Institute of Pakistan Studies Quaid-i-Azam University Islamabad, Pakistan 2019 Ethno-nationalist Movement in Balochistan (1999-2013) By: Muhammad Hassan A Dissertation Submitted to the National Institute of Pakistan Studies, Quai-i-Azam University Islamabad, in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for the Award of Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Pakistan Studies. National Institute of Pakistan Studies Quaid-i-Azam University Islamabad, Pakistan 2019 Dedication This work is dedicated to the people of Balochistan. vi Acknowledgements This thesis has been enhanced by many fruitful encounters with a number of people in Islamabad and elsewhere. First and foremost, I am thankful to my supervisor Dr. Masood Akhtar Zahid, who not only ignited a curiosity within me to study and research nationalist politics of South Asia but encouraged me to explore it in the context of Baloch nationalist struggle. I greatly value his abundant support, insightful remarks, and keen interest in my work. Without his expert guidance and attention to detail, this thesis would not have appeared in its present form. I am duly grateful to Professor Tahir Amin, the incumbent Vice Chancellor of Bahauddin Zakariya University, who guided me at the early stages of this research. During my six months fellowship at University of Southampton, I worked under the supervision of Professor Ian Talbot and benefitted from his expertise and specialist knowledge of modern South Asian politics in wide variety of ways. He went through the design as well as the early drafts of my thesis. I am very thankful to my parent department National Institute of Historical and Cultural Research (NIHCR) and the Higher Education Commission of Pakistan, (HEC) for facilitating a six months Fellowship to United Kingdom. -
Akbar Bugti and After: Implications for Balochistan & Pakistan
NO 38 IPCS ISSUE BRIEF SEPTEMBER 2006 Akbar Bugti and after: Implications for Balochistan & Pakistan D Suba Chandran Assistant Director, IPCS Akbar Bugti’s killing in a military operation during expressed more by tribal resistance and tribal the last week of August 2006 has raised many honour.” Will Akbar Bugti’s killing become the issues, including questions about the future of rallying point for the Balochis? Is the line between Pakistan’s federal structure and suggestions of the Pakistan and Balochistan really drawn? Will downfall of Gen Musharraf, internal political Balochistan become another East Pakistan? Will disorder and external intervention leading to an there be a Baloch tribal resistance to defend their independent Balochistan. How far are these honour? assertions credible? Will Akbar Bugti become a Three factors would determine the answers for the rallying point for Baloch nationalism? Will his killing above questions. First, how strong is the Baloch trigger an armed movement against the security triumvirate – Bugti-Mengal-Marri--without Akbar forces? Is the opposition likely to unite and wage Bugti. Khair Bux Marri, Ataullah Mengal and Akbar a political struggle against Musharraf? Finally, is Bugti, the much respected and feared leaders of there an external conspiracy in what is the three major Balochi tribes formed a triumvirate happening in Balochistan? Is there a role for at the apex level, support by their respective tribes. India? Today, the Bugtis are themselves divided, thanks to I the oppressive and narrow policies pursued by Akbar Bugti. Since the killing of his son, Salal Bugti, in Baloch nationalism will Akbar Bugti become the June 1992, Akbar Bugti carried out a vendetta rallying point? against the sub clans of Kalpars and Masuris, Akbar Bugti was never in the forefront of Baloch uprooting them from Dera Bugti, not allowing them nationalism, when compared to other Baloch to return. -
Is There Light at the End of the Baloch Tunnel? Part One: Balochistan and Pakistan
December 2014 7 March 2017 Is There Light at the End of the Baloch Tunnel? Part One: Balochistan and Pakistan Vikas Kumar FDI Associate Key Points The Baloch people live largely forgotten in a resource rich, strategic territory next to Afghanistan and the Persian Gulf and in the middle of Iran, Central Asia and the Indian Sub-continent. Among the countries with large Baloch populations, Pakistan is the most reliant upon the ports and resources of its insurgent Baloch province. Pakistan is relying on demographic engineering, harsh crackdowns, Chinese investments, and religious extremists to tackle the divided, yet persistent, Baloch insurgency that is secular in character. Given the structure of the Pakistani state and the division of the Baloch people across three countries, a standalone secession of Balochistan à la Bangladesh seems infeasible. It could only secede either when the union ceases to be beneficial for Punjab, Pakistan’s core province, or when Sindh, the swing province in Pakistan, loses faith in the idea of Pakistan. Summary The Baloch1 people live next to the Afghan war zone and the Persian Gulf and in the middle of Iran, Central Asia and the Indian Sub-continent, yet they manage to capture the world’s 1 “Baloch” refers to speakers of both the Balochi and Brahui languages. Balochi, like Pashto, belongs to the Iranian branch of the Indo-European family, while Brahui is a Dravidian language. These two linguistic groups have in the past, however, fused into one ethnic group that is known as Baloch. attention only occasionally. Recently, they briefly came into the limelight after the Indian Government drew attention to human rights violations in Pakistan’s Balochistan province and some Baloch leaders sought political asylum and support for setting up a government- in-exile.