Standardization
Introduction to standardization for Aalto University 2018-02-01
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Overview
• Standardization in General • Standardization organizations • What is standardization? • International / European / National standards • What is a standard? • Publication types • Principles of standardization • Motivation for making a standard • Publications and derived products • Who develops standards? • Standard classification and special status • Standards vs. legislation • Conformity assessment (separate activity, but based on the use of standards)
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What is standardardization?
standardization activity of establishing, with regard to actual or potential problems, provisions for common and repeated use, aimed at the achievement of the optimum degree of order on a given context
NOTE 1 In particular, the activity consists of the processes of formulating, issuing and implementing standards.
NOTE 2 Important benefits of standardization are improvement of the suitability of products, processes and services for their intended purposes, preventing of barriers to trade and facilitation of technological cooperation
[SOURCE: ISO/IEC Guide 2 Edition 8.0]
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What is a standard?
standard document, established by consensus and approved by a recognized body, that provides, for common and repeated use, rules, guidelines or characteristics for activities or their results, aimed at the achievement of the optimum degree of order in a given context
NOTE Standards should be based on the consolidated results of science, technology and experience, and aimed at the promotion of optimum community benefits.
[SOURCE ISO/IEC Guide 2 Edition 8.0]
Or, to put it simply, a standard is an agreed way of doing something; a common solution for a mutual problem.
[SOURCE https://blog.iec.ch/about-iec/]
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Principles of standardization
Transparency Impartiality and consensus
Coherence
Openness Efficiency and relevance
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Motivation for making a standard
Standardization has numerous benefits: • guarantees interoperability • ensures safety • improves quality • makes communication easier • simplifies legislation • makes the design task easier • facilitates international trade • brings cost savings • enables impartial testing and certification
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Who develops standards?
Standardization is a voluntary activity. Standards are prepared by groups of experts representing various interested parties: • companies, especially manufacturers • research and test laboratories • universities • authorities • even interested individuals
Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) and societal stakeholders are strongly encouraged to participate!
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Standards vs. legislation
In principle, compliance with a standard is voluntary, unless there is legislation requiring this. EU New Legislative Framework a.k.a. New Approach: • Only the essential requirements on safety, health, environment and consumer protection are included in the European directive. • Technical solutions, how a product can meet these requirements, are presented in harmonized standards prepared by CEN, CENELEC and ETSI. • Building a product according to a harmonized standard listed in the EU Official Journal under a specific directive gives the presumption of conformity, and the product can be sold throughout EU without barriers. See https://ec.europa.eu/growth/single-market/european- standards/harmonised-standards_en for further information. • It may be possible to meet the requirements of the directive in some other way, but usually referring to the standard is by far the easiest way of demonstrating conformity.
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CE-marking
• To indicate that the product meets all the requirements of different directives applicable to it, the manufacturer shall mark it with the CE mark.
• The CE-mark enables free movement of the product within the European economic area.
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Official standardization organizations
General Electrotechnical Telecommunication
Global
European
National
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Electrotechnical standardization system
IEC CENELEC SESKO ry International European Electrotechnical Committee for Commission Electrotechnical (2016 figures) Standardization
• 83 National Committees (member • 33 member countries (EU, • coordinates Finnish participation in countries) and 87 Affiliates EEC, Turkey, Macedonia) international work • Number of technical committees or • Number of standards (2016) • 20 member organizations subcommittees: 203 6857, of which 78 % IEC-based • 43 national mirror committees (latest • Number of experts > 20000 • New standards published in SESKO-SFS JTC 1 SC 41 IoT) • Number of WG/PT/MTs: 1432 2016: 429 • 70 follow-up groups • Number of publications: 9855 • network of 460 experts • New standards published in 2016: 476 • SFS standards writing body
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Official standardization organizations
… just to name a few. There’s more…
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International / European / National standards
• IEC and CENELEC have signed an agreement (“Frankfurt agreement”), in which CENELEC has agreed to offer all new work to be carried out at the IEC level. • This means that the technical content of the majority of standards is written in IEC working groups, and IEC standards are adopted in Europe (with or without European modifications). • CENELEC member countries have an obligation to implement EN standards as national standards without modifications. • Nowadays, it is difficult to publish a home-grown national standard. The Vilamoura process dictates that a country that wants to start a national standardization project shall first ask if any other CENELEC countries want to participate, and if a sufficient number of countries show interest, the project becomes a CENELEC project.
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Committee structure
• Technical work is carried out in various Technical Committees (TC), which may have subcommittees (SC). The committees and subcommittees typically have several working groups (WG), where the standards are actually written. • See the following committee lists for further information: . IEC committees . CENELEC committees . SESKO committees
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IEC CENELEC SESKO Proposal stage (NP) Proposal or vote on NP-draft Preparation of IEC-, EN- and Maintenance Preparatory stage WG/MT members SFS-standards Committee stage (CD) Comments from expert M groups (parallel A I procedure) National enquiry N Enquiry stage (CDV) Parallel CDV-vote T Vote (IEC & CENELEC) E Comments on EN-draft N A N Approval stage (FDIS) Parallel CDV-vote Vote (IEC & CENELEC) C National enquiry E C BT ratification SESKOs Managing Director Y C L E IEC Publication EN Publication SFS-EN-standard
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IEC CENELEC SESKO Proposal stage (NP) Proposal or vote on NP-draft
Preparation of Technical content is fixed !!! IEC-, EN- and Maintenance Preparatory stage WG/MT members SFS-standards Committee stage (CD) Comments from expert M groups (parallel A I procedure) National enquiry N Enquiry stage (CDV) Parallel CDV-vote T Vote (IEC & CENELEC) E Comments on EN-draft N A N Approval stage (FDIS) Parallel CDV-vote Vote (IEC & CENELEC) C National enquiry E C BT ratification SESKOs Managing Director Y C L E IEC Publication EN Publication SFS-EN-standard
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IEC CENELEC SESKO Proposal stage (NP) Proposal or vote on NP-draft Preparation of IEC-, EN- and Maintenance Preparatory stage WG/MT members SFS-standards Last stage to give comments !!! Committee stage (CD) Comments from expert M groups (parallel A I procedure) National enquiry N Enquiry stage (CDV) Parallel CDV-vote T Vote (IEC & CENELEC) E Comments on EN-draft N A N Approval stage (FDIS) Parallel CDV-vote Vote (IEC & CENELEC) C National enquiry E C BT ratification SESKOs Managing Director Y C L E IEC Publication EN Publication SFS-EN-standard
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IEC CENELEC SESKO Proposal stage (NP) Proposal or vote on NP-draft
Preparation of Technical content is fixed !!! IEC-, EN- and Maintenance Preparatory stage WG/MT members SFS-standards Last stage to give comments !!! Committee stage (CD) Comments from expert M groups (parallel A I procedure) National enquiry N Enquiry stage (CDV) Parallel CDV-vote T Vote (IEC & CENELEC) E Comments on EN-draft N A N Approval stage (FDIS) Parallel CDV-vote Vote (IEC & CENELEC) C National enquiry E C BT ratification SESKOs Managing Director Y C L E IEC Publication EN Publication SFS-EN-standard
SFS-standard is prepared in IEC !!!
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IEC patent policy and patent declarations DB
COMMON PATENT POLICY FOR ITU-T/ITU-R/ISO/IEC
Code of practice may be summarized as follows: Guidelines for Implementation of the Common Patent Policy The ITU Telecommunication Standardization Bureau (TSB), the ITU Radio-communication Bureau (BR) and the offices of the CEOs of ISO Patent Statement and Licencing Declaration Form and IEC are not in a position to give authoritative or comprehensive (Word template) information about evidence, validity or scope of patents or similar rights, but it is desirable that the fullest available information should be disclosed. Therefore, any party participating in the work of ITU, ISO or IEC should, from the outset, draw the attention of the Director of ITU- TSB, the Director of ITU-BR, or the offices of the CEOs of ISO or IEC, respectively, to any known patent or to any known pending patent application, either their own or of other organizations, although ITU, ISO or IEC are unable to verify the validity of any such information…
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Different types of publications
• IEC standard • TS (Technical Specification) • ISO/IEC standard • TR (Technical Report) • IEC or ISO 8XXXX • PAS (Publicly available Specification) • EN standard • HD (Harmonization Document) • EN 5XXXX (”home-grown”) EN 6XXXX (based on IEC std.) • CWA (Common Workshop Agreement) • EN IEC 6XXXX (identical with IEC) • National standard • SFS XXXX • SFS-EN 5XXXX • SFS-EN 6XXXX • SFS-IEC 6XXXX
New Edition / Amendment / Corrigendum / Interpretation sheet
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Publications and derived products (IEC)
Publication delivery formats: Value added products
• Hard copy via conventional mail : Hard copy of IEC standard • Pre-release standards: Final Draft International Standard (FDIS) • CD-rom or USB memory stick via conventional mail: published as Portable Document Format (PDF) • Consolidated editions: Standard + Amendmend(s) consolidated • Download: published as Portable Document Format (PDF) • RED-lined editions: New edition with track changes • Database: the document is published as database (XML, HTML, PDF, Graphics)
• On-line collections: published as HTML (new)
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Publications: Information on Hard copy of IEC cover page Document ID, edition, IEC standard publication date
Colour indicator
Special status indicator
Title (en/fr)
Price code
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Publications: Databases
IEC standards in database format IEC databases free of charge
Some IEC publications have been developed in database format to better support the • Electropedia International Electrotechnical Vocabulary needs of standards users. • IEC Glossary (collection of terms from IEC TC/SC publications clause These databases are accessible either free of 3 Terms and definitions) charge, or via subscriptions which can be purchased through the IEC National • IEC Common Data Dictionary (Standard classes and properties with Committees, National Committee-appointed associated classification scheme for electric components and Sales Outlets, or directly on the IEC systems) Webstore. • IEC 62474 (Material declaration for products of and for the electrotechnical industry) • IEC 60505 (Evaluation and qualification of electrical insulation systems) • IEC 61355 (Classification and designation of documents for plants, systems and equipment)
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Publications: IEC databases via subscription
IEC databases via subscription Examples of content
IEC 60061 Lamp caps and holders together with gauges for the control of interchangeability and safety
IEC 60191-2 Mechanical standardization of semiconductor devices - Part 2: Dimensions
IEC 60417 and ISO 7000 Graphical symbols for use on equipment
IEC 60617 Graphical symbols for diagrams
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Publications: On-line collections
What is an online collection?
An online collection is a completely new way for you to view our publications. Your annual subscription ensures you always have online access to the latest, most up-to-date editions, amendments and revisions - from any computer or mobile device.
As well as the clear advantages of online, hyperlinked content, your online account provides you with new features such as personal bookmarking and commenting.
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Value added products: Pre-release standards
EXAMPLE
IEC 60384-14-2:2016 PRV (Pre release version)
Abstract
This Final Draft International Standard is an up to 11 weeks' pre- release of the official publication. It is available for sale during its voting period: 2016-01-15 to 2016-02-26.
By purchasing this FDIS now, you will automatically receive, in addition, the final publication.
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Value added products: Consolidated editions
EXAMPLE
IEC 60601-1:2005+AMD1:2012 CSV Consolidated version
Abstract IEC 60601-1:2005+A1:2012(E) contains requirements concerning basic safety and essential performance that are generally applicable to medical electrical equipment. For certain types of medical electrical equipment, these requirements are either supplemented or modified by the special requirements of a collateral or particular standard. Where particular standards exist, this standard should not be used alone. The contents of the corrigenda of December 2006, December 2007 and November 2012, the interpretation sheets of April 2008, January 2009 and May 2013 have been included in this copy.
This consolidated version consists of the third edition (2005) and its amendment 1 (2012). Therefore, there is no need to order the amendment in addition to this publication. This is an English version.
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Value added products: Redline version
What is a Redline version? • A Redline version contains both the current IEC standard and a Redline version of the document which shows changes from the previous edition marked in colour. With the Redline you can quickly spot changed sections and tell specifically what has been changed from the previous edition, saving time and avoiding confusion.
• The development of a Redline version is not systematic. Criteria are the popularity of the Publication and the clear structure of the changes. If the changes are too much interwoven into the content, a Redline version may be unreadable and thus, lose the benefit of a clear and quick identification of the changes.
EXAMPLE
CISPR 11:2015 RLV Industrial, scientific and medical equipment - Radio-frequency disturbance characteristics - Limits and methods of measurement
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Basic documents (basic reference works)
Requirements for consistency of documents is given in ISO/IEC Dir, Part 2 clause 4.4. including:
Terms and definitions: • Electropedia International Electrotechnical Vocabulary (IEC 60050 series)
Quantities, units and their symbols: • ISO 80000 (all parts), Quantities and units Full list of basic • IEC 60027 (all parts), Letter symbols to be used in electrical technology reference works see • IEC 80000 (all parts), Quantities and units ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2, 2011 Annex B Graphical symbols: • Graphical symbols for use on equipment: IEC 60417 and ISO 7000 • Graphical symbols for diagrams: IEC 60617 and ISO 14617 (all parts) • Safety signs: ISO 7010
Diagrams • IEC 61082-1 Preparation of documents used in electrotechnology – Part 1: Rules • IEC 81346 Structuring principles and reference designations (all parts)
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Classification of IEC standards
Test standard System standard Basic safety publications
Product publications
Application guideline Group safety publications
Horizontal standards
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System standard
System standard: define concept of particular system, provide minimum requirements, description of system main functions.
Example from committee IEC TC 79 IEC 62642-1:2010 Edition 1.0 (2010-06-16) Alarm systems - Intrusion and hold-up systems - Part 1: System requirements
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Application guideline
Application guideline: provides guidance on the design, planning, operation, installation, commissioning and maintenance of system.
Example from committee IEC TC 79 IEC 62642-1:2010 Edition 1.0 (2010-06-16) Alarm systems - Intrusion and hold-up systems - Part 1: System requirements
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Test standard
Test standard: provide test procedures, acceptance/fail criteria for particular tests.
Example from committee IEC TC 100 IEC 62623:2012 Edition 1.0 (2012-10-30) Desktop and notebook computers - Measurement of energy consumption
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Product publication
Product publication: publication covering a specific product or group of related products.
Example from committee IEC SC 121A IEC 60947-2:2006 Edition 4.0 (2006-05-22) Low-voltage switchgear and controlgear - Part 2: Circuit-breaker
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Horizontal standard
Horizontal standard: standard on fundamental principles, concepts, terminology or technical characteristics, relevant to a number of TCs and of crucial importance to ensure the coherence of the corpus of standardization documents.
Example from committee IEC TC 8 IEC 60038:2009 Edition 7.0 (2009-06-17) IEC standard voltages
Special status indicator
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Basic safety publication
Basic safety publication: publication on a specific safety related matter, applicable to many electrotechnical products.
Example from committee IEC TC 3 IEC 60445:2010 Edition 5.0 (2010-08-27) Basic and safety principles for man-machine interface, marking and identification - Identification of equipment terminals, conductor terminations and conductors
Special status indicator
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Group safety publications
Group safety publication: publication covering all safety aspects of a specific group of products within the scope of two or more product TCs.
Example from committee IEC TC 22 IEC 62477-1:2012 Edition 1.0 (2012-07-24) Safety requirements for power electronic converter systems and equipment - Part 1: General
Special status indicator
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Conformity Assessment
CA (Conformity Assessment) is any activity which results in determining whether a product or other object corresponds to the requirements contained in a specification (typically a standard).
Electrical and Explosive Electronic Renewable electronic equipment atmospheres components energy
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Further information on electrotechnical standardization
Web sites Participation in standardization • www.sesko.fi • SESKO’s IEC/CLC mirror • www.iec.ch committees (SK) • www.cenelec.eu • SESKO’s IEC/CLC follow-up groups (SR)
Standards related enquiries Purchasing of standards • SESKO office • IEC webstore: +358 9 696 3970 https://webstore.iec.ch/ asiakaspalvelu(at)sesko.fi • SFS webstore: • https://sales.sfs.fi/, [email protected], +358 9 1499 3353
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