Mushroom Structure: Teacher's Notes After Learning About Fungi in Lessons
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Diversity and Phylogeny of Suillus (Suillaceae; Boletales; Basidiomycota) from Coniferous Forests of Pakistan
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURE & BIOLOGY ISSN Print: 1560–8530; ISSN Online: 1814–9596 13–870/2014/16–3–489–497 http://www.fspublishers.org Full Length Article Diversity and Phylogeny of Suillus (Suillaceae; Boletales; Basidiomycota) from Coniferous Forests of Pakistan Samina Sarwar * and Abdul Nasir Khalid Department of Botany, University of the Punjab, Quaid-e-Azam Campus, Lahore, 54950, Pakistan *For correspondence: [email protected] Abstract Suillus (Boletales; Basidiomycota) is an ectomycorrhizal genus, generally associated with Pinaceae. Coniferous forests of Pakistan are rich in mycodiversity and Suillus species are found as early appearing fungi in the vicinity of conifers. This study reports the diversity of Suillus collected during a period of three (3) years (2008-2011). From 32 basidiomata of Suillus collected, 12 species of this genus were identified. These basidiomata were characterized morphologically, and phylogenetically by amplifying and sequencing the ITS region of rDNA. © 2014 Friends Science Publishers Keywords: Moist temperate forests; PCR; rDNA; Ectomycorrhizae Introduction adequate temperature make the environment suitable for the growth of mushrooms in these forests. Suillus (Suillaceae, Basidiomycota, Boletales ) forms This paper described the diversity of Suillus (Boletes, ectomycorrhizal associations mostly with members of the Fungi) with the help of the anatomical, morphological and Pinaceae and is characterized by having slimy caps, genetic analyses as little knowledge is available from forests glandular dots on the stipe, large pore openings that are in Pakistan. often arranged radially and a partial veil that leaves a ring or tissue hanging from the cap margin (Kuo, 2004). This genus Materials and Methods is mostly distributed in northern temperate locations, although some species have been reported in the southern Sporocarp Collection hemisphere as well (Kirk et al ., 2008). -
PLP427R/527R 11-1-05 NAME: QUIZ # 3 1. Described the Common Features of the Organisms Placed in the Deuteromycota, and How
PLP427R/527R 11-1-05 NAME: QUIZ # 3 1. Described the common features of the organisms placed in the Deuteromycota, and how the classes and orders within this phylum are based on form? Explain why this phylum is decreasing in size even though more fungal species are being identified. The organisms in the phylum Deuteromycota are those higher fungi that only have an anamorphic (asexual) stage. They lack a known sexual (teleomorphic) stage. The Deuteromycota is often referred to as a Form-phylum because the organisms are grouped based on form, and may not be the most closely related. As such, groupings are polyphyletic. The classes are defined based on first whether they produce hyphae (Coelomycetes and Hyphomycetes) or are yeast-like (Blastomycetes), and if they do produce hyphae, whether the conidiophores and conidia occur in structures (pycnidia and acervuli) (the Coelomycetes) or not the Hyphomycetes). Orders are based on the type of structure for one class (the Coelomycetes), and on whether or not they produce conidia, or only hyphae for the class lacking asexual spore-bearing structures (the Hyphomycetes). The phylum is decreasing in size primarily because organisms are being re- classified into the Ascomycetes, or some into the Basidiomycetes, based on their molecular phylogenetic relatedness to other species already in those phyla. Some already do not recognize this group as a separate phylum (eg. Kendrick, author of the Fifth Kingdom).. 2. Draw and compare an ascocarp vs. a basidiocarp, included the nuclear content of the hypha forming these sporocarps, name the fertile layer where their respective sexual spores are formed. -
Field Guide to Common Macrofungi in Eastern Forests and Their Ecosystem Functions
United States Department of Field Guide to Agriculture Common Macrofungi Forest Service in Eastern Forests Northern Research Station and Their Ecosystem General Technical Report NRS-79 Functions Michael E. Ostry Neil A. Anderson Joseph G. O’Brien Cover Photos Front: Morel, Morchella esculenta. Photo by Neil A. Anderson, University of Minnesota. Back: Bear’s Head Tooth, Hericium coralloides. Photo by Michael E. Ostry, U.S. Forest Service. The Authors MICHAEL E. OSTRY, research plant pathologist, U.S. Forest Service, Northern Research Station, St. Paul, MN NEIL A. ANDERSON, professor emeritus, University of Minnesota, Department of Plant Pathology, St. Paul, MN JOSEPH G. O’BRIEN, plant pathologist, U.S. Forest Service, Forest Health Protection, St. Paul, MN Manuscript received for publication 23 April 2010 Published by: For additional copies: U.S. FOREST SERVICE U.S. Forest Service 11 CAMPUS BLVD SUITE 200 Publications Distribution NEWTOWN SQUARE PA 19073 359 Main Road Delaware, OH 43015-8640 April 2011 Fax: (740)368-0152 Visit our homepage at: http://www.nrs.fs.fed.us/ CONTENTS Introduction: About this Guide 1 Mushroom Basics 2 Aspen-Birch Ecosystem Mycorrhizal On the ground associated with tree roots Fly Agaric Amanita muscaria 8 Destroying Angel Amanita virosa, A. verna, A. bisporigera 9 The Omnipresent Laccaria Laccaria bicolor 10 Aspen Bolete Leccinum aurantiacum, L. insigne 11 Birch Bolete Leccinum scabrum 12 Saprophytic Litter and Wood Decay On wood Oyster Mushroom Pleurotus populinus (P. ostreatus) 13 Artist’s Conk Ganoderma applanatum -
Mushroom Characterization Part I Illustrated Morphological
Current Research in Environmental & Applied Mycology 8(5): 501–555 (2018) ISSN 2229-2225 www.creamjournal.org Article Doi 10.5943/cream/8/5/3 Mushroom Characterization: Part I – Illustrated Morphological Characteristics Senthilarasu G1, 2* and Kumaresan V3 1 The Energy and Resources Institute, 318, Raheja Arcade, Sector 11, CBD Belapur-400614, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, India. 2 Macrofungal Collection of India, 9/174, Gandhi Street, Senneerkuppam, Poonamallee- 600 056, Tamil Nadu, India. 3 Department of Botany, Kanchi Mamunivar Centre for Post Graduate Studies (Autonomous), Puducherry-605008, India. Senthilarasu G, Kumaresan V 2018 – Mushroom Characterization: Part I – Illustrated Morphological Characteristics. Current Research in Environmental & Applied Mycology 8(5), 501–555, Doi 10.5943/cream/8/5/3 Abstract Conventional taxonomy of mushrooms is often not very easy for amateur taxonomists and research scholars to initiate the research on taxonomy and diversity of mushrooms due to the complex morphological characteristics that is often very difficult to comprehend. We illustrate the external morphological characteristics of mushrooms through colorful photographs to facilitate the taxonomic characterization of mushrooms and to promote the research on mushrooms. In addition, a data sheet for morphological characteristics of agaric mushrooms is provided. Key words – agarics – basidiomycetes – fungi – morphology – mushrooms – polypores – taxonomy Introduction It is an endeavor to simplify the morphological characteristics of mushrooms and to make known to the amateur mycologists beyond a shadow of doubt for easy identification of mushrooms. Although, several materials and field guides in the form of drawings are available for illustrating the morphotaxonomy of mushrooms (Largent & Stuntz 1977, Singer 1986, Lodge et al. 2004), still amateur mushroom taxonomists feel it tiresome to take up initial research on mushrooms due to an array of mushroom characteristics to be recorded. -
MYCOTAXON Volume 103, Pp
MYCOTAXON Volume 103, pp. 353–363 January–March 2008 A new species of Pleurocollybia (Tricholomataceae; Agaricales; Basidiomycetes) from Belize T. J. Baroni1 & N. Bocsusis2 [email protected] [email protected] Department of Biological Sciences, State University of New York – College at Cortland, Cortland, NY 13045 D J. Lodge [email protected] USDA – Forest Service, Center for Forest Mycology PO Box 1377, Luquillo, Puerto Rico, 00773 D. L. Lindner [email protected] USDA-FS Madison Field Office, Northern Research Station Center for Forest Mycology Research, One Gifford Pinchot Dr. Madison, WI 53726-2398 Abstract—A new species, Pleurocollybia imbricata, is described from the Maya Mountains of Belize and a new combination in Pleurocollybia is proposed. A key to the known species of Pleurocollybia is also provided. Keywords—agarics, Doyle’s Delight, siderophilous inclusions, taxonomy Introduction Pleurocollybia Singer was proposed as a new monotypic genus to accommodate Gymnopus praemultifolius Murrill (Murrill 1945) based on several features: eccentric stipe, clampless hyphae, minute basidiospores (very small for an agaric, e.g. “2.7-3.5 × 2.5-3.2 µm”), and lack of necropigments (Singer 1947). Singer (1947) compared Pleurocollybia to two morphologically similar genera, Callistosporium Singer and Podabrella Singer (now considered a synonym of Termitomyces, Frøslev et al. 2003), but separated Pleurocollybia from them by the eccentric stipe and very small basidiospores. Podabrella (= Termitomyces) 354 ... Baroni & al. produces a reddish/pinkish colored spore deposit while those of Pleurocollybia and Callistosporium are white. Podabrella (= Termitomyces) also produces siderophilous bodies in the basidia, while siderophilous bodies are not present in Pleurocollybia. Callistosporium has abundant brightly colored necropigments in the basidiospores, basidia and tramal hyphae, while these pigments are not present in Pleurocollybia. -
Sporocarp Ontogeny in Panus (Basidiomycotina): Evolution and Classification
Sporocarp Ontogeny in Panus (Basidiomycotina): Evolution and Classification David S. Hibbett; Shigeyuki Murakami; Akihiko Tsuneda American Journal of Botany, Vol. 80, No. 11. (Nov., 1993), pp. 1336-1348. Stable URL: http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0002-9122%28199311%2980%3A11%3C1336%3ASOIP%28E%3E2.0.CO%3B2-M American Journal of Botany is currently published by Botanical Society of America. Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use, available at http://www.jstor.org/about/terms.html. JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use provides, in part, that unless you have obtained prior permission, you may not download an entire issue of a journal or multiple copies of articles, and you may use content in the JSTOR archive only for your personal, non-commercial use. Please contact the publisher regarding any further use of this work. Publisher contact information may be obtained at http://www.jstor.org/journals/botsam.html. Each copy of any part of a JSTOR transmission must contain the same copyright notice that appears on the screen or printed page of such transmission. The JSTOR Archive is a trusted digital repository providing for long-term preservation and access to leading academic journals and scholarly literature from around the world. The Archive is supported by libraries, scholarly societies, publishers, and foundations. It is an initiative of JSTOR, a not-for-profit organization with a mission to help the scholarly community take advantage of advances in technology. For more information regarding JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. http://www.jstor.org Tue Jan 8 09:54:21 2008 American Journal of Botany 80(11): 1336-1348. -
Species List for Arizona Mushroom Society White Mountains Foray August 11-13, 2016
Species List for Arizona Mushroom Society White Mountains Foray August 11-13, 2016 **Agaricus sylvicola grp (woodland Agaricus, possibly A. chionodermus, slight yellowing, no bulb, almond odor) Agaricus semotus Albatrellus ovinus (orange brown frequently cracked cap, white pores) **Albatrellus sp. (smooth gray cap, tiny white pores) **Amanita muscaria supsp. flavivolvata (red cap with yellow warts) **Amanita muscaria var. guessowii aka Amanita chrysoblema (yellow cap with white warts) **Amanita “stannea” (tin cap grisette) **Amanita fulva grp.(tawny grisette, possibly A. “nishidae”) **Amanita gemmata grp. Amanita pantherina multisquamosa **Amanita rubescens grp. (all parts reddening) **Amanita section Amanita (ring and bulb, orange staining volval sac) Amanita section Caesare (prov. name Amanita cochiseana) Amanita section Lepidella (limbatulae) **Amanita section Vaginatae (golden grisette) Amanita umbrinolenta grp. (slender, ringed cap grisette) **Armillaria solidipes (honey mushroom) Artomyces pyxidatus (whitish coral on wood with crown tips) *Ascomycota (tiny, grayish/white granular cups on wood) **Auricularia Americana (wood ear) Auriscalpium vulgare Bisporella citrina (bright yellow cups on wood) Boletus barrowsii (white king bolete) Boletus edulis group Boletus rubriceps (red king bolete) Calyptella capula (white fairy lanterns on wood) **Cantharellus sp. (pink tinge to cap, possibly C. roseocanus) **Catathelesma imperiale Chalciporus piperatus Clavariadelphus ligula Clitocybe flavida aka Lepista flavida **Coltrichia sp. Coprinellus -
A Floristic Study of the Genus Agaricus for the Southeastern United States
University of Tennessee, Knoxville TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange Doctoral Dissertations Graduate School 8-1977 A Floristic Study of the Genus Agaricus for the Southeastern United States Alice E. Hanson Freeman University of Tennessee, Knoxville Follow this and additional works at: https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_graddiss Part of the Botany Commons Recommended Citation Freeman, Alice E. Hanson, "A Floristic Study of the Genus Agaricus for the Southeastern United States. " PhD diss., University of Tennessee, 1977. https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_graddiss/3633 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. It has been accepted for inclusion in Doctoral Dissertations by an authorized administrator of TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. For more information, please contact [email protected]. To the Graduate Council: I am submitting herewith a dissertation written by Alice E. Hanson Freeman entitled "A Floristic Study of the Genus Agaricus for the Southeastern United States." I have examined the final electronic copy of this dissertation for form and content and recommend that it be accepted in partial fulfillment of the equirr ements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, with a major in Botany. Ronald H. Petersen, Major Professor We have read this dissertation and recommend its acceptance: Rodger Holton, James W. Hilty, Clifford C. Handsen, Orson K. Miller Jr. Accepted for the Council: Carolyn R. Hodges Vice Provost and Dean of the Graduate School (Original signatures are on file with official studentecor r ds.) To the Graduate Council : I am submitting he rewith a dissertation written by Alice E. -
Toxic Fungi of Western North America
Toxic Fungi of Western North America by Thomas J. Duffy, MD Published by MykoWeb (www.mykoweb.com) March, 2008 (Web) August, 2008 (PDF) 2 Toxic Fungi of Western North America Copyright © 2008 by Thomas J. Duffy & Michael G. Wood Toxic Fungi of Western North America 3 Contents Introductory Material ........................................................................................... 7 Dedication ............................................................................................................... 7 Preface .................................................................................................................... 7 Acknowledgements ................................................................................................. 7 An Introduction to Mushrooms & Mushroom Poisoning .............................. 9 Introduction and collection of specimens .............................................................. 9 General overview of mushroom poisonings ......................................................... 10 Ecology and general anatomy of fungi ................................................................ 11 Description and habitat of Amanita phalloides and Amanita ocreata .............. 14 History of Amanita ocreata and Amanita phalloides in the West ..................... 18 The classical history of Amanita phalloides and related species ....................... 20 Mushroom poisoning case registry ...................................................................... 21 “Look-Alike” mushrooms ..................................................................................... -
Trail Key to Common Agaricus Species of the Central California Coast
Trial Key to Common Agaricus Species of the Central California Coast* By Fred Stevens A. Cap and stipe lacking color changes when cut or bruised, odors not distinctive; not yellowing with KOH (3% potassium hydroxide). Also keyed out here are three species with faint or atypical color reactions: Agaricus hondensis and A. californicus which yellow faintly when bruised or with KOH, and Agaricus subrutilescens, which has a cap context that turns greenish with KOH. ......................Key A AA. Cap and stipe flesh reddening or yellowing when bruised or injured, the yellowing reaction enhanced with KOH; odors variable from that of anise, phenol, brine, to that of “mushrooms.” ........ B B. Cap and stipe context reddish-brown, orange-brown to pinkish- brown when cut or injured; not yellowing in KOH with one exception: the cap and context of Agaricus arorae, turns pinkish-brown when cut, but also yellows faintly with KOH, this species is also keyed out here. ...Key B BB. Cap and stipe yellowing when bruised, either rapidly or slowly; yellowing also with KOH; odor either pleasant of anise or almonds, or unpleasant, like that of phenol ............................... C C. Cap margin and/or stipe base yellowing rapidly when bruised, but soon fading; odor unpleasant, phenolic or like that of library paste; yellowing reaction enhanced with KOH, but not strong in Agaricus hondensis and A. californicus; .........................Key C CC. Cap and stipe yellowing slowly when bruised, the color change persistent; odor pleasant: of anise, almonds, or “old baked goods;” also yellowing with KOH; .............................. Key D 1 Key A – Species lacking obvious color changes and distinctive odors A. -
<I>Pinus Albicaulis
MYCOTAXON ISSN (print) 0093-4666 (online) 2154-8889 Mycotaxon, Ltd. ©2017 July–September 2017—Volume 132, pp. 665–676 https://doi.org/10.5248/132.665 Amanita alpinicola sp. nov., associated with Pinus albicaulis, a western 5-needle pine Cathy L. Cripps1*, Janet E. Lindgren2 & Edward G. Barge1 1 Plant Sciences and Plant Pathology Department, Montana State University, 119 Plant BioScience Building, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA 2 705 N. E. 107 Street, Vancouver, WA. 98685, USA. * Correspondence to: [email protected] Abstract—A new species, Amanita alpinicola, is proposed for specimens fruiting under high elevation pines in Montana, conspecific with specimens from Idaho previously described under the invalid name, “Amanita alpina A.H. Sm., nom. prov.” Montana specimens originated from five-needle whitebark pine (Pinus albicaulis) forests where they fruit in late spring to early summer soon after snow melt; sporocarps are found mostly half-buried in soil. The pileus is cream to pale yellow with innate patches of volval tissue, the annulus is sporadic, and the volva is present as a tidy cup situated below ragged tissue on the stipe. Analysis of the ITS region places the new species in A. sect Amanita and separates it from A. gemmata, A. pantherina, A. aprica, and the A. muscaria group; it is closest to the A. muscaria group. Key words—Amanitaceae, ectomycorrhizal, ITS sequences, stone pine, taxonomy Introduction In 1954, mycologist Alexander H. Smith informally described an Amanita species from the mountains of western Idaho [see Addendum on p. 676]. He gave it the provisional name Amanita “alpina”, and this name has been used by subsequent collectors of this fungus in Washington, Idaho, and Montana. -
About Mushrooms Activity Sheet
All About Mushrooms Teen and Adult Activity Sheet Permission has been granted by the Cascade Mycological Society to post on EdibleWildFood.com. A special thank you goes out to Sandra Patton, creator of this activity sheet, volunteer, and member of the Cascade Mycological Society in Eugene, Oregon. All About Mushrooms Teen and Adult Activity Sheet Provided by the Cascade Mycological Society - Free for Educational Non-Profit Use Parts and Features of a Mushroom ________ A Mushroom is the Fruiting Body of a Fungus. Spores are everywhere. But, they are so tiny you cannot see them. To see spores, you can make a Spore print by placing a mushroom cap (underside down) on a piece of paper. The color of Spores helps to identify a Mushroom. Thin fleshy covering Completely encases small Amanita extending from the Cobweb like veil covering over mushrooms – breaks apart as the stem to the cap edge of the gills of some mushroom mushroom grows to form patches or some young mushrooms. types. Breaks apart to leave a warts on the cap and a Volva at the Breaks apart and can leave a faint remnant on the stem. base. skirt or ring on the stem. The vegetative part of a fungus. A white cobweb like Branching filaments that make up structure growing in the ground, in wood, in trees, the Mycelium of a fungus. or whatever material the fungus is growing in or on. Can you match the words below with the picture above? Write the number of the part or feature below in the corresponding circle or line above.