DECEMBER 1991 JOURNAL $3.50

Tokyo 1941:

Dimmers FIAL ROUND Robert A. Fearey on the lead-up to war

David Callahan on Robert Gates

Jack Binns on the U. S. - Mexico FTA WE GET LETTERS... Here are some from our 1990 collection:

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Governing Board Confronted with new challenges in foreign affairs, the Foreign Service needs President: f Il'MK A. HORAN State Vice President. WILLIAM A. KI RBY to reexamine the content and shape of its mission, and take another look at how AID l ke President: PRISCILLA DHL BOSQUE well its bureaucratic structures are suited to the requirements of a changed / 'SIA Vice President: 1 iKRNARD 111-NSC.KN Retiree Vice President: CHARLES A. SCHMITZ world. To help this reexamination process along, AFSA has drawn up the Secretary: TERESA CHIN JONES following mission statement: Treasurer: JOSEPH HUGGINS State Repivsen tat ires CATHERINE BARRY AFSA believes that the Foreign Service can help shape a new strategic concept PURNELL DELLY for U.S. foreign policy in the new global order. HARRY GALLAGHER ROBERT PERRY Toward the end of World War II, George Kennan foresaw a multipolar world BARBARA REIOUX AID Representatires: MICHAEL S. ZAK in which America’s democratic ideals and economic system would advance and WILLIAM MCKINNEY protect American interests abroad. Soviet expansionism, however, called forth PSI A Representative: LAUREN HALE Agriculture the policy of “containment,” which for two generations became the guiding Represen tat iie: TOM HAMBY theme of U.S. foreign policy. Today, communism is discredited, and the Soviet Retired Representatives. PATRICIA BYRNE DANIEL NEWBERRY Union has collapsed as a strategic nuclear foe. Our system and values stand DONALD R. NORLAND confirmed—at no small cost to ourselves and our Free World allies. DAVID SCHNEIDER Staff' But American foreign policy can now take up the issues of Kennan’s Uvea dire Director: SABINE SISK multipolar world. It is a world in which our values of democracy and free Business Department Controller: CATHY EREGELETTE enterprise are prompting revolutionary change—not least in foreign policy. It Ad in i nisi rat it e Manager S A N D R A K A RLOWA is a world in which military and subversive threats to our national security are Executive Assistant. STACEY M. CUMMINGS Administrative Assistant: CHAMPA JARMUL giving way to the threat of economic non-competitiveness, and the challenge Legal Services General Counsel: TURNA R. LEWIS of providing effective leadership to new democracies. It is a world in which Legal Assistant: MARK \\ . SMITH covert intelligence and military power will therefore be lesser instruments of U.S. Law Clerk: EDWIN GAMA Member Services foreign policy—whose principal instruments will again be the traditional Director: CHRISTOPHER PERINE practices of diplomacy, now enhanced by trade, development, and the Representatives: DEBORAH M. LEAHY WARREN TRYON propagation of technology, science, and ideas. Membership Director: JANET L. HEDRICK

To develop and carry out this new diplomacy will require first, the support Professional Issues: RICHARD S. THOMPSON and understanding of the Executive branch, the Congress, and of a well- Congressional Liaison: ROBERT M. BEERS RICK WEISS informed citizenry; second, it will require a Foreign Service, of officers and Din-dor of Scholarships specialists alike, whose levels of ability, training, and representativeness are a and Development: GAIL VOLK Outn-acb Department match for the challenge of the times. Program Coordinator: JULIE SMITI1LINE AFSA, as always, will vigorously promote the practical interests of all our members employed by agencies included in the 1980 Foreign Service Act; in The American Foreign Service Association, founded in 1924. is the professional association of the Foreign addition, at this critical juncture, AFSA aims to win the broadest possible support Service and the official representative of all Foreign Serv ice employees in the Department of State and the for the professional requirements of a new diplomacy. Agency f<>r Internali<>na 1 Development under tlie terms of the Foreign Service Act of 1980. Active or Retired — HUME A. HORAN membership in AFSA is open to all current or retired employees of the U.S, foreign affairs agencies. Associ¬ ate membership is open to persons having an interest in or close association with the Foreign Service. Annual dues: Active Members—$80-165: Retired Members— $45-55; Associate Members-—$45. All AFSA members are members of the Foreign Service Club. Please note: AFSA dues and Legislative Action Fund donations may be deductible as an ordinary and necessary business expense for federal income tax purposes. Scholarship and AFSA Fund donations are deductible as charitable contributions.

AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE ASSOCIATION, 2101 E Street N\V. Washington, D.C. 20037. Executive offices, mem¬ bership. professional issues, scholarship programs, insurance programs. JOl RN AL offices: (202) 338- i()45. Governing Board, standing committees, general coun¬ sel. labor-management relations, member services, grievances: (202) 617-8160. • FAX: (202) 338-6820 . Foreign Service Club (202) 338-5730.

2 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • DECEMBER 1991 FOREIGN SERVICE DECEMBER 1991 JOURNAL Voi.. 68, NO. 12

Editorial Board Chairman HOWARD SCHAFFER

RICHARD AHERNE WILLIAM BEECHER C. STUART CALL!SON HELEN STROTHER FOUCHE HUME HORAN JOE B. JOHNSON BENJAMIN LOWE FRANK McNEIL PHYLLIS OAKLEY Robert Gates 14 Japan 1941 22 HANS N. TUCH

“The Independent Voice of the FEATURES Foreign Service” Speaking Out: Just Fade Away 12 Editor ANNE STEVENSON-YANG Retiring with a fizzle Associate Editor BY DAVID JONES NANCY A. JOHNSON Assistant Editor/Advertising Manager JULIA T. SCHIEKEN Robert Gates: Bush’s Man at Langley 14 Editorial Assistant DEREK TERRELL BY DAVID CALLAHAN Design MARKETING & MEDIA SOLUTIONS

FOKKKIX SERVICE Jot KNAI. (ISSN 0015-7279). 2101 E FOCUS: TOKYO 1941 Street. N.W.. Washington, D.C. 20037-2990. is published monthly by the American Foreign Service Association, a private, non-profit organization. Diplomacy’s Last Round 22 Material appearing herein represents the opinions BY ROBERT A. FEAREY of the writers and does not necessarily represent the views of AFSA or the Jot KNAI.. Writer queries are invited. JOI KNAI. subscription: AFSA Members -$9.50 included in annual dues; others - $40. Overseas subscription (except Canada) - $50 per year. Airmail not available. Uneasy Partners 35 Second-class postage paid at Washington. D.C. and at additional mailing offices. Postmaster: Send A closer look at the U.S.-Mexico trade agreement address changes to FORKIC.N SKKYICK Jot KNAI., 2101 E BY JACK R. BINNS Street. N.W.. Washington. D.C. 20037-2990. Microfilm copies: University Microfilm Library Services. Ann Arbor. Michigan 48106 (October Books 42 1967 to present). Indexed by Public Affairs Information Service (PAIS). Advertising inquiries Jerrold Kielson on “the grand failure;” Stephen N. Sestanovich on invited. The appearance of advertisements herein Yugoslavia; Charles Maechling Jr. on “Banana Wars;” Andrew L. does not imply the endorsement of the services or goods offered. FAX: 202/338-6820 or 202/338- Steigman on Alfred Puhan’s memoirs 8244 • TELEPHONE: 202/338-4045 or 338-4054.

American Foreign Service Association 1991 Diplomats in History: A Call to War, a Call to Peace 48

DEPARTMENTS AFSA Views 2 In Memory 52 ON THE COVER: Letters 4 AFSA News 54 U. S. Embassy Tokyo, 1941. Clippings 8 Marketplace 59 Fifty Years Ago 10 Real Estate 62 Photograph by Foreign Service Quiz 10 Classifieds 64 Jane Smith-Hutton Despatch 11 1991 Index 66

DECEMBER 1991 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAt • 3 DRUGS AND HUMAN RIGHTS likely to improve respect for human rights. To THE EDITOR: Melvyn Levitsky I read Tina Rosenberg’s article (“Un¬ Assistant Secretary of State for Interna¬ holy Alliance,” November Journal) with tional Narcotics Matters interest. Washington, D.C. While I agree with her arguments that human rights must be a cornerstone of a successful counter-narcotics policy and that considerably more progress not question the need to involve his To THE EDITOR: needs to be made on human rights in military to support police counter-nar¬ The Foreign Service exams, written Peru, Rosenberg’s assertion, based on cotics operations in Peru. His concern and oral, are intended to be vehicles of the State Department’s 1990 Human has been that such support should be selection into what purports to be an Rights Report, that the department is accompanied by economic aid to pro¬ intellectually elite organization. As ours telling . . two very different official vide alternatives in the legal economy is the quintessential verbal and cogni¬ stones” about human rights and narcotics for peasants who now grow coca. The tive profession, it is difficult to imagine in that country is both misleading and aid package recently released by Con¬ what other method of selection could wrong. Our policy is based on an im¬ gress includes, in addition to $23.95 be used for this purpose. I have taken proved situation in 1991 under the new million in military assistance, a total of (and passed) the Foreign Service writ¬ Fujimori Administration. $60 million in Economic Support Funds ten and oral examinations twice and I In his first year, President Alberto for Peru. However, neither economic can say that they are indeed biased. Fujimori has already done more than development nor law enforcement can They are clearly biased against a non¬ any of his predecessors to ensure long¬ succeed in areas that are not secure college graduate, they are biased against term progress on both human rights and from pervasive terrorism. The Sendero those who have studied fields such as counter-narcotics in Peru. We should has ruthlessly murdered a number of microbiology or nuclear physics, they encourage him on this path. The admin¬ aid workers to demonstrate this point. are biased against those who are inar¬ istration and the U.S. Congress are com¬ Our planning for military assistance for ticulate, and they are biased against mitted to ensure that the economic and Peru included help for securing these those who have never opened a book military assistance recently released to areas as well as help for interdicting or read a magazine or newspaper. My Pern is accompanied by progress on traffickers. experience in die Foreign Service is diat human rights and narcotics control, a On the subject of Colombia, virtually everyone who takes the exam policy with which President Fujimori Rosenberg alleges that President Gaviria is a college graduate ... A large number agrees. has decided to “abandon the fight against of the applicants have . . . graduate Rosenberg also has an over-simpli¬ drug trafficking, considered a U.S. degrees, and others are already em¬ fied view of a complex situation. While problem.” President Gaviria has done ployed in academic, legal, or other she admits that there is a narco-insurgent nothing of the kind. Cocaine seizures professional fields. Since the exam is connection in Peru, she undeiplays the are up, cocaine laboratories are being purely academic in context, how in the havoc this alliance plays on the func¬ destroyed, and leading Colombian traf¬ world can it be held to be biased against tioning of democratic institutions. In fickers are dead, in jail, or facing trial. any particular race or sex? Surely a fact, the efficient and highly lucrative Colombians have paid a heavy price; woman or a black who has a BA in narcotics trade distorts the legitimate last year alone, narcotraffickers killed history, or an MA in political science, economies of the Andes and threatens more than 500 police and 600 civilians. has just as much chance of passing the fragile democracies. Colombia’s struggle to maintain its test as a white male with similar degrees. For example, narcotics dollars have commitment to democracy and devel¬ Any qualifying test, from the Foreign been a source of income for Sendero opment in the face of vicious terrorist Service exam to a driver’s license test, Luminoso in Peru and 'for the FARC campaigns by the drug traffickers has carries the possibility of failure. If passing guerillas in Colombia. In order to de¬ been an inspiration to the entire interna¬ were guaranteed, there would be no stroy labs and dismantle narcotics traf¬ tional community. need for a test... I strongly suggest that ficking groups, police must get past the Drugs threaten society as surely as a passing or failing the Foreign Service protection afforded to traffickers by failure to respect the rule of law; but we exam, or any exam, for that matter, is a insurgent groups. Only the military is can pursue an effective counter-narcot¬ question of one’s own personal pre¬ capable of confronting these insurgents. ics program and simultaneously promote paredness and not in any way a matter In 1988, then-President Barco or¬ respect for human rights. Conversely, a of sex or race. dered the Colombian military to address policy that abandons the daig fight in The question which must be ad¬ the narcotics threat. The United States the Andes exposes democratic govern¬ dressed frankly and honestly is whether began providing narcotics-related sup¬ ments there to the continued corrupting “diversity” is more important to the State port to this effort after the policy had and violent influence of drug abuse. I Department than “quality.”... If we can been implemented. do not believe it is wise or responsible achieve quality and diversity, fine. If we Similarly, President Fujimori does to do this, nor is ignoring the situation choose to sacrifice quality in order to

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• Fully Furnished one-bedroom and efficiency apartments • Cable television with free HBO To THE EDITOR: As a long-time student of Yugoslavia, • Fully equipped kitchens please let me congratulate Michael • Free parking on site Mennard (“The Case for the Serbs,” • Coin-operated laundry facilities October Journal) on the most objective • Free utilities article on Yugoslavia that I have read • Individual heating and air conditioning since the cuixent crisis in that unfortu¬ • Outdoor pool and saunas nate country came to the forefront this • Maid service past year or so. • Free local phone calls Alexander S. Rados • All linens provided Santa Ana, California • 24-hour message service • 8-minute walk to Rosslyn Metro , .. . TOO BALANCED . . . • Same day laundry and valet service To THE EDITOR: As the post AFSA representative and one of the two embassy officers most involved in the Sister Dianna Ortiz af¬ fair, I write to protest your article “Mu¬ tual Suspicion” (September Journal), in which you give equivalent credibility to the embassy’s and ABC’s position. You assert that Sister Dianna “was abducted and tortured in Guatemala.” In fact, nearly the only thing which has been established in this matter is that she had 111 lesions on her back. How and under what circumstances she received those lesions remains unclear because of Sister HOTEL CONVENIENCE Dianna’s refusal to speak to any trained WITH RESIDENTIAL COMFORT investigator, either Guatemalan or (703) 522-9600 Fax (703) 525-4462 (800) 275-2866 American, for the nearly two years since 1500 Arlington Boulevard, Arlington, VA 22209 her ordeal. 'Minimum 30-day slay Since your article was published, she has again refused to collaborate in the investigation, this time declining to meet with the special investigator (an

6 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • DECEMBER 1991 American citizen and former FBI offi¬ problems loom large and in which Explaining ourselves rather than in¬ cer) named by the Guatemalan attorney reckless charges and countercharges forming ourselves is the central mission. general’s office. constantly threaten to catch dedicated Thus USIA can never forthrightly and in Until Sister Dianna makes herself officers in the crossfire. ... I hope the a focused manner address the nation’s available for questioning by competent [AFSA] Governing Board will respond to truly urgent need: the rejuvenation of Guatemalan and American legal and explain how your article got into our our educational system. This is clearly a judicial authorities, it is impossible to magazine and what assurance members task for a domestic agency. A foreign heed the cries of human rights groups have that the Journal will not be used service in the Department of Education and her lawyer for a more complete again to trumpet the sort of story that corresponding to the overseas arms of investigation than that already perfonned would cheer anyone trying to discredit Commerce, Agriculture, and the De¬ by the Guatemalan police. the Foreign Service. fense attache service might be one This embassy and its officers have PaulD. Taylor answer. It is past time that this function repeatedly demonstrated concern for U.S. Ambassador be relocated to meet shifting national the welfare of American citizens—one Santo Domingo priorities. has only to look at its actions following The transplanting of these programs the murder of Michael DeVine, which RESHAPING PUBLIC would not, of course, spell the end of ultimately led to suspension of U.S. DIPLOMACY USIA (which reportedly is about to military aid, as an example of the im¬ take over all international broadcast¬ portance we give to that responsibility. To THE EDITOR: ing services funded by Washington). In publishing this article questioning Henry Catto (“Under One Roof,” Grantees could still cooperate with the embassy’s actions and appearing to Journal, September 1991) displays an USIA public affairs programing in USIS give legitimacy to the ABC news pro¬ appealing zest for his new job as director centers. But a change in administration gram, which was full of untruths, the of USIA. Regrettably, however, he also is probably the precondition to such a Journal does a profound disservice to reveals an institution-bound parochial¬ rational reshaping of our foreign affairs hard-working officers of great integrity, ism about the political environment in resources. especially Lew Amselem. By publiciz¬ which his agency is now operating. In Robert Brown ing this case in what superficially appears an age when CIA is clearly on the Betbesda, Maryland to be an even-handed manner but which threshold of a sweeping redesign, and neglects to present the many unanswered the Pentagon is moving into a radically questions, thejoumalis playing into the different “force mix,” USIA, over the hands of those who seek political re¬ long haul, must likewise face a rede¬ To THE EDITOR: sults rather than true justice in the ployment of its assets. In the November edition, Dale Dianna Ortiz case. Catto’s cavalier dismissal of all re¬ Herspring writes of “the flack FSOs take Sue H. Patterson form proposals (“Given the fact that in Washington for their supposedly Consul General what we have now is doing a fine job, liberal’ views.” Let me be among the American Embassy, Guatemala why change it?”) cannot help ultimately first of many to point out that the crashing against a set of uncomfortable “preferred” spelling is Jlak. “Flack” is .. . NOT BALANCED ENOUGH realities: The slogan on the banner slang for public relations practitioner; flying over USIA headquarters reads, “flak” is the acronym for the German To THE EDITOR: “Telling America’s story abroad,” but Fliegerabwehrkanone, meaning anti¬ The article that you wrote and pub¬ American culture already enjoys an aircraft gun. The term was popularly lished in the September Journal on the appeal far beyond our borders, and used in World War II in referring to anti¬ abduction of Dianna Ortiz raises serious many private channels transmit LI.S. aircraft fire. questions about the professional quality policy pronouncements and U.S. politi¬ Take it from a working flack who has of the Journal and whether it deserves cal, economic, and cultural news. The caught his share of flak over the years. to call itself “The Independent Voice of Cable News Network is beamed to Wesley Pedersen the Foreign Service.” more than 100 nations daily. American Washington, D C. Your article left the impression that higher education attracts almost 500,000 The writer is a former member of the the report aired by ABC on “Prime Time foreign students, relatively few receiv¬ Journal Editorial Board. Live” was more reliable than informa¬ ing U.S. government aid. tion provided by our colleagues in the Paradoxically, at the same time, U.S. CORRECTION embassy. My own experience with knowledge about other countries and ABC in preparing a report aired on other languages is perilously deficient Due to an editing error, the year of “Prime Time Live" May 30 showed that for a multi-ethnic society whose eco¬ Norman Thomas’s candidacy for the the network was far more interested in nomic future depends on a larger global presidency was incorrect in a Letter to sensationalism than balance. market share. . . . USIA’s founding the Editor written by Morris Weisz in the You might have written an article legislation bars it from disseminating November Journal. Thomas received about how challenging it is to work in information within the United States the Socialist Party nomination for the an environment where human rights except with congressional consent. . . . presidency six times, but not in 1952. ■

DECEMBER 1991 • FOREIGN SERVICE IOURNAL • 7 Dollar Diplomacy INNER SANCTUM FIGURE ticularly when Baker is traveling, Ross is often up through the night writing the THE WASHINGTON POST, OCTOBER 31, 1991 the “talking points” Baker will use. . . BY DAVID HOFFMAN . According to intimates, for all his As one of Baker’s two principal idea reliance on Ross, Baker reserves for American men, along with counselor Robert himself key decisions about diplo¬ Zoellick, [Dennis] Ross has played a matic tactics and strategy. When en¬ major role in many of the Bush meshed in an issue such as the Middle way Administration’s foreign policy tri¬ East, Baker will ask Ross to draft a umphs and failures... Yet, despite his cable to another leader, then pore over central role, Ross, 42, is one of the least it meticulously himself. . . . Ross was public of Washington figures, little Come to American the lone notetaker for Baker in key known outside the hushed hallways meetings with Soviet officials and for Service Center for diplomatic and bargaining rooms of foreign policy. immunity from high prices. If nearly two years had his own channel Ross represents a permanent policy to the Soviet leadership through a you are on an overseas establishment that influences govern¬ close relationship with Sergei assignment, and carry a ment, while presidents come and go. Tarasenko, his counterpart under then- diplomatic or official passport, A specialist in Soviet and Middle Foreign Minister Eduard Shevardnadze. you can save on the purchase East affairs, he impressed George Bush It was Tarasenko and Ross—in Moscow of a new Mercedez Benz with when he accompanied the then-vice at the moment Iraq invaded Kuwait— U.S. equipment, shipped president to meetings in Egypt, Jordan, who together drafted the j oint U.S.- directly to the United States or and Israel in 1986. Ross, who at the Soviet statement calling for an inter¬ time was handling the Middle East at for pick up in Stuttgart*. national arms embargo. Their pro¬ the National Security Council, was Contact Erik Granholm, posal, tapped out on an English-lan¬ asked to serve as a foreign policy our Diplomatic and Tourist guage typewriter they found in the adviser in the 1988 Bush presidential Soviet Ministry, was later approved . . Sales Manager. campaign. After the election, he was . and presented to the world in an mulling a White House post when unprecedented display of rapid su¬ Baker wooed him to the inner sanctum perpower agreement. Ross had “im¬ at State. mediate access to the secretary, and I . . . During nearly three years as had immediate access to the minister,” secretary of State, Baker has relied on Tarasenko recalled. “If at that moment just a few close advisers, including we had to go through diplomatic Ross, Zoellick, and spokesman Marg¬ channels, it would have been another aret Tutwiler. This brain trust often story.” seems to be on the verge of exhaus¬ tion, working long hours on the latest NO AID POLYGRAPHS lerican crisis while other topics go unattended.

By their own admission, Baker’s group THE WASHINGTON POST, OCTOBER 18,1991 Service Center failed to focus closely on the impending EDITORIAL 385 North Glebe Road Iraqi invasion of Kuwait until it was too A.I.D. would have you believe that Arlington, Virginia 22203 late. At the time, Ross was concentrating its proposed lie detector policy merely 703/5252100 on problems that seemed much more parallels the State Department’s. It FAX: 703/525-1430 *Car must he imported into U.S. within urgent: the Soviet Union and the Middle doesn’t. It builds from the point where 6 months after taking delivery in Europe. East peace process. the State Department leaves off. The Baker’s style gives those few around State regulations cover employees and Mercedes-Benz-Regiacrd Trademarks of Daimler-Benz AG, him generous sway over where to contractors, the A.I.D. policy captures Stuttgart, Federal Republic of Germany focus policy attention—although not job seekers too. ... In contrast to the necessarily over final decisions. . . . State Department, the A.I.D. draft Before any important meeting, par¬ regulations do not ban probes of reli-

8 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • DECEMBER 1991 gious and racial beliefs and affiliations, THE NATION’S PARLOR political beliefs and affiliations of a lawful nature or opinions regarding GOURMET, OCTOBER 1991 PeaVe your the constitutionality of legislative poli¬ BY NAOMI BARRY cies. And . . . A.I.D. vests ultimate Atop a banal gray Washington, D.C. authority for polygraph use in [IG] office building of the functional fifties most Gen. Beckington. exists the most A.I.D. Administra¬ beautiful ensemble tor Ronald Roskens Those machines may be of early Americana important is out of the picture. still in daily use. . . . A.I.D.’s poly¬ The approximately graph policy is a good tools of intimidation, 4,500 examples of classic example of American fine and investment pointless bureau¬ but fear detectors have no decorative arts in the cratic me-tooism. . State Department . . Those machines place in the Agency for collection are valued with the may be good tools at $60 million and of intimidation, but attest to the culti¬ fear detectors have International Develop¬ vated tastes of our management no place in the forefathers. Agency for Inter¬ ment. More than 65,000 national Develop¬ official guests are ment. The admin¬ received on the istration should put a stop to this. eighth floor annually. . . . The State Department maintains an approved you trust. DIPLOMACY’S STAGE list of 12 local catering firms selected for reliability, speed, efficiency, and THE WASHINGTON TIMES, OCTOBER 3, 1991 security, as well as quality of food Rental and Management BY GEORGIE ANNF. GEYER preparation and presentation. The host oj Tine ‘Properties in When U.S. Chief of Protocol Joseph [of receptions and dinners] chooses a Northwest 'DC, CheVy Chase, Vemer Reed leaves this month, the caterer from this list and pays the bill nation’s capital will be losing its most out of his budget. . . . Alcohol, includ¬ Bethesda and Potomac irreplaceable human spirit, a man who ing wine sauces, is taboo when guests has been the Bush Administration’s are from Moslem countries. Menus first face and first handshake to the tend to be as all-American as pos¬ foreign diplomatic world. “The art of sible—wild rice pancakes, crab impe¬ protocol is to set the stage for diplo¬ rial, and oysters Rockefeller.... When macy, where diplomats can conduct George Shultz entertained Mikhail foreign affairs,” [says Reed], “But poli¬ Gorbachev . . . [he] wanted an apple tics is show biz. To set the stage for a pie like his mother used to make. “He state visit is La Scala.” described his taste memories, and we Mr. Reed could have come to Wash¬ kept trying until he accepted what he ington from his ambassadorship to felt was an approximation of Mother Morocco and from his subsequent job Shultz’s apple pie,” said Bill Homan as an undersecretary at the United of Design Cuisine. Homan, who is a Nations and done the usual formal walking catalogue of Washington likes protocol job of cultivating the “big” and dislikes, said the Shultzes were Executive Housing countries. Instead, he immediately fond of ginger souffle. The Bakers love Consultants, Inc. cultivated and invited to luncheons at corn bread with chili peppers. Blair House the Third World diplomats Catering in the reception rooms 7315 Wisconsin Avenue who have most often been left on their means split-second timing to get ev¬ Suite 1020 East own in Washington. eryone out on time, for the next event Bethesda, Maryland 20814 [Overseeing the care of diplomats or tour is always waiting. “I come 301/951-4111 and their families in the United States] prepared for all emergencies, because “is like being the leader of a fairly there is not a minute to lose,” said Mr. good-sized town,” he said. Or, as a Homan. “One of my waiters turned up “We care for your home close friend summed up, “Joseph treats one day wearing white socks. I just as if it Were our oWn. ” eveiybody equally and makes every¬ sprayed his socks black and sent him one feel good.” out on the floor.” ■

DECEMBER 1991 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • 9 EVERYONE DESERVES THE RIGHT TO PRINK PURE WATER

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Kills: bacteria! astonishing improvement in the caliber of Removes: chemicals, nitrates, Seven Men on a Flying Carpet the Foreign Service officers and our dip¬ heavy metals, lead, sodium, etc. By Guy7 W. Ray, second secretary, Mexico City lomatic representation abroad. They felt, Published in the Journal, December 1941 Used worldwide: in homes, however, that there was still room for offices, embassies, jungle Visits in 30 Foreign Service posts in the improvement. . . .Those Foreign Service outposts, etc. other American republics, calls on all the officers who are stationed in the other presidents and foreign ministers of 17 of American republics at the present time these countries, and talks with numerous should consider themselves most fortu¬ high officials and business men convinced nate. In many other parts of the world . . five members of the House of Repre¬ . the best the Foreign Service can hope for sentatives Subcommittee on Appropria¬ is to assist in holding back the avalanche tions that the Foreign Service has made of destruction. However, in the American the Good Neighbor policy and hemi¬ republics there is room for really con¬ spheric solidarity more than high- structive action ... and personal initiative. sounding phrases.The primary purpose This recent trip... will make it easier in the of the trip was to inspect our Foreign future to make the committee understand Service establishments. Ten embassies, our needs in accomplishing the tasks we Simple to use, economical, durable, seven legations, and 13 consular posts are called upon to perform. all stainless steel. were visited. Completing an inspection of 30 posts in less than 60 clays required Intercultural communication a pace which was far from easy to follow. One of the congressmen who had ... Well probably never catch up on our taken Spanish lessons explained to a sleep until after the war is over. waiter in a hotel that he wanted two It is most gratifying to report that at four-minute soft-boiled eggs. The waiter every post visited the arrangements were said yes. he understood, the gentleman carried out efficiently and not one single wanted four eggs. It was explained that untoward incident marred the trip. ... A what he wanted was two eggs left in great share of the credit for the trip goes boiling water for four minutes. That How Your Durastill works. to our own Foreign Service in the way in was understood. The two eggs arrived which it made the required arrangements duly fried. In answer to the inevitable In the distillation process, water in and established contacts with the various protest, the waiter explained that he the boiling tank comes to a boil, local residents and American business¬ creating steam. The steam rises, had obeyed orders. He had left the two men. . . .Members of the committee leaving behind bacteria killed in eggs in boiling water for four minutes the boiling process, as well as, frequently remarked that during the past and then had fried them. chemicals, minerals and pollutants eight or 10 years there had been an from the source water. The steam moves into the condenser coils where it is cooled by air and con¬ denses to become pure distilled water. Write or call: Answers on page 56 DURASTILL EXPORT, INC. 112 UNION ST. SO. WEYMOUTH MA 02190 1. How many tandem couples currently serve in the FAX: 617-340-0364 USA Foreign Service? TEL: 617-337-7990 2. How many foreign diplomats are posted to the United States? Special Discount to FSJ readers 3. When was the Arms Control and Disarmament Agency (References upon request) created?

10 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • DECEMBER 1991 DESPATCH vice as DCM is de rigeur for the top wrote that the integrity of the series Slapdash position. It will be a particular sur¬ had been gravely damaged by such prise to the roughly one-third of am¬ withholding. He cited the FRUS vol¬ statistics bassadors who were political ume on Iran, 1952-1954, which con¬ appointees. We were not able to dis¬ tained nothing on the U.S. The Foreign Sendee Review Inc., cover how many career appointees government’s effort to depose a private corporation in Arlington, had previously served as DCM, but Mossadegh. Virginia offering review courses for casual, anecdotal evidence suggests The new bill provides that the ed¬ the Foreign Service oral and written that the percentage is very far from iting of the FRUS series “shall be exams, prints up “did you know” 100. guided by principles of historical ob¬ sheets for schools preparing students Second, Glaspie may not have per¬ jectivity and accuracy. Records shall for the exam that provide an odd mix formed her mission well; that is a sep¬ not be altered and deletions shall not of straight information and rather ab¬ arate question. But the idea that she be made without indicating in the breviated reporting of “trends.” The was underqualified for her posting to published text that a deletion has last information sheet that came our Iraq is silly. Glaspie served as deputy been made. The published record way, dated August 8, 1991, informed chief of mission in Damascus for a lit¬ shall omit no facts which were of applicants of the exam dates and the tle over a year, leaving in September major importance in reaching a deci¬ weighting of various sections. Then it 1985 to take the highly pressured job sion, and nothing shall be omitted for added, “Affirmative action pressures of director for Lebanon, Jordan, and the purpose of concealing a defect of at State work not only at the entry Syria Affairs in NEA, where she served policy.” level but also at all promotion levels. for three years. She enjoys a service¬ They may have inadvertently contrib¬ wide reputation for being an Arabist uted to the invasion of Kuwait. Be¬ of great skill. Why is it that not even 2001 cause of the intense pressure to an ambassador of April Glaspie’s cal¬ promote women, women are receiv¬ iber can be judged on the basis of Georgetown University’s Institute ing appointments to ambassadorships performance rather than gender? for the Study of Diplomacy plans a with considerably less experience conference on December 17 in the than male appointees. . . . April State Department on the Foreign Ser¬ Glaspie, our ambassador to Iraq, was vice, 2001, the futuristic date appar¬ appointed at 45 with 21 years of ex¬ Closing ently meant to suggest that the perience. She had also skipped the conference will plant the service critical three-year deputy chief of mis¬ Historygate firmly in the next centuiy. Two after¬ sion position, which is the noon panels are slated to examine department’s testing ground for future When the president finally signed problems in implementing the For¬ ambassadors. Instead she ‘got her the State Department 1992-1993 au¬ eign Service Act of 1980 and how the ticket punched’ by serving less than thorization bill into law in late Octo¬ policy and reporting/analysis func¬ three months as DCM during a polit¬ ber, historians throughout tions of the service should change in ical officer tour.” Washington got to retire to their li¬ the decade to come. Among those We will leave aside the question of braries in quiet victory. The bill con¬ tentatively planning to attend are whether it is appropriate to make tained a provision to improve access Representative Lee Hamilton (D-IN), hasty reference to the complex issue by historians to classified government former Directors General George Vest of gender preference in promotion in documents in compiling the official and Roy Atherton, AFSA President a one-page fact sheet about the exam. Foreign Relations of the Un ited States Hume Horan, and Ambassador L. We also leave to others to decide (FRUS). Paul Bremer, of Bremer Study Group whether Glaspie acted correctly in her The history provision was backed fame. The day-long conference, famous July 25 meeting with Saddam by a group of independent scholars which is being organized by Foreign Hussein. But David B. Miller, execu¬ who resigned from their work of re¬ Sendee officer John McNamara, is tive director of the Foreign Service viewing the official FRUS series in free; those planning to attend should Review, who signed the August 8 let¬ protest against unreasonable with¬ register with the institute at 202/687- ter, is wrong on two counts. First, am¬ holding of documents. In an article in 8313. bassadors throughout the world will these pages in August 1990, a mem¬ - ANNE STEVENSON-YANG be interested to know that prior ser¬ ber of that group, Waixen I. Cohen,

DECEMBER 1991 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • 11 SPEAKING OUT BY DAVID JONES Just Fade Away Nothing so ill becomes the Foreign Service as the nature of our leaving it

hat happened to Bob? tion have a higher ratio of applicants to Service fails, however, is in managing WWhere did Leo go? Have available jobs. Likewise, the Foreign the departure of its members into retire¬ you heard anything from Service does a superb job of retaining its ment. Mike? Answer: he retired. recruits. Despite a generation of com¬ In comparison with the Foreign Ser¬ Context: he disappeared off the scope plaints over “bad morale” and a shrink¬ vice, the uniformed military services as if retirement were a private shame or ing role in American foreign policy, handle the retirement of their members, a communicable social disease. Indeed, statistically the Foreign Service loses from the highest to the lowest, with Foreign Service officers sneak into re¬ almost no one to voluntary departure. dignity and honor. Anyone participat¬ tirement after 20 to 25 years or more of Thus the Foreign Service handles in ing in or observing such a retirement exceptional service as if the conclusion practice substantive challenge and re¬ ceremony will depart with an apprecia¬ of a career in the Foreign Service were ward reasonably well in comparison tion that the individuals retiring were the equivalent of failure. We talk of with other agencies. Where the Foreign respected professionals whose services retirement in the same hushed tones that Victorians used for sex. The first news most of us have of our colleagues’ retire¬ ments comes from the long-delayed lists in State magazine, with all the elegance of bills of lading for household effects— two chairs DR, one table LR (scratched) one FS-1 (aged). Re¬ tirement is the diplo¬ matic equivalent of the fabled elephants’ graveyard into which ancient elephants wander alone and abandoned. The Foreign Service is curiously uncomfortable with retirement. In contrast, we do a marvelous job of recruit¬ ing. Rarely, does an organiza

12 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • DECEMBER 1991 to the United States were recognized “should have been general” and those lead only to disillusion. and rewarded. whose transition from uniform to Two examples: Onjune 21,1991, the “civvies” is never successful. Neverthe¬ Prepare for retirement Army chief of staff retired in a ceremony less, the military accepts retirement as a State has made tentative steps to¬ held on the Parade Grounds at Fort natural part of the career process, which ward better retirement preparation with Myer, Virginia. Before an audience of will occur when much of life lies ahead. its retirement seminar. It should, how¬ 2,500, including a wide selection of The military is a career for the young. ever, be expanded and officers given the general officers and senior Defense Most enlisted men begin in their teens, chance to attend more than once. Elements Department officials, General Carl E. officers in their early 20s. Consequently, of the seminar should be considered Vuono reviewed the Third Infantry Bat¬ an enlisted man might retire before mandatory, perhaps for every officer talion (the Old Guard), listened to a reaching 40, and most senior officers reaching FS-2 and secretaries and com¬ specially composed march, received depart in their mid-50s (General Vuono municators at the 10- to 15-year mark. A high decorations, and offered the as¬ was only 56). Thus a military career is mid-career assessment is vital in any ca¬ sembled throng his final official words recognized and accepted from incep¬ reer, and one element of such a summing of advice and wisdom. The event was tion as but one stage of a working up should be retirement information. rich in traditional pomp and circum¬ lifetime, and, intellectually, the ground stance. Cannon fired, bands played, is prepared for retirement. Better honor our retirees flags flew. It was the exclamation point In contrast, FSOs enter tire State The slink-away motif of the current on a long, distinguished career. Department at a variety of ages (the retirement policy is a disgrace. Our On the same parade ground on average is currently 32) without a real senior ambassadors and career officials June 28, 1990 the military service of a appreciation for their likely career limits should be systematically honored upon group of Army officers and enlisted and the subsequent personal and pro¬ retirement with individualized eighth- men ranging from colonel to sergeant fessional problems this pattern could floor ceremonies. A flag that had flown were honored as they passed into create when the average 25-year For¬ over State would be a memorable part¬ retirement. The ceremony differed only eign Service career is completed. For¬ ing gift. Other retiring Foreign Service in degree from that commemorating eign Service officers tend to think of personnel should be offered appropri¬ the retirement of the Army chief: there themselves as GS civil servants, at least ate group commemoration, perhaps were hundreds of friends, family, col¬ in their belief that their talents and scheduled monthly, led by the director leagues, and well-wishers; the same expertise increase over the years and general and addressed by a senior State Old Guard marched; the same bands should not be artificially cut short. official. played; the same cannon roared. A Is the ambivalent quality of Foreign senior Defense spokesman addressed Service retirement implicit in our con¬ Use their talents better in the audience—and the honor and ap¬ tinued professional inability to come to retirement preciation were no less. terms with the statutory limits of a The AFSA proposal for a Foreign Compare these images with a typical Foreign Service career? Are we still Service Reserve Corps is a solid idea, but Foreign Service retirement. In late July living with the implicit expectation that it is closer to being talked to death than 1991, an FS-1 with 25 years of service a “successful” Foreign Service career (a) implemented. Foreign Seivice Day is a participated in a small ceremony in his is that of an officer and (b) must end as stab in the right direction, but more a office marked by a few words from his an ambassador? Regrettably, die ques¬ social reunion than a substantive review office director, the presentation of a tions are better than the answers, but of issues. The Anny schedules twice plaque (with name still to be engraved), following are some suggestions that yearly conferences for four-star retirees and an honor award. If he chooses, he would make “retirement” less of a dirty where senior Army staff briefs on devel¬ may join a mass ceremony at some still- word. opments and directions the Army is to-be-determined date next year where taking. These retired generals are, in recent retirees are “honored” by the Be more honest effect, the Army’s senior unofficial lob¬ director general. This recently instituted We need truth in recruiting, truth in byists throughout government, and time ceremony draws but a small percentage training, and truth through career coun¬ spent clarifying Anny interests pays of those eligible to attend. The general seling. Entering FSOs need some solid substantial dividends. Comparable comment of those declining to attend figures on career expectations. They meetings with tailored groups at which focuses on the trivial quality of the need to know numbers of ambassador¬ selected senior State retired officials experience. ships (career and political). They need could provide us the nucleus of experts some perspective (e.g., “Of this class, on on selected issues. At a minimum, such A natural progression average, X percent can expect promo¬ sessions would provide historical in¬ To be fair, not every military retire¬ tion to FS-2, Y percent can expect sights and disarm others who did not ment is the equivalent of promotion to promotion to FS-1, Z percent to the understand the current situation. ■ the Elysian Fields nor every Foreign Senior Foreign Service, and XX will Service retirement a degrading experi¬ become ambassadors.”) Adults can deal David Jones is foreign affairs ad¬ ence. There are bitter colonels who with hard realities, but ambiguities can viser to the Army chief of staff.

DECEMBER 1991 • FOREIGN SERVICE 101'RNAL- • 13 ★ ★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★ +-=— ★★★★★★

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oving into his seventh floor office at the CIA’s Brent Scowcroft tapped Gates to be a top Soviet specialist on the NSC staff. M headquarters in Langley, Virginia, Robert M. Gates remained in this rarefied environ¬ Gates takes the helm of an intelligence establish¬ ment near the pinnacle of power for ment in transition. The collapse of communism almost five years, working for Zbigniew Brzezinski after President Carter took in the Soviet Union has removed the chief external office. It was during this period, playing threat that drove U.S. intelligence activities for four decades. In the role of policy-maker rather than CIA analyst, that Gates came to question the Washington, a consensus is emerging that the $30 hillion-a-year usefulness of much intelligence work. intelligence complex should face the same post-Cold War belt¬ As he said in a speech in 1982, he found tightening as the armed services. And as with the military, it is also a lot of the intelligence received by the White House to be “irrelevant or un¬ widely agreed that America’s spy agencies must be reorganized to timely,” “close-minded, smug, arrogant,” better cope with new global realities. “inaccurate or too fuzzy,” and generally reflecting both poor scholarship and a lack of sensitivity to the needs of policy¬ makers. This experience of viewing As Director of Central Intelligence lead the CIA has been fatally compro¬ intelligence from “the other side of the (DCI), Robert Gates will guide the U.S. mised by evidence that he politicized fence” would later make Gates a formi¬ intelligence community into the 21st intelligence during the 1980s, catering dable internal critic at the CIA. century. His broad powers allow him to the whims of his superiors and intimi¬ Gates left the NSC in 1979 to become not only to overhaul the CIA itself, but dating rank-and-file CIA analysts. It has a top aide to Stansfield Turner, Carter’s to promote change within an array of also been argued that Gates is a man of DCI. When William Casey took over the other organizations such as the National the past whose Soviet expertise is less agency in early 1981, Gates quickly Security Agency, the National Recon¬ relevant in the post-Cold War era. impressed the new director and began naissance Organization, and the De¬ what would be a meteoric rise in the CIA fense Intelligence Agency. During his Golden Gates during the 1980s. Gates’s work during difficult confirmation hearings, Gates The story of Robert Gates’s career the Reagan era—as deputy director for hinted that he would launch a major has a familiar ring. It is the story of a intelligence (DDI), chainnan of the Na¬ effort to “reassess the role, mission, young man from the American heart¬ tional Intelligence Council, and finally priorities, and structure of American land who rose to power in Washington as Casey’s deputy—burnished his intelligence.” Details of such an effort through hard work, high intelligence, reputation for self-discipline and bu¬ have yet to be unveiled, but Gates’s and a belief in political ideas (conserva¬ reaucratic savvy. But as Gates’s confir¬ challenge is twofold: First, he must shift tism in Gates’s case) which were in the mation hearings revealed, there was the focus of intelligence work away ascendant. Gates grew up in Wichita, also a darker side to this period. Gates’s from the Soviet Union and usher in a Kansas, and came to the capital 25 years promotion to the pivotal post of DDI in new era in which the CIA and its sister ago to take an entry level job at the CIA. January 1982 caused considerable re¬ agencies monitor diverse global trends. Gates brought to his new career tremen¬ sentment among other analysts at Lan¬ Second, Gates must oversee a contrac¬ dous self-discipline and no qualms about gley. As fomier Deputy Director Bobby tion and consolidation of the intelli¬ putting in long hours at the office. In a Inman later told Congress, “there .was gence community that reflect the town of workaholics, he quickly distin¬ significant on-the-job training in that changed security environment of the guished himself as a bureaucrat of un¬ process, and there were clearly bruised 1990s. usual zeal. While working full-time as a feelings.” Gates “broke some china,” Gates’s qualifications for taking on junior official at the CIA, Gates com¬ concluded Inman. Gates himself ac¬ this mammoth task have been fiercely pleted a Ph.D. in Soviet affairs at knowledged that he wouldn’t win “a debated. To his admirers, Robeit Gates Georgetown University. And early on popularity contest” at the CIA. is a man of the future, a brilliant analyst he developed the habit of working and Washington insider who is ideally seven days a week. Blunt instrument? suited for the transition period ahead. Gates’s labors paid off. In 1974, Presi¬ If Gates’s critics are to be believed, he To his critics, though, Gates’s ability to dent Ford’s National Security Adviser did far more than ruffle some feathers

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DECEMBER 1991 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • 15 ★ ★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★ ★★★★★★★★ during the 1980s. Gates has been por¬ those who hold unorthodox or minor¬ politicization in the 1980s. trayed as corrupting the integrity of the ity views, be heard,” Gates said. Other analysts who worked under intelligence process by slanting intelli¬ This pledge would go unfilled, ac¬ Gates disputed this portrait, saying he gence reports, pushing his own ideo¬ cording to some analysts who worked was an open-minded boss. Gates was logical agenda, and squelching dissent for Gates. In the words of one veteran “ready to be persuaded by evidence among analysts through intimidation. CIA analyst, Harold P. Ford, Gates and analysis” and he ensured “treat¬ At best, his style at the CIA was, in his often “ignored or scorned the views ment of competing hypotheses,” said own words, “demanding and blunt.” At of others whose assessments did not Douglas J. MacEachin, who headed worst, it was arrogant and abrasive accord with his own.” Other analysts the CIA’s Office of Soviet Analysis in enough to terrify junior analysts and echoed this charge and claimed that the 1980s. Gates himself claimed that alienate more senior officials. Three Gates corrupted the intelligence pro¬ he was “open to argumentation” and days after taking over as DDI, the 39- cess to get the political assessments “never distorted intelligence to sup¬ year old Gates gave an address to the he wanted. Specifically, Gates is said port policy or to please a policy¬ agency’s top analysts in which he to have pressed analysts to take a maker.” lambasted them for shoddy work. pessimistic view of Soviet intentions “Obviously, CIA’s analysts are capable and behavior—the view shared by Following a cold trail of and do turn out high-quality work. himself and his fervently anti-Com- Few can dispute, however, that But we also turn out work that is munist boss, William Casey. “What I Gates brought to his work an extreme irrelevant, uninteresting, too late to be think is most important and most pessimism about the Soviet Union. of value, too narrow, too unimaginative, offensive is that Casey and Gates During the late 1980s, as Mikhail and too often just flat wrong.” Gates arrogated to themselves the power to Gorbachev spearheaded a historic re¬ ended his speech by promising that he make intelligence judgments—that form effort in the Soviet Union, Gates would create an open environment in they had contempt for a process de¬ frequently delivered a speech entitled the analytic division. “In an intelli¬ signed to allow independent analysis,” “War by Another Name,” in which he gence organization, it is essential that said Melvin Goodman, a top Soviet argued that Moscow remained an im¬ voices crying out in the wilderness, analyst who left the CIA because of its placable foe. Despite a Ph.D. in Soviet Allied Owners Are Serving at 46 Overseas Posts

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DECEMBER 1991 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • 17 AFSA Your Voice

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cannot remain fundamentally unaf¬ promised to make a particular effort to fected,” Gates said during his confir¬ mend ties with the analysts at Langley: mation hearing. “CIA and U.S. intelli¬ “I would solicit from the analysts their gence must change and be seen to own ideas on how to rebuild morale, change or confront irrelevance and insure integrity and independence, how growing sentiment for their dismantle¬ to avoid self-censorship ment.” Gates has put forward few and deal with details of the changes he has in mind, but at least two of his priorities are clear: first, Gates plans to re¬ duce CIA backing for LIFE IS YOUR MOST VALUABLE POSSESSION. paramilitary operations in the Third World, re¬ PASS IT ON. flecting the decline of So¬ Of all the riches you could viet power. Second, Gates leave to your family, the has promised to “dramati¬ cally expand our clandes¬ most precious is the gift of tine human intelligence life. Your bequest to the collection.” This move will American Heart Association address the agency’s well- assures that priceless legacy known weakness in gather¬ by supporting research into ing the kind of nuanced in¬ heart disease prevention. formation that only spies can provide. It is an initiative entailing a To learn more about the certain irony: unlike William Casey, Planned Giving Program, the renegade spymaster, or Wil¬ call us today. It’s the first liam Webster, the former law en¬ step in making a memory forcement official, Gates is a quint¬ that lasts beyond a lifetime. essential analyst—a Ph.D. intellec¬ tual who is comfortable in the world of fierce and often arcane debates over intelligence. Gates the analyst and Washington bureaucrat symbolizes the technocratic face of American intelligence. Yet, as a CIA chief committed to hiring additional spies, he will be pushing for a more traditional approach to intelligence. Critics have wondered whether Gates—who has never worked in the field—is up to this task. «IMI INTERNATIONAL COPYRIGHT BY CARTOONIWS INC., N.Y.C., USA Ultimately, the effective¬ ness of the CIA in the 1990s will hinge the perceptions of politicization.” in great part on maintaining morale in Gates’s implicit message here is that American Heart an agency facing cutbacks and reorga¬ he learns from his mistakes. Whether Association nization. Gates has acknowledged his this is true remains to be seen. ■ past failings as a manager, confirming charges that he was often demanding David Callahan, author of Dangerous and insensitive. But he has pledged to Capabilities: Paul Nitze and the Cold This space provided as a public service. change his ways. In a final statement War, is a frequent contributor to the during his confirmation hearing, Gates Journal

20 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • DECEMBER 1991 WHAT IF YOU’RE HIT BYA TYPHOON IN RANGOON?

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TTntil the day he died, Ambassador Joseph ; C. Grew, who served in Japan from 1932 to 1941 and was the most experienced U.S. diplomat of that era, believed that Washington’s handling of the U.S.-Japan jrn. negotiations preceding the Pearl Harbor ■ attack was unimaginative and inflexible. " IlL. ■ m W | Grew thought that Washington gave short ’ ^=-shrift to the embassy’s carefully considered reports, analyses, and recommendations centering on Japanese Prime Minister Pumimaro Konoye’s proposal that he and President Roosevelt meet face- to-face in Honolulu in a direct effort to achieve a settlement of all outstanding issues. If the meeting had been allowed to take place, he believed, the Pacific War might have been avoided. As Grew’s private secretary during that eventful period, I assisted him in a small way in preparing his never-published “failure of a mission” report during our post-Pearl Harbor internment in Tokyo, dis¬ cussed the issues with him at length during our two- month repatriation voyage home, and accompanied him when he called on Secretary of State Cordell Hull and attempted to present the report. I thought then, The Groton connection as I do now, that Grew was right, that the meeting Devoted to the Foreign Service and to his old school, should have been held, and that if it had been held, Groton, Grew made it a practice to ask Groton’s head¬ the Pacific War might have been avoided, without master to nominate a Grotonian about to graduate from sacrifice of any U.S. or Allied principle or interest. college to come out to Tokyo for two years as Grew’s private secretary. The position paid only $50 a month, out of Grew’s own pocket, but provided an unparalleled opportunity for the young man to view the Foreign BY ROBERT A. FEAREY Service from the inside and decide whether he wished to apply. Of the four afforded this opportunity, three— PHOTOGRAPHS BY including myself—joined the service. JANE SMITH-HUTTON My predecessor, Marshall Green, returned home in

22 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • DECEMBER 1991 FINAL ROUND

Photos left to right: Embassy’s library with clean up crew; staff gathered together to sing hymns on Sundays; golfing with Ambassador Grew, Lt. Mert Stone, and Chip Bohlen; and Helen Skowland and Jane Smith- Hutton display canned goods in kitchen.

June, 1941. We met in New York, where he removed any Service officers called personally on the secretary or doubts I might have had about my acceptance of the job. under secretary before departing for their posts. I was not The Grews, he said, were great, die embassy group first an FSO, but Grew had written to his old friend, Under class, the duties of the position not too arduous, and Secretary Sumner Welles, another Grotonian, to ask him Japan still a wonderful place, notwithstanding the gath¬ to oversee my departure arrangements and briefly receive ering war clouds. In the course of our couple of days me. I recall waiting in the anteroom between Secretary together, I offered Green an airplane ride, having at that Hull’s and Under Secretary Welles’s offices, chatting with time accumulated several hundred private flying hours. two secretaries, before Welles came out to usher me in. He still talks of our bombing run a few feet above a tanker The two said they were their bosses’ entire secretarial moving down Long Island Sound, with the captain support! running for cover on the bridge. Arriving in Tokyo in early July, I was met with a bow In those days, hard as it is to believe now, U.S. Foreign and a giggle by my amah (servant), Kani-san, inherited

DECEMBER 1991 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • 23 Left: Ambassador Grew including on the golf course. Below: Embassy Counselor Qn the other hand, there Eugene Dooman were thos£ including Prime Minister Konoye, who found carefully arranged golf games and private dinners feasible for meeting with Grew and Dooman at critical junctures.

Averting war As the weeks passed I became aware that Grew and Dooman were heavily preoccupied with an undertak¬ ing that they believed could critically affect the prospects for averting war. Though the matter was closely held within the embassy, I learned that it related to a proposal Grew had transmitted to Washington from Prime Minister Konoye that he and President Roosevelt meet face-to-face in Ho¬ nolulu, in an effort to fundamentally turn U.S.- Japan relations around before it was too late. Grew had from Green, at told Washington that Konoye was convinced that he the door of my government-pro¬ would be able to present terms for a settlement at such vided apartment in the embassy compound. I had a meeting which the United States and its allies would be barely started to unpack when the phone rang—it was able to accept. Konoye had said that the terms had the Ambassador Grew inviting me up the hill to his residence backing of the emperor and of Japan’s highest military to get acquainted. authorities, and that senior military officers were pre¬ As I entered Grew’s study, he turned from the old pared to accompany him to the meeting and put the typewriter on which he had hunted and pecked his work weight of their approval behind the hoped-for agreement at home for decades, and greeted me warmly. We talked with the president on the mission’s return to Japan. Grew for about half an hour, when Mrs. Grew came in to be and Dooman had strongly recommended that Washing¬ introduced. Site lamented the fact that, unlike Green, I ton agree to the meeting. did not play bridge. But Mr. Grew said that he had had Washington’s initial reaction to the proposal was good reports on my golf, which was the important thing. favorable. Tire idea was said to have caught the president’s Both could not have been nicer; I left feeling that all imagination. According to The Foreign Relations of the would be well. United States, in a late August session with Japanese The next day I met the embassy staff, particularly Ambassador Kichisaburu Nomura, Roosevelt “spoke of Eugene H. Dooman, the embassy counselor, born the difficulty of going as far as in Japan, fluent in Japanese, and Grew’s rij hand man; Edward S. Crocker, first secretary Charles E. Bohlen, second secretary, recently arrived from Embassy Moscow and later Presi¬ dent Roosevelt’s Russian interpreter/adviser and ambassador to the Soviet Union, France, and the Philippines; Captain Henri H. Smith - Hutton, naval attache; Lt. Col. Harry J. Creswell, Army attache; Frank S. Williams, commercial attache, and Marion Arnold, Grew’s longtime secretary, with whom I shared an outer office. I had known that one of my principal duties would be golf. Weekday afternoons when work permitted, Grew would quickly assemble a foursome from the embassy golfers, most often Dooman, Bohlen, Crocker, or myself, and away we would go to Koganei, Kasumegaseki, or some other nearby course. Relations with Japan had reached a point where Grew’s Japa¬ nese friends could no longer afford to be seen with him,

24 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • DECEMBER 1991 Hawaii and elaborated his reasons why it would be Konoye would be assassinated, and the whole effort difficult to get away for 21 days. He turned to Juneau, would fail. A further risk of hostile leaks lay in the codes Alaska, as a meeting place, which would require only 14 through which the American Embassy and the State or 15 days, allowing for a three or four days conversation Department communicated. The embassy hoped that with the Japanese prime minister.” At the close of the one of its codes was still secure, but Konoye told Grew meeting he said “that he would be keenly interested in that he believed Japanese cryptographers had broken having three or four days with Prince Konoye, and he all the others. again mentioned Juneau.” Konoye told Grew after this After Matsuoka was forced to resign as foreign conversation had been reported to Tokyo that Juneau minister following the German invasion of Russia in was entirely acceptable, and that a destroyer with steam June, Konoye told Grew, and he Washington, that up awaited in Yokohama to carry him and his associates Matsuoka had left supporters behind in the Foreign there. An embassy officer who lived in Yokohama Office who would equally leak the positive and confirmed this. forthcoming terms that Konoye intended to propose to At a meeting with Nomura at the White House on the president. On the other hand, Konoye maintained September 3, however, the president read a message, that if he, accompanied by senior representatives of the prepared at State, from him to Konoye which included Army and Navy, could meet face-to-face with Roosevelt, the statement that “it would seem highly desirable that we propose those terms and have them accepted in take precautions toward ensuring that our proposed principle, subject to Washington and Allied concurrence meeting shall prove a success, by endeavoring to enter and the working out of detailed implementing ar¬ immediately upon preliminary discussions of the funda¬ rangements, the reaction of relief and approval in Japan mental and essential questions on which we seek would be so strong that diehard elements would be agreement.” When Nomura asked whether the president unable to prevail against it. was still favorable to a conference, “the president replied that he was, but that it was very important to settle a The China quagmire number of these questions beforehand, if the success of Grew and Dooman supported this reasoning. From the conference was to be safeguarded. ...” He added the emperor down, they told Washington, the Japanese that “it would be necessary for us to discuss the matter knew that the China venture was not succeeding. fully with the British, the Chinese, and the Dutch, since Particularly after the July freezing of Japanese assets there is no other way to effect a suitable peaceful abroad and the embargo on oil and scrap shipments to settlement for the Pacific area.” Japan, the endless war in China was driving Japan to In succeeding meetings Roosevelt and Hull reiter¬ ruin. Evety time a taxi went around the corner, Japan ated these two themes—that the proposed meeting had less oil. There was solid reason to believe that the must be preceded by preliminary U.S.-Japan discussions bulk of the Japanese people, except for the diehards of (by which they clearly meant agreement on) “the and fanatics, would sincerely welcome a face-saving fundamental and essential questions on which we seek settlement that would enable the country to pull back, agreement,” and by U.S. consultation with our Chinese, on an agreed schedule, from China and Southeast Asia, British, and Dutch allies. In a September 4 meeting with even if not from Manchuria. Japan had now held Nomura, Hull said that “this was especially necessary Manchuria for nine years, had successfully integrated with the Chinese who might otherwise be apprehen¬ its economy into the homeland economy, and its sive lest we betray them.” Concern for Chiang Kai- disposition presented special problems that would shek’s reactions was clearly a key factor in the have to be worked out in agreement with Nationalist administration’s thinking. China. But the time was now; the opportunity had to be seized before Japan’s economic situation and internal Fears of betrayal discontent reached so serious a level that the military Konoye, in first broaching the meeting idea in the would feel entitled to take complete control and launch spring, had explained to Grew, and he to Washington, Japan on a suicidal war against the West. why it was necessary for him to meet personally with Grew told Washington that, because of the risks of Roosevelt outside Japan, and why Konoye could pro¬ hostile exposure, Konoye could not provide the clear and pose terms at such a meeting that he could never specific commitments concerning China, Indochina, the propose through diplomatic channels. If, he had said, Axis Pact, non-discriminatory trade, and other issues that he were to use such channels to provide the specific Washington sought before the proposed meeting. On the assurances Washington sought on the China question other hand, he argued, there was strong reason to believe and other issues, Foreign Minister Yosuke Matsuoka, that Konoye would be able to provide those commit¬ who had ledjapan into the Axis Pact with Germany and ments at the proposed meeting and that with the Italy and who would do anything to prevent a Japanese emperor’s, the top military’s, and the people’s support, accommodation with the United States, would imme¬ they would be carried out. No one could guarantee this, diately leak those assurances to fanatical Japanese but the alternative was almost certainly replacement of elements and to the German and Italian embassies, the Konoye government and a rapid descent toward war.

DECEMBER 1991 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • 25 Fading hopes Togo and others to make them succeed. But he was As the weeks passed and Washington still withheld privately frank to say that the die had been cast when approval of Konoye’s meeting proposal, he and Grew Konoye gave up on the proposed meeting and resigned. became increasingly discouraged. Konoye warned at Reflecting this view, Grew sent a number of cables their secret meetings that time was mnning out, that he during October and November warning that the Japa¬ would soon have no alternative but to resign and be nese, finding themselves in a corner as a result of the succeeded by a prime minister and cabinet offering far freeze and embargo, not only might, but probably would less chance of determinedly seeking and cariying out a resort to an all-out, do-or-die attempt to render Japan mutually acceptable U.S.-Japan settlement. Again and invulnerable to foreign economic pressures, even if the again Grew urged Washington to accept the meeting as effort were tantamount to national hara-kiri. In a mes¬ the last, best chance for a settlement. He argued that not sage of November 3 he expressed the hope that the only Konoye but, he and Dooman also firmly believed, United States would not become involved in war “because the emperor and Japan’s top military and civilian leaders of any possible misconception of Japan’s capacity to rush wished to reverse Japan’s unsuccessful military course, if headlong into a suicidal struggle with the United States.” this could be accomplished without an appearance of He said that “the sands are mnning fast,” and that “an abject surrender. Japan could not pull its forces out of armed conflict with the United States may come with China and Indochina overnight without such an ap¬ dangerous and dramatic suddenness.” Earlier in the year pearance, but it could commit itself to a course of action he had reported a rumor passed on by the Peruvian that would accomplish that result in an acceptable period ambassador in Tokyo that a Japanese admiral in his cups of time, under effective safeguards. had been heard to say that, if war came, it would start with Personalities can make an important difference in an attack on Pearl Harbor. The contrast between Grew’s such situations. Secretary Hull’s principal Far Eastern prescient warnings and Hornbeck’s reported view that if adviser was a former professor named Stanley K. one stood up to the Japanese they would cave could not Hombeck. Coming to the post with a China background, have been more stark. But pro-China Hornbeck’s analysis he was personally known by Grew and other Embassy prevailed over that of our Tokyo embassy, not only with Tokyo officers to have shown disdain for die Japanese. Hull and the president but also apparently with our Word reached the embassy that it was largely as a result military authorities, responsible for our Pacific defenses. of his influence that Roosevelt’s and Hull’s initially favorable reaction to the meeting proposal had cooled. So war came. It was Sunday in the United States but It was reportedly at Hornbeck’s instance that the policy Monday morning, December 8, when the news had been adopted of requiring Japan to provide specific reached us in Tokyo. At about eight I walked over from assurances on outstanding issues, particularly respecting my apartment to the embassy chancery, a distance of China, before a meeting could be held. Hornbeck was about 40 feet. Chip Bohlen came down the stairs. Had I quoted as saying that Grew had been in Japan too long, heard the news? The Japanese had attacked Pearl Harbor that he was more Japanese than the Japanese, and that and other points around die Western Pacific and the all one had to do with the Japanese was to stand up to Imperial Headquarters had announced that a state of war them and they would cave. The embassy heard that existed between Japan and the United States and its State’s “Japan hands,” led by Joseph W. Ballantine, Allies. As I absorbed this intelligence, other embassy tended to agree with the embassy’s recommendations, officers arrived, most having heard the news from their but how strongly was not clear. What did seem clear was drivers. that Hombeck had the upper hand and that his views I went down to the compound’s front gate, which was were prevailing with Hull and Roosevelt. closed tight with Japanese police standing all about. Outside up the street I heard a newsboy calling “ Gogai, Konoye resigns Gogai," meaning “Extra, Extra,” and waving copies of die On October 16 Konoye, having pled and waited in English language “official” Japanese government news¬ vainforU.S. acceptance ofhis meeting proposal, resigned paper, Thejapan Times and Advertiser, on which I could and was replaced by General Hideki Tojo. In a private see the gigantic headline, WAR IS ON. I walked as conversation with Grew, Konoye put the best face he inconspicuously as I could back along the 8-foot wall could on this development, recalling that Tojo, as war surrounding the compound to a corner where some minister in Konoye’s cabinet, had personally supported small pine trees provided a little cover. There I scrambled the meeting proposal and had been prepared to put his over the wall, bought two copies of the paper, one to give personal weight behind the hoped-for agreement with to Grew and one to keep, and scrambled back. the president. But Grew and Dooman now held little Three hours later, at about 11:00 a.m., a car containing hope for peace, believing that the chance Konoye had several Japanese officials drove into the embassy com¬ presented of a reversal, not at once, but by controlled pound and a Mr. Ohno of the Foreign Office asked to see stages, of Japan’s aggressive course had been lost. The the ambassador. Informed that bodi the ambassador and Washington talks continued, and Grew employed his Counselor Dooman were unavailable, Ohno asked to see talents to the full with new Foreign Minister Sliigenori the next ranking embassy officer, who was First Secretary

26 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • DECEMBER 1991 Ambassador Grew practices golf at the embassy compound.

nately, as one of my responsibilities, and with the possibility of war all too apparent, I had in August mailed in to San Francisco a large grocery order, after obtaining from each American staff member a list of what he or she wanted, paid in advance. The order arrived only a week or two before Pearl Harbor and proved to be a godsend. As the youngest member of the group, except for Cynthia, the 8-year-old daughter of Naval Attache Smith- Hutton and his wife, I was appointed sports director. This was not an insig¬ nificant assignment. Although most of the group busied themselves pretty well writing, reading, or learning to type, there was Crocker. By that inevitably a good deal of leisure time, and sports had time I realized what was up and slipped definite importance for morale and fitness. So Bohlen, into Crocker’s office with Ohno and his colleagues. Assistant Naval Attache Mert Stone, and I laid out a nine- After a brief exchange of greetings, Ohno pulled a hole golf course totaling over 500 yards among and over paper from his pocket and said, “I am instaicted to hand the buildings; we set up a badminton court and ping- to you, as representing the Embassy, the following pong table in the garage courtyard; and I organized a document which I shall first read to you.” He thereupon succession of hotly contested tournaments in all three read: sports, with prizes, such as engraved silver cups and “No. 136 - Strictly Confidential ashtrays, some ordered from outside and some sent in by Ministry of Foreign Affairs, friends of the Grews. Tokyo, December 8, 1941 Golf had always “Excellency: “I have the honor to inform Your Excellency that there has arisen a state of war between Your Excellency’s country and Japan beginning today. “I avail myself of this opportunity to renew to Your Excellency the assurances of my highest consideration. SHIGENORI TOGO Minister for Foreign Affairs” After a brief silence Crocker said, “This is a very tragic moment.” Ohno replied: “It is; and my duty is most distasteful.”

Even before Ohno’s arrival, a group of us under Bohlen’s direction had started to burn the embassy code books and classified files. The code books were numerous and bulky and the files extensive. Burning them effectively was no easy task, particularly in contrast to modern techniques of destruction. The burning was earned on in metal wastebaskets in¬ doors and steel drums outdoors in the garage enclo¬ sure. From time to time, despite our best efforts, whole or partial pages of unburned code or text would float up and away over Tokyo. been Grew’s favorite sport, and every morning he came down During internment, the Golf and groceries from the residence for a game. He author found a rudimentary washing In the days of internment that followed, our group of had developed misplaced confi¬ machine and did 65 organized itself under Crew’s and Dooman’s direction dence in my golfing skills and laundry for the whole into a smoothly running, not unpleasant routine. Fortu¬ usually chose me as his partner embassy.

DECEMBER 1991 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • 27 Left: MacArthur signs the better view from the resi¬ Japanese surrender document dence. There we encoun¬ aboard the U. S. S. Missouri. tered Grew, who said that, (Photo courtesy of The Artists Proof). Below: A grocery as he was bidding farewell shipment in from San to Swiss Minister Gorge, they Francisco. had seen and heard a num¬ ber of large airplanes over¬ head. Shortly afterward, they had seen fires in different directions with lots of smoke. Sirens and gunfire could still be heard as we stood there, but the planes were no longer in view. The papers that evening reported that nine enemy aircraft had been shot down over various parts of Japan, and several photos were shown to prove it. On examination, however, our military col¬ leagues concluded that the photos were all of one downed plane, taken from different angles. Only later did we leam through Gorge that we had had a ringside view of the Doolittle raid.

for the team con¬ ‘Failure of a mission’ report tests. We won our share, and each of us In late December, as I recall, Grew mentioned that he brought back several trophies engraved “Greater East had started work on a report to Secretary Hull and the Asia Black Sulphur Springs Golf Club.” “Black Sulphur president presenting his frank, carefully considered Springs” was a reference to the plush resort where our views on what he believed had been Washington’s counterparts, the Japanese diplomats in the United Suites mishandling of the pre-Pearl Harbor negotiate ms. After were held. Other times we used “Greater East Asia Co- devoting 10 years of his life to the cause of American- Prosperity Sphere Golf Course.” Japanese friendship and seeing it end in the holocaust at To enliven our golf games I organized a running Pearl Harbor, he did not feel that he could in good sweepstakes under which, if you drew the name of the conscience fail to present to his superiors in Washington next person to break a window, you won the pot. With and to history his honest assessment of the 1941 negotia¬ some of the holes going over the three-story apartment tions as viewed from the embassy. It would be his own, houses onto small greens invisible to the driver, a great personal report for which he alone would be responsible, many balls ended up in the Tokyo streets. Eveiy day but he hoped to benefit from Dooman’s comments and except Sunday Ambassador Grew and four or five other suggestions in its preparation, and later from those of a avid poker players gathered for their marathon poker few others in the embassy, notably Crocker series, which continued on the repatriation ships and Bohlen. The report almost to New York. The bridge players, led by Mrs. would, of Grew, were equally committed to their almost daily game.

Doolittle raid In mid-April I was playing golf on our private course with Major Stanton Babcock, the assis¬ tant Army attache (another Grotonian!) when we heard explosions in the distance. We looked up and saw a rather large military aircraft slowly flying quite low over the Diet (Parliament) building with black anti-aircraft bursts visible behind and above. As we watched it disappear to the south, obviously untouched by the anti-aircraft fire, Babcock said that he Was sure it was an American bomber but that he had no idea how it could have got to Tokyo. The most likely way was from an aircraft-carrier, but he had never heard of a plane of that size taking off from a carrier. We dropped our clubs and ran up for a

28 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • DECEMBER 1991 course, be entirely confidential, for Hull’s and the guided policies, and a reasonable period of time was president’s eyes only, unless they wished to open it to required to turn the ship of state around. The embassy’s others. advice that reasonable confidence should be placed in Every morning Grew worked on the report in his study the good faith of Konoye and his supporters to imple¬ at the residence, progressively bringing Doornan and ment the steps which were so clearly in Japan’s interest then Crocker and Bohlen into the task. Marion Arnold did was apparently disbelieved and rejected. all the typing. One morning in March he handed me a Grew in his report set forth more specifically than he copy and asked me to take it to my apartment, study it, had in his cables or than he later did in his books the terms and give him my thoughts and suggestions, all the way which Konoye had told him he intended to present to the from major policy considerations to drafting points. I was president. They were, as I recall: to show the draft to no one, and was to bring it back to • Japan would effectively commit itself not to take him myself with my comments. hostile action against the United States under the I spent two days at the task and was rewarded by Tripartite Pact in case of war between Germany and Grew’s apparently sincere thanks for what I produced. the United States; To the best of my knowledge no copy of the paper exists • Japan would commit itself to withdraw its forces today. Accordingly, I can rely only on memory in from China lock, stock, and barrel within 18 months attempting to relate what it contained. from the date of finalization of the U.S.-Japanese Essentially, Grew recapitulated in clear, concise, often settlement agreement; eloquent terms the case for the Konoye-Roosevelt meet¬ • The United States and its Allies, in return for these ing that he had earlier advanced in his cables. From the commitments and for evidence of the beginning of moment he had arrived in Tokyo as a Hoover appointee the withdrawal of Japan’s forces from Indochina and in 1932, he recalled, he had devoted himself unremit¬ China, would (a) partially lift the freezing of Japanese tingly to the cause of U.S.-Japanese friendship. Instead, assets and the embargo on the shipment of strategic he had seen relations steadily worsen, as Japan’s aggres¬ materials to Japan, and (b) commence negotiations sive course took it into Manchuria, then China, and then for new treaties of commerce and navigation with Indochina. Japan on the clear understanding that signature and Finally, Grew wrote, in the summer and fall of 1941, ratification would depend on Japan’s full compli¬ an opportunity had presented itself under Prime Minister ance with its obligations under the agreement; Konoye to reverse that course. Again and again, in • Japan would complete the withdrawal of its forces carefully reasoned messages, the embassy had argued from Indochina; that the opportunity should be seized. It had clearly • The United States and its Allies, on the completion of explained why Konoye could not present his far-reach¬ the withdrawal of Japanese forces from China, ing proposals, representing a fundamental shift of Japa¬ would completely terminate the freezing and em¬ nese policy, through diplomatic channels, because of the bargo and effectuate the new treaties of commerce virtual certainty of hostile leaks, of Konoye’s probable and navigation; assassination, and of the failure of the enterprise. Konoye • The disposition of Manchuria would be left to be was prepared, with the emperor’s and the military’s determined after the war in Europe was over. backing, to pull Japanese forces out of China and Konoye intended to point out to the president that Indochina. But this had to be done by controlled stages if the Allies prevailed in Europe they would clearly over a specified, limited period of time, and so as not to be able to compeljapan’s withdrawal from Manchuria; appear to be abject sun'ender. if, on the other hand, the Axis prevailed, Japan would equally clearly be able to remain in control of Unbending Manchuria. Washington, Grew’s report continued, had initially I also recall Grew’s relating in his report an aspect of shown interest in the proposal. But this interest soon Konoye’s plan that I have not seen set forth anywhere waned and was replaced by sweeping and inflexible else. Because of Konoye’s concern about the danger of demands of Japan that ignored the real situation in which leaks, Grew said that Konoye had told him that he Japan, as a result of its own misguided policies, had planned, with the president’s cooperation, to keep the placed itself. The United States had, in effect, said to tenns of the agreement they would hope to achieve Japan: agree to withdraw completely from China and secret until he had returned to Japan. Immediately on his Indochina, to renounce the Axis Pact, and to subscribe to return, he intended to meet with the emperor, obtain his open and non-discriminatory trade practices, and then approval of the agreement terms and of an Imperial we will negotiate with you. The embassy had explained Rescript so stating, and then at once go on the radio to that Konoye sought many of the same goals as the United announce the tenns to the people, bearing the emperor’s States, but that he had to reach them by stages that took and the highest military authorities’ support. Konoye account of hard facts. Japanese forces were by that time firmly believed that the people’s response to the agree¬ stationed widely over China and Indochina, the nation ment would be so positive that extremist elements would had undergone heavy sacrifices in pursuit of its mis¬ not be able to prevail against it.

DECEMBER 1991 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • 29 Although it is 50 years since I studied and made cure” torture to which they had been subjected, some suggestions on Grew’s internment report, and I kept no many times. There was much handshaking as friends notes, I believe the above is an accurate rendition of what met after six months’ separation and exchanged expe¬ I read. The reciprocally controlled, step-by-step (pari riences. passu) nature of the arrangement is particularly clear in After an hour or so we boarded a special train and rode my mind, because of Grew’s emphasis on it in our by a roundabout route through Kawasaki directly to discussions on the repatriation ship Gripsholm. shipside. There were no searches or inspections of any The first steps, he stressed, would be required of kind on the train or as we boarded the Asama Maru, a Japan; the United States and its Allies would not be fairly large liner. Aboard the ship we were joined by many obliged to start to lift the freezing and embargo or take more Americans and people of other nationalities being any other action involving cost or risk until they were repatriated from all over Japan. Those of us who had convinced that Japan was faithfully fulfilling its prior carried aboard copies of Grew’s report delivered them to commitments, including those relating to the withdrawal him in his cabin as planned. of its forces from Indochina and China. Soon word spread that a hitch The United States and its Allies thus And then, the great white had developed and that our depar- stood to gain much—avoidance of cross, perhaps 40 feet aire would be delayed. The ship war in the Pacific without sacrifice of moved out to anchor beyond the any Allied principle or objective— wide and tall, high up at breakwater, and the next day it while risking nothing. moved again to an anchorage fur¬ Why Konoye’s intended terms were the front of the ship, lit ther out in the bay. Fora week we sat not presented in this detail in Grew’s up. Our lives would de¬ there, with launches full of Foreign cables from Tokyo may be explained Office and other officials and police by Konoye’s reluctance to go into pend on its safe-conduct coming and going, and with constant such detail before the meeting, or by rumors of our imminent departure Konoye’s and the embassy’s lack of message being seen or of our return to shore. One news¬ confidence in the security of the U.S. man, Max Hill of AP, who had spent codes. Why Grew did not present them in this detail later almost his entire internment in solitary under torture, said on in his books, Ten Yearsinjapan(1944) and Turbulent that if we did not depart he would commit suicide. He Era (1952), I do not know. The specifics of the arrange¬ clearly meant it, and in fact did commit suicide some ment, clearly enabling the Allies to maintain control of the years later, perhaps due in part to what he had suffered implementation of the settlement, would seem to add to in confinement. the strength of Grew’s case that the Konoye-Roosevelt meeting should have been held. The long voyage home About midnight of June 24 I went on deck. A large The arrangements through the Swiss and Spanish group of crewmen were debarking from a launch, a governments for our exchange with Japanese nearby gunboat was frantically signaling with lights, and diplomats, businessmen, and others held in the United further down the deck I heard policemen saying goodbye. States finally fell into place, with June 18 as our I woke up some embassy colleagues in time to see the scheduled sailing date. We would travel aboard the Foreign Office launch leave for the last time. The anchor Asama Maru via Hong Kong, Saigon, and Singapore, came up and the ship began to move. And then, just as through the Sunda Straits, and across the Indian Ocean we were being ordered off the decks, presumably to to Lourenzo Marques (now Maputo), the capital of prevent our carrying back military secrets of the harbor, Mozambique. There we would meet the Swedish caiise the great white cross, perhaps 40 feet wide and tall, high ship, Gripsholm, which would have brought the Japa¬ up at the front of the ship, lit up. Our lives would depend nese repatriates from New York. They would board the on its safe-conduct message being seen and respected by Asama Maru for Tokyo while we proceeded on the enemy and friendly surface warships and submarines as Gripsholm via Rio to New York. we made our way through active war zones around Asia In the early morning of June 17 we were taken in a and across the Indian Ocean to Africa. line of police-escorted taxis to the Tokyo Railroad Years later Chip Bohlen told me a story of how, Station. We walked in between lines of police to a large during a party in Moscow, someone had brought up the waiting room. There had been collected several score diplomatic exchanges during the war. When Bohlen American and other diplomats, missionaries, busi¬ mentioned that he had been on the Asama Maru, a nessmen, newsmen, and others who had been held at former German naval officer said that Bohlen was lucky various points around Tokyo. The newsmen, who the to be alive. The German had been a submarine skipper Japanese assumed were all spies, had been held in in the Indian Ocean and, one very dark and foggy night, close confinement or prison, often in solitary, con¬ had seen a large ship about to cross his path. Assuming stantly interrogated and, in many cases, tortured. Later, it to be an Allied ship, he had ordered torpedoes into on the ship, some of them demonstrated the “water the tubes and was just about to give the order to fire,

30 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • DECEMBER 1991 when the fog cleared and he saw the great, lighted cross. from the comments and suggestions of the principal He and Bohlen toasted fate and each other with vodka. members of the embassy staff, who concurred in it, it was As we approached Lourenzo Marques, Grew wor¬ his personal report for which he alone was responsible. ried about what he should do if he met Japanese As the secretary knew, he had continued, the embassy’s Ambassador to the United States Admiral Kichisaburu assessment of the situation in Japan during the latter part Nomura in the street. They were longtime friends, and of 1941, and its views and recommendations on the Grew would normally have been glad to greet him, but course the United States should pursue, had not been with their countries now at war, Grew had no desire to accepted in Washington. There may have been factors have a photograph of Nomura and him chatting together known to Washington but not in Tokyo that would shown all over the Free World. He decided that if they account for this, but no such factors had been commu¬ met he would bow stiffly and pass on without pausing. nicated to the embassy, most of whose messages had And meet they did, in the main street. Nomura was received no reply at all. Nevertheless, during the intern¬ accompanied by Ambassador Saburo Kurusu, who had ment he had felt it his duty to review the record as it was been sent to Washington a month or so before the available in Tokyo and to draw up for the secretary, the outbreak of war to assist Nomura. I happened to be president, and the department’s classified files his frank with Grew. Nomura smiled broadly at Grew and started appraisal of the course of the negotiations in the months over with his hand outstretched, trailed by Kurusu. before Pearl Harbor. It was his honest, confidential Grew never slackened his pace. Bowing coldly, he report—he had provided copies to no one and would not ignored the outstretched hand, and passed on. The without the secretary’s express approval. incident long rankled with him, but he never doubted that he had done the right thing. Hobson’s choice Grew said that the secretary had started to leaf through Report to Hull the report. As he did so, his face hardened and flushed. We docked in New York on August 25. The ship was After a time he half threw the report back across the desk immediately flooded with State Department and other toward Grew and said, “Mr. Ambassador, either you officials and newsmen, almost all of whom headed for promise to destroy this report and every copy you may Grew. After he had met with the press and dealt with the possess or we will publish it and leave it to the American most pressing arrival problems, the two of us were taken people to decide who was right and who was wrong.” by limousine to the station and entrained for Washington. Taken aback, Grew replied that this was his honest, There we were met by Grew’s own car and driver and confidential report to his superiors in Washington, and driven to his home at 2840 Woodland Drive. He unpacked, that he could not in good conscience agree to destroy it. read some mail and made some phone calls. As we were Neither could he be a party to its publication and ensuing finishing an early dinner the doorbell began to ring. One public controversy in time of war, when national unity after another, a half dozen old friends, including James was essential. Subject to the secretary’s approval, he had Forrestal and Harry Hopkins, came in to welcome Grew decided that what he could most usefully do would be home and hear his account of events before and after to undertake an extensive speaking tour around the Pearl Harbor. country to inform the American people about Japan’s The next morning, armed with the original copy of his military strength and the need to prepare for a long, report, he and I climbed into his car and drove to the though inevitably victorious, Pacific war. The secretary’s southwest corner of the State Department, where Secre¬ response had been, “Mr. Ambassador, come back at tary Hull’s office was located. Perhaps a dozen reporters 10:00 tomorrow morning and give me your answer on and cameramen awaited, peppering Grew with questions the alternatives I have presented.” and camera flashes as we worked our way through to I told Grew that I did not see how he could have given Hull’s outer office. Under Secretary Welles was away. any other reply than the one he had. The next morning After a few moments’ wait, Grew was ushered into Hull’s we climbed into his car again and headed down Rock office. I sat outside and tried to answer questions from Creek Parkway to Hull’s office. This time there were no Hull’s and Welles’ secretaries about our experiences. reporters or cameramen, and Grew was promptly escorted About 25 minutes later, Secretary Hull’s raised and into Hull’s office. No sounds penetrated the oaken door, clearly irate Tennessee accents penetrated the oaken and after about 30 minutes the two emerged together door. I could not make out what he was saying, but it was smiling and obviously on friendly terms. obvious that the meeting was not going well. Soon the Again Grew suggested that we walk up to the door opened and Grew emerged looking somewhat Metropolitan Club. After a while, since he had not shaken, with Hull nowhere in sight. Though it was still volunteered any information, I asked him what had only mid-morning Grew suggested that we walk two happened concerning his report. He said that the secre¬ blocks up the street to the Metropolitan Club for lunch. tary had not mentioned it, but that he had expressed When we were settled there I asked him what had strong support for Grew’s planned nationwide speaking happened. He replied that he had presented his report to tour. The rest of die time had been spent in a discussion the secretary, explaining that, although it had benefited of the war in Europe and other topics.

DECEMBER 1991 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • 31 No useful purpose held, it would have produced an agreement. Whether Shortly afterward, with Grew’s help, I obtained a that agreement would have been effectively ac¬ position at State preparing research and policy papers for cepted and implemented in Japan is less certain. the occupation of Japan. I continued to see Grew, who Persuasive as Konoye’s and Grew’s arguments were, in 1944 was appointed under secretary of State for the Japan in 1941 may have been too much under second time, and once or twice tried to draw him out on military domination and too committed to the goal what had happened to his report, since an exhaustive of Japanese hegemony in East Asia to reverse course search of the department’s files had failed to reveal it. He except as a consequence of defeat by superior never seemed to want to discuss the matter, nor did military force. One has to suspect that Konoye, in Dooman, whom I also saw from time to time. conversations with Grew, overstated General Tojo’s If, as one can only conclude from reading Chapter and other Japanese military authorities’ support of XXXIV of his Turbulent Era, Grew in his later years still the meeting proposal and their commitment to firmly held to the views he had expressed in his report implementation of the settlement terms Konoye to Hull and Roosevelt, why did he not insist on the hoped to bring back from the meeting. But that report’s being accepted by Hull in 1942, incorporated in having been said, the real possibility remains that the department’s classified files, and made available to Konoye and Grew were right, that the emperor’s and historians 25 years later in T!oe Foreign Relations of the the Japanese public’s disillusionment with Japan’s United States, 1941, Japan? Why did he apparently de¬ war course was so strong that Konoye’s proposed stroy every copy? U.S.-Japan settlement terms would have been I do not know, but my best guess is that he decided overwhelmingly welcomed in Japan and effectively that pressing the report on a resistant Hull would serve carried out. no useful purpose, and would, on the contrary, cut Grew • Grew’s analyses, views and recommendations sub¬ off from Hull, the department, and the support he needed mitted to Washington during the summer and fall of from them to do what he felt was much more important 1941 were wholly sound. He strongly urged that the at that point, to tour the country to awaken the people to meeting be held, for all the reasons brought out Japan’s military strength and the prospect of a long war. above, but he always acknowledged that it might not He may also have been looking ahead to the end of the succeed. He rightly did not accept Washington’s war, wishing to do nothing to jeopardize his being able contention that if it failed, the situation would be to influence the terms the Allies offered Japan, particu¬ worse than if it had not been held. His reporting of larly concerning the disposition of the emperor. As for his the situation in Japan, his analysis of Japanese obligations to history, he may have concluded that he psychology, and his warnings of the imminence of could tell his story later in articles or books. war if the meeting opportunity was let pass could not Supporting this hypothesis is the fact that, with his have been more perceptive and accurate. report removed as an obstacle, Grew was able to carry Might the Pacific War have been avoided? I believe out his speaking tour in 1942-43 and in 1944-45 was able that it might: that Washington failed to capitalize on a to exert important influence on Allied occupation poli¬ credible opportunity to avoid it, at no sacrifice of cies, especially concerning the emperor. He was also able principle or interest. to publish his view of the 1941 negotiations in his books—a limited account in his Ten Years in Japan in 1944 The Konoye story prompts a brief postscript. One and a fuller account in Turbulent Era in 1952, after he had of the papers I prepared toward the end of my retired from the government. postwar planning work at State concerned “The Ap¬ prehension, Trial, and Punishment of Japanese War Fifty years later Criminals.” When I left for Japan in early October 1945 to Having reviewed the arguments pro and con Konoye’s serve as special assistant to Ambassador George Atcheson, proposed meeting with the president from the vantage the political adviser to General MacArthur, I took a copy point of 50 years later, what should one conclude? My of this not yet finally approved paper with me and gave own views are as follows: it to Atcheson for his information. • The United States should have agreed to the meeting. In mid-November Atcheson called me into his office There was certainly some basis for believing that an to say that he had just had a call from General MacArthur acceptable settlement could have been achieved at complaining that, although a number of major, or “Class the meeting, and that it could have been successfully A,” German war criminals had been arrested and were in implemented over an 18- to 24-month period. jail, none had been apprehended in Japan. He said that Washington’s contention that a failed meeting would he wanted a list of such Japanese “Class A” war criminals be worse than no meeting at all is hard to accept. on his desk within, as I recall, 24 hours so that he could How could the aftermath of a failed meeting have immediately order them arrested. I said that my work had been worse than what actually happened—a ter¬ concerned the arrest, trial, and punishment of Japanese rible, four-year war? war criminals of all the various “classes,” but that it had • The odds, I believe, are that if the meeting had been not extended to which individual Japanese were guilty of

32 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • DECEMBER 1991 Below: Cooks prepare the day’s food. Right: The police allowed in an outside hairdresser for Jane Smith-Hutton one day during internment. war crimes. Nevertheless, I said that I thought I could obtain the help I needed to compile the requested list. I thereupon called upon Herbert Norman, a leading Japan scholar whom I had known from before the war, and we spent that evening at the Dai Ichi Hotel drawing up a proposed list, with reasons included for each name. I handed the list to Atcheson in the morning, and banner headlines a day or two later an- A nounced that all had been arrested. Some time m later, MacArthur called Atcheson to say that he was sure there were more important Japanese war criminals, and that he wanted a second list. I met again with Norman, who argued strongly that Konoye should be included because of the positions of highest responsibility he had occupied over most of get word to him of the spe¬ the Pearl Harbor decade. In compiling the first list, I had cial circumstances attending his arrest. With resisted this, arguing that Konoye had never been an his far more extensive Japanese contacts, Norman under¬ active protagonist of Japan’s aggressive course but rather, took to find someone who would convey this message. as a somewhat weak and indecisive man, had allowed Konoye was notified of his arrest on December 6, and himself to be used by aggressive elements. And he had 10 days later, in the early morning of the day he was to seen the light in 1941 and done his utmost, at risk to his report to Sugamo Prison, he committed suicide. We never life, to reverse Japan’s military course through his plan for learned whether the message Nonnan had arranged for the meeting with President Roosevelt. Norman said that, Konoye to receive had, in fact, reached him. If it did, it although he appreciated these points, we could not omit probably had little influence. The word that reached us from our list someone who had held the positions that from the Konoye circle of intimates was that, as a two- Konoye had held or who possessed the intimate knowl¬ time prime minister and longtime adviser to the emperor, edge of the Japanese pre-war decision process and of and with noble lineage extending back 1,000 years, critical top-level, pre-war meetings that he did. His status Konoye could not endure the humiliation of standing in would be less that of a major war crimes suspect than that court as a suspected war criminal. In his KonoeFu mimaro: of a material witness. A Political Biography (1983), Yoshitake Ota relates how, And so we agreed to include Konoye in the second list. a few hours before his death, Konoye asked his son, But we also agreed that if he were Michitake, for pen and paper and wrote the follow¬ arrested, we would ing: ”1 have made political blunders beginning with the China war, and I feel my responsibility for them deeply. I find it intolerable, however, to stand in an American court as a so-called war criminal. The veiy fact that I did feel responsible for the China war made the task of effecting a settlement all the more critical to me. Con¬ cluding that the only remaining chance to achieve a settlement of the war in China was to reach an understanding with the United States, I did everything in my power to make the negotiations with the United States a success. It is regrettable that I am now suspected by the same United States of being a war criminal.”

Robert A. Fearey has been with the Population Crisis Committee in Wash¬

ington, D.C since his retirement from the Foreign Service in 1979.

DECEMBER 1991 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • 33 THE LEADER OF THE

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We *ve Built Our Reputation One Move At A Time 9900 Fallard Court, Upper Marlboro, Md. 20772 Phone: (301) 856-6500 Telex: 211038 Cable: Colonial Fax: (301) 856-6530 ANNUAL- REPORT The American Foreign Service Association, 1991: A year of transition So as not to overload matters, AFSA has its elections in the Labor-management: Just a few remarks to precede the off years. This year has been one of transition from the gov¬ fuller account in the body of the report. Within weeks of taking erning board headed by Ted Wilkinson to the Outreach and office, the new board concluded negotiations with State man¬ Continuity Board, headed by Hume Horan (president), Bill Kirby agement over an improved career system for Foreign Service (State), Priscilla Del Bosque (A.I.D.), Bud Hensgen (USIA), Jo¬ secretaries. Bill Kirby led the AFSA team, and was supported seph Huggins (treasurer), Charles Schmitz (retirees), and Teresa by-among others-Barbara Reioux, a member of AFSA’s govern¬ Chin Jones (secretary). In some respects we have continued the ing board and herself a Foreign Service secretary. As a next initiatives of the preceding board; in others we have struck out priority order of business, your new board will press for ratio¬ on our own. nalization of the career management system for other Foreign Toward universality: Several recent editorials in the Foreign Service specialists. We note that the first-ever comprehensive Service Journal have emphasized your board’s commitment to study of the specialist function was headed by Ambassador Pa¬ an elite Foreign Service that fully and fairly represents the best tricia Byrne and was submitted to management earlier this year. of what America has to offer. For almost a generation our service We are happy to have Ambassador Byrne on the governing has been working at affirmative action-but too often we’ve board, where her advice will be particularly valuable as AFSA shown more ingenuity in explaining why we couldn’t do better, follows up on specialist questions with management. We are than in trying to get the job done in the first place. I’ve known proud of Vice President Priscilla Del Bosque’s vigorous advo¬ colleagues in the field whose careers were actually advanced cacy of the interests of A.I.D. members. by their brilliant explanations for non-achievement. We want We’ll also follow up on bread-and-butter issues, including none of that defeatism in AFSA or in today’s Foreign Service. spouse employment-an issue that no longer relates only to We believe the quality and composition of our board point in women dependants. A Junior Officer class I mentored had five a direction that our member foreign affairs agencies should fol¬ women officers with dependent husbands. The women strongly low. We will continue to encourage, admonish, and nag man¬ made the point to me that the well-being and efficiency of the agement, as needed. Foreign Service obviously relates to its treatment of spouses. A Outreach and “in-reach”: Outreach efforts to the public letter we received put it well: “Compensation for spouses is the and the business community continue. AFSA helped sponsor key issue and current (stop-gap proposals) are not the answer. several Washington conferences-all with some orientation to¬ There will not be an open-minded and honest answer until the ward the business sector. These addressed petroleum issues, department decides what it really thinks about spouses and de¬ U.S.-Mexican relations, pharmaceuticals, and the “Four Tigers fines its policy accordingly. The 72 Directive was a partial an¬ of Asia.” All conferences were well attended by the business swer, arrived at to meet a pressing demand at that time. It is and official community. We will continue to sponsor at least not a complete policy, and that’s the reason all these other pro¬ two conferences per year, funds permitting. We also seek out grams keep cropping up. 'These programs meet only the latest our public: on returning from Kuwait, Ambassador Nat Howell outcry and don’t necessarily fit together at all. They do, however, and DCM Barbara Bodine-with partial AFSA sponsorship- deliver a message to spouses-and the declining number of mar¬ showed audiences around America that the spirit of Beau Geste ried officers, combined with the number of unaccompanied of¬ still lives in the Foreign Service. We continue to work with the ficers overseas, shows how that message is interpreted.” Cox Foundation to improve our Speakers’ program—in this con¬ Administrative matters: For the second year in a row, we nection Ambassador Ed Peck and AFSA staff member Dick believe that our AFSA budget will be (delicately) balanced. Un¬ Thompson have undertaken speaking trips on the Service’s and like Uncle Sam, we cannot order the Bureau of Engraving to AFSA’s behalf. work an extra shift, nor can we lobby the Fed. You’ll find that USIA challenge: The AFSA board, concurring fully with for¬ we have made improvements, however, even within these strict mer President Ted Wilkinson’s advice that AFSA win back ex¬ budgetary limits. The second floor has been remodeled, making clusive labor bargaining rights in USIA, is considering making it possible to offer larger or smaller rooms to our members. Bet¬ such an effort in 1992. You will be hearing more from us, but ter service and good prices are available under new manage¬ even at this early point, we are confident that the answer will ment at the Foreign Service Club. Visit it. Bring a friend. be a resounding “yes." AFSA needs USIA, and USIA needs AFSA. Hume Horan, AFSA President USIA will be the public voice of American civilization and di¬ plomacy in the 1990s. How can AFSA speak to these issues with¬ out USIA’s full and formal participation? Likewise, the State Department Issues professional and labor-management concerns of USIA Foreign During the first half of 1991, management agreed to badly Service members are better addressed by us than by a union needed modifications in the bid/promotion/assignment cycle that lacks overseas experience or concern for professional is¬ which many members had found so onerous. Promotion boards sues. We ask all AFSA members to get behind this effort and give reverted to meeting during the summer months, with announce¬ us their help. ment of senior promotions in September and all others in mid- ANNUAL- REPORT

October. Bids were to be in by September 1, with priority as¬ of its Foreign Service more forcefully and effectively. Dialogue signments being made beginning October 1. Unassigned officers with Congress will be critical to this effort, since the domestic receiving promotions would be allowed to revise their bid lists economic recession is fueling sentiment for helping “America by telegram. These changes clearly constitute a compromise ar¬ first.” We have begun and will continue such a dialogue. rangement. AFSA will be looking to make further improvements On the labor relations front, the Washington reorganization in the system in 1992. We will also be assessing the use of “core” generated great concern and turmoil. AFSA engaged manage¬ bids, which were introduced for the first time this year. ment in intensive analysis and deliberations to determine the In addition to a new career package for secretaries, AFSA potential adverse effects on Foreign Service employees. Al¬ this year also succeeded in obtaining for the first time though the number and rank of FS positions were preserved, management’s agreement that secretaries serving as communi¬ there were 42 FS employees whose jobs were abolished in cators overseas will receive premium pay for this responsibility. Washington. Our proposals for broadening these employees’ job During the latter half of the year, the department began a options within the principle of the open assignment system, long-overdue effort to implement new programs designed to were accepted by management. We remain concerned about upgrade the specialist corps and enhance the careers of Foreign the effects of the reorganization on A.I.D.’s operations and will Service specialists. This effort began with the creation of two monitor the situation in the upcoming year. new specialist tracks-Facilities Maintenance, and Information Another major issue has been the revisions to the Senior For¬ Management. AFSA is enthusiastic about working with manage¬ eign Service regulations proposed by management. Since both ment to realize the full potential of these programs. In both parties had been at impasse in the negotiations related to the cases, however, implementation of these far-reaching changes revisions, AFSA proposed and management agreed to undertake in Foreign Service careers began without the required consul¬ a joint review to take a fresh look at the problems, issues, and tation with and agreement by AFSA. The result was a false start possible “fixes." We put together a new work team, composed in each case and frustration for employees waiting to see how of highly respected officers to represent A.I.D. employees in their own careers might be affected. this effort. Our objective is to help shape a system that is based We will be exploring whether AFSA can involve itself at an on credible analysis-a system that offers greater fairness, pre¬ earlier stage in the process when new programs such as these dictability, and transparency for employees, while meeting the are being planned. In addition to providing an AFSA perspec- workforce needs of the agency. tive-i.e., identifying what is best for the individual employee- The above are but a few examples of the many serious issues and hands-on Foreign Service experience, such involvement facing A.I.D.’s Foreign Service. We face tough times and an un¬ might help overcome some of the problems that result when certain future. We can be effective in revitalizing A.I.D. and de¬ management fails to communicate with us in a timely fashion. fending our interests only if we are strong in number, remain William A. Kirby, State Vice President cohesive, and contribute our individual efforts to upholding the integrity, commitment, and dedication of A.I.D.’s Foreign Ser¬ vice. A.I.D. Priscilla Del Bosque, A.I.D. Vice President Many serious issues faced A.I.D. during the year. The gravest issue-the future survival of the agency-will continue to imperil A.I.D.’s operations and the effectiveness of its Foreign Service. USIA Despite talk of dismantling the agency, A.I.D.’s top management An expanded USIA AFSA standing committee has been meet¬ is unable to put forth a credible agenda and rationale for U.S. ing since early summer to discuss the possibility of challenging interests in development in today’s changing world. Instead of AFGE as the exclusive bargaining agent for USIA Foreign Service putting forth a new vision for A.I.D. for the 1990s, management personnel. A successful challenge would mean that USIA For¬ is looking for ways to do less; it is cutting back on its Foreign eign Seivice members would join their State and A.I.D. col¬ Service staff, especially overseas; and it is allowing other U.S. leagues who are already represented by AFSA and the Foreign government agencies to erode A.I.D.’s role in foreign aid pro¬ Service would speak with a more unified voice. grams. The Foreign Service is a diminishing minority-only 33 per¬ AFSA has begun to raise these issues with both employees cent of the workforce-in USIA. The USIA AFSA standing com¬ and management. We have, for example, begun a constructive mittee believes that there are urgent issues that need to be dialogue with management on the future of A.I.D. Some signif¬ confronted by the Foreign Service, issues that AFSA as both a icant changes in perception are occurring: managers and em¬ union and a professional organization could address if it were ployees are less willing to accept the notion that A.I.D.’s our bargaining unit. resource cuts are inevitable and unavoidable, and they are less Among the bread-and-butter union issues discussed have willing to be the object of unwarranted criticism from top man¬ been the artificial restrictions limiting overseas housing space, agement, the IG, or other sources. AFSA will continue actively the burdensome and unfair application of the contract air fare to counter the distorted, negative image of A.I.D., both within arrangement, and the extremes of some regulations limiting the and externally, and to challenge management to recognize sale of personal property overseas. A.I.D.’s accomplishments and to use the strengths and values Professional issues brought to the table have centered around ANNUAL- REPORT the role of USIA in a changing world. The standing committee are only 76 members shy of the magic 10,000, and we hope believes USIA should be a lead organization in the U.S. effort soon to top this goal. to support democratic initiatives in the emerging democracies. Sabine Sisk, Executive Director USIA also has an expanded role to play in such areas as the global environment debate and the battle against narcotics traf¬ ficking. It is critical that we engage agency leadership in a di¬ Retirement Issues alogue about the future of USIA and the nation’s interests and “Proposal: AFSA proposes that the State Department with ap¬ needs for public diplomacy. We cannot do this now because propriate support and assistance from AFSA, undertake to es¬ we are not the exclusive bargaining representative for USIA For¬ tablish a Foreign Service Reserve Corps comprised of Foreign eign Service. Service retirees who have signified an interest in being available We have made our views public on one subject. We have for recall for limited periods of active service.” So began the written to the President's Task Force on U.S. Government Broad¬ proposal that AFSA sent to Secretary of State Baker and to the casting to say that we believe it would be a serious mistake to heads of the other foreign affairs agencies in mid-August 1990. separate the Voice of America from USIA. The proposal suggested the benefits of having the capacity to Bernard Hensgen, USIA Vice President recall Foreign Service retirees with talents or expertise to help out in national emergencies. In September 1990, AFSA met with Baker and his principal Treasurer’s Report associates. During the meeting, Deputy Secretary Lawrence This year has been a period of continued financial equilib¬ Eagleburger strongly endorsed a reserve system that would rium for AFSA. To ensure AFSA’s financial stability, I intend to allow crisis managers to know what resources were in the re¬ institute sound management policies in all categories that fall serves at a given time so that they could make effective use of within the treasurer’s responsibilities. In that respect, I intend them. Under Secretary for Management Ivan Selin endorsed the to work with the Membership and Development committees to idea as a new device for resource flexibility, and Director Gen¬ raise additional revenue to meet our organization’s needs. This eral Edward Perkins undertook the operational planning. board remains mindful of inflationary pressures, however, that Reactions from Commerce, A.I.D., and USIA were less pos¬ will likely inflate future budgets. itive, but we believed that the initial strong backing in the De¬ Joseph Huggins, Treasurer partment of State would help the other agencies see their way clear to climb aboard. Following various informal meetings with department offi¬ cials in September and October 1990, AFSA filed suggestions Administration and proposals with the department and for a while it seemed The 1991 election and transition to a new Governing Board that the department was being responsive. In remarks to the provided to AFSA’s staff a set of challenges that were all well AFSA-sponsored business conference in November 1990, the di¬ met. During the transition period, the staff provided the conti¬ rector general credited AFSA for proposing a “new paradigm” nuity for programs and policies adopted by the old board. It for Foreign Service. At various times over the course of the year, also ensured responsive member services while keeping AFSA including at Foreign Service Day in May 1991, high-level State fiscally sound, despite program growth on one hand and tight Department officials re-endorsed the initiative. The director gen¬ budgetary constraints on the other. We bridged the gap with eral informed retirees at the Foreign Service Day brunch that strong fundraising efforts. the department intended to send out a questionnaire to retirees Upkeep of the aging AFSA building and replacement of de¬ to test their reactions to the proposal. teriorating equipment remain priorities. We completed major High-level expressions of support notwithstanding, the de¬ structural repairs and improved the appearance of the meeting partment was slower than anyone would have hoped in re¬ rooms on the second floor of the building. During the summer sponding concretely to AFSA’s proposal to establish a true we organized a highly successful Fourth of July party on the Foreign Service Reserve. The Reserve languished during the eighth floor of the State Department, thus reviving a popular spring and summer of 1991. Explanations included 1) the reor¬ but neglected tradition. ganization of the Personnel Bureau; 2) the need to prepare for A number of administrative innovations have enabled AFSA’s Foreign Service Day; 3) the need for formulating a questionnaire departments to work more efficiently. The Scholarship Fund to all FS retirees to ask what they would like to do; and finally, won approval for inclusion in the Combined Federal Campaign 4) there was no money and no staff to process the questionnaire. this year, providing a mechanism for effective fundraising, and AFSA’s general policy is to work with management and to the creation of a Development Committee has strengthened provide it the benefit of the doubt. In the case of the Reserves, AFSA’s ability to raise money for the new AFSA awards as well AFSA might have pushed management harder with better re¬ as for scholarships. Conversion to a more sophisticated account¬ sults. The results of AFSA’s own questionnaire to retirees in Oc¬ ing system has made it easier to audit funds and to track Foreign tober 1991 provide ample evidence that the human resources Service Journal advertising and other revenues. We are told that were available-all that was wanting was a bit of management our membership records are more accurate than State’s-a record vision and initiative. of which we are proud. Membership is at an all-time high. We Charles A. Schmitz, Vice President for Retirees ANNUAL• REPORT to resolve include providing grievance procedures to curtailed Legal Issues employees and grounds for indefinite suspension. Foreign Service medical care: AFSA filed its amicus curiae Grievances: Current regulations provide for a three-year brief in January 1991 urging the Supreme Court to review a D.C. time limit for filing grievances, except in the following circum¬ Circuit Court of Appeals decision, which held that the depart¬ stances: 1) the grievance materials are specifically referenced ment has sole discretion to determine employee claims of med¬ by a selection board and relied upon by the agency in a retire¬ ical negligence, without according due process to the employee. ment proceeding; and 2) the materials are adversely affecting The case, Tarpeh-Doe et al v. U.S., involves a suit by an A.I.D. the grievant in some other way and no more than five years employee whose infant son was permanently disabled after have elapsed since the date of their issuance. The foreign affairs being denied a medical evacuation from Liberia. The Supreme agencies are attempting to roll this rule back to a flat three-year Court denied certiorari (review). AFSA will pursue alternative limit for all cases. measures to improve the administrative claims process. Prescriptive relief: AFSA filed an amicus brief urging the Legislative issues Court of Appeals to review Miller v. Baker and overturn the Amendment of Foreign Service Act of 1980: AFSA was District Court’s decision. The lower court held that the Foreign successful in lobbying for an amendment to the Foreign Service Service Grievance Board does not have unlimited authority Act of 1980, as amended, which would give Foreign Service under the Foreign Service Act of 1980, as amended, to grant employees the option to file complaints of statutorily-prohibited prescriptive relief to nontenured employees. AFSA’s brief argues discriminatory acts either as grievances in the grievance system that the act, its legislative history, and case law provide that or as EEO complaints in the agency EEO system. nontenured employees should receive prescriptive relief where Family leave: AFSA supports the Family and Medical Leave the grievance is likely to succeed on its merits. The Court of Act. Athough President Bush vetoed the bill, it has been rein¬ Appeals decision is pending. troduced and AFSA will continue its support. The bill would AFSA’s right to attend formal meetings: The department have allowed workers up to 18 weeks of unpaid family leave denied AFSA’s right to attend security awareness briefings in over a two-year period to care for new children and up to 26 which the SF-312 nondisclosure form is discussed. AFSA filed weeks of unpaid medical leave over a one-year period. Other an unfair labor practice charge, which was upheld by the Federal benefits were a requirement to continue health insurance ben¬ Labor Relations Authority. The decision affirmed AFSA’s right efits during employees’ leave and assurance of the same job, to attend security awareness briefings and all other formal meet¬ or an equivalent, upon their return. ings in which conditions of employment are discussed. Dismantling prescriptive relief: This year, as in past years, Nondisclosure agreement: An amended version of the the department sought an amendment to the Foreign Service nondisclosure agreement form, SF-312, is now being used by Act that would have eliminated the longstanding practice of pre¬ the department. The form was amended as the result of a lawsuit scriptive relief for employees. AFSA was successful in persuad¬ filed by AFSA challenging the constitutionality of the form as ing Congress that current limits on prescriptive relief adequately vague. Amended SF-312 contains language specifying that in prevent abuse of the benefit. AFSA agreed, however, that those conflicts between secrecy requirements and free speech, free employees convicted of a crime would not be entitled to receive speech laws supersede the form’s restrictions. prescriptive relief. Security clearance forms: A revised background form (SF- Turna R. Lewis, General Counsel 86) is now being used by all federal government agencies as the result of legal challenges filed by AFSA and other federal sector unions. AFSA had challenged the form as overly intrusive. Member Services Department Amended SF-86 no longer requires employees to incriminate In 1991, the department’s three staff members all left for themselves and does not require information about employees’ school or new careers. Replacing them were Chris Perrine, re¬ involvement in advocacy organizations. turning to AFSA as director of Member Services, and member A.I.D. contract negotiations: AFSA began before the For¬ Services Representatives Deborah Leahy and Warren Tryon. eign Service Impasses Dispute Panel (FSIDP) for assistance since Our first work of the new year involved, naturally, the war issues remain unresolved. A major issue is 100 percent official in the Persian Gulf. This department was contacted by many time for the A.I.D. vice president. AFSA/A.I.D. employees seek returning Foreign Service families with concerns about various parity with the AFSA/State Agreement, in which there is a evacuation issues. We submitted to management a comprehens¬ longstanding agreement whereby AFSA has two frill-time rep¬ ive list of needed improvements, and AFSA prompted a “lessons resentatives. Completion of the A.I.D. agreement will be a pri¬ learned” review by management. At our instigation, two major ority in the upcoming year. airlines made available special discounted fares for evacuated Negotiation of disciplinary regulations: AFSA is complet¬ employees to visit their families in the States. ing negotiations on regulations governing disciplinary action A.I.D. mail: Many employees will remember 1990 as the year and separation for cause that were begun in January 1989- Issues of the A.I.D. mail debacle, where, for at least six months em¬ of negotiability were raised and resolved by the Foreign Service ployees suffered outrageous delays and mistakes caused by a Labor Relations Board. Remaining issues which AFSA expects contractor mishandling A.I.D. mail. In early 1991, AFSA obtained ANNUAL* REPORT the agreement of A.I.D. management to revert the handling of liam Slany launched the series, followed by a number of dis¬ the mail back to State mail officials. Management accepted tinguished thinkers, including former Secretary of Defense Frank AFSA’s proposal that employees be permitted to file claims for Carlucci, theologian Michael Novak, former Federal Reserve financial losses with a one-year limit, instead of the proposed Chairman Paul Volcker, and ex-CLA Director William Colby. The three months. In addition, we were able to get management to luncheon speaker series will continue to focus on the changes send letters of explanation to the creditors of those employees needed in U.S. foreign policy and foreign affairs institutions. affected. AFSA awards: The 1991 award winners were honored at a Specialists: The department generated new career path pro¬ Foreign Service Day (May 3) ceremony in the Dean Acheson posals for specialists. As of October, AFSA had begun working Auditorium. The new Delavan Award for an individual or group on packages for the new information management specialist and of Foreign Service secretaries was awarded jointly to groups in facilities maintenance officer skill codes, and anticipated further Bonn and USNATO totalling 18 individuals, with former ambas¬ changes for other specialists in the field. AFSA hoped to attain sador to Kuwait W. Nathaniel Howell conferring the award on consistency among the various packages, including the estab¬ the three secretaries who could be present. Winners and their lishment of regulations for the conversion of skill codes. families thereafter attended the Foreign Service Day luncheon Secretaries: The Secretarial Career Path Package was finally in the Diplomatic Reception Rooms. presented to AFSA in July and a revised package was agreed Nominations for the 1992 awards are due January 31- to in August. In addition, a proposal for differential pay for sec¬ Memorial plaque: Under Secretary Bartholomew read a retaries serving as back-up and primary communicators was message from the president at a solemn ceremony on Foreign being negotiated as of early October. These packages represent Service Day before the memorial plaque in the Diplomatic En¬ a step towards greater rationality and predictability in secretarial trance. Fortunately, no new names were added this year. careers. Foreign Service Day Brunch: A capacity crowd of retirees Grievances: AFSA handled approximately 200 grievances filled the Foreign Service Club on May 4 to meet old friends this year, with no apparent change from last year in the flow and discuss AFSA’s programs, especially those for retirees. Di¬ of inquiries. The FS-1 group grievance was denied by the For¬ rector General Edward J. Perkins attended as a guest. eign Service Grievance Board. Increasingly the State Department Public Employees Roundtable: The coordinator served as has been resisting or delaying the implementation of board de¬ AFSA’s representative on the board of this coalition of public cisions with which it disagrees, especially those which could service associations, which carries on programs aimed at en¬ be precedent-setting. Department non-compliance with board hancing the image and morale of the public service, and at¬ orders usually results in legal action. AFSA has expressed our tracting young people to public service careers. concern about this issue to the Director General, in writing Richard S. Thompson, Coordinator for and in person, but legal action may be necessary as a last resort Professional Issues to enforce compliance. Catherine Schmitz, Member Services Director Membership Communications Department A review of our 1991 membership statistics indicates that The Foreign Service Journal in 1991 began focusing issues AFSA’s membership is holding steady overall with an increase around a single theme, inviting debate and discourse on such of more than 200 retired members and a very slight decline in topics as the Gulf War and its genesis, the most effective U S. State and AID constituencies. In an effort to build better lines stance toward the fragmenting Soviet Union, and equal oppor¬ of communication with the membership, the Governing Board tunity at the State Department. The magazine became longer, is establishing a new Membership Committee. The committee averaging 72 pages throughout the year, and we introduced sev¬ will be comprised of volunteers from each constituency and eral new or returned features: “From the Field,” offering per¬ meet several times a year to discuss the best venues for dis¬ sonal points of view on training, management, and personnel seminating information and generating feedback on AFSA pro¬ issues; “Postcard from Abroad,” providing vignettes from For¬ grams. If you are interested in volunteering please contact eign Service life overseas; and the editor’s column, “Despatch.” AFSA’s Membership Department at (202) 625-7153. Once again, advertising revenues grew despite the recession, The Membership Department is upgrading AFSA’s record¬ and the magazine’s real cost per member dropped. Meanwhile, keeping capabilities in order to produce more targeted mailings. we took advantage of the new advertising pages to introduce By defining the membership (e.g. phone numbers, skill codes, more color into the magazine. initiation dates, use of insurance services, etc.), we will reduce Anne Stevenson-Yang, Editor the printing and postage costs of larger blanket mailings. Ad¬ ditionally, by keeping the membership informed on issues that are pertinent to their specific interests, we hope to increase re¬ Professional Issues tention rates. Luncheon speakers: The major speaker theme this past Membership broken down by constituency as of October year has been how U.S. policy and institutions should change 1991, is as follows: to meet the new international environment. State Historian Wil¬ ANNUAL* REPORT AFSA Membership by Constituency William and Melinda Itoh, Jane Fairweather, and James L. Holmes. Annual awards are given when contributions exceed

October 1991 $1,000. Ambassador Jack W. Lydman was chairman of the AFSA State . 4,665 Retiree ...... 3,285 Committee on Education until October 1991 when the position AID . 1,123 Associate ...... 378 was assumed by Ambassador Robert H. Miller. Members of the USIA . . 185 lubilee ...... 38 committee included Janet Biggs, AAFSW; David Jones, State; Commerce . . . . 48 Life . . . . 191 James Casey, State; Cynthia Farrell Johnson, USIA; and Edward Agriculture . . 11 TOTAI . . . 9,924 T. Costello, A.I.D., with staff support by Gail Volk. The International Associates program has 31 member com¬ Gail Volk, Director of Scholarships panies, 11 of which have been with us since the program’s in¬ and Development ception. Each company has been actively involved in our conference program and we look forward to increasing support Insurance Programs from the business community. New Long-Term Health Care: After over a year of extensive Currently, there are 142 active chapters overseas. If there is review, the Board of Trustees for Insurance Programs is pleased not an active chapter at your post, consider starting one. The to announce, with the AFSA Governing Board’s approval, its Membership Department would be happy to assist you with ma¬ intention of offering Long-Term Health Care insurance to AFSA terials and information. Contact AFSA at 2101 E Street, NW, members and their dependents. The Long-Term Health Care Washington, D.C. 20037 for more information. program will be underwritten by AMEX and administered by Janet L. Hedrick, Director for Membership AFSA’s long-time agent, the Hirshorn Company. We are confi¬ dent that the AMEX program offers better rates and more flex¬ Scholarship Programs ibility to our members than any other plan currently available. Look for an open enrollment period in early 1992. The AFSA Scholarship Programs provide financial assistance Personal Property Insurance: AFSA’s personal property in¬ to dependent children of career Foreign Service personnel (ac¬ surance plan, unlike many others, offers full replacement cost tive, retired with pension, or deceased) who have served or are for your household effects while at post, in storage, and in tran¬ currently serving abroad in foreign affairs agencies of the U.S. sit. It is available at all overseas locations. AFSA’s personal government, as defined in the Foreign Service Act of 1980. The property insurance is still growing and has over 600 insureds. annual report covers the academic year in which awards were Contact AFSA’s Membership Department for more information. made, that is, the fall 1990 and spring 1991 financial aid grants Disability Insurance: In 1989, AFSA first offered its mem¬ and the spring 1991 merit awards. This year, AFSA Scholarship bers group disability insurance administered by the Albert H. Programs funded $118,414 to 123 students. The financial aid Wohlers Insurance Company. Since then, 166 members have program, first offered in 1927, provides grants for full-time un¬ signed up with over $30,000 in annual premiums! The Board dergraduate studies. Grants ranging from $500 to $2,000 are awarded based on need and the amount allowed by individual of Trustees is pleased with the progress of the newest AFSA plan and anticipates its continued growth. schools. During academic year 1990-1991, $102,114 was given Other Programs: The underwriters of the AFSA accidental to 90 eligible students. death and dismemberment (AD&D) plan have raised the max¬ The merit awards, created by AFSA and the Association of imum amount of benefit to $500,000, without increasing the pre¬ American Foreign Service Women (AAFSW) in 1976, provided miums. Plans are also being made to increase the daily benefit a total of $16,300 for 20 merit award winners and 13 honorable amount available for the AFSA In-Hospital Income plan. mentions. Merit award winners are high school seniors from The Board of Trustees is currently chaired by Teresita Schaf¬ schools in the United States and abroad who are recognized fer (State). Tezi has been an active committee member since for their outstanding academic records, their leadership quali¬ the board’s inception ten years ago. She replaced Hugh Wolff, ties, and their extra-curricular activities. Of the $16,300 distrib¬ retired FSO, who had served as chairman of the committee from uted in merit awards, equal amounts were contributed by 1984 to 1991 and will continue to provide expert consultation, AAFSW and AFSA. This year’s merit awards were in memoty as needed. of the late Ambassador Clifton R. Wharton, who was the first The Board of Trustees is excited about being able to offer black American to be appointed an ambassador. AFSA members a new Long-Term Health Care program and AFSA’s Scholarship Programs were expanded substantially in looks forward to your active participation. As always, the In¬ 1991 with the participation of the DACOR Bacon House Foun¬ surance Committee welcomes your suggestions and comments. dation. DACOR provided grant aid for 18 college juniors and seniors whose studies are in the field of foreign affairs. Teresita Schaffer, Chairman, Board of Trustees for Insurance Programs A new perpetual award was established this year in memory of the late Susan Lowe Modi. Perpetual awards are established when donations total $10,000 or more. This year’s annual awards were named for Madeline Ferrari, Isaac and Isaac Duke Parker, American Foreign Service Association Financial Statements December 31, 1990 Combined Balance Sheets As of December 31,1990 and 1989

AFSA

Capital Scholarship General Maintenance and 12/31/89 Fund Fund AFSA Funds Combined Combined

Assets Current Assets Cash and cash equivalents $ 182,348 $ 55,749 $ 164,189 $ 402,286 $ 632,151 Accounts receivable 41,345 41,345 26,714 Prepaid expenses and other 19,698 19,698 14,590 Interfund receivable (payable) (3,666) 171 3,495 Accrued interest and dividends 13.989 13.989 13.989 Total Current Assets 239,725 55,920 181,673 477,318 687,444

Marketable securities, at cost 1,482,643 1,482,643 1,148,482 Land, building and equipment 360,165 126,878 612 487,655 397,315 Interfund receivable (payable), less current portion (1.107) 1.107 Total Assets S 598.783 $ 182.798 $ 1.666.035 $ 2.447.616 $ 2.233.241

Liabilities and Fund Balances Current Liabilities Accounts payable $ 33,446 $ 33,446 $ 7,810 Accrued salaries and vacation payable 23,180 23,180 22,925 Other accrued liabilities S 9,862 9,862 10,980 Current portion of mortgage payable 1,199 1,199 1,083 Deferred revenue 271.074 271.074 211.996 Total Current Liabilities 338,761 338,761 254,794

Mortgage payable, less current portion 197.369 197.369 198.576 Total Liabilities 536,130 536.130 453.370

Fund Balances Unrestricted Undesignated 62,653 62,653 26,227 Designated 182,798 182,798 130,257 Restricted 1,470,764 1,470,764 1,428,116 Endowment 195.271 195.271 195.271 62.653 182.798 1.666.035 1.911.486 1.779.871 Total Liabilities and Fund Balances $ 598.783 $ 182.798 $ 1.666.035 $ 2.447.616 $ 2.233.241

Combined Statement of Support, Revenue, Expenses and Changes in Fund Balances

AFSA

Capital Scholarship General Maintenance and 12/31/89 Fund Fund AFSA Funds Combined Combined

Public Support and Revenue Public Support Contributions S 50.671 1 S 123.217 $ 173.888 $ 517.594

Revenue Membership dues 869,246 869,246 678,042 Advertising sales 220,179 220,179 170,691 Subscriptions $93,423 93,423 98,437 Club fees 8,050 8,050 3,741 Investment income Dividends and interest 1,274 7,255 123,433 131,962 110,780 Gain on sale of marketable securities 16,023 Other 66.494 66.494 18.745 Total Revenue 1.258.666 L225 123.433 .1,389,354 1.096.459 Total Public Support and Revenue 1.309.3.37 7.255 246.650 1.563.242 1.614.053 Expenses Program Services Journal 314,940 314,940 285,842 Labor relations 297,746 297,746 273,130 Legislative action 59,486 59,486 62,343 Club 28,044 28,044 27,744 Professional issues 22,962 22,962 51,224 Outreach 138,487 138,487 60,675 Membership 119,099 119,099 89,617 Scholarship 157,127 157,127 157,931 AFSA Fund 32,916 32,916 28,114 3.578 3.578 Total Program Services 980.764 15Z8 190.043 1.174.385 1.036,620

Supporting Services Management and general 243,267 16 243,283 260,260 13.959 13.959 Total Expenses 1.224.031 1524 204.002 1.431.627 1.296.880

Excess of Public Support and Revenue over Expenses 85,306 3,661 42,648 131,615 317,173

Fund Balances, Beginning of Year 26,227 130,257 1,623,387 1,779,871 1,462,698 (48.880) 48.880 Fund Balances, End of Year S 62.653 S 182.798 S 1.666.035 S 1.911.486 S 1.779.871

Statement of Cash Flows For the Years Ended December 31, 1990 and 1989

AFSA

Capital Scholarship General Maintenance and 12/31/89 Fund Fund AFSA Funds Combined Combined

Cash Flows from Operating Activities Excess of Public support and revenue over expenses S 85.306 S 3.661 S 42.648 S 131.615 S 317,17.3 Adjustments to reconcile to net cash provided by operating activities: Depreciation 44,745 3,578 294 48,617 44,066 Gain on sale of marketable securities (16,023) Loss on sale of marketable securities 13,959 13,959 Interfund transfers (48,880) 48,880 Change in operating assets and liabilities: Accounts receivable and accrued interest (14,631) (14,631) (11,161) Prepaid expenses and other (5,108) (5,108) (4,311) Interfund receivables and payables 17,549 (171) (17,378) Accounts payable and other 25,636 25,636 Accrued liabilities (247) (616) (863) 2,887 59.078 59.078 40.892 Total adjustments 78.142 52.287 (3.741) 126.688 56,350 Net Cash Provided by Operating Activities 163.448 55.948 38,907 258.30.3 373.523

Cash Flows from Investing Activities Acquisition of equipment (8,502) (130,456) (138,958) (22,178) Proceeds from sale of marketable securities 1,035,202 1,035,202 329,385 Purchase of marketable securities (1..383.321) (1.383.321) (492.825) Net Cash (Used in) Investing Activities (8.502) (130.456) (348,119) (487,077) (185.618)

Cash Flows from Financing Activities Proceeds from mortgage refinancing, 142,386 Payments on mortgage payable (9,343) 8,252 (1,091) (9,449) (52.160) 52.160 Net Cash Provided (Used) by Financing Activities (61.503) 52.160 8.252 (1.091) 132,9.37

Net Increase (Decrease) in Cash and Cash Equivalents 93.443 (22,348) (300,960) (229,865) 320,842

Cash and Cash Equivalents, Beginning of Year 88.905 78.097 465.149 632.151 311.309 Cash and Cash Equivalents, End of Year S 182.348 S 55.749 S 164.189 S 402.286 S 632.151

Supplemental disclosure of cash flow information: Cash paid during the year for interest S 20.820 S 8.000 JACK R.BINNS A CLOSERLOOKATTHE U.S.-MEXICO TRADE AGREEMENT BY Uneasy Partners Mexican economy couldtriggerastrongdo¬ mestic backlash.Although therecentMexican and growth,whichisbynomeans certain, succeed inattainingtheneededinvestment Mexican historyandidentity,itwould seemto increased U.S.economic presenceinthe be ariskystrategy.EveniftheFTA should far fromhismind.Viewedinthecontext of survival ofhisparty,thePRI,wasprobably not the pathofsustaineddevelopment.Thefact ently sawitasthebestoronlymeanstoattract that renewedgrowthmaybecriticaltothe the kindofinvestmentneededtogetbackon to add,isnotanegativefactor—whoappar¬ ment. TheFTAideawas“madeinMexico”by the beginningof1992—haste,inthiscase, President SalinasdeGortari—which,Ihasten being apossiblescenarioforfaultyagree¬ pear tocariygreaterriskthanadvantage. initial deadlineforcompletingnegotiations— Trade Area(FTA),oncloserinspection,isone been misplaced.AndtheNorthAmericanFree regulate mostoftherest.Emphasishasdearly about 7percentofourtotal,whileGATTniles tiations. OurtradewithMexicoaccountsfor Tremendous attentionhasbeen The riskisheightenedbytheadministration’s Uruguay RoundofGATTnego¬ pense ofthemoreimportant Agreement (NAFTA),attheex¬ with Mexicoandthepossible focused ontradenegotiations North AmericanFreeTrade of thoseideasthatap- ratified, asanumber ofdirectconflictsand a win-winagreement canbenegotiatedand a zerosumexercise, itisnotyetclearwhether tors toworkoutanagreementthatserves our though tradenegotiationsarenotbydefinition national tradeandeconomicinterests. Al¬ meet thesecommitmentsandonthe negotia¬ flags. Theonusisnowontheadminstration to environmental practices.Thesewere warning workers andensureimprovementin Mexican to provideretrainingfordisplacedAmerican that theadminstrationwilltakespecificactions authority, demandedandreceivedassurances in exchangeforitsextensionofthefasttrack Only laterdidtheexaminationgetunderway. ently noseriousexaminationoftheFTAandits sounded likeagoodidea.Therewasappar¬ wishing tohelpSalinasandMexico,thoughtit implications priortoourdecisionproceed. term, itisdifficulttosquarewithMexican FTA concept. and monetarypolicies,thatisimplicitinthe to controltheirowneconomy,especiallyfiscal will reacttothemajorreductionintheirability appearance orinpractice,ashasbeenthecase does notmeetMexicanexpectationseitherin rather quicklyifthenegotiatedagreement port foranFTA,theoutlookcouldchange in Canada.OnemightalsoaskhowMexicans election resultssuggestsubstantialpublicsup¬ It wasrightandresponsiblethatCongress, While thatmaybeagoodthinginthelong DECEMBER 1991 •FOREIGNSERVICEJOL'RXAl •35 nationalism. PresidentBush, no doubt difficult issues must be resolved. The devil is clearly in the details. There are also political obstacles to overcome on ON both sides of the border. BALANCE WE Assessing the impact The proposed FrA with Mexico and ARE Canada is, in a very important sense, THE unique; not, certainly, as a free trade RIGHT agreement, but as an arrangement of PROPERTY this type involving countries with pro¬ MANAGEMENT foundly disparate levels of income and TEAM development. The FTA with Canada is TO between two similar nations having WATCH comparable levels of social and eco¬ nomic development and personal in¬ come, as well as closely integrated economies. And many Canadians would argue that their FTA with us is looking suspiciously like a zero sum arrangement—with them on the short end. An agreement with Mexico will involve striking differences in per capita 301 Maple Ave West • Dogwood Building * Suite G • Vienna, VA 22180 income, development levels and na¬ (703) 938-0909 *FAX 281-9782 tional economic structure. It is these differences, and the absence of com¬ Residential Real Estate Sales—Management parable precedents, that ought to call into question many of the assumptions and claims made by those favoring the FTA. Comparisons with the European — IN ARLINGTON Community (EC) are of limited utility. First, the income disparities between the EC’s richest members (Germany before unification and Denmark) and its poorest (Greece and Portugual) Comfort were in the range of 3 or 5 to 1; in the Inn case of the LInited States and Canada compared to Mexico, they are in the v BALLSTONSTMIV0 • C.pn.trn.llvCentrally Innntfd.located range of 10 to 1. 1-800-4-CHOICE Walk to subway Second, the EC is far more than a free trade arrangement. It is a mecha¬ nism for economic, social, and politi¬ Restaurant/Lounge Ballston Common Mall Nearby cal integration. As such, it entails Gift Shop Tours Depart Lobby Day/Night substantial transfer payments from Cable TV, Remote Control Non-Smoking Rooms Available the richer members to raise the devel¬ Pay-Per-View Movies Children under 18 stay FREE. opment levels of the poorer members. Refrigerator add $2 per day Good neighborhood In other words, the wealthier members FOREIGN SERVICE SPECIAL RATE of the EC provide direct financial subsidies to their poorer partners. No Mar 17 to June 25 such payments are envisaged in the 863 853 r 843 proposed FTA. To the extent that the Rates good everyday for stays of 7 days or longer. gap between the United States and These rates always available, show ad to receive rate, 2 - 4 people. Canada, on the one hand, and Mexico, Rates quoted above already include government discount. on the other, is narrowed, it will be 1211 N. Glebe Rd., Arlington, VA 22201 solely the product of commercial trade and investment, not transfer payments, (703)247-3399 or FAX (703) 524-8739 subsidy, or economic assistance. “Trickle down,” with all its problems

36 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • DECEMBER 1991 and inequities, is the name of the game. Ev Taylor, retired Department of State Foreign Service Officer, is Facts or wishes? now with Money Concepts Assertions that the FTA will repre¬ International. This financial sent an export bonanza for the United planning organization offers a full States are surely exaggerated. The value range of financial products and services including: of our bilateral trade with Mexico more than doubled between 1985 and 1990 • Mutual Funds* as a result of Mexico’s entry into GATT • Fimited Partnerships* • Stocks and Bonds* and the consequent reductions in its • Variable Annuities* trade barriers (tariffs were reduced • Hard Assets sharply, to a current average of just • Fife Insurance over 8 percent, as compared to aver¬ • Educational Seminars ages in excess of 30 percent previously, and extensive non-tariff barriers virtu¬ We will provide you with a personal, comprehensive financial ally eliminated). However, Mexico’s Everard S. Taylor plan that will match your low per capita GNP and its international investment objectives and risk For more information or an appointment: debt situation impose finite limits on tolerance level with specific Contact Ev: its ability to increase imports, while recommendations geared toward 1523 King Street other disincentives currently discour¬ reaching those goals. Alexandria, VA 22314 age foreign and domestic investment. Special attention given to: (703) 684-1277 Per capita GNP is about $2,600 and growing very slowly, and its current ✓ Retirement Planning account is expected to remain in deficit ✓Minimizing Tax Fiabilities ✓Portfolio Diversification for the next few years. The absence of MONEY CONCEPTS ✓ Balanced Capital Accumulation INTERNATIONAL FINANCIAL PLANNING NETWORK significant barriers to Mexican exports to the United States (except in agri¬ * Equity products marketed through International Financial Services Capital Corp., member firm NASD. culture, where sanitary standards and MONEY CONCEPTS FINANCIAL PLANNING CENTER seasonal measures constitute impor¬ tant barriers and are unlikely to change much in the near term) suggests only There Is Only One Place modest room for growth in those earnings. To Stay In Washington A KPMG Peat Marwick (KPMG/PM) economic model of the potential effects YOUR PLACE of the FTA tended to substantiate these conclusions. This model indicated that benefits to the United States and Mexico would be largely contingent upon the SHORT OR LONG TERM LUXURY “A Hotel Alternative APARTMENTS. TOWNHOUSES. size of capital flows into Mexico result¬ PENTHOUSES For The Prudent Spender.” All Suites Tastefully Furnished & Fully ing from the FTA. While Mexico has Equipped Kitchens * Telephone * Cable Television ★ Security Intercom System made substantial progress in reducing Complete Health Spa ★ Concierge * Parking its barriers to foreign investment, it is Laundry and Valet ★ Maid Svc (optional) ★ Convenience Store still not competitive. Currrently, foreign investment is either prohibited or spe¬ SPECIALIZING IN RELOCATIONS cifically limited in the following sectors: SERVING CORPORATIONS * PENTAGON THE STATE DEPARTMENT + INSURANCE petroleum/ petrochemicals; computers; INDUSTRY * EXTENDED TRAVEL banking and financial services; auto¬ CONVENIENT METRO LOCATIONS AT ROSSLYN motive; transportation; mining; electri¬ CAPITOL HILL cal power generation; radio and TV; GEORGETOWN FOGGY BOTTOM and land ownership, which impacts DUPONT CIRCLE directly on agriculture and real estate development. U.S. and Canadian ne¬ * Visa and Master Card Honored gotiators will push hard to remove TLC Development Corporation 1700 N Moore St. Suite 714 Arl., Va. 22209 these barriers, but the extent to which Mexico will agree to a further opening REAL ESTATE * SALES ★ RENTALS |* (703) 527-4441~| of its economy to foreign investment is MANAGEMENT unclear. Mexico’s history, the constitu-

DECEMBER 1991 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • 37 I 1 tional basis for investment barriers and Though no doubt exaggerated, the domestic political considerations make AUTHORIZED EXPORTER I it difficult to be optimistic. loss of jobs has been significant and Assuming the best case in eliminat¬ GENERAL ELECTRIC I should flash an amber light for those I ing investment barriers and other dis¬ incentives, the KPMG/PM model sug¬ who see the FTA as an unmitigated gests a total capital inflow to Mexico of about $25 billion during the FTA tran¬ blessing. Moreover, a recent GAO GENERAL ELECTRONICS sition period. It was 10 years in the case of the U.S.-Canada agreement study of the furniture industry in the INC. and could be longer in the case of Los Angeles area, perhaps a special Mexico. If it should be 10 years (a 15- □ REFRIGERATORS □ FREEZERS or 20-year transition period seems more case, demonstrated that U.S. □ RANGES □ MICROWAVE OVENS likely), that would mean about $2.5 □ AIR CONDITIONERS □ DRYERS manufacturers will move across the □ WASHERS □ SMALL APPLIANCES billion in new investment per year, □ AUDIO EQUIPMENTS TELEVISION made up of repatriated capital and border to escape environmental □ DISHWASHERS DTRANSFORM- foreign investment. If trade trends ERS □ COMPLETE CATALOG (Please check box) continue, we could expect about two- regulation. thirds of this investment, $1.6 billion Available for All Electric per annum, to be spent in the United Currents/Cycles States. That would represent an in¬ crease of about 6 percent over our Immediate Shipping/Mailing current level of exports to Mexico. unmitigated blessing. Moreover, a re¬ From our Local Warehouse That’s a lot better than nothing, but cent GAO study of the furniture indus¬ We Can Also Furnish less than the more enthusiastic claims try in the Los Angeles area, perhaps a Replacement Parts for would imply. It’s also likely that Canada special case, demonstrated that U.S. Most Manufactures o would get a part of this action, reduc¬ manufacturers will move across the ing the U.S. share. Compared to the border to escape environmental regu¬ SHOWROOM growth rates in the 25 and 50 percent lation. Anyone who believes that General Electronics, Inc. range experienced in the early years of Mexico could, under any circum¬ 4513 Wisconsin Avenue, N.W. Mexico’s trade liberalization, these are stances, come close to meeting current Washington, D C. 20016 Tel. (202) 362-8300 not particularly impressive. U.S. environmental standards must be FAX (202) 363-6538 a stranger to the country or a credulous TWX 710-822-9450 Runaways optimist. GENELECINC WSH Some FTA proponents claim growth It is one thing to move light assem¬ of this magnitude would create as bly operations—e.g. textiles or elec¬ many as 40,000 jobs per year in the tronic components—far offshore to United States; others believe this over¬ take advantage of low wages, but states the case. On the down side, quite another to move heavier indus¬ trends indicate our trade deficit with trial operations or those requiring major O a) Mexico will increase, and potential job capital investment, especially when losses from “runaway” firms, much transport costs are an important factor. more difficult to quantify, are likely to But new circumstances promising low be substantial. Arguments that run¬ wages, lower taxes, a secure invest¬ □ .£ o <-> Q) Canada’s experience with the exist¬ Canada illustrates. If these conditions Q) 0) 3 ing FTA may be suggestive. With wage were met as regards Mexico, which the O) C W < ® © C and taxation rates significantly higher NAFTA promises, it would be folly not than those in the United States, there to expect a substantial movement of tic has been significant flight of capital industrial and assembly operations O ~ m and jobs to the U.S. side of the border. south of the border. The upshot would Some allege that the job loss in the first be the loss of tens of thousands of ro

38 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • DECEMBER 1991 into uncharted areas, and that makes it pharmaceuticals; transportation; and very difficult to anticipate the full ef¬ labor market. Other potentially diffi¬ fects of our actions with any confi¬ cult areas, such as steel and textiles, dence. should be amenable to resolution. Steel FOREIGN A study by the Economic Strategy interests, particularly, seem to offer a SERVICE Institute (ESI) underscores the poten¬ basis for mutual advantage, while tex¬ tial risk and the importance of careful tile problems may be largely resolved ORALS? negotiation of the FTA, which would in the Uruguay Round. Some other Last year the pass rate for the appear jeopardized by the likely problem areas: Foreign Service Orals was 23% administration’s rush to conclude the but 50% of those who took our weekend Orals workshop passed. negotiations to meet the domestic po¬ Agriculture: litical agenda. The ESI study suggests This may prove to be the most Workshops will be held: that a poorly negotiated agreement complex and troublesome area for Jan. 4-5 Arlington, VA could seriously aggravate the existing negotiators. Current trade favors the Jan. 11-12 Arlington, VA trade deficit with Mexico and cost us United States, and the U.S. govern¬ Feb. 1-2 Austin, TX Feb. 8-9 San Francisco up to 400,000 jobs; an optimal agree¬ ment is seeking greater access to the ment, on the other hand, could pro¬ Mexican market, elimination of non¬ Workshops are limited to 10 duce a $9 billion trade surplus (ex¬ tariff barriers, and improved invest¬ participants. The cost is $350. cluding oil) and create a net 250,000 ment conditions. The United States For information (or to receive a jobs by the turn of the century. As one also wishes to continue protecting brochure about our preparation courses for the upcoming Nov. 7, would expect, the details of the agree¬ selected crops (a critical issue for some 1992 FSWE) call or write: ment will determine whether it serves congressional committees) and retain our interests. sanitary, pest, and other standards. Foreign Service Review, Inc. The Mexicans regard many of the latter POB 1575 Arlington, VA 22210 Stumbling blocks as disguised protectionism. Mexico, (703) 892-9242 Having looked at the larger ques¬ for its part, wants greater access to the tions, the specific trade and technical U.S. and Canadian markets, elimina¬ issues the negotiators must deal with tion of seasonal tariffs and other bar¬ merit at least summary review. The riers on Mexican produce, and an U.S.-Canada FTA will serve as a start¬ easing of sanitary and standards bar¬ ing or reference point for negotiations riers. Mexico will seek to protect its with Mexico. While no one expects land tenure restrictions and the ejidos, Mexico to agree to an exact replica of or communal farmland, both of which that agreement, even with longer tran¬ are sensitive constitutional issues. BUSINESS CONFERENCE sition periods, it does suggest direc¬ Nonetheless, it would seem that po¬ tions in which the northern nations tential gains for all parties and the SYMPOSIUM ON EXPORT will wish to move. complexity of the issues, which offer PROMOTION The U.S.-Canadian agreement treats multiple opportunities for trade-offs, a broad range of commodity catego¬ provide a basis for the negotiators to Many economists believe export expansion could provide the most ries (20 for “rules of origin”) and de¬ find accommodation. The larger promising growth opportunity for votes entire chapters to areas of spe¬ question is whether, having reached the U.S. Given the massive balance cial concern—agriculture, wine and agreement in this sector, the results of payments deficits that have plagued the national economy for spirits, energy (where Canada’s sensi¬ will be politically salable at home. many years, both the U.S. Government tivities were not unlike those of and the private sector need to give Mexico), automotive goods, services, Automotive: higher priority to export promotion. government procurement, investment, Objectively, this sector would ap¬ While the private sector must bear the principal responsibility for moving financial services, and temporary entry pear to be one in which the negotiators American goods and services into of businesspeople. Chapters are also could find sufficient mutuality of inter¬ foreign markets, the U.S Government devoted to technical issues such as est to strike a deal that would be win/ can and should play a critical supporting role. Yet there is “emergency action,” exceptions for win. The principal players/investors clearly scope for strengthening goods trade, government procurement, are the same in all three countries. But cooperation between business and disputes procedure, and special ex¬ it is also an area of priority concern for government to achieve better export performance. ceptions (national security, standards, U.S. labor in its opposition to the FTA, etc.). The FTA with Mexico is likely to and that means a politically salable Thursday, February 6, 1992 have a similar structure. accord may be hard to come by. Department of State Contentious sectors/issues are ex¬ For further information, contact: pected to include: agriculture; the au¬ Finance/Investment: AFSA: (202) 338-4045 tomotive sector; finance and invest¬ A top priority area for all parties. ment; petroleum/petrochemicals; Mexico needs new investment badly,

DECEMBER 1991 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • 39 and the United States and Canada insist upon better protection of intel¬ of the FTA. Disputes are a certainty, appear willing to provide at least lectual property rights, increased mar¬ and if they cannot be satisfactorily some of it if the conditions are right. ket access, and liberalized treatment of resolved, the entire FTA structure will And if the conditions are right, Japa¬ investment. Protection of proprietary be jeopardized. The Mexicans are most nese and European investment will information and patents are likely to likely to have trouble with the notion also come in. Mexico has already be key. Unfortunately, the Mexican of binding arbitration when bilateral/ liberalized its financial and investment Ministry of Health has interests apart trilateral mechanisms fail to solve the regimes, though they still fall far short from those of the trade and financial problem—the suspicion that the of the provisions of the U.S.-Canada ministries and could be the decisive northern countries can rig the out¬ FTA. Clearly the northerners will in¬ player within the Mexican govern¬ come to Mexico’s disadvantage will no sist upon greater liberalization, within ment. It wants to keep prices to con¬ doubt be near the surface and could be a reasonable transition period, but sumers low, even if that means turning exploited against the Salinas govern¬ even so it is doubtful that Mexico will a blind eye to product piracy. This one ment and the FTA itself. be willing to go as far as its future also has heavy political overtones. partners would like. Elimination of No turning back “reserved areas” of the economy (e.g. Transportation: One more certainty: the FTA horse petroleum, transportation, electrical This sector is currently off limits to cannot be walked back into the stable. generation) and of limits on foreign foreign investors; railways are reserved Political commitments have been made investment in other areas are probably for the state, while motor, air, and at the highest levels in all three coun¬ impossible, but further liberalization maritime transport are reserved for tries, and President Salinas de Gortari is not. Securities and financial instru¬ Mexican nationals. Although the United has staked his adminstration on get¬ ments will also be a troublesome area. States and Canada don’t have a prob¬ ting an FTA. He was clearly correct in The strong mutuality of interest ought lem with nationalized railroads, the his efforts to open the Mexican to impel the negotiators toward ac¬ other restrictions will not be accept¬ economy, deal with the staggering commodation, but perceptions in able in their present form. Motor trans¬ debt burden, and seek new invest¬ Mexico could accentuate fears of po¬ port, which will become increasingly ment; indeed, it can be argued that tential U.S. domination and conse¬ important as intra-FTA trade grows, is further liberalization of the economy quent limits on Mexico’s freedom of also among the most politically sensi¬ in the GATT context, including the economic policy action. That would tive sub-sectors in Mexico. Again, it is general elimination of “reserved” areas spell trouble. not clear how much the Mexicans are and other barriers to foreign invest¬ prepared or able to concede. ment, would be a better solution for Petroleum/petrochemicals: Mexico than an FTA. But perhaps from This will be a very tough nut. The Labor Market: his perspective an FTA, or something United States would like to see the There are direct conflicts in this like it, is a prerequisite for attaining the elimination of the (constitutional) bar area. Mexico seeks expanded access political support necessary for further on foreign exploration and produc¬ to the United States (and presumably liberalization and, if necessary, consti¬ tion. Mexico has already indicated Canada) for unskilled workers, a posi¬ tutional amendment. In any event, the this is not negotiable, and Canada tion that would seem to have no chance horse is out of the stable. probably has some sympathy for of success. The United States and There is a wide range of possible the Mexican position. There may Canada will probably try to manage outcomes to the FTA process, starting be room for accommodation on the issue by offering concessions for with an accord that is politically ac¬ joint ventures, but that is far from professionals and managerial workers ceptable in all three countries, stimu¬ certain. Mexico, however, has already (per the U.S.-Canada FTA) and a sepa¬ lates trade to the benefit of all, and shown flexibility on petrochemicals. rate mechanism to study the issue of gives the Mexican economy the kind Although the “basic” industry remains labor migration (the U.S.-Canada pact of kickstart Salinas wants. This is the reserved, the “secondary” has been had several side agreements address¬ best, and probably Utopian, case. A opened to private investment, and a ing tangential issues). That may not be partial list of the others, in a descend¬ number of formerly “basic” products sufficient for the Mexican government, ing order of desirability, follows: have been reclassified as “second¬ which will be under pressure from its • An FTA that is accepted by all ary.” Since serious differences in this own constituencies, and attack from three countries; is balanced, with sector were resolved by the U.S.- the left, for “selling out” Mexico’s inter¬ the negative aspects for all offset Canadian negotiators, there are some ests in the investment and other areas. by modest advantages; produces grounds to believe they can be re¬ small but steady growth in trade; solved in the trilateral context. But Disputes Settlement: and improves the Mexican again, this is a potentially explo¬ These provisions will be among the economy at the margin. Assuming sive issue in Mexico. most important, sensitive, and conten¬ the negotiators can pick their way tious, offering many opportunities for through an agenda that resembles Pharmaceuticals: deadlock. In a very real sense this a mine field—and that’s a big The United States and Canada will mechanism will be pivotal for success assumption—this could material-

40 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • DECEMBER 1991 ize; indeed, it may be the most the United States in Mexico. Even Reviewing the range of possible out¬ likely of the “reach agreement” so, this outcome is among the comes, one wonders whether there was scenarios. Even so, the odds on its least bad. a serious risk/benefit analysis. It is pos¬ happening seem fairly slim. Agreement is reached by negotia¬ sible, of course, that one of the Utopian An FTA that is accepted by each tors, but is not ratified by one or or less bad scenarios will eventuate. government, but is unbalanced and more of the parties. This scenario Let’s be optimistic. flawed; problems may or may not has several variations. If the Mexi¬ Nevertheless, an idea that seemed be resolved by a disputes mecha¬ cans should decide that the deal attractive could turn out to have unan¬ nism, but continue to fester, with struck does not serve their inter¬ ticipated and potentially damaging im¬ one or more parties feeling increas¬ ests, one might suspect the sigh of plications beyond the strictly economic ingly put upon; trade benefits are relief from the north would sound arena. The Economic Strategy Institute marginal and leave the polities of like a hurricane. This may not be study affirms the need for careful nego¬ one or all three countries feeling far-fetched, especially if the nego¬ tiations, and thoughtful consideration misled or deceived. This scenario tiations drag on for a couple of underscores it. The bottom line is that could lead to abrogation of the years. With Salinas’s term expiring the details of the FTA and meaningful FTA, with a legacy of bitterness, or in 1994, he may not be able to assessment of its potential impact await the participants might stoically ac¬ control events in Mexico after mid- conclusion of the negotiators’ work. cept the reality of the situation and 1993. This outcome would clearly Only then can we intelligently decide live with it. be the least damaging of the “fail” whether the game is worth the candle. Negotiators fail to reach agreement scenarios; the worst would be re¬ To hurry this process for political or and call it quits. With luck, none of jection by our Congress. One might other reasons is folly. ■ the parties would scapegoat the hope, assuming agreement can be others, and everyone would agree reached, that the administration that there was just not sufficient will delay submission to Congress Jack R. Kin ns. a retired Foreign Ser¬ mutuality of interest to make an until the Mexicans have decided, vice officer, served as ambassador to FTA worthwhile. Of the “fail though the risk is that the blow- Honduras. A consultant since his agreement” scenarios, this is by far back would be stronger if we reject 1986 retirement, Ambassador Binns the best. The likelihood, however, the FTA after Mexico has accepted. has been involved in Mexican trade is that failure of the negotiators Maybe well get lucky and the Ca¬ and investment issues and currently would produce a backlash against nadians will save our bacon. resides in Tucson, Arizona.

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DECEMBER 1991 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • 41 BOOKS

After the Fall rule in Eastern and Central Europe, all men (and sometimes women) make the affected countries were economi¬ history and can change it.” Through¬ cally worse off. Political freedoms that out the book and columns, she states THE GRAND FAILURE: THE BIRTH AND they could observe in the neighboring that the changes in Communist society DEATH OF COMMUNISM IN THE states of Europe were forbidden to and the collapse of the Soviet empire TWENTIETH CENTURY them. It became clear that the promise in Eastern Europe were results either Zbigniew Brzezinski, Collier Books, of communism was not being achieved, of Gorbachev’s leadership and initia¬ 1990, $9-95 softcover while the “decadent and corrupt West” tives or of the steadfast military poli¬ THE WITHERING AWAY OF THE was able to provide better living con¬ cies of the Reagan-Bush administra¬ ditions for its citizens. Thus, by the tions. TOTALITARIAN STATE AND OTHER middle of the 1980s, communism had On the first point she suggests that, SURPRISES become a hollow structure. As people while Gorbachev is a Communist, he is Jeane J. Kirkpatrick, The AE1 Press, lost their belief in communism, they also from a new generation, and that 1990, $21.95 hardcover lost their fear of its repressive nature. generational change has been impor¬ The leadership also began to lose their tant to the Soviet transformation. This Reviewed by Jerrold Keilson convictions, and were unwilling to use analysis leaves out more than it in¬ Given the similar outlooks of former force to control the situation. This cludes. Global economic and techno¬ National Security Adviser Zbigniew confluence of forces led to a collapse logical changes, struggles in other parts Brzezinski and former UN Ambassador of communism in Central Europe. of the world, famine, and environ¬ Jeane Kirkpatrick, one would expect Brzezinski’s underlying belief is that mental issues are subsumed and almost their books to share a similar analysis. communism was so rotten and corrupt trivialized as Kirkpatrick hammers away However, Brzezinski and Kirkpatrick that it would have collapsed whether at the importance of individuals. have written very different books, or not there was a Gorbachev. Leaders Kirkpatrick makes no bones of her which illustrate two major schools of in Poland, Hungary, East Germany, distrust of the policies pushed by the historical interpretation of the post¬ Bulgaria, Romania, and Czechoslova¬ less ideological professionals of the war Cold War period. kia were more conservative than Reagan Administration. She continually The Grand Failure is far and away Gorbachev, yet their countries have urges them to be more hardline against the better book. Brzezinski is one of held free elections and are making a what she calls Soviet aggression in the clearest, most thorough, and rational transition to free market economies, Central America, Africa, and Afghani¬ foreign policy experts of the day. The while the Soviet Union, led by the stan. She reiterates her distrust of the failure of communism, as he describes ‘liberal’ Gorbachev, has changed least Soviet Union in any arms control ne¬ it, lay in its being a “grand simplifica¬ of all. Brzezinski concludes by specu¬ gotiations. In essence, she is simply tion,” a way of looking at the world lating that Gorbachev’s influence may restating the right-wing canard that that permitted dogmatic answers to have been overestimated by western Soviet successes can result only from complex questions. Reality does not commentators who tended to look for the duplicitous behavior of U.S. officials conform to simple solutions, so the the impact of the individual. who are more interested in appeasing early Communists were required to Jeane Kirkpatrick’s book, in contrast the enemy than in standing up for U.S. force both people and policies into to Brzezinski’s, is a collection of her positions. pre-ordained ideological cubbyholes. newspaper columns, written over the Her interpretation of the collapse of People who resisted were fighting past five years, with some annotations communism contrasts sharply with against the forces of history and were to bring them up to date. She has, in a Brzezinki’s. Jeane Kirkpatrick writes murdered. Brzezinski reminds us that final chapter, attempted to provide a that histoiy is shaped by individuals. communism, by its very nature, was a broader interpretation of what she Thus Ronald Reagan’s decision to re¬ dictatorship, and that the repressive calls “the new Soviet revolution.” In arm the United States, his promotion nature of the system can trace its roots her columns Kirkpatrick attributes of the Strategic Defense Initiative, back past Stalin to Lenin and Marx. world developments during the late support for the Nicaraguan contras Brzezinski writes that the collapse 1980s to the impact of leaders, par¬ and Afghan mujahideen were all poli¬ of communism was caused by eco¬ ticularly Gorbachev. She writes that cies resulting from a specific individual’s nomic, technological, and political “while Marxists think history is gov¬ world view. Time and again, Kirkpatrick forces. After 40 years of Communist erned by inexorable laws, we believe emphasizes the personal characteris-

42 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • DECEMBER 1991 tics of the players that led to the Cominform, the United States has pur¬ negotiations. significant foreign policy changes of sued Yugoslavia’s friendship and co¬ From their unique perches, the three the 1980s. operation like a persevering suitor experts draw on their considerable Zbigniew Brzezinski’s approach, by fearful of losing the beloved to another. experiences as “Yugoslavia watchers” contrast, is one of systems analysis, in That “other,” of course, was the Soviet to present an extraordinarily well-co- which he examines the impact of eco¬ Union. Our unrestrained fear that its ordinated view of the enormous efforts nomic, technological, demographic, war machine could at any moment that the Americans and the Yugoslavs and political change on an inflexible strike out for a base on the Adriatic both made during those years to ideological system. Brzezinski, arguing seashore and thereby enter and muddy achieve the goals of their respective that changes are driven by society, not the Mediterranean’s waters chilled our nations. people, is the more convincing. body politic to the bone. To “keep Tito afloat” was the con¬ With the Soviet threat now dimin¬ suming goal of America’s policy toward Jerrold Keilson, a former Foreign Service ished, we see a spate of books and Yugoslavia, and every conceivable officer, works with Delphi International articles exposing just what went on quick fix was considered and tried to consultants in Washington, D.C. during those dangerous years. One of assure that the unitary state of Yugo¬ these is the small, reader-friendly slavia never again landed in the Soviet Yugoslav-American Relations Since sphere of influence. On the Yugoslav Quiet Cooperation World War II, by a trio of skilled ob¬ side, the guiding policy for all foreign servers: Lampe, professor of history at relationships was to keep them from YUGOSLAV-AMERICAN RELATIONS the University of Maryland; Prickett, a interfering in Yugoslav domestic affairs. SINCE WORLD WAR II former Foreign Service officer with The success of these two policies turned By John R. Lampe, Russell O. Prickett, State and currently an international out to be a Pyrrhic victory for the and Ljubisha S. Adamovic, Duke business consultant and economist; Yugoslavs when the present state of University Press, 1990, $37.50 and Adamovic, chair of the Department affairs in that country is taken into hardcover of International Economics at Belgrade account. The book is therefore a po¬ University. They know one another litical as well as an economic state¬ Reviewed by Stephen N. Sestanovich and their subject well, having col¬ ment. Since 1948, when Tito broke with laborated in seminars and binational An accumulation of unfortunate Stalin and was expelled from the commissions and participated in trade events during and immediately after Put Your Most Valuable Asset In Our Hands. Amemberofthe IT] Sears Financial Network UU COLDUieiL BANK6RQ (703) 556-6100

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44 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • DECEMBER 1991 the almost totally government-to-gov- Yugoslav-U.S. economic relations were often stymied, too, by the Yugoslav ernment economic relations gave way to increased activity between Ameri¬ fixation on their “discovery" of workers’ self-management, implementing a can banks and industries and their Yugoslav counterparts. socialist economy based on market principles. Though failure stalked them When indiscriminate international every step of the way . . . they needed more than two decades to identify that lending and some injudicious Yugoslav borrowing plunged the country into a what they were doing was amateurish, inefficient, and wasteful, however paralyzing debt crisis in the 1980s, the appealing the idea may have been in the beginning. U.S. government took the lead in ar¬ ranging debt relief and encouraged private banks and major international financial organizations—like the Inter¬ George Allen, Warren Zimmermann, eventually and were followed by nu¬ national Monetary Fund (IMF), the and Lawrence Eagleburger among them merous joint business ventures. The World Bank, and the Bank for Inter¬ on the American side, and the likes of book contains poignant tales and case national Settlements (BIS)—to help Leo Mates on the Yugoslav—were histories of often frustrating negotia¬ Yugoslavia avoid default on its obli¬ able to act with probity despite their tions with Armand Hammer, Coca- gations. enduring ideological conflicts. Cola, Chevron Oil of California, Black To accomplish this required, on Some of the strains that continued and Decker, Dow Chemical, Carrier, both sides, a great deal of maneuver¬ to hamper the U.S.-Yugoslav economic General Motors, Goodrich, Honeywell, ing to fit cherished principles into relationship were not economic at all General Foods, and many others, in¬ reality. The interaction of politics, so¬ but politico-military, such as the U.S. cluding, of course, the golden arches cial idealism, economic principles, to military involvement in Vietnam and of McDonalds. say nothing of differing temperaments Tito’s vanguard leadership role in the Yugoslav-U.S. economic relations in crisis situations, tried the patience of Third World liberation movements. were often stymied, too, by the Yugoslav and American negotiators These political strains, though se¬ Yugoslav fixation on their “discovery” alike. A succession of outstanding vere, did not slow the relationship. A of workers’ self-management, imple¬ ambassadors in both countries— string of loans and credits were granted menting a socialist economy based on George Kennan, Cavendish Cannon, year after year. They tapered off market principles. Though failure

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DECEMBER 1991 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • 45 stalked them every step of the way (as Beginning with a description of the sion to justify past actions. in the case of the manufacture and Few are as unassuming as former distribution of the Yugo automobile), sinking of the battleship Maine in Ambassador to Hungary Alfred Puhan, they needed more than two decades to who tells us in his preface that he Havana Harbor in 1898 and ending identify that what they were doing was wrote the book simply “as a legacy” for amateurish, inefficient, and wasteful, with the invasion of Panama. The his children and grandchildren. Given however appealing the idea may have his avowedly modest purpose, it comes been in the beginning. Banana Wars gives an entertaining as no surprise that the volume tells us This little book is a veritable gold as much about the author, his child¬ but scholarly account of the most mine of successful and unsuccessful hood, and his family as it does about experiences and studies for profes¬ important of these interventions. The his career or about diplomacy as a sionals who work in international eco¬ profession. Recruited from academe in nomic affairs. It is also timely for those organization of the book is episodic 1942 by a call to join the new German- in the breaking new ground in Eastern language broadcasting service of the and country by country. . .rather Europe for conversion from commu¬ OSS, Puhan went on to spend 11 years nism to more democratic procedures. than the region as a whole. with VOA. Having survived the Whether the lessons learned in McCarthy years, including an encounter Yugoslavia are transferable to situa¬ and naval landing forces in bringing with Cohn and Shine, Puhan joined tions in Poland, Hungary, Czechoslo¬ stability and sanitation to societies the Foreign Service through lateral vakia, Bulgaria, Romania, Albania, even racked by internal tunnoil and civic entry in 1953- the Soviet Union is something the neglect. During the next 16 years, he served authors and indeed the world anx¬ If there is a fault in the book, it is its abroad in Vienna and as deputy chief of iously wait to see. failure to deal with the political and mission in Bangkok, as well as in Wash¬ economic factors behind these inter¬ ington in the bureaus of International Stephen N. Sestanovich, a retired Foreign ventions. There is virtually no mention Organization Affairs and European and Service officer in State and USIA, writes of Washington policy-making: the Canadian Affairs, and capped his career on inter-cultural relationships. reader is left in the dark as to precisely as ambassador to Hungary from 1969 to what mix of strategic and “big busi¬ 1973. Puhan tells his very readable tale Imperial America ness” motives, if any, led to the deci¬ largely through anecdotes. sion to put the Marines ashore. Indeed, Many of his experiences—with THE BANANA WARS American politicians, good and bad By Ivan Musicant, Macmillan, 1990, in most cases it seems to have origi¬ nally been a snap judgment to restore bosses, and foreign leaders—will trig¬ $24.95 hardcover order and protect property, with little ger comparable memories for Foreign Service readers, but only the chapter Reviewed by Charles Maechling, Jr. regard for the long-term consequences to the populations concerned. In virtu¬ on “the cardinal in the chancery” adds The Spanish-American War and the ally every case one is left with the significantly to the diplomatic record. emergence of the United States as a impression that the immediate results As the man on the spot when Jozsef naval power were the factors that were benign and the long-term results Cardinal Mindszenty finally ended his enabled American presidents to play a perpetuation of the status quo and 15-year stay in the American Embassy an imperial role in the Western Hemi¬ continued exploitation of the popu¬ in Budapest, Puhan was at the center sphere after the turn of the century. lace by their own masters. of the web of intricate negotiations From 1900 up to the present day the that finally led to the cardinal’s de¬ Panama Canal has provided the strate¬ Charles Maechling Jr. writes frequently parture for Rome. gic rationale for military interventions on international law and Latin America. The author’s account of the roles in the Caribbean and Central America. played by Washington and by the Beginning with a description of the Vatican in persuading a reluctant car¬ sinking of the battleship Maine in Diplomatic Recollections dinal to leave makes fascinating reading Havana Harbor in 1898 and ending and sheds new light on a unique THE CARDINAL IN THE CHANCERY AND with the invasion of Panama, The Ba¬ episode in American diplomacy. With nana Wars gives an entertaining but OTHER RECOLLECTIONS this notable exception, Alfred Puhan's scholarly account of the most impor¬ By Alfred Puhan, Vantage Press, 1990, memoirs are unlikely to teach you tant of these interventions. The orga¬ $16.95 hardcover anything new about postwar history or nization of the book is episodic and to make you a better diplomat—but country by country—Cuba, Nicaragua, Reviewed by Andrew L. Steigman they will provide an enjoyable evening’s the Dominican Republic—rather than There are almost as many reasons reading. ■ structured around the region as a whole. for writing memoirs as there are Its value lies in the detailed and graphic memoirs themselves. Some retired Andrew L. Steigman is assistant dean of accounts, drawn from contemporary diplomats seek only to amuse or to Georgetown University’s School of sources, of the feats of small Marine educate; others write out of a compul¬ Foreign Service.

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Editor’s Note: The following imperial rescripts to the Japanese people were issued after the attack on Pearl Harbor and after the Japanese surrender. The first rescript, probably drafted and translated by Lord Keeper of the Privy Seal, Marquis Kido, was printed in the English-language Japan Times and Advertiser on December 8,1941. The second appeared in the same paper, renamed Nippon Times, on August 15, 1945 and was probably written by Marquis Kido as well The rescripts run under their original headlines. Both were provided to the Journal by Robert A. Fearey, whose article appears on page 22 of this issue.

which Japan has effected neighborly have aggravated the disturbances in intercourse and cooperation, the re¬ East Asia. Moreover, these two Powers, IMPERIAL RESCRIPT gime which has survived at Chungking, inducing other countries to follow suit, relying upon American and British increased military preparations on all We, by grace of heaven, Emperor of protection, still continues its fratricidal sides of Our Empire to challenge us. Japan, seated on the Throne of a line opposition. Eager for the realization of They have obstructed by every means unbroken for ages eternal, enjoin upon their inordinate ambition to dominate our peaceful commerce, and finally ye, Our loyal and brave subjects: the Orient, both America and Britain, resorted to a direct severance of eco¬ We hereby declare war on the United giving support to the Chungking regime, nomic relations, menacing gravely the States of America and the British Em¬ pire. The men and officers of Our army and navy shall do their utmost in prosecuting the war, Our public ser¬ vants of various departments shall EVENINC EDITION perform faithfully and diligently their appointed tasks, and all other subjects of Ours shall pursue their respective duties; the entire nation with a united WAR IS ON! will shall mobilize their total strength APAN'S NAVY PLANTS ATTACK HAWAII, so that nothing will miscarry in the SINGAPORE, DAVAO, WAKE, GUAM ISLES attainment of our war aims. ' «—• " ** tote-'PRfiB DEDICATES' imperial Rescript GREAT SUCCESSES P ^ POSTED IK ALL AREAS RAIDED To insure the stability of East Asia LTKOSTTOWARA® ..rx. —\V3RSSW3 ISSAttlASHOUBCEHEST and to contribute to world peace is the ARMY SHIP REPORTED SUNK I tArr. |- BRITISH TROOPS m IBMAND BONG WIPED OUT far-sighted policy which was formu¬ M* msn'To HMJ jitrnjmg Hem»Caimi Bombed feline by Navr-j m Enwgerc/Umfcn \ S MM»g» Announwd- lated by our Great Illustrious Imperial Grandsire and Our Great Imperial Sire succeeding Him, and which We lay - “ ' lira w POUT ^ OEtUffiOIOWW constantly to heart. To cultivate friend¬ ship among nations and to enjoy pros¬ perity in common with all nations has always been the guiding principle of Our Empire’s foreign policy. It has been tally unavoidable and far from Our JtfMfESt Bolt 10 us. wishes that Our Empire has now been brought to cross swords with America and Britain. More than four years have passed since China, failing to compre¬ hend the true intentions of Our Empire, and recklessly courting trouble, dis¬ turbed the peace of East Asia and compelled Our Empire to take up arms. Although there has been re-established the National Government of China, with

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CITY/STATE/ZIP CITY/STATE/ZIP: unduly delayed a settlement; and in eration of thejapanese nation, but also the meantime, they have intensified it would lead to the total extinction of . . . Patiently have We waited the economic and political pressure to human civilization. Such being the and long have We endured, in compel thereby Our Empire to sub¬ case, how are We to save the millions the hope that Our Government mission. The trend of affairs would, if of Our subjects; or to atone Ourselves left unchecked, not only nullify Our before the hallowed spirits of Our might retrieve the situation in Empire’s efforts of many years for the Imperial Ancestors? This is the reason peace. But our adversaries, sake of the stabilization of East Asia, why We have . . . [line obliterated] . . showing not the least spirit of but also endanger the very existence tion of the Powers. We cannot but express the deepest conciliation, have unduly de¬ of Our nation. The situation being such as it is, Our Empire for its exist¬ sense of regret to Our Allied nations of layed a settlement; and in the ence and self-defense has no other East Asia, who have consistently coop¬ meantime, they have intensified recourse but to appeal to amis and to erated with the Empire toward the the economic and political pres¬ crush every obstacle in its path. emancipation of East Asia. The thought The hallowed spirits of Our Impe¬ of those officers and men as well as sure to compel thereby Our Em¬ rial Ancestors guarding Us from above, others who have fallen in the fields of pire to submission. We rely upon the loyalty and courage battle, those who died at their posts of of Our subjects in Our confident ex¬ duty, or those who met with untimely pectation that the task bequeathed by death, and all their bereaved families, existence of Our Empire. Patiently Our forefathers will be carried for¬ pains Our heart night and day. The have We waited and long have We ward, and that the sources of evil will welfare of the wounded and the war- endured, in the hope that Our Govern¬ be speedily eradicated and an endur¬ sufferers, and of those who have lost ment might retrieve the situation in ing peace immutably established in their home and livelihood, are the peace. But our adversaries, showing East Asia, preserving thereby the glory objects of Our profound solicitude. not the least spirit of conciliation, have of Our Empire. The hardships and sufferings to which Our nation is to be subjected hereafter will be certainly great. We are keenly aware of the inmost feelings of all ye, Our subjects. However, it is according to the dictate of time and fate that We HIS MAJESTY ISSUES RESCRIPT TO have resolved to pave the way for a grand peace for all the generations to come by enduring the unendurable and suffering what is insufferable. IMPERIAL RESCRIPT Having been able to safeguard and maintain the structure of the Imperial To Our good and loyal subjects: tion and the stabilization of East Asia, State, We are always with ye, Our good After pondering deeply the general it being far from Our thought either to and loyal subjects, relying upon your trends of the world and the actual infringe upon the sovereignty of other sincerity and integrity. Beware most conditions obtaining in Our Empire nations or to embark upon territorial strictly of any outbursts of emotion today, We have decided to effect a aggrandizement. But now the war has which may engender needless compli¬ settlement of the present situation by lasted for nearly four years. Despite cations, or any fraternal contention resorting to an extraordinary measure. the best that has been done by every¬ and strife which may create confusion, We have ordered Our Government one—the gallant fighting of military lead ye astray, and cause ye to lose the to communicate to the Governments and naval forces, the diligence and confidence of the world. Let the entire of the United States, Great Britain, assiduity of Our servants of the State, nation continue as one family from China, and the Soviet Union that Our and the devoted service of Our 100 generation to generation, ever firm in Empire accepts the provisions of their million people, the war situation has its faith of the imperishableness of its Joint Declaration. developed not necessarily to Japan’s divine land, and mindful of its heavy To strive for the common prosper¬ advantage, while the general trends of burden of responsibilities, and the ity and happiness of all nations as well the world have all turned against her long road before it. Unite your total as the security and well-being of Our interest. Moreover, the enemy has be¬ strength to be devoted to the construc¬ subjects is the solemn obligation which gun to employ a new and most cruel tion for the future. Cultivate the ways has been handed down by Our Impe¬ bomb, the power of which to do of rectitude; foster nobility of spirit; rial Ancestors, and which We lay close damage is indeed incalculable, taking and work with resolution so as ye may to heart. Indeed, We declared war on the toll of many innocent lives. Should enhance the innate glory of the Impe¬ America and Britain out of Our sincere We continue to fight, it would not only rial State and keep pace with the desire to ensure Japan’s self-preserva- result in an ultimate collapse and oblit¬ progress of the world. ■

50 • FOREIGN SERVICE IOURNAL • DECEMBER 1991 WORLDWIDE INSURANCE FOR FOREIGN SERVICE PERSONNEL PERSONAL PROPERTY ■ AUTO MARINE ■ MARINE TRIP Exclusively administered by HUNTINGTON T. BLOCK INSURANCE 2101 L Street, N.W. Washington, D.C. 20037 Telephone 1-202-223-0673 Toll-Free 1-800-424-8830 Telefax 202-331-8409 NEW REDUCED RATES ■ Very broad coverage ■ Automatic replacement cost ■ Automatic coverage up to 10% of total insured value for new acquisitions ■ Foreign comprehensive personal liability ■ On-the-spot claims service by representatives in every major city of the world Underwritten by London Insurers Join the ranks of our many satisfied repeat customers. Call toll free from anywhere in the United States or write our Overseas Division for more information. OVER 25 YEARS OF INSURANCE EXPERIENCE Carolina L. Bridgett, 81, widow of ber 20 at a friend’s home in Old Lyme, Charles Bridgett, died on October 15 in Connecticut. A native of New York and Asheville, North Carolina. She accompa¬ Survivors include his wife, Florence a 1929 graduate of Yale University, he did nied her husband to posts in Guatemala, Anderson Lusk of Annandale, Virginia; graduate work at New York University Peru, Bolivia, and Venezuela. two sons, Howard Ray Lusk of Corpus and the National War College. From 1932- She is survived by two daughters, Christi, Texas and Mark W. Lusk of 36, he was a personal secretary to Joseph Mrs. Fred Quamstrom of Seattle, Wash¬ Logan, Utah; four brothers, and three Grew, ambassador to Japan. ington and Margaret Bridgett of Asheville, grandchildren. After joining the Foreign Service in North Carolina, and three grandchildren. 1936, Parsons served in Cuba, Canada, Edwin Webb Martin, 74, China ex¬ China, the Vatican, and New Delhi. Nora Marie Deupree, 78, a retired pert and former ambassador to Burma, He served as deputy chief of mission in Foreign Service officer, died of pneumo¬ died October 5 at Georgetown Hospital. Tokyo and ambassador to Laos and then, nia July 20 at the Washington Home in Martin was born to missionary parents in in 1958, became deputy assistant secre¬ Washington, D.C. Deupree was born in Madura, India, graduated from Oberlin tary of State for Far Eastern Affairs. He was Council Bluffs, Iowa and received a College, and received his master’s degree appointed ambassador to Sweden in 1961. bachelor of arts degree from George from the Fletcher School of Law and After reaiming from Sweden in 1967, he Washington University. She seived in Diplomacy. After postings to Bermuda served as a senior Foreign Service inspec¬ the Women’s Army Corps during World and the Congo, he took Chinese language tor and as deputy U.S. representative at War II and in 1948 joined the Economic training at Yale and in Beijing. He was the strategic arms limitation talks in Vienna. Cooperation Administration. She subse¬ assigned to Hangzhou and Taipei in He retired in 1970. quently worked for economic aid agen¬ China, and then as consul in Rangoon. Survivors include two daughters, cies for 27 years, serving in Washington, He returned to Washington to work in Margot Hallett of Hamden, Connecticut England, Portugal, Indonesia, Afghani¬ the Office of Chinese Affairs, serving as and Jane Lyons of Baltimore, Maryland; stan, Burma, and Nigeria before retiring its director from 1958-61. seven grandchildren, and a great-grand¬ in 1975. She received the Agency for In the 1950s Martin also took part in child. International Development’s Meritorious the talks between the Chinese Commu¬ Honor Award. She is survived by her nists and North Koreans at Panmynjom; Hew son A. Ryan, 69, a retired For¬ aunt and two cousins. served as an American representative at eign Service officer, died September 28 at talks with the Communist Chinese in Beth Israel Hospital in Boston. A native of Howard D. Lusk, 66, an educator Geneva; and was an adviser to the U.S. New Haven, Connecticut, he received a and Foreign Service officer, died of cancer delegation at the Geneva Conference on BA and MA from Yale University and a September 9 at Georgetown Hospital. Korea and Indochina. In 1961 he was doctorate from the University of Madrid in Lusk was born in Lyndon, Kansas and political adviser to the commander-in¬ 1951. He then joined the Foreign Service graduated from Kansas State College. He chief of the Pacific forces in Honolulu and served with USLA in Bogota, La Paz, received a master’s degree in education and in 1964 became deputy chief of and Santiago. In Washington he served as from the University and a doctorate from mission in Ankara, Turkey. He then USIA deputy director for policy and re¬ the University of Kentucky. served as consul general in Hong Kong search from 1966-69- He received USIA’s Lusk joined the Foreign Service in 1959 and was named ambassador to Burma in Distinguished Honor Award in 1964. after having served as professor of educa¬ 1971. Ryan served as ambassador to Hon¬ tion at the University of Kentucky. He After retirement, Martin turned to duras from 1969-73 and then became subsequently served with A.I.D. in Para¬ teaching and writing. He spent five years senior deputy assistant secretary of state guay, Colombia, Chile, Brazil, Guatemala, at Hiram College in Ohio as professor of for Inter-American Affairs and U.S. coor¬ Peru, and Egypt. He retired from the diplomacy and published three books. dinator for the Alliance for Progress. Foreign Service as A.I.D. representative to He is survived by his wife, EmmaRose; After retiring in 1976, Ryan joined the Brazil in 1986 and joined the faculty of two daughters, Margo Cairns of faculty of the Fletcher School of Law and Georgetown University, where he di¬ Haverford, Pennsylvania and Sylvia Diplomacy at Tufts University as profes¬ rected a program to bring Panamanian Lindsay of Shutesbury, Massachusetts; sor of public diplomacy and director of saidents to study in U.S. colleges. During two sons, Edwin of Chicago, Illinois and the Edward Murrow Center of Public his career he received many awards, David of Upland, California; a brother Diplomacy. including the Superior Honor Award, the and sister, and seven grandchildren. He is survived by his wife, Helene, a Outstanding Career Award, and the son, Anthony, both of Winchester, Vir¬ Francisco de Paula Santander medal J. Graham Parsons, 83, fonner am¬ ginia; and a daughter, Anne Sprightley, awarded by the president of Colombia. bassador to Laos and Sweden, died Octo¬ of Washington, D.C. ■

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nancial resources available to Wash¬ management to work harder and New objectives ington are more adequate-thereby more effectively to attract minority in diplomacy further tilting the balance of “qual¬ candidates who will be fully com¬ ity of life” in the service toward do¬ petitive in this, the most competi¬ AFSA President Hume A. Horan mestic assignments and away from tive of the federal services. We will testified before the House Foreign Af¬ assignments to most overseas do our part, with help in recruiting fairs Subcommittee on October 31 posts. Can one expect headquar¬ and mentoring. The goal is emi¬ Below are excerpts from bis testi¬ ters, which ultimately passes on nently doable: were we to recruit mony. questions of resources, to stint it¬ only 30 minority officers via the self in favor of the field? Perhaps exam system per year, we would The Foreign Service faces some of the time has come, however, for meet our goals. Yet we would be its greatest problems in the field, the State Department either to in¬ taking aim at only one per each not in Washington. The evidence is crease these resources, or seriously million of our total minority popula¬ anecdotal, but massive. Foreign Ser¬ to ask itself this question. tion. vice posts are overburdened, un¬ • Representativeness. We completely reject the notion dersupported, and badly in need The United States is the world’s of any necessary conflict in For¬ of refurbishment and resupply. The most “representative” nation; we eign Service recruiting between rep¬ total number of Foreign Service are also its first multi-ethnic democ¬ resentativeness and quality. We posts has increased by half since racy of continental proportions. In Americans deserve a Foreign Ser¬ the mid-1950s; these posts, more¬ a world of multiplying national¬ vice that is excellent and represen¬ over, conduct a vastly greater isms, we can tell America’s story tative, and it is management’s job range of functions (including the more credibly if we ourselves bet¬ to see that we get it. We say again: mushrooming of legally mandated ter represent the best of what AFSA approves of—indeed strongly consular and refugee services) than America has to offer. advocates—a more representative they did in the 1950s. These tasks, For this reason AFSA calls on gender, racial, and ethnic balance however, are accomplished with not many more officers today than 40 years ago. The number of FSOs AFSA intervenes in post searches then was about 3,200; today, it is How does AFSA protect your rights abroad? A recent incident highlights close to 4,000. what we can do to help. The effect of expanded and in¬ A.I.D. management at one post recently implemented searches of the tensified workloads on a fairly con¬ bags and briefcases of eveiyone entering the mission building. This policy, stant population base has been unilaterally imposed without AFSA consultation, followed several thefts of various: not enough people or re¬ personal property in the building. These warrantless searches were made sources are available for training without reasonable cause or suspicion. (the Arabic language school in AFSA members at the post cabled for help. AFSA replied the next day, Tunis has been down to eight stu¬ questioning the legality of the searches and promising to take up the matter dents from all government agen¬ with A.I.D./W management. Two weeks later AFSA received a cable stating cies); traditional reporting and that the searches had stopped. analysis may be less inclusive and AFSA members should know that management cannot unilaterally impose penetrating; more resources are di¬ a change in procedure, practice, or condition of employment without notify¬ verted to administrative support (in¬ ing AFSA. As exclusive representative, AFSA has the right to negotiate such cluding that of other agencies); changes unless they concern certain reserved management rights. AFSA is al¬ economies are attempted (changes ways ready to assist employees who have questions about changes at post in housing and travel regulations) or in Washington. Please keep us informed so that appropriate action may that may in the end not save much be taken to safeguard your rights. money, but may strain morale. Mark W. Smith, Legal Assistant By contrast, the human and fi¬

54 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • DECEMBER 1991 DID YOU KNOW . . . Specialists If you pay over $100 dollars for travel arrangements by cash or per¬ in facilities sonal credit card you will not be reimbursed by the department unless maintenance you have prior approval from the General Accounting Office (GAO). In accordance with information that AFSA had previously received, the Sep¬ by Deborah M. Leahy tember issue stated $50 as the cutoff amount. Member Services In October, AFSA reported that FS personnel through grade 1 would State is currently putting the get a 4.2 percent raise in January and that Senior Foreign Service offi¬ final touches on a Facilities Mainte¬ cers would get a higher increase. AFSA has since been informed that nance Specialist program. When the estimated raise for the Senior Foreign Service will be approximately AFSA has approved the project, cur¬ 3.5 percent, although the final figure must be approved by the White rent building maintenance officers Flouse. (BMOs) will be required to choose between entering the new Facilities Maintenance Specialist Program in the service. It does not advo¬ the range of job opportunities he (FMS) or converting to the General cate, however, statistical and com¬ or she would find in the United Services (GSO) skill code. The pro¬ puting devices as substitutes for States’ domestic market. But more gram was discussed at a depart¬ more management elbow grease. needs to be done. The department ment-sponsored conference for • The organizational question. at present will pay spouses not to BMOs-which raised more ques¬ At a time of limited resources, and accompany a principal to post. tions than were answered. BMOs a changed world strategic picture, Why not pay those who do? But in were assured that the program will AFSA wonders if the very structure these times where will the money not go into effect until manage¬ and organization of our foreign af¬ come from? These issues were well ment has AFSA’s concurrence. fairs agencies should be re-exam¬ expressed in a letter AFSA recently In October, AFSA met with man¬ ined. The Wriston Commission in received from a Foreign Service agement in an information session. the early 1950s set out a new struc¬ wife at a hardship post: The department reversed its stand ture for the Foreign Service in re¬ “I think the whole atmosphere on one important issue-whether to sponse to the revolutionary of life overseas has changed during allow BMOs at the 3 level to apply challenges of its time. Is something (the past 10 years), and with it the for new 2 level positions. Manage¬ similar required now? role of the American diplomat ment will now allow cun'ent BMOs • The Foreign Service family. abroad, and I am quite convinced at the 3 level to apply for these Foreign Service life, together with this has to do with changing views new positions. At a follow-up meet¬ changes in the domestic economy about spouses. . . . Then add ing on November 1, the depart¬ and in attitudes toward employ¬ changes in the wider society regard¬ ment clarified the application ment, place great strain on the tra¬ ing women and you get a trend in procedure. Any BMO interested in ditional American family overseas. the Foreign Service of fewer one of these new positions will Today, most American families de¬ spouses, fewer families overseas, apply to BEX. If selected, and after pend on two incomes to make less incentive for participation out¬ being assigned, such BMOs will be ends meet-and two incomes can side of the mission, less entertain¬ able to apply to the tenure board only in certain special cases (tan¬ ing in die home, overworked for an immediate tenure review. If dem couples) be gained overseas. senior officer’s wives, and less loy¬ they do not receive tenure after As a result, at many posts most of alty to a Foreign Service career. the second review, they will revert the employees are either single, “Compensation for spouses is to their original grade levels. Other have left their spouses in the the key issue, and PIT positions, questions still remain regarding re¬ United States, or are married to for¬ Foreign Service Associates, and sim¬ quired certification programs and eigners (most of whom are or be¬ ilar programs, before they were wa¬ promotion worksheets. come naturalized). The result is tered down, are not the answer. AFSA understands the value of sometimes an atypical American There will not be an open-minded this new Facilities Maintenance ca¬ community, that sometimes oper¬ and honest answer until the State reer track to current BMO’s. Once ates well, sometimes not so well. Department decides what it really AFSA’s outstanding concerns are Some efforts have been made to thinks about spouses and defines met, we will proceed as quickly as mitigate this problem-which may, its policy accordingly.” possible to approve a package that in the final analysis, never be com¬ is fair to all employees. We will pletely solvable. Nothing done at keep our membership apprised of the level of embassies and consul¬ further developments as they occur. ates overseas can offer a spouse

DECEMBER 1991 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • 55 State Vice President Service secretaries, then the ap¬ Secretaries need pointment should have been Sustain the Tradition of access to top jobs turned down by Personnel—if not Excellence! by the bureau itself-on the basis of by William A. Kirby Remember to nominate out¬ regulations already on the books. State Vice President standing colleagues for the an¬ We have a new career track for Last month we stressed that the nual AFSA awards. Awards are secretaries and it will be a good enhancement of Foreign Service conferred on a senior officer, a one-once management begins to secretarial careers is a task facing mid-level officer, a junior officer, exercise the necessary leadership. everyone in the service-and that and a Foreign Sendee secretary The key point is that advancement we can all do better. Since then or group of secretaries. A For¬ for secretaries now depends on we have received fresh evidence eign Service family member is their receiving a combination of that positive change in attitudes to¬ honored for volunteer service, training and assignments that ward secretaries must begin at the and a number of awards are demonstrates professional growth. top. given for achievement in the The secretaries are anxious to get A geographic bureau, on behalf study of hard languages. started, but manager, both overseas of a newly appointed ambassador, The deadline for nominations and in Washington, are going to requested that Personnel assign a is January 31, 1992. Details are have to help make it happen by specific individual as the in the November issue of the For¬ providing resources and access to ambassador’s secretary. This individ¬ eign Service Journal and in a let¬ assignments. ual is not a career Foreign Service ter being mailed to all active It is unfortunate that so soon secretaiy. More importantly, this duty AFSA members. Questions? after instituting the new career will be the fourth consecutive “lim¬ Contact AFSA’s Coordinator for track for secretaries, senior manage¬ ited non-career appointment” for Professional Issues, Richard ment has allowed questions to this individual. This situation flies Thompson, 2101 E Street NW, arise concerning its commitment to in the face of at least die spirit of DC 20037, tel: 202-338-4045, making the career track work. the regulations and gives a whole FAX: 202-338-6820. For its part, AFSA will be seek¬ new meaning to the term “limited.” ing revisions in the regulations to AFSA has no legal right to block tiy to ensure that career secretaries this appointment, but that question receive the preference to which should never even arise. If the de¬ they are entitled in filling our most partment is serious about new ca¬ senior positions. Answers to the Foreign reer possibilities for Foreign i Service Quiz We Need Your Views (Questions appear on page 10.)

President Hume Horan’s “AFSA Views” column this month is de¬ 1. There are 633 couples, voted to conveying the AFSA Mission Statement-our thoughts on about 100 of which include one j the challenges facing the Foreign Service at this time of rapid spouse from an agency other global change. Read it, think about it and then clip this form to than State. send us your brief answer to the following question: 2. As of August 1991, there What is the single most important reform or organizational were 4,579, with 2,713 in embas- ; change that the Foreign Service should undertake in order to face sies, legations, the delegations of j the challenges of this new era in international affairs? the European Community; 238 at j the Organization of American j States, and 1,628 at the United Na- j tions. ; 3. 1961 |

Sources: The Family Liaison Office; j the Office of Diplomatic and Con- j sular Liaison; American Diplomacy j and the Foreign Service.. j Please return to AFSA at: 2101 E Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20037

_ 1

56 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • DECEMBER 1991 From the A.I.D. Vice President functions and support to the field gotiations on management’s pro¬ In defense of consistent with the programs and posed changes to Senior Foreign A.I.D. plans of the geographic bureaus Service regulations. A.I.D. manage¬ and missions-so that bureaus will ment agreed to a joint review, and by Priscilla Del Bosque avoid or minimize duplication, and the process for taking a fresh look AID Vice President support rather than disrupt ap¬ at the problem(s), issues, and op¬ After exhaustive review and ex¬ proved field program objectives tions for addressing them began tensive discussions, AFSA and and plans. with an initial meeting on October A.I.D. management reached agree¬ 11. AFSA has put together a new ment on the proposed reorganiza¬ The IG Backs Down work team, composed of highly re¬ tion on September 18. AFSA’s Recent AFSA messages have re¬ spected Foreign Service officers, to agreement was based on a careful ported on Washington Post articles represent employees in analyzing analysis of the potential adverse im¬ that raised questions about the in¬ the problem(s) and proposed pact of the proposed reorganiza¬ tegrity of A.I.D. employees. My “fixes.” AFSA’s intent is to make a tion on A.I.D. Foreign Service October 12 letter to the editor of new, concerted effort to help employees. the Post was the only voice that shape a system that is based on In this regard, AFSA proposed spoke up in defense of A.I.D. em¬ credible analysis, well understood, and management agreed to a num¬ ployees. Questioning the IG’s mo¬ and more transparent-a system that ber of procedures including main¬ tives in distorting the facts and rewards performance and upward taining the integrity of the open disseminating them, I raised the flow of talent through the ranks. assignment system and broadening need for checks and balances on More on the outcome of these de¬ the job options for the 42 Foreign the IG’s operations. The issue of liberations and negotiations will be Service employees in AID/W who polices the IG struck a reso¬ forthcoming. whose jobs were abolished as a re¬ nant chord among A.I.D. employ¬ sult of the reorganization. Manage¬ ees, many of whom conveyed ment also agreed to stand ready to expressions of gratitude that some¬ provide special information assis¬ one had finally spoken up about AFSA: tance to Foreign Service employees this problem. Developing ideas in the field on job opportunities in This letter stimulated interest at A.I.D./W. the Post about the IG’s actions and by Gail Volk In the review of the proposed re¬ tactics of employee harassment and Director of Scholarships organization, AFSA took the oppor¬ intimidation. On October 18, the and Development tunity to share with A.I.D. Post carried another editorial, this It probably is not a surprise that management a number of concerns time blasting the IG for proposing the Foreign Service suffers from an about the potential effects of the re¬ to subject A.I.D. employees to lie identity crisis outside the Beltway. organization on the operations of detector tests [See “Clippings,” p.8]. AFSA’s new Development Commit¬ the agency. While recognizing that This editorial appeared on a Fri¬ tee hopes to gain public support these concerns were not negotiable day; by the following Monday, for the Service and AFSA’s mission items, AFSA offered them as con¬ AFSA was advised by A.I.D. man¬ with new public awareness pro¬ structive comments for agency con¬ agement that the IG had with¬ grams. AFSA is planning to repub¬ sideration as the results of the drawn its polygraph proposal. We lish the highly successful Foreign reorganization in the coming year hope the IG’s proposal is dead Service booklet, American Diplo¬ are monitored. AFSA plans to poll once and for all. If not, with your macy and the Foreign Service. The employees in 1992 to assess the im¬ cooperation, we will fight it vigor¬ updated version will focus on the pact of the reorganization on ously. A brief questionnaire will go Foreign Service of today—and tomor¬ missions’ and employees’ ability to out to A.I.D. employees, eliciting row. This publication will not only carry out their work. We will be es¬ your views on your experience effectively tell the Foreign Service pecially interested in gauging with the IG. Please respond to this story to individuals, foundations, whether management, under the survey; it will help us to defend and corporations who may want to new structure, will work together you and your rights. support AFSA, but will also be of in providing consistent and effec¬ interest to people considering the tive direction to the agency’s poli¬ Senior Foreign Service Foreign Service as a career. cies, programs, and operations. Of Regulations Another AFSA initiative is the special concern will be the ability AFSA and A.I.D. management creation of a Speakers Bureau. of central bureaus to make their are currently at impasse in the ne¬ Based on the successful speaking

DECEMBER 1991 • FOREIGN SERVICE lOl'RNAL • 57 tours AFSA arranged for Ambassa¬ exam. Willing and qualified retirees You Can Now Give Directly To The dor Nathaniel Howell and Barbara would be needed from various Bodine on their return from the areas for this program to succeed. Persian Gulf, the bureau would AFSA is also seeking ways in AFSA match qualified speakers, primarily which we might act as a sponsor retirees, with audiences such as to a qualified minority intern SCHOLARSHIP FUND civic and educational groups. through the State internship pro¬ gram. In addition to participating via the Combined Federal Campaign Mentoring program in the internship activities at State, Finally, AFSA is developing pro¬ AFSA would involve the intern in grams in support of a diversified AFSA activities, and provide a men¬ Foreign Service. AFSA would like tor in Washington. Watch for your sample to establish a pilot program with Implementing good ideas takes CFC Pledge Card in the mail with State to provide mentoring to mi¬ money, and the committee is iden¬ complete instructions on how to designate the nority summer interns. Once in¬ tifying possible sources to fund ASFA Scholarship Fund, Agency terns have been selected by State, these initiatives, such as corpora¬ #0280 on your CFC Pledge Card. they would be matched with a tions, foundations, and interested local retiree, who would provide in¬ individuals. We ask the readership All donations are tax-exempt. formation and inspiration prior to for any suggestions and reactions the summer internship in Washing¬ they might have to our efforts. Fall 1991 CFC Campaign: October - December, 1991. ton. When the summer program ends, the home-based mentoring re¬ lationship could continue, with the aim of encouraging outstanding in¬ terns to take the Foreign Service

Legislative News American out? For evety billion dollars we 1992-1993 Scholarship spend, 333,000 American families Applications available priorities do not get a $3,000 tax cut.” Congressman Alexander contin¬ Eligibility: Dependent students by Rick Weiss ued the same theme when he said, of all Foreign Service personnel in Congressional Liaison “Until the federal government be¬ State, AID, USIA, Commerce, or The president signed both the gins to keep its promise to Ameri¬ Agriculture who are serving or 1992/93 authorization and the 1992 cans, I cannot vote to continue this have served abroad. appropriations bills for State and level of foreign aid. ... I am well Merit Awards: For graduating USIA on October 28. A.I.D. re¬ aware that a good case can be high school students in 1992 only, mains funded by the continuing res¬ made for each and every item on based on academic merit. olution as the Senate has delayed this bill. I do not argue their valid¬ Financial Aid Awards: For the Foreign Operations Appropria¬ ity. 1 do argue with the priorities. full-time undergraduate students in tions Bill until February 1992. The And with tight budgets and unmet the United States, based on need. Foreign Assistance Authorization needs at home, my priorities are Deadline: Applications become Conference Report, which had here in America.” available in October 1991 and passed the Senate earlier, was re¬ In other issues, the Diplomatic must be completed and returned jected by the House, 159-262. Security Service was included by to AFSA before February 15, 1992. The defeat of the repoit may be name in the Federal Law Enforce¬ Contact: The AFSA Scholarship explained by comments made by ment Pay Reform Act of 1990 that Department, 2101 E St. N.W., Representatives Robert Walker (R- was part of an amendment to the Washington D.C., 20037. PA) and Bill Alexander (D-AR). 1992 Treasury Appropriations Bill. Congressman Walker stated that AFSA has worked on this issue “we are lifting the money out of throughout this past year. the pockets of American working people in order to spend it on for¬ eign aid. How much are we lifting

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/'TALL us * Property Management l DAY OR NIGHT * Residential Sales SERVICE IS NOT AN OUTDATED * Investment Properties CONCEPT! Property Management (703) 709-2264 Residential Sales (703) 938-5050 Tired of not receiving monthly statements? Fax Machine # (703) 709-5230 Tired of not knowing what is going on at your property? Experienced Real Estate Agent Tired of being ignored? With Well-Established Company If you are looking for a Property Manager • Buying who really cares about your property, • Selling • Investing Call Today! • Refinancing • Property Management Kay Watkins Please write or call Anita Murchie, Long & Foster, 5845 Richmond Highway #150, Alexandria, Virginia^2303 (703) 683-8838 (703) 960-8900 25 years as a Foreign Service wife enable me to understand your special needs.

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We collection of fully furnished ciencies, one-bedrooms, and ticates & down-home types. work for you. Joann and accessorized one-, two-, some two-bedrooms and Coolfont, D.C. area call free Piekney or James Golden, 301 and three-bedroom apart¬ penthouses in River Place. (301) 424-1232. Others (304) Maple Avenue West, Vienna, ments, condos and town- They are completely fur¬ 258-4500. VA 22180. Phone (703) 938- houses. Locations nished including CATV, all throughout metropolitan 0909, FAX: (703) 281-9782. utilities, telephone, linens, TAX RETURNS PEAKE PROPERTIES Washington and walking dis¬ etc. Short-term leases of 2+ LTD: Specializing in leasing tance to Metro. The State COMPLETE TAX AND months available. Write For¬ and management of your Dept., FSI, and other govern¬ ACCOUNTING SERVICES- eign Service Associates, P.O. Northern Virginia home. Car¬ ment agencies all close by. Specialize in Foreign Service Box 12855, Arlington, VA ing, personal attention. Call us at (703) 820-1323 or and overseas contractor situ¬ 22209-8855. Call or FAX 1- Nearly 20 years of experi¬ Fax us your request at (703) ations, Virginia M. Test, CPA 703-636-7606. Children wel¬ ence in serving the FS 820-1478. Exclusive Interim 6520 Mountain Vista, #L-3A, come. Please send us dates. community’s property man¬ Properties, 6147 Leesburg Henderson, NV 89014, (702) EXECUTIVE CLUB AR agement needs. Muriel Pike, Suite 402, Falls 458-9315. IJNGTON AND OLD TOWN Peake, Broker. 1350 Beverly Church, VA 22041. Pets per¬ FREE TAX CONSULTA ALEXANDRIA. Immaculate Rd., Suite 220B, McLean, VA missible in some units. TION for overseas person¬ and beautifully furnished 22101. (703) 448-0212, FAX WASHINGTON, D.C. AR¬ nel. We process returns as apartments with full hotel LINGTON, VA. Personalized received, without delay. (703) 448-9652. services. One-, two-bed- FAHEY & ASSOCIATES: relocation, short or long Preparation and representa¬ rooms, some with dens, all tion by enrolled agents, avg. Professional, residential, term. We specialize in walk- with equipped kitchens. property management ser¬ to-Metro sales and furnished fee $195 includes return and Complimentary shuttle to vice for Northern Virginia rentals. Arlington Villas, 1- TAX Trax, unique mini-finan¬ Metro, Rosslyn, and Penta¬ properties. Expertise and per¬ 1/2 blocks from Metro, luxu¬ cial planning review with gon. Health Club and out¬ sonal attention to detail are rious studio, 1, 2, 3 recommendations. Full plan¬ door pool. Many extras. the hallmarks of our estab¬ bedroom. Fully furnished. ning available. Milton E. Rates within your per diem. Washer/dryer, microwave, Carb, E.A., and Barry B. De lished firm. References pro¬ Shorter or longer terms avail¬ JIM FAHEY. Marr, E.A.CFP, FINANCIAL FORE¬ vided. 9520B Lee cable, linens. American Re¬ able. Executive Clubs, 610 alty Group, 915 N Stafford CASTS, metro location 933 N. Highway, Fairfax, VA 22031 Bashford Lane, Alexandria, St., Arlington, VA 22203. Kenmore St. #217 Arlington, (703) 691-2006, FAX (703) VA 22304 (703) 739-2582, VA 22201 (703) 841-1040. 691-2009. (703) 524-0482 or (703) 276- (800) 535-2582. WASHINGTON MANAGE¬ 1200. Children welcomed. AFSA TAX COUNSEL¬ AUSTIN, TEXAS: MENT SERVICES: Residen¬ Pets on approval. ING: Problems of tax and fi¬ Lakeway homes and home- BACK FOR TRAINING? nance: Never a charge to tial property management is sites outside of Austin on 65- HOME LEAVE? D.C. TOUR? AFSA members for tele¬ our only business. Call, mile-long Lake Travis. Three write or fax Maiy Beth Otto, We are the Washington phone guidance. R.N. Bob 18-hole golf courses, World Metro Area Short-term Dussell (ex-A.I.D.). At tax 2015 Q St. NW, Washington, of Tennis Center, 400 slip Rental Specialists. Excellent work since 1937 and now D.C. 20009. Tel (202) 462- Marina, 4000 ft. airstrip. Con¬ 7212, Fax (202) 332-0798. locations. Wide price range. still in practice solely to as¬ tact Roy & Associates for in¬ MANOR SERVICES: In Virginia walk to FSI. In sist Foreign Service employ¬ For formation, 2300 Lohmans D.C. and Maryland walk to ees and their families. Also mer federal law enforce¬ Crossing, Suite 122, Austin, Metro. Large selection of fur¬ lecture on taxes monthly at ment agent letting his TX 78734 (512) 263-2181. 10-year residential manage¬ nished and equipped effi¬ FSI in Rosslyn, VA. Office lo¬ FARA APARTMENT ment company expand ciencies, one-bedrooms, cated across from Virginia RENTALS: Fully furnished ef¬ two-bedrooms and some fur¬ Square Metro Station, 3601 upon retirement. Best tenant ficiency and one-bedroom screening. Frequent property nished houses. Many wel¬ N. Fairfax Dr., Arlington, VA apartments. Two blocks inspection. Mortgages paid. come pets. For brochures & 22201. (703) 841-0158. from State Department. Repairs. Close personal atten¬ info: EXECUTIVE HOUSING CON¬ ROLAND S. HEARD, Within per diem rates. Call tion. We’re small but very ef¬ SULTANTS, INC., Short Term CPA, has worked overseas

64 • FOREIGN SERVICE IOBRNAL • DECEMBER 1991 and is familiar with Foreign Book Shop, 38 Main Street, ING FOREIGN SERVICE OF¬ Service and contract em¬ Middlebury, VT 05753. FICERS AND THEIR FAMI¬ MISCELLANEOUS ployee situations, computer¬ YOUR PERSONAL LIES - Our firm can assist SCHOLARSHIPS AVAIL¬ ized tax services, financial BOOKSTORE AWAY FROM you in drafting wills and - ABLE. Write EARS #111, planning, member AICPA, HOME: Order any U.S. powers of attorney, adminis¬ Tax Division and Personal Fi¬ book in print. Store credit tering estates, establishing 5429 Mapledale Plaza, Dale city, VA 22193 nancial Mgmt. Division. available. Salmagundi Books conservatorships and guard¬ (703) 242-8559. P.O. Box Ltd. 66 Main Street, Cold ianships and providing ad¬ LOVE YOUR HOME IN TIMBUKTU? Take it with 1144 Vienna, VA. 22183 Spring, NY 10516. vice on real estate matters. you to Kathmandu! 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Retired ME HERIT? FSO provides English, Russian, Romance dits, etc. Contact Susan Sand¬ Officer will purchase small money management ser¬ and Slavic languages. Please ers or Paul Clifford, or large collections or indi¬ vices, $100,000 minimum. call for details and ask to Peter de Castro, SVP, Smith see our portfolio. Karen Gar¬ CLIFFORD, FARM A & SANDERS, vidual valuable books and 1606 New Hampshire Ave., recycle them to where they Barney, 1776 Eye Street NW, vin, Tangent Graphics, 9609 NW, Washington, D.C. 20009 are needed. W.B. O'Neill, Washington, DC 20006, 202- 49th Avenue, College Park, (202) 667-5111, FAX: (202) P.O. Box 2275, Reston, VA 857-5485. MD 20740-1617. (301) 441- 265-1474. 22090, or FAX: (703) 620- ENJOY PHENOMENAL 1880. INTEREST SAVINGS, pay ATTORNEY, FORMER 0153, Phone: (703) 860-0782. BUYING/SELLING/TRAD¬ off all debts years ahead of ING. FOREIGN SERVICE OFFI¬ MANUSCRIPTS Magazine back issues, schedule, without: refinanc¬ CER: Extensive experience WANTED: Subsidy publisher African Arts and Arts with tax problems peculiar with 70-year tradition. Call ing, qualifying, appraisals, dAfrique Noire, single is¬ credit reports, or real estate sues, partial or full sets. to the Foreign Service. Avail¬ 1/800/695-9599. able for consultation, tax fees. For free details write: Africonsult, 637 N. Tazewell planning, and preparation of ATTORNEYS/WILLS Sid Oper, 9 Laurel Drive, St., Arlington, VA 22203(703) returns. No charge for tele¬ Port Jefferson, NY 11777. 527-5161. FORMER FOREIGN SER¬ MENTAL HEALTH RE¬ phone advice, M.BRUCE HIRSH- VICE OFFICER NOW PRAC¬ SOURCES. A network of BED AND BREAKFAST ORN, BORING PARROTT & FOUST, TICING LAW in mental health professionals p.c., Suite D, 307 Maple Ave¬ WASHINGTON, D.C. nue, West, Vienna, VA D.C./Maryland, general prac¬ with overseas experience tice, estate planning, real es¬ who understand the special Enjoy the charm and hospi¬ 22180. Tel. (703) 281-2161, tality of an elegant Washing¬ FAX: (703) 281-9464. tate, domestic. Gregory V. needs and circumstances of Powell, Purey, Doolen & Foreign Service officers and ton home located near Embassy Row and the Na¬ MAIL ORDER Abell, 8401 Connecticut their families. We provide a Ave., PH-1, Chevy Chase, range of services including tional Cathedral. Central Air, AVON for free catalog MD 20815. (301) 652-6880. individual psychotherapy Parking, near transportation, mailed to you, write: Stepha¬ WILLS/ESTATE PLAN with adults, adolescents and Rates $60 to $75. The nie Y. Hughes, 713 NING by attorney who is a children, family therapy, mar¬ Stableford Inn (202) 333- Grandview Drive, Alexan¬ former Foreign Service offi¬ riage counseling, psychologi¬ 7159. dria, VA 22305. cer. Have your will re¬ cal testing, and group PET MOVING SERVICES viewed and updated, or a psychotherapy. We will help BOOKS new one prepared. No you find the right mental AIR ANIMAL, “the pet charge for initial consulta¬ health professional from BOOKS, BOOKS, movers” an IATA air freight tion. M.BRUCE HIRSHORN, BOR¬ within our group or in the BOOKS! We have thousands forwarder USA origin pet ING, PARROTT & FOUST, P.C., larger Washington area com¬ in stock, do special-orders shipping setvices 4120 W. Suite D, 307 Maple Avenue, munity. Kathryn A. Ford, daily, search for out-of-print Cypress-Tampa, FL 33607. West, Vienna, VA 22180. Tel. Ph.D., (703) 790-5082, Ellen books. “Free book reviews.” Voice 813/879-3210, FAX (703) 281-2161, FAX (703) P. 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DECEMBER 1991 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • 65 Index 1991 AFRICA: Escape from Mogadishu, by James Bishop March GULF: Without a Compass, by Jim Anderson January AFRICA: The Hidden Economy, by Jerome Wolgin March Gulf War & the Soviet Conservative Tide, AFRICA: Namibian Journal, by Christopher Ayers March by Vladimir Shlapentokh July AFRICA: Who Is Nelson Mandela?, by H. R. Johnson January Herspring, Dale, The Ivy Curtain November A.I.D.: The Kindness of Strangers, by Frank Ruddy March Hidden Economy, by Jerome Wolgin March Anderson, Jim, Without a Compass January HISTORY: Diplomatic Scandal in Washington, Arcos, C.S.. Managing Change in Central America April by Charles Maechling Jr. April Assignment: Louisiana, by David A. Shinn October HISTORY: The Duke in Baghdad, by Fenzi & Nelson August Ayers, Christopher, Namibian Journal March HISTORY: Tokyo 1941, by R.A. Fearey December Binns, Jack, Uneasy Partners Dec. HISTORY: Loyalty on Trial: A McCarthy Era Memoir, Bishop, James K., Escape from Mogadishu March by Eugene C. Martinson August Bonin, Jane F., What Your Boss Wants May Houston, Robert B., Jr. Glasnost in the Bering Strait May Bowen, D.A., Jr., China’s Problem Exorcising Mao June Howell, Margie, A Message from Beseiged Kuwait January Brady, Martha F., The Trials of a GSO August Hufbauer, G. (Interview), Buying & Selling the USA June Bridging the Gulf, by David Fredrick September HUMAN RIGHTS: Diplomacy’s Orphans, Callahan, David, Failure of Vision January by Thomas A. Shannon September Callahan, David, Bush’s Man at Langley December HUMAN RIGHTS: Mutual Suspicion, Carlson, Brian, Doing Home Leave Right February' by Anne Stevenson-Yang September Carr, Robert H., Public Diplomacy in Reverse July INTERVIEW: Henry Catto: USIA in the 1990s September Case for the Serbs, The by Michael Mennard October INTERVIEW: Gary Hufbauer: Buying & Selling the USA June Catto, Henry (Interview), USIA in the 1990s September INTERVIEW: Melissa Wells: Children of War September Celeste, Richard F., A U.S.-Soviet Joint Venture May Iraq’s Kurds: Why Two Million Fled, by D A, Korn July China’s Problem Exorcising Mao, by A.D. Bowen Jr. June The Ivy Curtain, by Dale Herspring November Cooper, Doral, Countering Cold Warriors of Trade June Johnson, Harry R., Who Is Nelson Mandela? January Cooper, Marguerite, After the "Women’s Revolution" Feb Jones, David, Just Fade Away December Countering Cold Warriors of Trade, Doral Cooper June Jones, Terry, Thoughts of a Wandering Recruiter April Dean’s List, The by Wilhelm Wachtmeister November JOURNAL: Public Diplomacy hi Reverse, by R. Can July Defining Advantage, by John P. Owens October JOURNAL: The Trials of a General Services Officer. Demise of the Reagan Doctrine, by George Gedda April by Martha F. Brady August DIPLOMACY: The Dean’s List, by W. Wachtmeister Nov. JOURNAL: Reflections of a Lukewarm Warrior, DIPLOMACY: Profiles in Diplomacy, by Smith Simpson Oct. by Howard K. Simpson March Diplomacy’s Orphans, by Thomas A. Shannon Sept. Kindness of Strangers, Frank Ruddy March Diplomatic Mistake That Made Yugoslavia, The Korn, David A., "We Will Not Pay Blackmail" February by Stephen N, Sestanovich July Korn, David A., Iraq’s Kurds: Why Two Million Fled July Diplomatic Scandal in Washington, C, Maechling Jr. April Kushen, Robert, Using Leverage May Doing Home Leave Right, by Brian Carlson February Lakeland, Albert, A Source of Strength February DRUGS: Unholy Alliance, by Tina Rosenberg November LATIN AMERICA: The Demise of the Reagan Doctrine, DRUGS: Operation Islamabad, by J. Limprecht November by George Gedda April Duke in Baghdad, The by J. Fenzi & C. L. Nelson August LATIN AMERICA: A Pragmatic Cuba Policy, W.S. Smith April EUROPE: Lessons for Eastern Europe, by C.F. Lynch March LATIN AMERICA: Managing Change in Central America, Ecton, Katrina, One Step Ahead for Spouses May by Cresencio S. Arcos April Escape from Mogadishu, by James K. Bishop March LATIN AMERICA: Mexico and Oil Diplomacy, Evenson, R., The Problem for Intellectual Property Nov. by Theodore S. Wilkinson April Failure of Vision, A by David Callahan January LeBourgeois, J., Rethinking Human Rights Reports Sept. Farrand, Robeit W., Privacy and the ‘Right’ to Know August Lessons for Eastern Europe, by Christopher F. Lynch March Fearey, R.A., Tokyo 1941 December Limprecht, Joseph, Operation Islamabad November Fenzi, J., & Nelson, C. L., The Duke in Baghdad August Loyalty on Trial: A McCarthy Era Memoir, Fredrick, David, Bridging the Gulf September by Eugene C. Martinson August Bush’s Man at Langley, by David Callahan December Lynch, Christopher F., Lessons for Eastern Europe March Gedda, George, The Demise of the Reagan Doctrine April Maechling, C. Jr., Diplomatic Scandal in Washington April Gedda, George, Truth or Dare: The Glaspie Affair July Managing Change in Central America, by C.S. Arcos April Gender Benders, by James Workman October Markey, E. J,, A Strategy for Telecommunications June Glasnost in the Bering Strait, by R. B. Houston Jr. May Martinson, Eugene, C., Loyalty on Trial August Goodman, M.A. & F.kedahl, C., Out of the Cold May Mechanics of Diplomacy: the ABCs of Sanctions, GULF: A Message from Kuwait, by Margie Howell Jan. by Larry Roeder Jr. July GULF: Failure of Vision, by David Callahan January Mennard, Michael, The Case for the Serbs October GULF: Why Two Million Fled, by David A. Korn July Message from Beseiged Kuwait, by Margie Howell Jan. GULF: The ABCs of Sanctions, by Larry Roeder Jr, July Mexico and Oil Diplomacy, by Theodore S. Wilkinson April GULF: The Glaspie Affair, by George Gedda July MIDEAST: Understanding the Arab World, GULF: Who Lost, by Henry Precht January by David Fredrick September GULF: Still the Old World Order, Janice G. Stein July Mutual Suspicion, by Anne Stevenson-Yang September

66 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • DECEMBER 1991 Namibian Journal, by Christopher Ayers March SOVIET UNION: Reflections on Chernobyl, Newsom, David A., The Personal Side of Diplomacy June by Theodore S. Wilkinson August Olsen, Pat, Taking Children out of the Mainstream June SOVIET UNION: Using Leverage, by Robert Kushen May One Step Ahead for Spouses, by Katrina Ecton May SOVIET UNION: U.S.-Soviet Joint Venture, Opening Doors to the Blind, by Ellen Rafshoon October by Richard F. Celeste May Operation Islamabad, by Joseph Limprecht November Stein, Janice Gross, Still The Old World Order July Out of the Cold: The Military Relationship, Steven,son-Yang, Anne, Mutual Suspicion September by M.A, Goodman & C.Mc. Ekedahl May Strategy for Telecommunications, by Edward Markey June Owens, John P., Defining Advantage October Taking Children out of the Mainstream, by P. Olsen June Partners or Rivals, by Robert A. Pollard June Thoughts of a Wandering Recruiter, by Terry Jones April Personal Side of Diplomacy, by David A. Newsom June Tokyo 1941: Diplomacy’s Final Round, PERSONNEL: Assignment: Louisiana, by D.A. Shinn October by Robert A. Fearey December PERSONNEL: Defining Advantage, by J. P. Owens October TRADE: Countering the Cold Warriors of Trade, PERSONNEL: Doing Home Leave Right, by B. Carlson Feb, by Doral Cooper June PERSONNEL: Gender Benders, by James Workman October TRADE: Partners or Rivals, by Robert A. Pollard June PERSONNEL: Thoughts of a Wandering Recruiter, TRADE: Uneasy Partners, by Jack Binns December by Terry Jones April TRADE: The Problem for Intellectual Property, PERSONNEL: Twenty Years After by Robert Evenson November the "Women’s Revolution", by Marguerite Cooper February TRADE: A Strategy for Telecommunications, PERSONNEL: What Your Boss Wants, by Jane F. Bonin May by Edward J. Markey June PERSONNEL: One Step Ahead for Spouses, by K.Ecton May TRADE: The U.S.-Mexico Agreement, by Susan Purcell June PERSONNEL: Opening Doors to the Blind, TRADE: A U.S.-Soviet Joint Venture, by Richard Celeste May by Ellen Rafshoon October Trials of a General Services Officer, by M.F. Brady August Pollard, Robert A., Partners or Rivals June Truth or Dare: The Glaspie Affair, by George Gedda July Pragmatic Cuba Policy, by Wayne S. Smith April Tuch, Hans N„ Why Americans Don’t Appreciate Precht, Henry, Who Lost January Public Diplomacy January Privacy and the ‘Right’ to Know, by R.W. Farrand August Twenty Years After the "Women’s Revolution," Problem for Intellectual Property. by Marguerite Cooper February by Robert Evenson November Uneasy Partners, by Jack R. Binns December Profiles in Diplomacy, by Smith Simpson October Unholy Alliance, by Tina Rosenberg November PUBLIC DIPLOMACY: Why Americans Don’t Appreciate Unspoken Expectations: What Your Boss Wants, Public Diplomacy, by Hans N. Tuch January by Jane F. Bonin May Public Diplomacy in Reverse, by Robert H. Carr July U.S.-Mexico Agreement, by Susan Kaufman Purcell June Purcell, Susan Kaufman, The U.S.-Mexico Agreement June U.S.-Soviet Joint Venture, by Richard F. Celeste May Rafshoon, Ellen, Opening Doors to the Blind October Using Leverage, by Robert Kushen May Reflections on Chernobyl. VIETNAM: Return to Vietnam, by Theodore S. Wilkinson August by Howard R. Simpson October Reflections of a Lukewarm Warrior. H. R. Simpson March Wachmeister, Wilhelm, The Dean’s List November Rethinking the Human Rights Reports. WAR POWERS: A Source of Presidential Strength, by Julien LeBourgeois September by Albert (Peter) Lakeland February RETIREMENT: The Ivy Curtain, by Dale Herspring November WAR POWERS: War Powers and the Constitution, RETIREMENT: Just Fade Away, by David Jones December by Alfred P Rubin February Return to Vietnam, by Howard R. Simpson October War Powers and the Constitution, Roeder, Lany, Jr., The ABCs of Sanctions July by Alfred P. Rubin February Rosenberg, Tina, Unholy Alliance November "We Will Not Pay Blackmail", by David A. Korn February Rubin, Alfred P, War Powers and the Constitution February Wells, Melissa (Interview), Children of War September Ruddy, Frank, The Kindness of Strangers March Who Is Nelson Mandela?, by Harry R. Johnson January Sestanovich, Stephen, The Diplomatic Mistake Who Lost, by Heniy Precht January That Made Yugoslavia July Why Americans Don’t Appreciate Public Diplomacy, Shannon, Thomas P., Diplomacy’s Orphans September by Hans N. Tuch January Shinn, David A., Assignment: Louisiana October Why It’s Still The Old World Order. Shlapentokh. Vladimir, The Gulf War & the Soviet by Janice Gross Stein July Conservative Tide July Wilkinson, Theodore S., Mexico and Oil Diplomacy April Simpson, Howard R., Wilkinson, Theodore S., Reflections on Chernobyl August Reflections of a Lukewarm Warrior March Without a Compass, by Jim Anderson January Simpson, Howard R.. Return to Vietnam October Wolgin, Jerome, The Hidden Economy March Simpson, Smith, Profiles in Diplomacy October Workman, James, The Gender Benders October Smith, Wayne A., A Pragmatic Cuba Policy April YUGOSLAVIA: The Case for the Serbs, Source of Presidential Strength, by A. Lakeland February by Michael Mennard October SOVIET UNION: Glasnost in the Bering Strait, YITGOSLAVIA: The Diplomatic Mistake by Robert B. Houston, Jr. May That Made Yugoslavia, by Stephen N. Sestanovich July SOVIET UNION: Out of the Cold, by Melvin A. Goodman & C. McG. Ekedahl May Index of Book Reviews JULY JANUARY Indira Gandhi: A Personal and Political Biography, by Bound to Lead: The Changing Nature of American Inder Molhotra Power, by Joseph S. Nye Jr. Operation Just Cause: The U.S. Intervention in Panama. Cameroon: Dependence and Independence, by Mark W. edited by Bruce W. Watson Delancey AUGUST Contemporary West African States, by Donald Cruise China Misperceived: American Illusions and Chinese O’Brien, John Dunn, and Richard Rathbone Reality, by Steven W. Mosher France in Black Africa, by Francis Terry McNamara Indonesia: Crisis and Transformation, by Marshall Green The Great Universal Embrace: Arms Summitry - No One a Neutral, by Norman Antokol and Mayer Nudell A Skeptic’s Account, by Kenneth L. Adelman War, Peace, and Victory: Strategy and Statecraft for the Making Algeria French: Colonialism in Bone, 1870-1920. Next Century, by Colin S. Gray by David Prochaska What You Can Do for Your Country: An Oral History of FEBRUARY the Peace Corps, by Karen Schwarz American Presidents and the Middle East, by George SEPTEMBER Lenczowski The Commanders, by Bolt Woodward Communicating With the World: U.S. Public Diplomacy A History of the Arab Peoples, by Albert Hourani Overseas, by Hans N. Tuch Kiss the Hand You Cannot Bite: The Rise and Fall of the The Pure Concept of Diplomacy, by Jose Calvet de Mag- Ceausescus, by Edward Behr alhaes The U.S. Consul at Work, by William D. Morgan and MARCH Charles Stuart Kennedy Africa: Dispatches From a Fragile Continent, by Blaine Secret New England: Spies of the American Revolution, Harden edited by Edmund R. Thompson Expats, by Christopher Dickey OCTOBER Tropical Gangsters, by Robert Klitgaard American Hegemony and World Oil: The Industry, the APRIL State System, and the World Economy, by Simon Bromley Canada’s Department of External Affairs. Volume I: The Ozone Diplomacy: New Directions in Safeguarding the Early Years, 1909-1946, by John Hilliker Planet, by Richard Elliot Benedick Dangerous Capabilities: Paul Nitze and the Cold War. by The Prize: The Epic Quest for Oil, Money, and Power. David Callahan by Daniel Yergin Europe 1992: An American Perspective, edited by Gaty Reconstructing Consensus: American Foreign Policy Hufbauer Since the Vietnam War, by Richard A. Melanson From Hiroshima to Glasnost: At the Center of Decision. NOVEMBER by Paul Nitze American Consul: A History of the United States George F. Kennan: Cold War Iconoclast, by Walter Hixson Consular Service, 1776-1914, by Charles Stuart Kennedy The Murder of Chico Mendes and the Fight for the CIA and American Democracy, by Rhodri Jeffreys-Jones Amazon Rain Forest, by Andrew Revkin Eighth Continent: Tales of the Foreign Service, by Phillip MAY Gould Albania: A Socialist Maverick, by Elez Biberaj Leaders and Intelligence, edited by Michael Handel Ashes to Ashes: The Phoenix Program and the Vietnam Media and Foreign Policy, edited by Simon Serfaty War, by Dale Andrade U.S. Foreign Intelligence: The Secret Side of American Wandering Knights: China Legacies, Lived and Recalled. History, by Charles D. Ameringer by Robert W. Barnett DECEMBER JUNE The Grand Failure: The Birth and Death of American Interests, American Purpose: Moral Communism in the Twentieth Century, by Zbigniew Reasoning and U.S. Foreign Policy, by George Weigel Brzezinski Crested Kimono: Power and Love in the Japanese The Withering Away of the Totalitarian State . . . and Business Family, by Matthews Masayuki Hamabata Other Surprises, by Jeane Kirkpatrick Foreign Policy Without Illusions, by Howard Wiarda Yugoslav-American Relations since World War II, by Life on the Road, by Charles Kuralt John R. Lampe, Russell O. Prickett and Ljubisha S. Adamovic The Banana Wars, by Ivan Musicant The Cardinal in Chancery and Other Recollections, by Alfred Puhan

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