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PAN AMERICAN HEALTH ORGANIZATION RESPONSE TO COVID-19 IN THE AMERICAS January - December 2020 Pan American Health Organization Response to COVID-19 in the Americas. January–December 2020 PAHO/IMS/PHE/COVID-19/21-0010 © Pan American Health Organization, 2021 Some rights reserved. This work is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial- ShareAlike 3.0 IGO license (CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO; https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/igo). Under the terms of this license, this work may be copied, redistributed, and adapted for non-commercial purposes, provided the new work is issued using the same or equivalent Creative Commons license and it is appropriately cited. In any use of this work, there should be no suggestion that the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) endorses any specific organization, product, or service. Use of the PAHO logo is not permitted. All reasonable precautions have been taken by PAHO to verify the information contained in this publication. However, the published material is being distributed without warranty of any kind, either expressed or implied. The responsibility for the interpretation and use of the material lies with the reader. In no event shall PAHO be liable for damages arising from its use. PAN AMERICAN HEALTH ORGANIZATION RESPONSE TO COVID-19 IN THE AMERICAS Contents Abbreviations .......................................................................................IV Colombia ............................................................................................. 83 Introduction ..................................................................................................1 Costa Rica ............................................................................................ 85 Epidemiological Situation Analysis .............................................................3 Cuba .....................................................................................................87 North America Subregion ............................................................................6 Dominica ..............................................................................................89 Central America Subregion .........................................................................6 Dominican Republic ............................................................................. 91 South America Subregion ........................................................................... 7 Dutch Island Territories ........................................................................93 Caribbean Subregion ...................................................................................7 Ecuador ................................................................................................ 95 Health Systems Situation Analysis ............................................................. 7 El Salvador .......................................................................................... 97 PAHO’s Regional and Country Response to COVID-19 ................................10 French Departments ............................................................................99 Laying the Groundwork for COVID-19 Vaccination ....................................13 Grenada ............................................................................................. 100 Pillar 1. Country-level Coordination, Planning, and Monitoring ..............19 Guatemala ......................................................................................... 102 Pillar 2. Risk Communication and Community Engagement ...................24 Guyana ...............................................................................................105 Pillar 3. Surveillance, Rapid Response Teams, and Case Investigation ..28 Haiti ................................................................................................... 107 Pillar 4. Points of Entry, International Travel, and Transport .................34 Honduras ........................................................................................... 109 Pillar 5. National Laboratories ..................................................................36 Jamaica .............................................................................................. 111 Pillar 6. Infection Prevention and Control .................................................41 Panama ..............................................................................................113 Pillar 7. Case Management ........................................................................44 Paraguay ........................................................................................... 115 Pillar 8. Operational Support and Logistics ..............................................50 Peru ................................................................................................... 117 Pillar 9. Maintaining Essential Health Services during the Pandemic.....54 Mexico ............................................................................................... 120 Research, Innovation, and Development .................................................58 Nicaragua ...........................................................................................122 The Road Ahead .........................................................................................62 Puerto Rico .........................................................................................123 COVID-19 Country Reports .........................................................................63 Saint Kitts and Nevis .......................................................................... 124 Antigua and Barbuda .......................................................................... 64 Saint Lucia.......................................................................................... 126 Argentina ............................................................................................ 66 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines ...................................................... 128 Bahamas ............................................................................................. 68 Suriname ........................................................................................... 130 Barbados ..............................................................................................70 Trinidad and Tobago ........................................................................... 132 Belize ................................................................................................... 72 United Kingdom Overseas Territories ................................................. 134 Bolivia (Plurinational State of) .............................................................74 Uruguay ............................................................................................. 136 Brazil ....................................................................................................77 Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of) .................................................... 137 Chile .....................................................................................................80 III PAN AMERICAN HEALTH ORGANIZATION RESPONSE TO COVID-19 IN THE AMERICAS Abbreviations Access to COVID-19 Tools Strategic Health Surveillance ACT-A CIEVS Accelerator Information Center (Brazil) Adverse Events Following International Center for Pure and AEFI CIMPA Immunization Applied Mathematics (Costa Rica) Antigen-based Rapid Diagnostic CME Continuing Medical Education Ag-RDT Tests CML Central Medical Laboratory (Belize) Health and Medical Equipment AISEM National Commission for Risk Infrastructure Agency (Bolivia) CNE Prevention and Emergency AMC Advance Market Commitment Response (Costa Rica) AMCS Alternative Medical Care Sites Council of Ministers of Health of COMISCA ARVs Antiretrovirals Central America BDF Belize Defence Force COVID-19 Coronavirus Disease Country Readiness and Delivery BMDA Belize Medical Dental Association CRD Regional Database of Health Workstream Regulatory Center for Medical BRISA Technology Assessment Reports of CRUEM the Americas Emergencies (Bolivia) Vaccine Introduction and CARICOM Caribbean Community CVIC CARPHA Caribbean Public Health Agency Deployment Costing Tool Centers for Disease Control and Ibero-American Program for CDC Prevention CYTED Science and Technology for Development Caribbean Disaster Emergency CDEMA Management Agency DG Director-General Center for Health Provisions and General Directorate for Medicines, CEASS DIGEMID Supplies (Bolivia) Supplies, and Drugs (Peru) General Directorate for Strategic National Education and Nutrition DIGIESP CEN CINAI Centers and Comprehensive Care Public Health Interventions (Peru) Child Centers (Costa Rica) Department of Health Promotion National Center for Strategic DPSPE and Environmental Protection CENARES Health Resources Supplies (Peru) (Haiti) National Center for Tropical EAPV Post-Vaccine Adverse Events CENETROP Diseases (Bolivia) EBS Event-Based Surveillance National Center for Community Economic Commission for Latin CENOC ECLAC Organizations (Argentina) America and the Caribbean Coalition for Epidemic Epidemic Intelligence from Open CEPI EIOS Preparedness Innovations Sources CFR Case Fatality Rate EMS Emergency Medical Services CHW Community Health Worker EMT Emegency Medical Team EOC Emergency Operations Center Strategic Information Center for CIEGES Events Supposedly Attributable to State Management (Brazil)