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Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-08583-1 - A History of Women’s Political Thought in Europe, 1700–1800 Karen Green Index More information

Index

Académie des inscriptions et belles lettres, 206 Astell, Mary, 9, 14, 15, 32–3, 39, 41, 44, 45, 47, 53, Académie Française, 27, 227 93, 128, 131, 133, 141, 147, 148, 156, 203 Academy of Rouen, 89 and Burnet, Gilbert, 51 Academy of the Ricovrati, 92 and Leibniz, 103 Addison, Joseph, 18, 51, 114, 153, 240 and liberty, 28–32, 34, 146 and Kulmus-Gottsched, 115 and Norris, 175 and Reimarus, 240 and Shaftesbury, 30–1, 132, 141 and Montagu, Mary Wortley, 51 and Tatler, 57 Agnesi, Maria Gaetana, 91, 93 and Montagu, Mary Wortley, 50–1, 52, 54–5, Aikin, Anna Laetitia. See Barbauld, 56–7 Anna Laetitia political opinions, 9 Alembert, Jean le Rond d’, 165, 204, 206 atheism, 8, 33, 48, 146, 241, 255 and Lespinasse, 204 and amoralism, 9, 31 Algarotti, Francesco and libertinism, 180 and Boccage, 88 Augustine, Bishop of Canterbury, 40 and Montagu, Mary Wortley, 56 Augustus III of Saxony, 113, 114 Carter translation of, 133 Aulnoy, Marie d’, 15, 16, 45, 208 Amazons, 3, 43, 57, 88, 96, 105, 107, 187, Ayala, Sebastiano d’, 100 225, 230 Amory, Thomas, 151 Badinter, Élisabeth, 165, 166 anarchy, 31, 100, 146, 245 Ballard, George, 44, 151 ancients and moderns, 11–13, 14–15, 17–26, 27, 61, and Elstob, 41 65, 71, 106–15, 137 Barbapiccola, Giuseppa Eleonora Anhalt-Zerbst, Johanna Elisabeth von, 118, 119 and Descartes, 90 Anhalt-Zerbst, Sophie Augusta Frederika von. See Barbauld, Anna Laetitia, 1, 9, 11, 16, 23, 148, 168, Catherine II (the Great) of Russia 169, 172, 196, 197, 198, 200, 235, 243, 253, 288 Anna Ivannovna, empress of Russia, 118 and Wakeﬁeld, 198, 199 Anne I of England, 24, 40, 45, 51 Barre, Poulain de la, 151 Ansbach, Caroline of, 102 English translation of, 151–2 Ardinghelli, Maria Angela, 91 Bassi, Laura, 91 aristocracy, 2, 49, 87, 102, 169, 188, 198, 209, 214, Bayle, Pierre, 4 216, 217, 220, 222, 244, 246 Bayreuth, Wilhelmine of, 103 and commerce, 158 Bazire, Claude, 218 Whig, 45, 48, 49 Beaumont, Jeanne-Marie Leprince de, 5, 7, 254 aristocratic feminism, 89 and Caminer Turra, 97 Aristotle, 2, 22, 83, 121 and Boccage, 88 Boccage on, 89 Beauvoir, Simone de, 84 on epic, 21 Beccaria, Cesare, 127, 128, 206 on women, 3, 230 Behn, Aphra, 16 Arcq, Chevalier d’. See Sainte-Foix, and Barbauld, 16 Philippe-Auguste de Belle de Zuylen. See Charrière, Isabelle de 296

© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-08583-1 - A History of Women’s Political Thought in Europe, 1700–1800 Karen Green Index More information

Index 297

Belot, Charles-Edme, 155 Calprenède, Gauthier de Coste de la, 15, 22, Belot, Octavie, 12, 154–64, 203, 205, 251, 255 23, 24 and Devaux, 154 Caminer Turra, Elisabetta, 12, 96–101 and Fielding, Sarah, 163 and Leprince de Beaumont, 97 and Hume, 159, 163 and Mercier, 97–8, 100 and Johnson, Samuel, 161 and Rousseau, 98 and liberty, 159–60 on liberty, 99–100 and Locke, 156 Caravita, Nicolò, 247 and Montesquieu, 158 Carignan, Amadeus of, 94 and Rousseau, 155–8 Carter, Elizabeth, 41, 133, 142, 146, 151, 172, 241 commercial nobility, 158–9, 161 and Cockburn, 142 on free will, 156 and Macaulay, 173 on luxury, 161 Casaubon, Meric, 19 relationship with Chevalier d’Arcq, 155 Catherine II (the Great) of Russia, 12, 118, 119, Benedict XIV (Pope), 93 125–30, 248, 258 Bentinck, Charlotte Sophie, Countess of, 108, and Montesquieu, 128 109, 118, 119, 122, 126 on liberty, 128 Bernard, Catherine, 15, 208 Cato Uticensis, Marcus Porcius, 51, 114, 153 Bertha, Queen, 40 Cavendish, Margaret, 134 Bill of Rights, 185 Cavendish, Margaret, Duchess of Newcastle, 134, Birch, Thomas, 142, 151 203, 230 and Carter, 133 Caylus, Anne-Claude-Philippe, count of, 81 Bishop Butler. See Butler, Joseph Centlivre, Susannah, 16 Blanc, Olivier, 219 Cereta, Laura, 110, 148 Bluestockings, 6, 17, 41, 133, 134, 136, 138, Chapone, Hester, 133, 149 140, 142, 143, 148, 151, 156, 161, and Macaulay, 193 172, 203 Chapone, Sarah, 131–3 Boccage, Anne-Marie du, 88–9, 205 and Elstob, 41 Boileau-Despréaux, Nicolas, 21 and republican liberty, 132 Bolingbroke, Henry St John, Lord Viscount, on marriage, 131 58, 60 Charles Edward Stuart (the Young Boswell, James, 183 Pretender), 60 and Charrière, 236 Charles I of England, 181, 184 Boulainvilliers, Henri de, 66 execution of, 182, 184, 213 Bowdoin, James, 186 Charles II of England, 46 Bowes, Eleanor, 54 Charrière, Isabelle de, 27, 100, 235–9, 258 Breteuil, Gabrielle Emilie le Tonnelier de, and Boswell, 236 marquise Du Châtelet. See Du Châtelet, and Marie-Antoinette, 237 Emilie and Rousseau, 239 Broad, Jacqueline, 14, 149 and Scudéry, 25 Brooke, Charlotte, 172 Christina of Sweden, 91, 92, 118 Brunswick, Louis Duke of, 237 Churchill, John. See Marlborough, John Burke, Edmund, 6, 147, 148, 188, 189, 190, 193, Churchill, Duke of 197, 238, 270, 276 Churchill, Sarah. See Marlborough, Sarah Macaulay on, 191 Churchill, Duchess of Wollstonecraft on, 191, 194 citizens Burnet, Elizabeth, 51 active and passive, 213 Burnet, Gilbert, Bishop of Salisbury, 50, 103 virtues of, 99, 182, 249 Burnet, Thomas, 35, 48 citizenship, 127, 212, 245, 248 and Cockburn, 35–7 female, 155, 213, 217, 222, 223, 233 on Locke, 35 Clarke, Samuel, 28, 140 Burnet, Thomas of Kemnay, 103 and Cockburn, 142, 174 and Leibniz, 103 and Macaulay, 178, 179 Burney, Frances, 253 ﬁtness theory, 176 Butler, Joseph, 28, 142, 179 Cleveland, Barbara Villiers, Duchess of, 46

298 Index

Cockburn, Catharine, 12, 16, 34–9, 45, 48, 55, 86, democracy, 244 115, 142, 150, 151, 174, 185, 194, 251, 255 and feminism, 229 and Elizabeth Burnet, 51 and liberty, 256 and Locke, 35–7 and salon culture, 70 and Macaulay, 179 deliberative, 212 and Manley, 44, 48–9 direct, 168 and happiness, 185 Hume on, 184 on liberty, 38 representative, 171, 212 political opinions, 9 sketch of a constitution for, 95, 188 response to Burnet, 35–7 Descartes, Mlle, 208 Collier, Jane, 136, 139 Descartes, René, 91, 102 and Le Bossu, 136 and Astell, 32 Colman, George, 151 Barbapiccola translation, 91, 92 Condorcet, Marie-Jean-Antoine-Nicolas de Boccage on, 89 Caritat, marquis de, 203, 206, 252 dualism, 33 and Lespinasse, 204 Deshoulières, Antoinette du Ligier de la Garde, 104 and Suard, Mme, 204 Desjardins, Marie Catherine, 15 Cordeliers, 211, 212, 225 Desmarest, Henry, 82 cosmopolitanism, 8, 12, 82, 83, 86, 87 Devaux, François-Antoine, 75, 81, 82, 83, 88 Cotton, Sophie, 254 and Belot, 154 Count Fortunatus. See Marlborough, John and Rousseau, 153 Churchill, Duke of Devereaux, Johanna, 141 Courland, Anna Ivannovna, Duchess of. See Anna Diderot, Denis, 7, 223 Ivannovna, empress of Russia Dissenters, 29, 40 Courland, Johanna Magdalena, Duchess of, 118 female, 196–7, 198, 200 Couvray, Jean-Baptiste Louvet de, 216 domestic Craggs, James, 59 affections, 252 Cudworth, Ralph, 175 economy, 146, 241, 243 Cumberland, William Augustus, Duke of, 60 education, 241 Cyrus, 21, 25 justice, 200 slavery, 169 d’Aelders, Etta Palm, 217, 218–22, 233 virtues, 111, 121, 167, 218, 220 and Keralio-Robert, 219–22, 225 virtues and civil virtue, 220 on divorce, 224 vocation, 12, 166, 167, 199, 210, 213, 242 on women’s rights, 226 vocation and citizenship, 222, 233 d’Hermenches, Constant, 236 domination Dacier, André, 18 arbitrary, 257 on Plato, 25 contract and, 257 Dacier, Anne, 12, 15, 16, 18–23, 27, 39, 40, 64, 71, freedom from, 117 86, 91, 104, 108, 111, 208 paternal, 201 ancients and moderns, 27, 71 Dostoyevsky, Fyodor, 9 and ancients, 25–6 Du Châtelet, Emilie, 8, 12, 56, 74, 85, 87, 91, 99, and Haywood, 16 108, 167, 208, 253, 255 and Kulmus-Gottsched, 112, 115 and Boccage, 89 and Lambert, 26, 64–5 and Graffigny, 75 and moderns, 17, 20–3 and Leibniz, 79 and Scudéry, Georges and Madeleine de, 20–3 and Locke, 78, 79, 86 on morality, 72 and Mandeville, 76–9 on taste, 72 and Voltaire, 80 Danton, Georges, 216 education, 75 Day, Thomas, 193 on education, 76 Deffand, Marie Anne de Vichy-Chamrond, on happiness, 80 marquise du, 204, 205 Platonic love, 80 Deism, 132, 141 political opinions, 9, 258 Locke’s purported, 37 Duclos, Charles Pinot, 81

Index 299

Duncombe, John, 151 feminism, 74, 89, 187, 229, 232 Dupin, Louise-Marie-Madeleine, 165 liberal, 256 Fielding, Henry, 135, 139 Edgeworth, Maria, 1, 200 Fielding, Sarah, 41, 135–40, 141, 142, 145 education and Belot, 163 and progress, 143, 180, 181 and Scott, 140 and sexual diﬀerence, 194, 230 and Stoicism, 137–9, 140 and sexual equality, 152 Fonseca Pimentel, Eleonora de, 100, 235, 246, Barbauld’s, 197 247–9, 258 Caminer Turra’s, 97 Fonte, Moderata, 4 Catherine II and, 126 Fontenelle, Bernard de, 64, 65, 75, 105 Christian, 143 and Boccage, 88 d’Aelders’s, 218 and Scudéry, 64 Dauphin’s, 18 Francueil, Dupin de, 165 Keralio, Louise de, 206 Franklin, Benjamin, 203, 205 Du Châtelet’s, 75 Frederick II of Prussia, 103 Elstob’s, 39 Frederick, Prince of Wales, 60 Épinay on, 166 free choice in marriage, 237 equal, 95, 193, 194, 195 free will, 20, 33, 103, 156, 180, 220, 244, 245 Lambert on, 66, 69 freedom. See also liberty Macaulay on, 28 Platonic or Stoic conception of, 33 of Dacier, Anne, 18 freedom from arbitrary domination, 117, 132 of Unzer, Johanna 123 freedom of religion. See religious toleration of Montagu, Elizabeth, 133 freedom of speech, 227, 240 Plato on women’s, 25 freedom of the press, 29, 147, 159, 160, 211 women’s, 7, 11, 26, 51, 76, 91, 92, 93, 101, 105, 107, 121, 144, 168, 192, 195, 197, Gacon-Dufour, Marie-Armande, 234, 241 199, 229 gallantry, 52, 53, 63, 64, 111, 112, 167, 169, women’s and modesty, 44 210, 254 Elisabeth of Bohemia, 91, 102 Geﬀroy, Annie, 217, 221 Elizabeth I of England, 40, 163, 207, 224 general will, 169, 215, 244, 245 Elstob, Elizabeth, 39–42 Genlis, Stéphanie-Félicité, 9, 192, 202, 235, and Ballard, 41 250, 253 and Chapone, 41 George I of England, 102 and Duchess of Portland, 41 George II of England, 103 empiricism, 32, 33 Gill, Sarah Prince, 7, 186 and Du Châtelet, 79 glory, 19, 47, 67, 70, 80, 88, 89, 106, 109, 110, 111, and Locke, 76 116, 148, 162 and truths of reason, 34, 175, 177 Godolphin, Francis, 59 Enlightenment, 2, 4, 12, 87, 125, 222, 240, 241, Godolphin, Harriet, 38, 59 245, 254, 258 Godolphin, Mary, 59 and equality, 70 Godolphin, Sidney, 45, 59 and modernity, 11 Godwin, William, 252 and revolution, 203, 235 Godwin, Mrs. See Wollstonecraft, Mary Moderate, 7, 8, 99, 173, 175, 240 Goeze, Johann Melchior, 240 popular, 124 Golden Rule, 78 Radical, 4, 6, 8, 173 Gomez, Madeleine-Angélique de, 108, 112, 208 Scottish, 192 Goodman, Katherine, 107 Épinay, Louise d’, 5, 6, 12, 68, 164–7 Gordon, Felicia, 223 and Rousseau, 164–7, 168 Gottsched, Johann Christoph, 105, 106 Erxleben Leporin, Dorothea von, 110 Fontenelle translation, 105 exploitation, 2, 198 Gottsched, Luise. See Kulmus-Gottsched, Luise Adelgunde Victoria fanaticism, 89, 212, 213, 225, 227 Gouges, Olympe de, 12, 62, 225, 226, 227–30, Fedele, Cassandra, 110 232–3, 258

300 Index

Gouges, Olympe de (cont.) Hébert, Jacques-René, 216 and Mercier, 98, 232 Helena, mother of Constantine, 40 and slavery, 227–8 Helvétius, Claude-Adrien, 4, 8, 86, 88, 154, 203, 205 monarchism, 232 Helvétius, Mme. See Ligniville, Anne-Catherine de on natural rights, 232 Henri IV of France, 164 on women’s rights, 227 Hobbes, Thomas, 4, 28, 33, 34, 132, 145, 184, 185, Gouze, Anne-Olympe, 227 231, 244, 265 Gouze, Marie. See Gouges, Olympe de and liberty, 33 Gouze, Pierre, 227 and Scott, 141 Graﬃgny, Françoise de, 5, 8, 12, 74, 75, 80, 154, Macaulay on, 179 155, 164, 203, 208, 240, 247, 254, 255 on women, 3, 132, 230 and cosmopolitanism, 87 Homer, 17, 20, 136 and Du Châtelet, 75 and Christianity, 20 and Locke, 76 Dacier and Christianity, 25 and Mandeville, 85 Dacier’s defence of, 20, 21, 22 and Montesquieu, 81 honour, 23, 25, 66–8, 70, 72, 125, 159, 160, 199, and Rousseau, 84, 86, 153 229, 254 and salons, 81, 165 hereditary, 194, 195 and Spinoza, 86 Hôtel de Rambouillet, 26, 66 attitude to French nation, 83 Hôtel Mazarin, 64 on French culture, 86 Houdetot, Sophie d’, 167, 168 on love, 83, 88 Huet, Pierre-Daniel, 18, 23 on virtue, 85 Hume, David, 6, 9, 159, 163, 182, 184, 189, 205, 213, political opinions, 161 252, 258, 283 Graham, James, 172 and Levellers, 184 Graham, William, 172 and Macaulay, 163, 182, 183–4, 194 Gregory, Bishop, 40 Belot translation of, 163 Grimm, Friedrich Melchior, 122 execution of Charles I, 184 and Catherine II of Russia, 127 on political legitimacy, 184 and Épinay, 165 humility, 20, 143, 149, 199. See also modesty Grouchy, Sophie de, 203, 233 Hutcheson, Francis, 28, 142 Guﬀroy, Armand-Benoît-Joseph, 221 Hutchinson, Lucy, 29 Guichard, Octavie. See Belot, Octavie Gustav I of Sweden, 150 Inchbald, Elizabeth, 254 Guyon, Jeanne Marie Bouvier de la Motte, 104 innate conscience, 142 Hamilton, Elizabeth, 254 genius, 192 Hanover, Sophie, Electress of, 102 ideas, 32, 78 happiness, 55, 69, 80, 96, 119, 120, 121, 136, 139, knowledge of necessary truths, 103 140, 141, 145, 148, 149, 161, 162, 163, 169, 170, knowledge of principles, 177 177, 188, 194, 195, 200, 238, 258 love of virtue, 177 and future rewards, 37, 176 moral knowledge, 32, 34, 35, 86 and virtue, 36, 68, 136, 137, 138, 139, 144, 175, 185 sense of beauty, 193 Belot on, 157 taste, 72 Du Châtelet on, 79–80 Israel, Jonathan, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 173, 174, 175, 239 in marriage, 200 Harrington, James, 28, 29, 188 Jacobi, Friedrich, 239 Hays, Mary, 1, 168, 196, 199–200, 254 Jacobins, 211 and Macaulay, 198 James I of England, 102 Haywood, Eliza, 5, 12, 16, 43, 58, 59, 60, 61, Jardine, Alexander, 192 139, 169 Jodin, Marie, 8, 222–4, 233 and Barbauld, 16 and women’s political representation, 196 and Dacier, 16 on divorce, 223 and Pope, 58 Johnson, Samuel Heathcote, Mary, 55 and Belot, 161

Index 301

Kant, Immanuel, 4, 185, 279 Platonic love, 71 Keralio, Louise-Félicité de. See Keralio-Robert, political opinions, 72 Louise-Félicité de publication history, 64, 65 Keralio, Louis-Félix de, 206 salon, 26, 64 Keralio-Robert, Louise-Félicité de, 7, 12, 205, Lanthenas, François-Xavier, 215 206–25, 228, 233, 235, 250, 251, 253, Larinda Alagonia. See Rossi, Aretafila Savini de’ 255, 258 law of nature, 33, 35, 37, 86, 87, 132, 152, 178, 180, and d’Aelders, 217, 218, 219–22, 225 185, 219, 255 and Pizan, 209 Law, Edmund, 179 and deliberative democracy, 211–12 Le Bossu, René, 136 and liberty, 8, 256 Le Fèvre, Anne. See Dacier, Anne and Louvet, 216 Le Fèvre, Tanneguy, 18 and monarchism, 205, 214 Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm, 79, 102, 105 and Phlipon-Roland, 216 and Burnet, Thomas, of Kemnay, 103 and Rousseau, 208, 212, 213, 217 and Conway, 103 and Scudéry, 210 and Du Châtelet, 79 on divorce, 223 and Masham, 103 on slavery, 215 and Scudéry, 104 political opinions, 9 and women, 102–3 King, Kathryn, 59, 60 Lennox, Charlotte, 24 King, William, 179 and Kulmus-Gottsched, 113 Kord, Susanne, 107 Lénoncourt, Mme de, 164 Kulmus, Luise. See Kulmus-Gottsched, Luise Léon, Pauline, 225 Adelgunde Victoria Lespinasse, Julie de, 204, 206, 252 Kulmus-Gottsched, Luise Adelgunde Victoria, 12, portrait of Condorcet, 204 106–22, 129 Lessing, Gotthold, 239, 241 and Anhalt-Zerbst, Johanna Elisabeth von, 118 Levasseur, Thérèse, 239 and Bentinck, Charlotte Sophie, Countess of, 108 Lezardière, Marie-Charlotte-Pauline Robert de, and Catherine II of Russia, 129 205 and Cato, 240 liberalism, 211, 245, 256 and Erxleben Leporin, 110–11 political, 256 and Lennox, 113 libertinism and libertines, 9, 30, 31, 33, 45, 55, 57, and Marcus Aurelius, 116–17 167, 179, 200, 211, 217, 218, 255 and moderns, 112 liberty, 8, 14, 27, 29, 30, 31, 32, 34, 47, 48, 49, and republicanism, 117 50, 57, 99, 100, 115, 128, 145, 148, 159, 188, and von Ziegler Romanus, 106–15 191, 195, 200, 215, 218, 219, 220, 222, 237, and Wolff, 120 238. See also freedom on erudite women, 106–8, 110–11 and licence, 29, 31, 33, 37, 47, 100, 128, 159, on friendship, 121 180, 219 negative, 28, 29, 31, 33 La Roche, Sophie, 102 political or civil, 32, 99, 100, 114, 117, 119, 148, La Spectatrice, 73, 196, 227 170, 180, 220, 244, 245, 246, 249, 255–7 Lafayette, Marie Madeleine de, 15, 112, 168, 208 republican or neo-Roman, 28, 29, 31, 32, 52, 114, Lambert, Anne-Thérèse de Marguenat de 118, 132 Courcelles, marquise de, 5, 12, 26, 66, 74, 75, sexual, 46, 221, 222 76, 80, 82, 87, 88, 106, 108, 121, 204 Ligniville, Anne-Catherine de, 203 advice to her children, 67, 109 Lilti, Antoine, 6, 70 and Dacier, 64–5 Livy, 17, 172 and monarchism, 66, 68 Locke, John, 4, 7, 28, 29, 32, 33, 34, 35, 37, 79, 86, attitude to equality, 70 103, 128, 132, 156, 173, 174, 175, 178, 180, 193, influence, 115, 242 219, 231, 244 on happiness, 68 and Cockburn, 35–7, 142, 174 on honour, 72 and Du Châtelet, 78 on taste, 72 and Epicureanism, 36 on virtue, 69 and Graffigny, 76

302 Index

Locke, John (cont.) on Stuart monarchy, 181 and Holdsworth, 174 sketch for a republic, 95 and liberty, 255 theodicy, 193 and Macaulay, 178, 179 Walpole on, 187 and Masham, 103 Wollstonecraft correspondence with, 190 Burnet on, 35 Wollstonecraft review of, 190 Cockburn’s defence of, 35, 174 Wollstonecraft’s praise of, 193 empiricism, 177 Macaulay Graham, Mrs. See Macaulay, Catharine inﬂuence, 8, 76 Madonella. See Astell, Mary on law of nature, 178 Major, Emma, 142 orthodoxy, 37 Mandeville, Bernard, 28, 145 Lorena-Carignan, Guiseppina di, 94–6 and Graﬃgny, 75, 84, 85, 86 economic equality, 96 Du Châtelet translation, 75, 76–9 on love, 96 Macaulay on, 179 Louis XI of France, 161 Manley, Mary Delariviere, 12, 15, 16, 44–50, 55, 58, Louis XV of France, 164 59, 230 Louis XIV of France, 17, 113, 183 and Astell, 57 Louis XVI of France, 205, 237 and Barbauld, 16 Lucretius, 77, 80 and Cockburn, 45, 48–9 Luxembourg, Maréchale de, 165 and Haywood, 59 Lynch, Jean-Baptiste, 223 and liberty, 45, 47 and marriage, 48 Macaulay, Catharine, 6, 7, 9, 12, 17, 20, 39, 62, and Tatler, 57 86, 95, 148, 172, 173, 174, 175, 179, 180, Marat, Jean-Paul, 216 182, 185, 186, 187, 189–92, 193, 194, 196, 197, Marcus Aurelius, 19, 20, 116 200, 203, 205, 210, 220, 233, 235, 251, 252, and Dacier, 19 255, 258, 270 and Kulmus-Gottsched, 116–17 and Adams, John, 186 Dacier and Christianity, 25 and America, 185–7 Maria Carolina, queen of Naples, 247, 248 and Burke, 188, 189 Maria Theresa, empress of Austria, 153, 224, 247 and Carter, 173 Marie-Antoinette, queen of France, 153, 226, and Cockburn, 174 237, 247 and Gill, Sarah Prince, 186 Marlborough, John Churchill, Duke of, 34, 45, and Hays, 252 46, 47, 49 and Hobbes, 184–5 daughter, 38 and Hume, 163, 182, 183–4, 194 granddaughter, 59 and liberty, 195, 256 Marlborough, Sarah Churchill, Duchess of, 24, 45 and republicanism, 187 Marmontel, Jean-François, 205 and Rollin, 94 marriage, 4, 26, 48, 53, 54–6, 73, 143, 166, 199, 200, and Rush, 186 210, 220, 223, 224, 226, 227, 250 and Shaftesbury, 179 and friendship, 24, 38, 50, 137, 149, 201 and Walpole, Horace, 205 and monarchy, 28, 201, 230–2, 237, 257 and Wollstonecraft, 190, 191, 195 and slavery, 109, 131, 220, 224, 226 Mary Hays’s biography of, 198 companionate, 13, 24, 139, 169 moral philosophy, 178 patriarchal, 13, 95, 139 on aristocracy, 188 Marx, Karl, 198 on economic equality, 96 materialism, 6, 8, 33, 34, 200 on education, 28 Meinières, Jean-Baptiste-François Du Rey de, 155 on execution of Charles I, 182 Meinières, Mme de. See Belot, Octavie on liberty, 180 Mènage, Gilles, 27 on monarchy, 183 Mendelssohn, Moses, 239 on natural rights, 232 Mercier, Louis-Sébastien on political legitimacy, 184 and Caminer Turra, 97–8 on rational religion, 179 and Gouges, Olympe de, 232 on Rousseau, 194, 195 Milton, John, 88, 136

Index 303

moderns. See ancients and moderns Mulso, Hester. See Chapone, Hester modesty, 40, 41, 44, 57, 58, 63, 64, 67, 89, 110, 159, 172, 208, 211, 221, 222. See also humility Navarre, Marguerite de, 170, 210 Molière, 66 Necker, Jacques, 99 monarchy Nelson, Horatio, 248 constitutional, 207, 226 new intellectual history, 10 monarchy and monarchism, 7, 12, 16, 26, 29, 52, Newton, Isaac, 79, 91, 238 57, 62, 63, 66, 70, 72, 111, 113, 117–21, and Du Châtelet, 75 127–8, 154, 158, 159–60, 161, 164, 169, 181, and Graffigny, 76 183–4, 201, 205, 207, 213, 214, 215, 229, 248, Du Châtelet translation, 76 255, 257 Norris, John, 32, 103, 175 and marriage, 230–2, 237, 257 constitutional, 228 O’Neill, Eileen, 251 Montagu, Barbara, 135 Okin, Susan Moller, 2 Montagu, Edward Wortley, 50, 56, 134 Opie, Amelia, 254 Montagu, Elizabeth, 133, 134, 142, 149, 172, 173 Oram. See Cumberland, William Augustus, and Belot, 156 Duke of on Montagu, Mary Wortley, 134 Origen, 25 Montagu, George, 1st Earl of Halifax, 135 Orinda. See Philips, Katherine Montagu, Mary Wortley, 56–7, 58, 62, 65, 90, 133, Oxford, Henrietta Cavendish Harley, Countess 134, 135, 140, 203, 240, 254 of, 134 and Addison, 51 and Algarotti, 56 Paine, Thomas, 188 and Astell, 50–1, 52, 54–5 Pange, M. le Chevalier de, 214 and baths at Hagia Sophia, 53 Panpan. See Devaux, François-Antoine and Boccage, 88 pantheism, 241 and Cato, 51 Paoli, Pasquale, 95, 183, 197 and Montesquieu, 54 Pateman, Carole, 3 and Pope, Alexander, 133 Pemberton, Samuel, 186 and Scudéry, 24 perfectionism, 194, 235, 257 library, 253 Perrault, Charles, 17 on liberty, 57 Philips, Katherine, 14 on marriage, 54, 55 Phlipon-Roland, Marie-Jeanne, 67, 154, 168, 202, on Muslim women, 56 215, 216, 217, 258 Montaigne, Michel de, 8, 24, 33, 66, 136 Pignatelli, Faustina, 91 Montausier, duke of, 18, 26 Pimentel, Eleonora. See Fonseca Pimentel, Montesquieu, Charles Louis de Secondat Baron Eleonora de de, 54, 64, 66, 87, 162 Piozzi, Hester Lynch Thrale, 190, 200 and Belot, 159, 164 library, 253 and Catharine II of Russia, 127 Pix, Mary Griffith, 16 and Graffigny, 81 Pizan, Christine de, 4, 43, 68, 96, 134, 209, 272 and Lambert, 66 Plato, 2, 19, 71, 178 and liberty, 255 Dacier and Christianity, 25 on commercial nobility, 158 on wives in common, 25 on liberty, 128 on women, 3 moral autonomy, 29, 31, 32, 34, 178, 245, philosopher rulers, 120 255, 256 Plutarch, 17, 94, 115, 136 More, Hannah, 1, 9, 144–9, 172, 199, 203, Pocock, J. G. A., 61, 62 235, 241 Pombal, marquis of, 247 on liberty, 146–7 Pompignan, Jean-Jacques Lefranc de, 227 on slavery, 148 Pope, Alexander, 88 on Wollstonecraft, 144 and Haywood, Eliza, 58 More, Mary, 151 and Montagu, Mary Wortley, 57–8 Motte, Houdar de la, 22, 64, 65 Portland, Margaret Bentinck, Duchess of, 41 Mounier, Jean Joseph, 214 and Montagu, Mary Wortley, 133

304 Index

progress, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 28, 63, 84, 103, 126, 140, property, 249 150, 153, 179, 180, 181, 182, 195, 222, 235, 240, universal human, 7, 8, 100, 148, 152, 182, 186, 251, 255, 256, 258 187, 189, 198, 228, 232, 254, 256 women’s, 101, 131, 144, 145, 151, 169, 187, 199, Queen Anne. See Anne I of England 218, 219, 224, 229 Quinault, Jeanne-Françoise, 81, 154, 165 Rizzo, Betty, 142 Robert, Louise. See Keralio-Robert, Louise- Radcliffe, Anne, 254 Félicité de Rawls, John, 245 Robert, Pierre François, 8 Raymond, Henry Augustus. See Scott, Sarah Robespierre, Maximilien, 202, 216 Reimarus, Elise, 12, 100, 118, 235, 237, 239–46, Robinson, Elizabeth. See Montagu, Elizabeth 256, 258 Robinson Morris, Matthew, 173 and Cato, 240 Roccati, Cristina, 91 and domestic work, 241, 242, 243 Roland, Jean-Marie, 202, 215 and Goeze, 240 Roland, Mme. See Phlipon-Roland, Marie-Jeanne and Pantheismusstreit, 239 Rollin, Charles, 94 and rational religion, 241 Rossi, Aretafila Savini de’, 93 and Rousseau, 242 Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, 4, 6, 28, 95, 154, 161, 204, and Unzer, 124 216, 231, 252 education, 241 and Barbauld, 197 political philosophy, 244–6 and Belot, 155–8, 162 Reimarus, Hermann Samuel, 239 and Caminer Turra, 98 Reimarus, Johann Albert Heinrich, 242, 244 and Charrière, 238, 239 religious toleration, 29, 30–1, 128, 147 and de Staël, 154, 167–71 republicanism, 6, 8, 12, 17, 52, 54, 61, 62, 73, 94, and Épinay, 164–7 95, 113, 114, 115, 117, 148, 160, 169, 173, and Gouges, 227 174, 182, 184, 188, 214, 215, 220, 221, 241, 244, and Graffigny, 84, 86, 153 249, 254 and Jodin, 223 and sexual difference, 217 and Keralio-Robert, 208, 212, 213, 217 sexist, 208, 210, 213, 217 and liberty, 255 revolution and Macaulay, 195 American, 7, 187 and Mandeville, 84 English, 183 and Reimarus, 242, 244 French, 7, 8, 62, 100, 148, 152, 193, 198, 200, and Scudéry, 23 201, 203, 207, 235, 237, 243 and Wollstonecraft, 195–6 Glorious, 181 on intellectual women, 89 Neapolitan, 248–9 on theatre, 211 Swedish, 115 on women, 230 Riccoboni, Marie-Jeanne, 252, 254 popularity with women, 233 Richardson, Samuel, 61, 252 republicanism, 12, 62 and Fielding, Henry, 139 Runckel, Dorothea von, 109, 110, 118, 121 and Fielding, Sarah, 139 Rush, Benjamin, 186 and Haywood, 139 and Rousseau, 167 Sade, Marquis de, 9 Barbauld on, 169 Saint-Lambert, Jean-François de, 76, 81 rights salons, 5, 10, 26, 64, 66, 81, 88, 105, 203, 205, citizens’, 38, 181, 246 206, 254 de la Barre on women’s, 151–2 and democracy, 6, 70 feudal, 249 ideology of, 16, 63, 254 Gouges on women’s, 227 literary, 5 hereditary, 189, 256 Sappho (Sapho), 16, 18, 44, 55, 82 husbands’, 109 Sawbridge, Catharine. See Macaulay, Catharine in marriage, 221 Saxe-Gotha, Luise Dorothea, Duchess of, 122 More on women’s, 145–7 Schurman, Anna Maria van, 26, 44, 104, 105, 108, movement for women’s, 56 118, 148

Index 305

sciences and liberal arts, 63, 92, 113, 153, 167 Socrates, 19, 71, 117 Scott, Sarah, 134, 135, 140–3, 145, 149, 150, Sophie Charlotte, queen of Prussia, 102 173, 174 and Leibniz, 103 and Cockburn, 177 Sophronia. See Gill, Sarah Prince and Fielding, Sarah, 140 Spalding, Almut, 244 and slavery, 143 Spencer, Edmund, 136 on Macaulay, 173 Spinoza, Benedict de, 4, 8, 76, 86, 173, 239 Scudéry, Georges de, 15, 50 Staël-Holstein, Anne Louise Germaine de, and Dacier, 21–3 17, 63, 90, 168–71, 204, 208, 226, Scudéry, Madeleine de, 12, 14, 15, 24, 26, 39, 44, 239, 254 50, 55, 64, 88, 96, 104, 121, 137, 148, 168, 169, and Charrière, 239 204, 208 and Marie-Antoinette, 226 ancients and moderns, 27 and Rousseau, 154, 167–71 and Barbauld, 23 and Wollstonecraft, 197 and Dacier, 20–3 state of nature, 33, 120, 132, 155 and friendship, 24, 38 Astell on, 31 and Haywood, 16 Du Châtelet on, 78 and Keralio-Robert, 210 Graffigny on, 84 and Kulmus-Gottsched, 111 Keralio-Robert on, 219 and Lambert, 66, 67 Locke on, 33 and Leibniz, 104 Mandeville on, 77 and moderns, 17, 20, 22, 71, 89 Stauratius. See Marlborough, John Churchill, and monarchism, 63, 68, 72, 113, 232 Duke of and Montagu, Mary Wortley, 24 Steele, Richard, 51 and Thomasius, 104 Stoic influence, 69, 72, 115, 121 and von Ziegler Romanus, 104 Stoics, 71, 116, 123, 137, 140, 177 aristocratic feminism, 89 Swift, Jonathan, 57 influence on women, 24–5 on marriage, 231 Thomas, Antoine, 166 salon ideology, 16, 63, 66 Thomasius, Christian, 104 Sévigné, Marie de, 27, 75, 207, 208 Thornton, Bonnell, 151 Sextus Empiricus, 8, 33 Tilly, John, 49 sexual difference, 217 Trimmer, Sarah, 143, 144 Shaftesbury, Anthony Ashley Cooper, 3rd Earl of, Wollstonecraft on, 192 28, 30, 141 Trotter, Catharine. See Cockburn, Catharine and Cockburn, 142 Turgot, Anne-Robert-Jacques, 205 Astell responds to, 30 Macaulay on, 179 Urfé, Honoré d’, 15 Shelley, Mary Wollstonecraft, 252 Shelley, Percy, 252 Vallisneri, Antonio, 92 Sidney, Algernon, 28, 29 Vico, Giambattista, 90 Sieyès, Emmanuel Joseph, 213 Virgil, 136 Simiane, Diane-Adélaïde de Volpi, Giovanni Antonio, 92 library of, 253 Voltaire, 56, 75, 77, 97, 99, 103, 122, 127, 161, 162, slavery, 143, 148, 158, 184, 228 240, 247, 252 abolition of, 144, 147, 194, 197, 215, 227, 247 and commercial nobility, 158 Gouges on, 227–8 and Du Châtelet, 80 More on, 148 and Rousseau, 167 women’s, 169 von Ziegler Romanus, Christiane Marianne, 12, 106, Smith, Adam, 4, 28, 233, 252 123, 124 Smith, Hilda L., 5 and Bach, 105 social contract, 2, 13, 143, 191, 231, 232, 239, 244, and Kulmus-Gottsched, Luise, 106–15 246, 257 and moderns, 112 between men and women, 227 and salons, 105 Society of Revolutionary Republican Women, 226 and Scudéry, 104

306 Index

Wakefield, Gilbert, 198, 199 and de Staël, 197 Walpole, Horace, 144 and Genlis, 192 and Macaulay, 187, 205 and Godwin, 252 Walpole, Robert, 59 and Hays, 199, 200 Warburton, William, 140 and liberty, 195, 256 Warens, Mme de, 165 and Macaulay, 189–92 Warren, Joseph, 186 and More, 144 Warville, Jacques-Pierre Brissot de, 215 and Piozzi, 197 Whitehall, William, 151 and Rousseau, 195–6 Wilhelmina of Prussia, 218, 237 and Trimmer, 192 Williams, Helen Maria, 196, 200–2 and Williams, 200–1 and Wollstonecraft, 200–1 as reviewer, 190 Wilmot, John, Earl of Rochester, 9, 10 on liberty, 191 Wolff, Christian, 105, 120 political opinions, 9 and Kulmus-Gottsched, 120 women’s political representation, 196 influence on women, 122–3 Wouters, Cornélie, Baroness of Vasse, 233 Wollstonecraft, Mary, 1, 9, 12, 17, 148, 152, 154, 168, 187, 189–96, 199, 233, 235 Young Pretender. See Charles Edward Stuart and Barbauld, 197, 198 and Burke, 188, 193–4 Zäunemann, Sidonia Hedwig, 108 and Day, 192 Ziegler, Johann Gotthilf, 123