Manitou or Spirit Stones, Their Meanings and Link to the Native American Cultural Landscape in North America Herman E. Bender The Hanwakan Center for Prehistoric Astronomy, Cosmology and Cultural Landscape Studies, Inc. Fond du Lac, Wisconsin, USA
[email protected] © 2014 Key words. North America, American Indian, Manitou, landscape, spirit, water, trail, cairn, profile Abstract Since ancient times the Native or Indian people of North America have believed in the existence of a supernatural, omnipresent and omniscient ‘force’ or ‘presence’. All encompassing and pervasive, it is universal in scale. For many of the Native people living here, manifestations of the supernatural could be expressed by one word: Manitou. Manitou itself was seen to rest in rocks and boulders, sometimes referred to as ‘spirit’ or ‘image’ stones. They were once a common feature of the landscape. Hilltops and other significant places considered important were favored locations for the manifestation of Manitou. On the cultural landscape, the stones together with their physical setting were considered sacred. Physically, both the hills and Manitou stones were, and are, generally associated with water, e.g. springs, rapids and water falls, creeks, straits, river bends and drainage divides. Association with springs, however, seems to have been most common. There is also a definite trail or prehistoric footpath association, and the places venerated by the presence of Manitou(s) may have functioned as part of a broad ‘trail-shrine’ network, identifying ‘place’ in both a spiritual and geographic context (Bender 2007&2008a&b). Some Manitou stones and effigies can be dated back many millennia. Historically, early French explorers, Jesuit priests and the later missionaries frequently mentioned them as did Henry Rowe Schoolcraft during his travels in the upper Midwest in the early 19th century.