DOCSLIB.ORG

TIC Genocide of Tamil People 1998 Entire

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
TIC Genocide of Tamil People 1998 Entire The International Crime of Genocide: The Case of the Tamil People in Sri Lanka Tamil Information Centre December, 1997 The International Crime of Genocide: The Case of the Tamil People in Sri Lanka C Tamil Information Centre, 1997 ISBN 1 85201 011 8 Published December 1997 Layout K Krishnarajah Cover Photo Stephen Champion ABOUT THE AUTHOR Lutz Oette, a German citizen recently completed his LL.M at the University College of London. He was the winner of the 1996 Cheng Cheng Nan Prize in International Law. His research interests include International Protection of Hu- man Rights, Human Rights in the Developing World and Asy- lum Law and Practice. He is currently working on a report on Torture and Inhuman and Degrading Punishment in Saudi Arabia. He also works as a research assistant for Profes- sor Mendelson in London on various aspects of Interna- tional Law. Mr Oette has produced several briefing papers on Iraqi Kurds addressing the current situation in terms of legal, political and socio-economic issues and assisted in the cases concerning Kurds in Turkey to be brought before the European Commission on Human Rights and European Court of Human Rights. Acknowledgements Tamil Information Centre (TIC) gratefully thanks all indi- viduals and organisations who provided financial contribu- tions, their time and shared information and source materi- als for this report. Our special gratitude, however, goes to the author and the volunteers without whose support and commitment this report would not have been possible. The International Crime of Genocide: The Case of the Tamil People in Sri Lanka The greatest sage poet of classical Tamil literature Thiruvalluvar's statue in Jaffna desecrated by the Security forces in 1983 in a fren- zied ethnocidal attack. Contents Introduction 1 The Historical Background 3 The Definition of Genocide 5 The Historical Background of The Genocide Convention and Its Current Status The Definition of Genocide in the Genocide Convention Critique of the Definition of Genocide in the Genocide Convention Non-Legal Definitions of Genocide The Genocidal Society: Causes And Functions of Genocide The Process of Genocide The Understanding of Genocide as Adopted in this Study The Genocidal Process 15 The Right of the Tamil people To Self-Determinatiion Political Self-Determination Colonisation Economic, Social and Cultural Development Language Religion Culture Education Economic Development Health Communication Violation of Fundamental Rights The Process of Dehumanisation Conclusion: Genocidal Process Acts of Genocide 36 The Evidence The Charges The Acts Intent Government Responsibility Enforcement of The Genocide Convention 55 The Existing Enforcement Mechanisms The UN Record of Preventing and Punishing Genocide UN Record on Sri Lanka Sri Lanka’s Record of Enforcing the Genocide Convention Humanitarian Intervention The Indian Intervention in Sri Lanka Possible Alternative Enforcement Mechanisms Preventing Future Genocide: Recommended Strategies 70 UN High Commissioner for Human Rights UN Commission on Human Rights 1503 Procedure The International Community Recommendations 76 Sri Lanka Introduction Skull and bones representing a Tamil victim enocide is the ultimate crime under interna- tional law, a crime against humanity. Bring- G ing forward charges of genocide is a grave accusation. In the case of Sri Lanka, which ratified the Geno- cide Convention in 1950, these charges have been brought forward by Tamils against members of the Sinhalese majority, in particular members of succes- sive governments. This study will not set out to de- termine individual guilt since this would require a thorough judicial investigation. Rather, based on the legal definition of genocide and on sociological ap- proaches on the genocidal process and the so-called genocidal society, it will focus on two interrelated issues. Firstly, what characterises a society in which geno- cide is likely to occur and can Sri Lanka be described as being such a society? Secondly, have there been acts of genocide in Sri Lanka and, if so, who has been responsible for these as evidenced on a prima facie basis? This examination, while not ignoring the issue of punishment, will be focusing on the pre- vention of genocide. In this regard, enforcement mechanisms provided under the Genocide Conven- tion and their effectiveness will be scrutinised. Fi- nally, based on the findings of this study, a strategy will be developed with a view to prevent acts of geno- cide taking place in Sri Lanka in the future. The International Crime of Genocide: The Case of the Tamil People in Sri Lanka 1 The space-related identity of Sri Lankan Tamils Source:Tennent J. Emerson, Ceylon, Colume II, Longmans Press 1859 Two Different nations, from a very ancient period, have di- vided between them the possession of the Island: the Sinhalese inhabiting the interior in its Southern and Western parts from the river Wallouwe to Chilaw, and the Malabars (Tamils) who possess the Northern and Eastern Districts. These two nations differ entirely in their religion, language and manners. Sir Hugh Cleghorn, British Colonial Secretary, June 1879. 2 The International Crime of Genocide: The Case of the Tamil People in Sri Lanka The historical background ri Lanka is composed of several ethnic and Of more importance to the current conflict is the his- religious communities. The two biggest are torical location and current geographic distribution S the Sinhalese majority, forming 74% of a to- of the communities. tal population of roughly 18 million, and the Sri Lankan Tamils, numbering about 2 million or 12 % The Sri Lankan Tamils had been living in a separate of the total population.1 Members of both communi- kingdom in the Jaffna region for 407 years until the ties have claimed that their ethnic group was the first Portuguese ended their independent reign in 1621.3 to have arrived in Sri Lanka about 2500 years ago The Tamils have also historically constituted the ma- and has, by virtue of that temporal element, a supe- jority of the population in the Eastern region, which rior claim to the country or parts of the country over is now claimed as part of a separate state of Tamil the other ethnic groups. Both communities have lived Eelam. The background to the current conflict was in Sri Lanka for at least 2000 years and, if one is the British decision, following a proposal by the willing to use such an ideologically charged crite- Colebrook Cameron Commission in 1833, to bring rion as a historical, immemorial claim to a country, together the two separate, ancient, and disparate com- this claim has to be conceded to both communities munities of Sinhalese and Tamils into a single colo- regarding their traditional areas of settlement.2 nial unity, thereby establishing the plural society of Ceylon.4 The Hill Country Tamils, who make up about 5% of the total population, were brought to the then Ceylon by British colonialists from 1825 onwards to work on the coffee, and later tea plantations.5 They live mainly in the central highlands of the Central, Uva and Sabragamuwa provinces. The Sinhalese have been living predominantly in the south and the west of the country. Since independ- ence, colonisation schemes have resulted in demo- graphic changes by bringing in Sinhalese settlers to the East. Moreover, through social mobility, mem- bers of all communities have come to live in all parts Grief-striken orphaned child of the country although the main Southwest- North- east divide between Sinhalese and Tamils still re- mains intact. The International Crime of Genocide: The Case of the Tamil People in Sri Lanka 3 Another large minority group are the Muslims who mentioned areas, the Tamils perceived themselves are thought to have come to Sri Lanka as merchants as a distinct nation and equal partners within Sri and seafarers around the 13th Century. They consti- Lanka entitled to communal integrity and equal tute 7% of the current population, are Tamil speak- rights. ing and have their largest communities in the East around Trincomalee and Batticaloa.6 Since Tamil representatives, i.e. politicians of the Federal Party until 1972, the Tamil United Front There are other, small communities living in Sri (TUF) and the Tamil United Liberation Front Lanka, particularly the indigenous Veddas, whose (TULF) thereafter, and currently the LTTE (Libera- survival is threatened by their small number and the tion Tigers of Tamil Eelam), as well as Tamil- Non- encroachment of the majority, which makes it diffi- Governmental Organisations (NGOs) and individual cult for this community to retain their ancient lands authors, considered pro-Sinhalese policies as being and distinct identity in Sri Lanka.7 biased and anti-Tamil, they have brought forward charges of discrimination and of instigation and com- A further important factor in the ethnic conflict is plicity in acts of genocide against successive gov- religious affiliation which is mainly, but not exclu- ernments after Sri Lanka’s (called Ceylon until 1972) sively along ethnic lines. The Sinhalese are predomi- independence. Both intermittently ruling parties, the nantly Buddhist, whereas the Tamils are predomi- United National Party - in power during the years nantly Hindu. However, both communities have con- 1948-1956, 1965-1970 and 1977-1994 - and the Sri siderable number of Christians among them as a Lanka Freedom Party in power, either alone or in legacy of the colonial period.8 coalition, from 1956-1965, 1970-1977 and since 1994 until the time of writing, as the People’s Alli- The ethnic conflict between “the” Sinhalese and ance - have adopted a number of pro-Sinhalese poli- “the” Tamils is characterised by the struggle for cies that were antagonistic in nature and resulted in power in a post-colonial country that has been uni- a deep division of the country along ethnic lines. fied through colonisation rather than through mu- The resolution of the TULF at its convention in 1976 tual agreement of the concerned communities.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Tides of Violence: Mapping the Sri Lankan Conflict from 1983 to 2009 About the Public Interest Advocacy Centre
    Tides of violence: mapping the Sri Lankan conflict from 1983 to 2009 About the Public Interest Advocacy Centre The Public Interest Advocacy Centre (PIAC) is an independent, non-profit legal centre based in Sydney. Established in 1982, PIAC tackles barriers to justice and fairness experienced by people who are vulnerable or facing disadvantage. We ensure basic rights are enjoyed across the community through legal assistance and strategic litigation, public policy development, communication and training. 2nd edition May 2019 Contact: Public Interest Advocacy Centre Level 5, 175 Liverpool St Sydney NSW 2000 Website: www.piac.asn.au Public Interest Advocacy Centre @PIACnews The Public Interest Advocacy Centre office is located on the land of the Gadigal of the Eora Nation. TIDES OF VIOLENCE: MAPPING THE SRI LANKAN CONFLICT FROM 1983 TO 2009 03 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ....................................................................................................................... 09 Background to CMAP .............................................................................................................................................09 Report overview .......................................................................................................................................................09 Key violation patterns in each time period ......................................................................................................09 24 July 1983 – 28 July 1987 .................................................................................................................................10
    [Show full text]
  • Jaffna's Media in the Grip of Terror
    Fact-finding report by the International Press Freedom Mission to Sri Lanka Jaffna’s media in the grip of terror August 2007 Since fighting resumed in 2006 between the government and the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE), the Tamil-populated Jaffna peninsula has become a nightmare for journalists, human rights activists and the civilian population in general. Murders, kidnappings, threats and censorship have made Jaffna one of the world’s most dangerous places for journalists to work. At least seven media workers, including two journalists, have been killed there since May 2006. One journalist is missing and at least three media outlets have been physically attacked. Dozens of journalists have fled the area or abandoned the profession. None of these incidents has been seriously investigated despite government promises and the existence of suspects. Representatives of Reporters Without Borders and International Media Support visited Jaffna on 20 and 21 June as part of an international press freedom fact-finding mission to Sri Lanka. They met Tamil journalists, military officials, civil society figures and the members of the national Human Rights Commission (HRC). This report is also based on the day-by-day press freedom monitoring done by Reporters Without Borders and other organisations in the international mission. For security reasons, the names of most of the journalists and other people interviewed are not cited here. Since the attack on 2 May last year on the offices of the Jaffna district’s most popular daily paper, Uthayan, local journalists have lived and worked in fear. One paper shut down after its editor was murdered and only three dailies are now published.
    [Show full text]
  • Media Freedom in Post War Sri Lanka and Its Impact on the Reconciliation Process
    Reuters Institute Fellowship Paper University of Oxford MEDIA FREEDOM IN POST WAR SRI LANKA AND ITS IMPACT ON THE RECONCILIATION PROCESS By Swaminathan Natarajan Trinity Term 2012 Sponsor: BBC Media Action Page 1 of 41 Page 2 of 41 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT First and foremost, I would like to thank James Painter, Head of the Journalism Programme and the entire staff of the Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism for their help and support. I am grateful to BBC New Media Action for sponsoring me, and to its former Programme Officer Tirthankar Bandyopadhyay, for letting me know about this wonderful opportunity and encouraging me all the way. My supervisor Dr Sujit Sivasundaram of Cambridge University provided academic insights which were very valuable for my research paper. I place on record my appreciation to all those who participated in the survey and interviews. I would like to thank my colleagues in the BBC, Chandana Keerthi Bandara, Charles Haviland, Wimalasena Hewage, Saroj Pathirana, Poopalaratnam Seevagan, Ponniah Manickavasagam and my good friend Karunakaran (former Colombo correspondent of the BBC Tamil Service) for their help. Special thanks to my parents and sisters and all my fellow journalist fellows. Finally to Marianne Landzettel (BBC World Service News) for helping me by patiently proof reading and revising this paper. Page 3 of 41 Table of Contents 1 Overview ......................................................................................................................................... 5 2 Challenges to Press Freedom
    [Show full text]
  • 12 Manogaran.Pdf
    Ethnic Conflict and Reconciliation in Sri Lanka National Capilal District Boundarl3S * Province Boundaries Q 10 20 30 010;1)304050 Sri Lanka • Ethnic Conflict and Reconciliation in Sri Lanka CHELVADURAIMANOGARAN MW~1 UNIVERSITY OF HAWAII PRESS • HONOLULU - © 1987 University ofHawaii Press All Rights Reserved Manufactured in the United States ofAmerica Library ofCongress Cataloging-in-Publication-Data Manogaran, Chelvadurai, 1935- Ethnic conflict and reconciliation in Sri Lanka. Bibliography: p. Includes index. 1. Sri Lanka-Politics and government. 2. Sri Lanka -Ethnic relations. 3. Tamils-Sri Lanka-Politics and government. I. Title. DS489.8.M36 1987 954.9'303 87-16247 ISBN 0-8248-1116-X • The prosperity ofa nation does not descend from the sky. Nor does it emerge from its own accord from the earth. It depends upon the conduct ofthe people that constitute the nation. We must recognize that the country does not mean just the lifeless soil around us. The country consists ofa conglomeration ofpeople and it is what they make ofit. To rectify the world and put it on proper path, we have to first rec­ tify ourselves and our conduct.... At the present time, when we see all over the country confusion, fear and anxiety, each one in every home must con­ ., tribute his share ofcool, calm love to suppress the anger and fury. No governmental authority can sup­ press it as effectively and as quickly as you can by love and brotherliness. SATHYA SAl BABA - • Contents List ofTables IX List ofFigures Xl Preface X111 Introduction 1 CHAPTER I Sinhalese-Tamil
    [Show full text]
  • Root Causes of Terrorism: Myths, Reality and Ways Forward
    Root Causes of Terrorism Addressing the causes of a problem is often more effective than trying to fight its symptoms and effects. In Root Causes of Terrorism, a team of international experts analyses the possibilities and limitations of preventing and reducing terrorism by addressing the factors that give rise to it and sustain it. The questions raised include: • What are the main circumstances that provide preconditions for the emergence of various types of terrorism? • What are the typical precipitants that trigger terrorist campaigns? • To what extent is it possible to reduce the problem of terrorism by influencing these causes and circumstances? • Should we address those factors that sustain terrorist campaigns rather than root causes? Tore Bjørgo is Senior Research Fellow at the Norwegian Institute of International Affairs (NUPI), and Research Director and Professor of Police Science at the Norwe- gian Police University College. Root Causes of Terrorism Myths, reality and ways forward Edited by Tore Bjørgo First published 2005 by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada by Routledge 270 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2005. “To purchase your own copy of this or any of Taylor & Francis or Routledge’s collection of thousands of eBooks please go to www.eBookstore.tandf.co.uk.” © 2005 Tore Bjørgo for selection and editorial matter; individual authors for their contributions All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers.
    [Show full text]
  • UCLA Electronic Theses and Dissertations
    UCLA UCLA Electronic Theses and Dissertations Title Intra-Ethnic Electoral Violence in War-Torn, Divided Societies: The Case of Sri Lanka Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/81f4c1v7 Author Shah, Seema Kiran Publication Date 2012 Peer reviewed|Thesis/dissertation eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA Los Angeles Intra-Ethnic Electoral Violence in War-Torn, Divided Societies: The Case of Sri Lanka A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy in Political Science by Seema Kiran Shah 2012 ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION Intra-Ethnic Electoral Violence in War-Torn, Divided Societies: The Case of Sri Lanka by Seema Kiran Shah Doctor of Philosophy in Political Science University of California, Los Angeles, 2012 Professor Edmond Keller, Chair What form does electoral violence take in war-torn divided societies, and what explains the variation in this type of violence? Using statistical and historical analyses, this study examines patterns of election-related violence in the war-torn, ethnically divided context of Sri Lanka. This study shows that electoral violence in Sri Lanka is more often the result of inter- party and intra-ethnic competition than it is the result of inter-ethnic rivalries. Since most Sri Lankan districts are ethnically homogeneous and because the Sinhalese constitute the vast majority of the population, most electoral competition occurs between rival Sinhalese parties. Specifically, this dissertation demonstrates the significance of inter-party competition within one ethnic group by showing that there was generally more violence in areas where the vote differences between the top two contenders were smallest, even when both were from the same ethnic group.
    [Show full text]
  • The Case Study of Sri Lanka and the Collective Action Theory of Genocide
    University of Windsor Scholarship at UWindsor Electronic Theses and Dissertations Theses, Dissertations, and Major Papers 2016 "Never Again": The aC se Study of Sri Lanka and the Collective Action Theory of Genocide Maiuran Satgunarajah University of Windsor Follow this and additional works at: https://scholar.uwindsor.ca/etd Recommended Citation Satgunarajah, Maiuran, ""Never Again": The asC e Study of Sri Lanka and the Collective Action Theory of Genocide" (2016). Electronic Theses and Dissertations. 5915. https://scholar.uwindsor.ca/etd/5915 This online database contains the full-text of PhD dissertations and Masters’ theses of University of Windsor students from 1954 forward. These documents are made available for personal study and research purposes only, in accordance with the Canadian Copyright Act and the Creative Commons license—CC BY-NC-ND (Attribution, Non-Commercial, No Derivative Works). Under this license, works must always be attributed to the copyright holder (original author), cannot be used for any commercial purposes, and may not be altered. Any other use would require the permission of the copyright holder. Students may inquire about withdrawing their dissertation and/or thesis from this database. For additional inquiries, please contact the repository administrator via email ([email protected]) or by telephone at 519-253-3000ext. 3208. “Never Again”: The Case Study of Sri Lanka and the Collective Action Theory of Genocide by Maiuran Satgunarajah A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies through the
    [Show full text]
  • CPA DPSG Report
    War, Peace and Governance in Sri Lanka Overview and Trends 2006 The Centre for Policy Alternatives (CPA) is an independent, non-partisan organization that focuses primarily on issues of governance and conflict resolution. Formed in 1996 in the firm belief that the vital contribution of civil society to the public policy debate is in need of strengthening, CPA is committed to programmes of research and advocacy through which public policy is critiqued, alternatives identified and disseminated. The report is based on monitoring and research conducted by the five units of the CPA. The economic chapter is compiled by Dr. Muthukrishna Sarvananthan of the Point Pedro Institute for Development. Address: 24/2 28th Lane, off Flower Road Colombo 7 Telephone: +94 (11) 2565304/5/6 Fax: +94 (11) 4714460 Web www.cpalanka.org Centre for Policy Alternatives Table of Contents Overview and Trends: 2006 - 2007 1 Introduction 1 The Rajapaksa Presidency 2 The LTTE 3 The International Community 4 Conclusion 5 Peace Process 6 Introduction 6 The success and failure of Peace Talks 6 Peace Process under siege 7 A crisis of violence 8 The shifting balance of power 9 International Community 10 Strategic advantages of a ‘No official war, no peace’ 11 Political outlook 13 Introduction 13 Strengthening of the President’s position 13 Consolidation of power through peace 14 The political rewards of militarism 15 A broad coalition and a weakened opposition 16 Governance 19 Introduction 19 The crisis around the Constitutional Council and the 17th Amendment to the Constitution
    [Show full text]
  • Under the Giant's Tank
    UNDER THE GIANT’S TANK VILLAGE, CASTE, AND CATHOLICISM IN POSTWAR SRI LANKA Dominic Esler A thesis submitted to the Department of Anthropology, University College London, for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. December 2019. 2 I, Dominic Esler, confirm that the work presented in this thesis is my own. Where information has been derived from other sources, I confirm that this has been indicated in the thesis. 3 4 ABSTRACT This thesis is an investigation of the relationship between the village, caste, and Catholicism in northern Sri Lanka. Drawing on almost two years of ethnographic fieldwork in Mannar District, as well as subsequent archival research, it provides a detailed analysis not only of the postwar context but also of prewar history, with a particular focus on the nineteenth century. In this thesis, I analyse three overlapping topics. First, I problematise ‘village’ through an examination of ‘cultural’ and ‘state’ village concepts, before arguing that within the complex social diversity of the village of Marudankandal there is a numerically dominant Tamil caste group, the Kadaiyars, whose prominence is reflected both rhetorically and through the control of institutions such as the Catholic village church. From this, I turn to two central dimensions of local caste praxis. First, I offer a historical explanation for the regional prevalence of village churches controlled by single castes, which remains a key characteristic of local Catholicism today. Second, I argue that despite the lessening of certain kinds of hierarchical caste relationships in recent decades, caste identities continue to be mobilised and expressed through regional communities, some of which maintain caste associations.
    [Show full text]
  • Indo-Sri Lanka Accord: Intervention by Invitation Or Forced Intervention
    NORTH CAROLINA JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL LAW Volume 16 Number 2 Article 2 Fall 1991 Indo-Sri Lanka Accord: Intervention by Invitation or Forced Intervention Roshani M. Gunewardene Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarship.law.unc.edu/ncilj Recommended Citation Roshani M. Gunewardene, Indo-Sri Lanka Accord: Intervention by Invitation or Forced Intervention, 16 N.C. J. INT'L L. 211 (1991). Available at: https://scholarship.law.unc.edu/ncilj/vol16/iss2/2 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by Carolina Law Scholarship Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in North Carolina Journal of International Law by an authorized editor of Carolina Law Scholarship Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Indo-Sri Lanka Accord: Intervention by Invitation or Forced Intervention Cover Page Footnote International Law; Commercial Law; Law This article is available in North Carolina Journal of International Law: https://scholarship.law.unc.edu/ncilj/vol16/ iss2/2 Indo-Sri Lanka Accord: Intervention by Invitation or Forced Intervention? Roshani M. Gunewardene* The concept of one state's intervention in another state's inter- nal affairs by invitation has been recognized in international law in modem times. It is the nature of the invitation to intervene, how- ever, that indicates whether or not the intervention is legitimate. The Indian military occupation in the northeastern part of Sri Lanka at the "invitation" of the Sri Lankan government is an example of an intervention resulting from a covertly orchestrated invitation co- erced by India. This Article analyzes the facts and circumstances that led to the Indian peace keeping force's intervention in Sri Lanka's ethnic civil war, specifically how political, social, and economic pres- sures may have forced the Sri Lankan government to "invite" the Indian intervention.
    [Show full text]
  • Press Freedom Lockdown in Sri Lanka REPORT
    Media under fire: Press freedom lockdown in Sri Lanka REPORT International Press Fredom and Freedom of Expression Mission to Sri Lanka December 2008 This report is based on the findings of a joint mission to Sri Lanka in October 2008 comprised of the following members of the International Press Freedom and Freedom of Expression Mission: International Media Support (IMS) International Federation of Journalists (IFJ) International Press Institute (IPI) International News Safety Institute (INSI) Reporters without Borders (RSF) Contact details of participating international organisations For further details about the mission and report please contact one of the following participating organisations: International Media Support Nørregade 18, 2nd floor DK-1165 Copenhagen K Denmark Tel: +45 88 32 7000 Fax: +45 33 12 00 99 E-mail: [email protected] www.i-m-s.dk International Federation of Journalists – Asia-Pacific 245 Chalmers St Redfern Sydney NSW 2016 Australia Tel: +612 9333 0999 Tel: +91 981838 3669 Fax: +612 9333 0933 E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] www.ifj-asia.org International Press Institute Spiegelgasse 2, A 1010 Vienna Austria Tel: (+ 43 1) 512 90 11 Fax:(+ 43 1) 512 90 14 E-mail: [email protected] International News Safety Institute International Press Centre, Résidence Palace, Block C 155 rue de la Loi B-1040 Brussels Belgium Tel: +32 2 235 22 01 Fax: +32 2 235 22 19 E-mail: [email protected] Reporters Without Borders 47, rue Vivienne 75002 Paris France Tel: 33 1 44 83 84 84 Fax: 33 1 45 23 11 51 E-mail: [email protected] Media under fire: Press freedom lockdown in Sri Lanka 2 Contents Contents Executive summary......................5 1.
    [Show full text]
  • RESULTS of the PARLIAMENTARY GENERAL ELECTION - 20/07/1960 No of No of Total No
    RESULTS OF THE PARLIAMENTARY GENERAL ELECTION - 20/07/1960 No of No of Total No. of Votes No of No. and Name of Electoral District Name of the Elected Candidate Symbol allotted Votes Votes Polled including Registered Polled rejected rejected Electors 1 Colombo North V.A. Sugathadasa Elephant 11,507 92 22,962 29,434 Vivienne Goonewardene(Mrs) Key 11,363 2 Colombo Central Sir Razik Fareed Hand 45,342 3,488 179,584 74,922 Pieter Keuneman Star 38,663 M.C. M. Kaleel Eye 37,486 R. Premadasa Elephant 35,035 P.B. Thampoe Key 16,406 M.S. Themis Cart Wheel 3,164 3 Borella W. Danister de Silva Hand 11,409 128 20,227 28,423 R.B. Lenora Elephant 8,690 4 Colombo South J.R. Jayewardene Chair 25,814 1,056 61,416 42,367 Bernard Soysa Key 23,914 Edmund Samarawickrema Elephant 5,765 George Jayasuriya Butterfly 3,750 Vijaya Gunaratne Cart Wheel 1,022 N. Alfred de Fonseka Ladder 95 5 Wattala D. Shelton Jayasinghe Elephant 11,633 68 23,611 30,201 A.D.J.L.Leo Hand 11,529 W.S. Perera Cart Wheel 287 D.J. Weerackody Butterfly 94 6 Negombo T. Quintin Fernando Elephant 14,469 124 21,701 32,569 M.B. Kurera Hand 7,108 7 Katana Wijayapala Mendis Elephant 10,846 121 21,769 31,019 Hector Fernando Key 10,802 RESULTS OF THE PARLIAMENTARY GENERAL ELECTION - 20/07/1960 No of No of Total No. of Votes No of No. and Name of Electoral District Name of the Elected Candidate Symbol allotted Votes Votes Polled including Registered Polled rejected rejected Electors 8 Divulapitiya Lakshman Jayakody Hand 15,049 94 25,846 32,755 Percy Jayakody Elephant 10,310 Amarapala Ariyatillake Eye 211 D.S.
    [Show full text]