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Do You Speak Corona?

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Do You Speak Corona? DO YOU SPEAK CORONA? SURVEY RESULTS ON THE USE OF MINORITY LANGUAGES UNDER THE COVID-19 OUTBREAK MARCH/JUNE 2020 An initiative by: Loránt Vincze Member of the European Parliament President of FUEN CONTEXT A novel coronavirus, the COVID-19, appeared in Wuhan, China in December 2019 and began to spread relatively quickly - first in China and then around the world. By mid-March 2020 most of European countries DURING EMERGENCY, declared state of emergency and enforced mass closures to flatten the QUICK PROCEDURES coronavirus curve: only shops selling COMMUNICATION IN food and pharmaceutical products MOTHER TONGUE IS could remain open; schools closed, VITAL TO UNDERSTAND events were cancelled and people OFFICIAL were recommended to stay home. COMMUNICATION FROM THE NATIONAL, Suddenly, from one day to another the lives of all European citizens REGIONAL OR LOCAL changed. By the end of June, over 10 AUTHORITIES. million people are infected worldwide and 500 thousand people have deceased. As the most difficult emergency period is being phased out, we believe it is important to analyse the answer of our authorities from the mother tongue’s use point of view. 2 ABOUT THE STUDY An online survey, with the scope of analyzing to what extent communi- TIMEFRAME AND FOCUS cation in mother tongue is assured by different stakeholders in the Member States of the European Union, as well as among the members of the Federal Union of European Nationalities (FUEN), was conducted between March 31 and June 30, 2020. The online questionnaire focused on: - the availability of information related to the coronavirus outbreak, in general; - on the availability of healthcare information related to the outbreak; - existence of an emergency hotline operated in minority language; - the availability of online education in mother tongue. FUEN also conducted case-studies in the reference period in several EU countries. The survey was based on data provided by the Intergroup for WHO COMPLETED IT? Traditional Minorities, National Communities and Languages of the European Parliament as well as member organizations of the Federal Union of European Nationalities. The questionnaire was available in two languages: English and German. 3 The survey was completed for 44 minority communities and language COUNTRIES AS WELL AS groups in 25 European countries. MINORITY COMMUNITIES - Albania: Macedonian - Austria: Croat, Slovene AND LANGUAGE - Azerbaijan: Turkish GROUPS PARTICIPATING - Bulgaria: Arman IN THE SURVEY - Croatia: Czech, Hungarian, Serbian - Czech Republic: Polish - Denmark: German - Slovenia: Hungarian - Estonia: German, Russian - Spain: Basque, Catalan - Finland: Swedish - Sweden: Finnish, Meänkieli, Scanian - France: Alsatian, Basque, Breton - The Netherlands: Frisian - Germany: Danish, Frisian - Ukraine: Greek/Rumeian and - Greece: Pomakis, Turkish Urumian, Hungarian - Hungary: Slovak - United Kingdom: Welsh. - Italy: Croat, German, Ladin, Slovene FUEN also conducted case studies in - Latvia: Russian several EU countries. Of these we - Poland: German, Kashubian present in the current study the ones - Romania: Arman, Hungarian, Czech from Albania (Macedonian), Belgium and Slovak (together) (German), Estonia (German), Germany - Russia: Lezghin (Danish, Sinti and Roma), Italy (Ladin), - Slovakia: German, Hungarian and Switzerland (Romansh). 4 2 2 THE DATA In presenting the results of the In case of the Ladin ethnic group, survey we often refer to the term COVID-19 related information is ‘by case’. As seen above, there are available through various channels: 44 minority communities and both regional and local language groups from 25 countries governments communicate in participating in the survey. mother tongue and, at the same However, the same groups live in time, the minority organization is multiple countries, such as also active. In Slovenian partial Hungarians or Slovaks who live information is available, provided both in Romania and Ukraine, or by the regional government, Germans who live in Estonia, meanwhile no information is Denmark and Slovakia. In such channeled in Croat. As a result, cases, these minorities participate presenting the data by country twice, or three times, simply would be misleading, due to the because they represent a minority different approaches towards the or language group in more minority communities living on the countries. Thus, under the term ‘by territory of the same country, case’ we refer to those 43 minority dependent on legislation and communities or linguistic groups recognition of minorities/language for whom the questionnaire has groups. In each case, however, we been completed for. present descriptive examples from each surveyed country. Why not presenting detailed The results are not representative data by country? for COVID-19 related communi- In many countries there are more cation in mother tongue of minority groups for which the minorities/language groups, but survey has been completed for. In still serves a good outline on how case of Italy, for example, three communication in mother tongue different minority communities are is assured in times of crisis in 25 present in the survey: Croats, Ladins states. The survey was conducted in and Slovenes. Yet Italy, just as other two phases: one phase in March- countries, has a different April, the second in May-June. The communication approach towards same questionnaire and methodo- its different minority groups. logy was used in both phases. 5 HOW DO YOU SAY FLATTENING THE CURVE IN YOUR MOTHER TONGUE? RESULTS Is general information available in mother tongue? Is health related information available about the coronavirus outbreak? Is there an emergency hotline that can be used in mother tongue of the minority communities and linguistic groups? Is online education in mother tongue available? Who are the stakeholders who provide these information and services? 6 The availability of information in Even if they are fluent in the mother tongue is crucial if we dominant language, they still have expect people to follow certain the right to clear and accurate rules and behave in a way to communication in order to be able reduce the spread of the virus. to make informed decisions. Certain terminology, such as Nevertheless, communication on flattening the curve, can be difficult mother tongue by the authorities to understand in another who are imposing certain restrictive measures, raises the trust in the authorities themselves and increases the likelihood to follow those measures. IS COVID-19 RELATED INFORMATION By looking at the pie chart, we can AVAILABLE IN MOTHER conclude that key general TONGUE? information on the coronavirus outbreak is available in mother tongue of minority communities and language groups in sligthly more than one third - 34.9% - of the cases. 20.9% receive partial information, meanwhile 44.2% lack Yes all communication on mother 34.9% tongue. No 44.2% Countries providing at least partial information in mother tongue of the minorities are Austria, Azerbaijan, Croatia, Estonia, Finland, France, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Ukraine Partially and the United Kingdom. Some of 20.9% the countries provide information in one language and don’t provide language and can ultimately alter in others. Romanian authorities, for the goal we have all set: to reduce example, do not provide any the pressure on our health care information in Czech and Slovak or system meanwhile fighting the Arman, but do provide information outbreak. This is especially true for in Hungarian due to the fact that those marginalized communities the Hungarian ethnic political that lack access to communication organization - the Democratic tools, are not literate or simply Alliance of Hungarians in Romania don’t speak the language of the - is present in the leadership of majority where they live. several county governments. 7 We have already seen that only one third of the participating minorities/language groups have access to key information on the outbreak in their mother tongue. Where such information exists, at WHO ARE THE KEY least partially, we can notice that STAKEHOLDERS although state and regional PROVIDING governments appear more often as INFORMATION ON the ones providing the information. MOTHER TONGUE? However, minority organizations and minority press are equally important in assuring that the coronavirus outbreak-related information reaches minority communities and language groups. As presented in the figure, in 11 cases state governments and in 9 guage in France. No key-information cases regional governments assure is available for: Macedonians in this type of communication, Albania, Slovenes in Austria, Armans meanwhile in 8 cases both minority in Bulgaria and Romania, Poles in the organizations and minority press are Czech Republic, Germans in Estonia active. or Poland, Bretons and Basques in France, Frisians in the Netherlands, Minority organizations, along with Pomakis and Turks in Greece, Croats minority press are the sole providers in Italy, Kashubians in Poland, Czechs of key information in Croatia and Slovaks in Romania, (Hungarian minority), Hungary (Slovak Greek/Rumeian and Urumian in minority) and Ukraine (Hungarian Ukraine. In all other cases government minority), The minority press is solely was providing the key COVID-19 fulfilling this role for Alsacian lan- related information in mother tongue. 15 10 5 0 t t t n n n s s rs e e e n s e io re e m m m t P t rn rn rn a n e e is ty lu v ve v n ri o o o o a o V G G rg in l G l te a a O M a n c ty t io o ri S g L o e in R M 8 PARTICULAR ISSUES Border closure of parliament in Denmark. With great success, because in her The closures of the national borders speech on 29 May, Prime Minister in the course of the Corona Mette Frederiksen explicitly measures have hit the minorities mentioned the Danish minority and hard. The Danish minority in the border region. It was her wish Germany is particularly concerned that normality would soon return to about contact with kin-state the border area, said the head of Denmark.
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